DE19914485C2 - Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Eindringen mit einem Schaft mit einem Sensor zum Erfassen der Eindringtiefe - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Eindringen mit einem Schaft mit einem Sensor zum Erfassen der Eindringtiefe

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Publication number
DE19914485C2
DE19914485C2 DE19914485A DE19914485A DE19914485C2 DE 19914485 C2 DE19914485 C2 DE 19914485C2 DE 19914485 A DE19914485 A DE 19914485A DE 19914485 A DE19914485 A DE 19914485A DE 19914485 C2 DE19914485 C2 DE 19914485C2
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Prior art keywords
shaft
impedance
conductor
penetration
tip
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DE19914485A
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DE19914485A1 (de
Inventor
Paul Lum
Hewlett E Jun Melton
Tad Decataur Simons
Michael Greenstein
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Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
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Agilent Technologies Inc
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A61B5/053Measuring electrical impedance or conductance of a portion of the body
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150015Source of blood
    • A61B5/150022Source of blood for capillary blood or interstitial fluid
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150015Source of blood
    • A61B5/15003Source of blood for venous or arterial blood
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150053Details for enhanced collection of blood or interstitial fluid at the sample site, e.g. by applying compression, heat, vibration, ultrasound, suction or vacuum to tissue; for reduction of pain or discomfort; Skin piercing elements, e.g. blades, needles, lancets or canulas, with adjustable piercing speed
    • A61B5/150106Means for reducing pain or discomfort applied before puncturing; desensitising the skin at the location where body is to be pierced
    • A61B5/150137Means for reducing pain or discomfort applied before puncturing; desensitising the skin at the location where body is to be pierced by vibration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B5/150007Details
    • A61B5/150053Details for enhanced collection of blood or interstitial fluid at the sample site, e.g. by applying compression, heat, vibration, ultrasound, suction or vacuum to tissue; for reduction of pain or discomfort; Skin piercing elements, e.g. blades, needles, lancets or canulas, with adjustable piercing speed
    • A61B5/150167Adjustable piercing speed of skin piercing element, e.g. blade, needle, lancet or canula, for example with varying spring force or pneumatic drive
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B5/150374Details of piercing elements or protective means for preventing accidental injuries by such piercing elements
    • A61B5/150381Design of piercing elements
    • A61B5/150389Hollow piercing elements, e.g. canulas, needles, for piercing the skin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B5/150381Design of piercing elements
    • A61B5/150412Pointed piercing elements, e.g. needles, lancets for piercing the skin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15101Details
    • A61B5/15115Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids
    • A61B5/15117Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids comprising biased elements, resilient elements or a spring, e.g. a helical spring, leaf spring, or elastic strap
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15101Details
    • A61B5/15115Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids
    • A61B5/15121Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids comprising piezos
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15101Details
    • A61B5/15115Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids
    • A61B5/15125Driving means for propelling the piercing element to pierce the skin, e.g. comprising mechanisms based on shape memory alloys, magnetism, solenoids, piezoelectric effect, biased elements, resilient elements, vacuum or compressed fluids comprising a vacuum or compressed fluids
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15101Details
    • A61B5/15126Means for controlling the lancing movement, e.g. 2D- or 3D-shaped elements, tooth-shaped elements or sliding guides
    • A61B5/15128Means for controlling the lancing movement, e.g. 2D- or 3D-shaped elements, tooth-shaped elements or sliding guides comprising 2D- or 3D-shaped elements, e.g. cams, curved guide rails or threads
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/15Devices for taking samples of blood
    • A61B5/151Devices specially adapted for taking samples of capillary blood, e.g. by lancets, needles or blades
    • A61B5/15186Devices loaded with a single lancet, i.e. a single lancet with or without a casing is loaded into a reusable drive device and then discarded after use; drive devices reloadable for multiple use
    • A61B5/15188Constructional features of reusable driving devices
    • A61B5/15192Constructional features of reusable driving devices comprising driving means, e.g. a spring, for retracting the lancet unit into the driving device housing
    • A61B5/15194Constructional features of reusable driving devices comprising driving means, e.g. a spring, for retracting the lancet unit into the driving device housing fully automatically retracted, i.e. the retraction does not require a deliberate action by the user, e.g. by terminating the contact with the patient's skin
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61MDEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/46Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests having means for controlling depth of insertion
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00696Controlled or regulated parameters
    • A61B2018/00738Depth, e.g. depth of ablation
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00696Controlled or regulated parameters
    • A61B2018/00755Resistance or impedance
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00773Sensed parameters
    • A61B2018/00875Resistance or impedance
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/1206Generators therefor
    • A61B2018/1246Generators therefor characterised by the output polarity
    • A61B2018/126Generators therefor characterised by the output polarity bipolar
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/14Probes or electrodes therefor
    • A61B2018/1405Electrodes having a specific shape
    • A61B2018/1425Needle
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B90/00Instruments, implements or accessories specially adapted for surgery or diagnosis and not covered by any of the groups A61B1/00 - A61B50/00, e.g. for luxation treatment or for protecting wound edges
    • A61B90/06Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for
    • A61B2090/062Measuring instruments not otherwise provided for penetration depth

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf Techniken zum Eindringen in ein Objekt mit einem Schaft und insbesondere auf Vorrichtungen und Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Eindring­ tiefe einer subkutanen Nadel.
Wenn eine lange Struktur in ein Objekt eingeführt wird, wie z. B. eine Nadel in das Gewebe eines Patienten, ist es oft nötig, zu wissen, wie tief die Eindringung ist. Ein Eindrin­ gen über die erforderliche Tiefe für ein erwünschtes Ergeb­ nis verschwendet Anstrengungen und bewirkt ein übermäßiges Unbehagen für den Patienten. Oft werden die Informationen in kurzer Zeit benötigt, da eine weitere Eindringung eine un­ nötige Beschädigung an dem Objekt bewirken kann. Es ist da­ her wünschenswert, die Eindringung anzuhalten, sobald eine vorbestimmte Tiefe erreicht ist. Beispielsweise ist die Ana­ lyse und Quantifizierung von Blutkomponenten ein wichtiges diagnostisches Werkzeug zum besseren Verständnis der physi­ schen Situation eines Patienten. Blutproben müssen erhalten werden, indem durch eine Nadel oder Lanzette eine Wunde her­ beigeführt wird. Ein Einfügen der Nadel oder Lanzette bis zu einer Tiefe, die tiefer als notwendig ist, erzeugt einen übermäßigen Schmerz und ein übermäßiges Trauma für das Haut­ gewebe. Bei Patienten, wie z. B. Diabetikern, die sehr oft Blutproben nehmen müssen, ist jeder übermäßige Schmerz oder jedes übermäßige Gewebetrauma ein negativer Anreiz, um die Blutprobennahmeroutine zu befolgen.
Die Haut besteht aus zwei Schichten, der Epidermis und der Dermis. Die Kapillarstrukturen, die mit den arteriellen und venösen Gefäßbetten verbunden sind, steigen vertikal an und sind in der Dermisschicht positioniert. Die neuralen Senso­ ren, wie z. B. die Meissner-Korpuskeln, und die freien Nervenenden sind ebenfalls in der Dermis positioniert. Schich­ ten aus subkutanen Geweben liegen unter der Dermis. Die ar­ teriellen Versorgskapillarien und die venösen Kapillarien sind seitlich in diesem Gewebebett positioniert. Es exi­ stiert ferner Fettgewebe, das zwischen afferenten (zufüh­ renden) und efferenten (wegführenden) Nervenfasern zusammen mit den Sensoren, die denselben zugeordnet sind, verwoben innerhalb des Gefäßbetts verschachtelt ist. Die Dicken die­ ser Gewebeschichten unterscheiden sich von Individuum zu In­ dividuum. Gegenwärtig haben kommerziell verfügbare Nadeln oder Lanzetten zum Stechen der Haut eine voreingestellte Eindringtiefe basierend auf experimentellen Daten von Stech­ vorgängen. Somit besteht keine Sicherheit, daß die optimale Eindringtiefe jedesmal erreicht wird, wenn eine solche Nadel oder Lanzette verwendet wird. Um eine nicht-erfolgreiche Blutprobennahme aufgrund einer nicht-adäquaten Tiefe zu ver­ meiden, führt ein Patient oft ein übermäßiges Eindringen in die Haut durch, wodurch unnötiger Schmerz bewirkt wird.
Die DE 44 20 232 A1 betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Prüfung der Eindringtiefe einer Kanüle oder Sonde in den Körper eines Patienten, um eine Punktion durchzuführen, mittels der Kör­ perflüssigkeit entnommen wird. Die Kanüle umfaßt an deren Spitze zwei Elektroden, um den Widerstand zwischen denselben zu messen. Basierend auf der Kenntnis, daß unterschiedliche Abschnitte des menschlichen Körpers unterschiedliche spezi­ fische Widerstände aufweisen, kann festgestellt werden kann, ob die Kanüle sich in einem Gewebebereich befindet oder in einem fluidgefüllten Hohlraum, was sich in einem Unterschied der gemessenen Impedanz wiederspiegelt.
Die DE 41 42 795 C1 beschreibt eine Vorrichtung zum Injezie­ ren oder Punktieren von Hohlräumen, bei dem eine Nadel durch eine Vorschubeinrichtung verschiebbar gehalten ist. Ein Ul­ traschall-Meßkopf ist vorgesehen, der ein Steuersignal für die Vorschubeinrichtung zu erzeugt, um eine Einstichtiefe zu steuern.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, ein Konzept zu schaffen, das auf zuverlässige Art und Weise ein Eindringen ohne übermäßiges Unbehagen ermöglicht.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch eine Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, und durch ein Verfahren nach Anspruch 13 gelöst.
Ein Vorteil der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, daß sie eine Nadel oder Lanzette zum Entnehmen von Blut schafft, die zum Einfügen bis zu der optimalen Tiefe verwendet werden kann, ohne daß ein zu starkes oder ein zu geringes Eindrin­ gen auftritt. Ein weiterer Vorteil der vorliegenden Erfin­ dung besteht darin, daß sie Eindringungsanwendungen ermöglicht, bei denen ein langer Schaft in ein Objekt eingeführt wird, ohne daß ein zu starkes oder ein zu geringes Eindrin­ gen auftritt.
Die Tiefe des Eindringens einer länglichen Struktur in ein Objekt wird durch einen Impedanzsensor, der die Impedanz des Materials, in das die längliche Struktur eingedrungen ist, erfaßt, an der Spitze der länglichen Struktur bestimmt.
Gemäß einem Aspekt schafft die vorliegende Erfindung eine Vorrichtung mit einem Schaft zum Eindringen in ein Objekt, das eine Impedanz hat, die gemäß der Tiefe unter einer Ober­ fläche des Objekts variiert. Die Vorrichtung enthält einen Schaft, der einen Schaftkörper mit einer Spitze zum Eindrin­ gen und zwei leitfähige Enden neben der Spitze hat. Die zwei leitfähigen Enden sind neben der Spitze angeordnet, derart, daß eine Änderung einer Impedanz des Materials des Objekts, die zwischen den leitfähigen Enden erfaßt wird, Informatio­ nen darüber liefert, ob die erwünschte Tiefe des Eindringens erreicht worden ist.
Diese Erfindung ist besonders beim Erhalten von Blut von ei­ nem Patienten durch Stechen der Haut anwendbar, da ein Schaft der vorliegenden Erfindung die elektrischen Impedanz­ unterschiede zwischen tieferen Schichten von Hautgewebe re­ lativ zu den seichteren oberen Schichten ausnutzt. Die Impe­ danz kann beispielsweise durch eine Metallnadel überwacht werden, die die Schichten von Hautgewebe durchsticht. Wenn die Nadel zu Anfang in die äußere Epidermisschicht und dann in die Dermisschicht der Haut eindringt, ist zu Anfang eine hohe Impedanz zu sehen. Eine Abnahme der Impedanz wird beob­ achtet, wenn sich die Nadel der Fettschicht nähert.
Unter Verwendung der Vorrichtung einschließlich des Schafts der vorliegenden Erfindung kann ein optimales Eindringen in ein Objekt, das eine elektrische Impedanz hat, die mit der Eindringtiefe variiert, erreicht werden. Im Falle des Erhal­ tens von Blut von einem Patienten durch Einführen einer Nadel in die Haut kann dies das Trauma und den Schmerz einer zu tiefen Eindringung minimieren und darüberhinaus die Fru­ stration und den Schmerz einer nicht-erfolgreichen Blutpro­ bennahme aufgrund einer nicht adäquaten Eindringung mini­ mieren. Eine solche Verringerung des Unbehagens und des Ge­ webeschadens kann wesentlich die Willigkeit von Patienten verbessern, beispielsweise einer Blutprobennahmeroutine zu folgen.
Bevorzugte Ausführungsbeispiele der vorliegenden Erfindung werden nachfolgend bezugnehmend auf die beiliegenden Zeich­ nungen detailliert erläutert. Es zeigen:
Fig. 1 ein Ausführungsbeispiel einer Vorrichtung der vor­ liegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 2A und 2B ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Schafts der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 3 ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel eines Schafts der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 4 noch ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel eines Schafts der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 5A und 5B eine Lanzette der vorliegenden Erfindung;
Fig. 6A und 6B Vorrichtungen, die ein Ausführungsbeispiel für einen Treiber zum Treiben eines Schafts gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung umfassen;
Fig. 7A eine Vorrichtung, die ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Treibers zum Treiben eines Schafts umfaßt;
Fig. 7B eine Vorrichtung, die einen Abschnitt eines Ausfüh­ rungsbeispiels eines Treibers zum Treiben eines Schafts umfaßt;
Fig. 8 eine Vorrichtung, die einen Abschnitt eines piezo­ elektrischen Treibers zum Treiben eines Schafts um­ faßt;
Fig. 9 eine Vorrichtung, die einen Abschnitt eines Fluid­ getriebenen Treibers zum Treiben eines Schafts um­ faßt; und
Fig. 10 ein Flußdiagramm für einen Algorithmus zum Steuern des Treibers zum Treiben eines Schafts gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung.
Gemäß einem Aspekt liefert die vorliegende Erfindung eine Technik zum Erfassen der Eindringtiefe, wenn ein Schaft in einen Körper eingeführt wird. Bezüglich seiner Verwendung in dieser Anmeldung bezieht sich der Ausdruck "Schaft" auf ein Objekt mit einem im allgemeinen länglichen Körper mit einer Spitze zum Eindringen in einen interessierenden Körper. Der Körper des Schafts kann abhängig von der Anwendung starr oder etwas flexibel sein. Vorzugsweise hat die Spitze einen relativ scharfen Punkt oder eine gefaste Lanzette, um das Eindringen zu erleichtern. Der Punkt ist ausreichend scharf, derart, daß der Schaft in den Körper gedrückt werden kann, ohne daß er entlang eines bereits existierenden Lochs laufen muß. Der Körper des Schafts kann einen Querschnitt haben, der rund ist oder der nicht rund ist (z. B. der beispiels­ weise einen rechteckigen Querschnitt hat). Als Beispiel wird in den folgenden Ausführungsbeispielen ein Schaft mit der Größe einer Nadel beschrieben, der für ein subkutanes, d. h. hypodermisches, Einfügen geeignet ist. Es sei darauf hinge­ wiesen, daß andere nicht-subkutane Schafte, einschließlich Schafte für nicht-medizinische Zwecke, gemäß der vorliegen­ den Erfindung hergestellt und verwendet werden können.
Nadeln und Lanzetten
Fig. 1 zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Vorrichtung zum Treiben eines Schafts zum Eindringen in eine Haut gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung. In Fig. 1 umfaßt die Vorrichtung 100 einen Schaft 102 (z. B. eine Nadel oder eine Lanzette) mit leitfähigen Enden zum Erfassen der Impedanz eines Gewe­ bes um die Spitze 103 des Schafts 102 herum. Ein Impedanzsen­ sor 104 (der eine elektrische Schaltungsanordnung aufweist, die die Impedanz erfaßt), der mit den leitfähigen Enden elektrisch verbunden ist, erfaßt die elektrische Impedanz. Elektrische Elemente in Schaltungen, die die elektrische Impedanz zwischen zwei Punkten erfassen, beispielsweise in einem Material oder in einer Schaltung, sind in der Technik bekannt. Ein elektrisch gesteuerter Treiber 106 treibt den Schaft 102, um in die Haut eines Patienten und in das Gewebe unter derselben einzudringen, was als das "Substrat" des Eindringens bezeichnet werden kann. Der Treiber 106 wird durch einen Prozessor 108 gesteuert, der den Treiber anhält, wenn der Impedanzsensor 104 eine Impedanzänderung erfaßt, die anzeigt, daß das erwünschte Eindringen erreicht worden ist. Aus Darstellungsgründen zeigt Fig. 2A ein Ausführungs­ beispiel eines Abschnitts einer subkutanen Nadel 110, die bei der vorliegenden Erfindung verwendet werden kann, bei­ spielsweise als der Schaft 102 in der Vorrichtung 100. Fig. 2A ist eine Schnittansicht entlang der Achse der subkutanen Nadel 110 und Fig. 2B zeigt einen Querschnitt der subkutanen Nadel 110. Die subkutane Nadel 110 umfaßt einen steifen Schaftkörper 112 mit einer Schaftspitze 114 an dem distalen Ende 115 zum Eindringen in ein Gewebe. Der Schaftkörper 112 hat eine steife, elektrisch nicht-leitfähige Röhrenanordnung 116 (beispielsweise polymerisch, wie z. B. aus Polyimid) mit einem mittleren Lumen 118 auf der Achse der Röhrenanordnung 116. Ein elektrisch leitfähiger Draht (z. B. ein metalli­ scher Wolframdraht) 120, der etwa auf der Achse der Röhren­ anordnung 116 positioniert ist, erstreckt sich von der scharfen Spitze 114 proximal. Der Wolframdraht 120 hat ein distales leitfähiges Ende 123 neben dem distalen Ende 115. Bezüglich seiner Verwendung in diesem Dokument bezieht sich der Ausdruck "distal" auf die Richtung zu dem Objekt (z. B. der Haut des Patienten) hin, wenn die Nadel gerade dabei ist, in das Objekt einzudringen, während sich der Ausdruck "proximal" auf die Richtung bezieht, die der "distalen" Richtung entgegengesetzt ist, und daher von dem Objekt ent­ fernt ist. Ein elektrisch leitfähiger Überzug 122 (bei­ spielsweise ein Chrom/Gold-Plattierungsüberzug) ist auf der äußeren Oberfläche der nicht-leitfähigen Röhrenanordnung 116 angeordnet und hat ein leitfähiges Ende 125 an der Spitze 114. Ein Klebstoff 124 (siehe Fig. 2A), der vorzugsweise elektrisch leitfähig ist, wie z. B. Silber-Epoxidharz, wird verwendet, um das distale Ende des elektrisch leitfähigen Drahts 120 an dem distalen Ende 115 der subkutanen Nadel 110 anzubringen.
Ferner kann, wenn es erwünscht ist, eine Kammer oder ein Be­ hälter mit dem Lumen 118 verbunden sein, um das Fluid zu sammeln, das durch das Lumen geleitet werden kann. Diese Kammer oder dieser Behälter kann eine nicht-leitfähige Ta­ sche, eine Spritze, eine andere Röhrenanordnung, die mit dem Lumen verbunden ist, und dergleichen sein.
Eine solche subkutane Nadel kann beispielsweise durch Elek­ troplattieren einer Polyimid-Röhrenanordnung hergestellt werden, um den elektrisch leitfähigen Überzug auf der Polyi­ mid-Röhrenanordnung aufzubringen, und durch Einführen bei­ spielsweise eines Wolframdrahts in die Polyimidröhrenanord­ nung und durch Befestigen von einem Ende des Drahts an dem distalen Ende der hypodermischen Nadel mit einem Silberepo­ xidharz hergestellt werden. Das distale Ende kann geschärft werden, nachdem sämtliche leitfähigen Materialien an Ort und Stelle sind. Das proximale Ende des elektrisch leitfähigen Drahts 120 und das proximale Ende des elektrisch leitfähigen Überzugs 122 können mit dem Impedanzsensor 104 in der Vor­ richtung 100 oder mit einer anderen ähnlichen Ausrüstung zum Erfassen der Eindringtiefe der subkutanen Nadel 110 verbun­ den sein. Weitere geeignete Materialien zum Herstellen des elektrisch leitfähigen Überzugs umfassen beispielsweise Sil­ ber, Nickel, Platin, Titan und Wolfram. Materialien, die zum Herstellen des elektrisch leitfähigen Drahts geeignet sind, umfassen beispielsweise Silber, Nickel, Platin, Titan, Gold, Kupfer, Aluminium und Wolfram.
Bei einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel, wie es in Fig. 3 ge­ zeigt ist, kann eine kompakte Nadelanordnung 126 hergestellt werden, indem das Lumen 127 einer hohlen, nicht-leitfähigen Nadel 128 mit einem leitfähigen Material 130 gefüllt wird, und indem die nicht-leitfähige Nadel mit einem metallischen Überzug 132 überzogen wird. Die resultierende längliche Struktur kann modifiziert werden, um eine scharfe Spitze zu erzeugen. Alternativ kann ein nicht-leitfähiges Material auf einen steifen Metalldraht aufgebracht werden, woraufhin ein äußerer Überzug aus leitfähigem Metall auf das nicht-leit­ fähige Material aufgebracht werden kann, um eine kompakte Nadel zu bilden. Eine solche Nadel wird eine Struktur haben, die der in Fig. 3 gezeigten ähnlich ist, welche einen Quer­ schnitt des Schafts zeigt.
Um einen Nadelschaft zum Eindringen weiter zu versteifen, kann die Nadel, die Leiter hat, die zu dem distalen Ende führen, ferner mit einem Material überzogen werden, das zu­ sätzliche Steifheit liefert. Viele harten Materialien, wie z. B. Metalle oder Legierungen, sind in der Technik bekannt. Ein Beispiel für ein Material, das dazu geeignet ist, eine solche zusätzliche Steifheit zu liefern, ist Titannitrid.
Fig. 4 zeigt ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel einer subku­ tanen Nadel gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung. Bei der sub­ kutanen Nadel 134, die in Fig. 4 gezeigt ist, hat eine in­ nere elektrisch leitfähige Röhrenanordnung 136 mit einem Lumen 138 einen Überzug aus nicht-leitfähigem Material 140, das die innere Röhrenanordnung 136 von einem elektrisch leitfähigen Überzug 142 elektrisch isoliert, der von der Achse weiter entfernt ist. Diese subkutane Nadel 134 kann durch Überziehen beispielsweise einer Stahlnadel mit einem nicht-leitfähigen Material und dann durch Sputtern eines metallischen Überzugs auf das elektrisch-nicht-leitfähige Material und ferner durch Elektroplattieren, um den äußeren elektrisch leitfähigen Überzug 142 zu bilden, hergestellt werden.
Fig. 5A (eine Seitenansicht) und Fig. 5B (eine Vorderan­ sicht) zeigen noch ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem ein Schaft, der zum Einführen in die Haut eines Patienten geeignet ist, Leiter zum Erfassen einer Impedanz des Gewe­ bes, das die Spitze des Schafts umgibt, hat. Der Schaft 144 hat einen rechteckigen Querschnitt (siehe die Vorderansicht von Fig. 5B) und einen mittleren Teil 146, der aus einem steifen nicht-leitfähigen Material besteht, das sich entlang des Schafts 144 längenmäßig erstreckt und zwischen den Lei­ tern 148A und 148B angeordnet ist. Der mittlere Teil hat eine scharfe Spitze 148, die zu einer scharfen Kante 150 zum Schneiden in eine Haut führt. Ein solcher Schaft kann als Lanzette zum Schneiden einer Wunde in die Haut, um Blut zu erhalten, verwendet werden.
Vorrichtungen zum Treiben des Schafts
Eine breite Vielzahl von Treibern kann verwendet werden, um den Schaft (einschließlich Nadeln, Lanzetten, Klingen) der vorliegenden Erfindung zu treiben. Solche Treiber können elektrisch gesteuert sein, derart, daß, wenn die erwünschte Tiefe erreicht worden ist, der Treiber vorzugsweise automa­ tisch angehalten werden kann. Auf diese Art und Weise kann die Tiefe des Eindringens optimiert werden, so daß eine mi­ nimale Eindringung verwendet wird, um das erwünschte Ergeb­ nis zu erreichen, wie z. B. das Entnehmen von Blut von einem Patienten unter Zufügen einer minimalen Menge an Schmerz und einer minimalen Wundengröße. Beispiele für Vorrichtungen, die für den Treiber verwendet werden können, umfassen pneu­ matische, elektromechanische und piezoelektrische Mechanis­ men.
Fig. 6A zeigt eine Vorrichtung mit einem Treiber zum Treiben eines Schafts durchgehend mittels eines Gewindemechanismus.
Bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel von Fig. 6A ist der Schaft 150 an einer Basis 152 befestigt, die starr mit einer Buchse 154 verbunden ist, die mit einem Gewindestab 156 zusammenpaßt. Das Gewinde der Buchse 154 ist so mit dem Gewinde des Gewin­ destabs 156 in Eingriff, daß die Drehung des Gewindestabs 156 die Buchse 154 entlang des Gewindestabs 156 in axialer Richtung bewegen wird. Daher wird ein Motor 158, der die Drehung des Gewindestabs 156 in einer Richtung (z. B. in einer Uhrzeigersinndrehung) antreibt, die Vorwärtsbewegung des Schafts 150 in der distalen Richtung treiben. Ein Anhal­ ten des Motors 158 wird den Vorwärtsvorschub des Schafts 150 anhalten. Ein Halten des Motors 158 in einer festen Position relativ zu dem Objekt, in das einzudringen ist, und ein Steuern des Motors werden die Eindringtiefe des Schafts 150 steuern. Ferner kann der Motor 158 angetrieben werden, um auf intermittierende schrittartige Weise inkrementell vorge­ schoben zu werden. Wenn es erwünscht ist, kann der Motor 158 betrieben werden, um in zwei Richtung gedreht zu werden, um sowohl eine Vorwärts- als auch eine Rückwärtsbewegung zum Vorschieben und zum Zurückziehen des Schafts 150 zu liefern.
Fig. 6B zeigt ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem der Schaft angetrieben werden kann, um durchgehend vorgeschoben zu werden. Bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel ist ein Schaft 150 (beispielsweise eine Nadel) an einer Basis 160 befestigt. Die Basis 160 (und daher der Schaft 150) wird angetrieben, um in der Vorwärts-, d. h. distalen, Richtung durch einen Rotor 162A getrieben zu werden, der die Basis 160 auf der Seite in Eingriff nimmt, derart, daß ein Drehen des Motors 162A die Basis 160 und den Schaft 150 distal bewegen wird. Der Rotor 162A wird durch einen Motor 164 angetrieben. Ein weiterer Rotor 162B nimmt die Basis 160 auf einer Seite in Eingriff, die der des Rotors 162 gegenüberliegt, um eine Tragewirkung zu schaffen. Entweder der Rotor 162A oder der Rotor 162B kann ein Mitlaufrotor sein. Die Rotoren 162A und 162B können die Basis 160 mittels Zahnrädern oder durch Rei­ bung in Eingriff nehmen.
Fig. 7A zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine Schaft-Ein­ dring-Vorrichtung gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung mit einer Hin- und Herwirkung zum Einführen des Schafts in einen Kör­ per. Ein Schaft 150 ist an einer Verbindung 166 befestigt, die durch Verbindungsarme 168A, 168B betätigt wird. Der Verbindungsarm 168B ist außerhalb der Mitte drehbar mit dem Rotor 170 verbunden, der wiederum von dem Motor 172 ange­ trieben wird. Somit resultiert die Drehung des Rotors 170 in einer Hin- und Herbewegung der Verbindungsarme 168A, 168B, die auf die Welle übertragen wird. Zusätzlich kann das ge­ samte System distal gleichmäßig nach vorne bewegt werden, um den Schaft 150 distal vorzuschieben.
Fig. 7B zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Federmechanismus 174, der beispielsweise als Verbindung 166 verwendet werden kann. Der Schaft 150, der auf einer Basis 152 getragen wird, wird durch den Federmechanismus 174 gehalten, der aus einer Primärschraubenfeder 176A und einer Sekundärschraubenfeder 176B besteht. Die Primärschraubenfeder 176A und die Sekun­ därschraubenfeder 176B werden an einem Ende jeweils durch eine Leiste 178 eines Gehäuses 180 gehalten, das die Schrau­ benfedern und einen Teil der Basis 152 häust. Eine Endschei­ be 177 ist an dem proximalen Ende der Schraubenfedern 176A, 176B angeordnet und durch einen steifen Stab 180 an der Ba­ sis 152 befestigt, der sich durch die Achse der Schraubenfe­ dern 176A, 176B erstreckt. Ein Hammer 181 (teilweise ge­ zeigt) kann verwendet werden, um auf die Endscheibe 177 zu schlagen, wodurch der Schaft 150 durch den steifen Stab 180 nach vorne getrieben wird. Nach dem Aufschlag könnten die Federn 176A und 176B den Schaft zurückbewegen. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, daß eine der Federn 176A und 176B optional ist, und daß eine Alternative darin besteht, nur eine derselben zu verwenden.
Fig. 8 zeigt ein Beispiel für einen piezoelektrischen Trei­ ber 182 zum Erzeugen einer Hin- und Herbewegung, um einen Schaft zum Eindringen zu treiben. Wie bei den vorher erwähn­ ten Ausführungsbeispielen ist ein Schaft 150 an einer Basis 152 befestigt, die an einem piezoelektrischen Schwinger 184 angebracht ist. Wenn derselbe elektrisch erregt wird, wird der piezoelektrische Schwinger 184 in Schwingung versetzt, um die Basis 152 und den Schaft 150 in einer Vorwärts-Rück­ wärts-Richtung zu bewegen. Dieses gesamte schwingende Trei­ bersystem 182 kann nach vorne vorgeschoben werden. Techniken zum Herstellen und Verwenden von piezoelektrischen Schwin­ gern sind in der Technik bekannt und können ohne weiteres auf der Basis der vorliegenden Offenbarung angepaßt werden, um einen Schaft anzutreiben.
Fig. 9 zeigt einen Fluidmechanismus zum Antreiben einer Hin- und Herbewegung zum Treiben eines Schafts. Hier ist ein Schaft 150 an einem Kolben 186 befestigt, der innerhalb ei­ ner Kammer (in der Figur als die Kammer 187A, die Kammer 187B und das Volumen, das von dem Kolben 186 besetzt wird, umfassend gezeigt) in einem Kolbengehäuse 188 gleiten kann. Ein distaler Fluidkanal 190 distal bezüglich des Kolbens 186 ermöglicht es, daß Fluid in die Kammer 187B eintritt, um den Kolben proximal, d. h. in einer Richtung entgegengesetzt zu der distalen Richtung, anzutreiben. Gleichzeitig kann vor­ zugsweise ein proximaler Fluidkanaleinlaß proximal bezüglich des Kolbens 186 Fluid entweichen lassen, um die Bewegung des Kolbens zu erleichtern, ohne daß ein übermäßiger Druck in der Kammer 187A aufgebaut wird. Dagegen kann der proximale Fluidkanal 192 Fluid in die Kammer 187A eintreten lassen, um den Kolben distal zu treiben, während der distale Fluidkanal 190 das Entweichen eines Fluids ermöglicht. Ein gemeinsamer Fluideinlaßkanal 194, der mit einem Mehrwegventil 196 (beispielsweise einem Dreiwegventil) verbunden ist, kann Fluid in den proximalen Fluidkanal 192 oder in den distalen Fluidkanal 190 eintreten lassen. Alternativ wird ein Zulassen von Fluid in die Kammer 187 proximal und distal be­ züglich des Kolbens, während gleichzeitig Fluid auf der ent­ gegengesetzten Seite der Kammer herausgelassen wird, in ei­ ner Hin- und Herbewegung resultieren. Um ein progressives Vorschieben des Schafts 150 in der distalen Richtung über der Zeit zu bewirken, kann mehr Fluid in den proximalen Kanal 192 als in den distalen Fluidkanal 190 eintreten. Optio­ nal kann eine oder können beide Kammern 187A und 187B bezüg­ lich des Umgebungsdrucks geschlossen gehalten werden, um nicht zu viel Spannung auf die Struktur der Vorrichtung auszuüben. Alternativ kann der gesamte Mechanismus, der in Fig. 9 gezeigt ist, vorgeschoben werden, während er sich hin- und herbewegt. Ein Gas oder eine Flüssigkeit kann als das Fluid zum Eintreten in die Kammer 187, um die progres­ sive Bewegung des Schafts 150 anzutreiben, verwendet werden.
Die vorliegende Erfindung kann ebenfalls angewendet werden, wenn ein Schaft in einer Sägewirkung vorgeschoben wird, wie es in der Deutschen Offenlegungsschrift DE 199 09 567 A1 be­ schrieben ist. Diese Anmeldung ist hiermit in ihrer Gesamt­ heit durch Bezugnahme aufgenommen. Ein Beispiel einer sol­ chen Vorrichtung hat eine längliche Struktur zum Leiten von Blut mit einer äußeren Röhre und einer inneren Röhre. Die Röhren sind zueinander konzentrisch in enger Nachbarschaft und mit niedriger Reibung zwischen denselben zugeordnet, so daß eine auf der anderen frei gleiten kann. Die distalen En­ den der Röhren haben jeweils eine kreisförmige scharfe Schneidekante. Die Röhren werden angetrieben, um sich longi­ tudinal hin- und her zu bewegen, so daß abwechselnd das scharfe ringförmige Ende der äußeren Röhre distaler als das Ende der inneren Röhre ist, und das scharfe ringförmige Ende der innerem Röhre distaler als das Ende der äußeren Röhre ist. Auf diese Art und Weise kann die längliche Struktur in das Gewebe durch eine Sägewirkung aufgrund der zwei Röhren eindringen.
Der Antriebsmechanismus zum Antreiben des Schafts (z. B. Nadel, Lanzette und dergleichen) der vorliegenden Erfindung kann durch eine Rückkopplungselektronikschaltung gesteuert werden, die ein weiteres Schafteindringen verhindert, sobald eine korrekte Tiefe eines Fluidmaterials erfaßt ist. Typi­ scherweise würde ein solches Steuersystem in dem in Fig. 1 gezeigten Prozessor plaziert sein. Ein Steueralgorithmus für ein solches Steuersystem ist durch ein beispielhaftes Flußdiagramm dargestellt, das in Fig. 10 gezeigt ist. Bei diesem Algorithmus wird, sobald er eingeleitet ist, der Treiber den Schaft zu einem Zeitpunkt um eine Stufe bewegen, um einen Vorschub um einen inkrementellen Abstand herbeizuführen, bis entweder die Impedanz, die gemessen wird, um anzuzeigen, daß der Schaft den Zielbereich erreicht hat (z. B. Blut im Ka­ pillarbett durch eine Nadel, die in die Haut eindringt) oder bis die vorbestimmte Eindringtiefe erreicht ist, wobei an diesem Punkt der Treiber durch die Steuerschaltungsanordnung angehalten wird. Ob die korrekte Tiefe durch den Schaft erreicht worden ist, kann durch den Betrag der Impedanzän­ derung oder durch den Betrag der Impedanz selbst bestimmt werden. Die Auswahl von Impedanzwerten oder Sprungwerten kann von Fachleuten durchgeführt werden. Ein Prozessor kann außerhalb des Objekts, in das durch den Schaft eingedrungen wird, zum Sammeln und Verarbeiten der Impedanzinformationen vorgesehen sein, um zu bestimmen, ob die erwünschte Tiefe erreicht worden ist, und um die Bewegung des Schafts zu steuern. Elektrische Bauelemente und elektrische Schaltungs­ anordnungen zum Verarbeiten von Informationen, zum Steuern von Treibern und zum Erfassen einer elektrischen Impedanz sind in der Technik bekannt. Solche Bauelemente und Schal­ tungen können Computer oder Mikroprozessoren umfassen.
Um die Vorrichtung der vorliegenden Erfindung optimal auszu­ nutzen, wird die Änderung der Impedanz mit der Eindringtiefe experimentell bestimmt. Nach ein paar Malen des Probenneh­ mens kann die Vorrichtung eingestellt werden, um die Einfü­ gungstiefe relativ zu Impedanzänderungen einzustellen, um an spezielle Präferenzen (z. B. die Eindringtiefe und das Pro­ benvolumen) des Individuums angepaßt zu sein. Eine andere Art und Weise wird darin bestehen, Impedanzdaten als Funk­ tion der Tiefe spezifisch für einen einzelnen Patienten zu erhalten, und nach dem Erfassen von Daten aus einer Mehrzahl von Blutproben, die resultierenden Daten zum Einstellen der Eindringtiefe für zukünftige Blutproben zu verwenden.
Obwohl das bevorzugte Ausführungsbeispiel der vorliegenden Erfindung detailliert beschrieben und dargestellt worden ist, sei darauf hingewiesen, daß Fachleute Modifikationen durchführen können, die im Schutzbereich der Erfindung lie­ gen. Beispielsweise sei darauf hingewiesen, daß die vorlie­ gende Erfindung auf einer breiten Vielzahl von medizinischen oder nicht-medizinischen Gebieten angewendet werden kann, beispielsweise beim Bohren in der Erde nach Wasser, Gas, Öl usw.

Claims (17)

1. Vorrichtung (100) mit einem Schaft zum Eindringen in ein Objekt, das eine Impedanz hat, die gemäß der Tiefe unter einer Oberfläche des Objekts variiert, mit fol­ genden Merkmalen:
einem Schaft (102) mit:
  • a) einem Schaftkörper (112) mit einer Spitze (114) zum Eindringen; und
  • b) einem ersten (123) und einem zweiten (125) leitfä­ higen Ende in der Nähe der Spitze (114), derart, daß eine Änderung einer Impedanz eines Materials des Objekts zwischen den leitfähigen Enden (123, 125) erfaßt werden kann, um Informationen bezüg­ lich der Eindringtiefe unter der Oberfläche des Objekt zu liefern; und
einem Treiber, der dem Schaft zugeordnet ist, um den Schaft abhängig von einer erfaßten Änderung der Impe­ danz auf schrittartige Weise zu treiben.
2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, die ferner einen Impe­ danzsensor (104) aufweist, der mit dem ersten und dem zweiten leitfähigen Ende (123, 125) elektrisch leitfä­ hig verbunden ist, zum Erfassen der Änderung der Impe­ danz, um die Impedanz zwischen dem ersten und dem zwei­ ten leitfähigen Ende (123, 125) um die Spitze (114) herum zu erfassen.
3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, die ferner einen ersten Leiter (122), der von dem ersten leitfähigen En­ de (125) zu dem Impedanzsensor (104) führt, und einen zweiten Leiter (120), der von dem zweiten leitfähigen Ende (123) zu dem Sensor (104) führt, aufweist, wobei der Schaft (102) einen elektrischen Isolator (116) aufweist, der zwischen dem ersten Leiter (122) und dem zweiten Leiter (120) angeordnet ist.
4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, bei der der erste Leiter (148A) auf einer Seite des Schafts (144) ist, und der zweite Leiter (148B) auf einer zweiten Seite des Schafts (144) ist, derart, daß die zwei Leiter (148A, 148B) nicht in elektrischem Kontakt zueinander sind.
5. Vorrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, die ferner einen Kanal (118) in dem Schaft, der sich von der Spitze (114) erstreckt, aufweist, um Fluid von der Spitze (114) durch den Schaft (102) zu leiten.
6. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 5, bei der der Schaft (102) eine Mittellinie hat, und bei der der zweite Leiter (120) näher an der Mittellinie als der erste Leiter (122) ist, und bei der der Schaft (102) einen elektrischen Isolator (116) aufweist, der zwi­ schen dem ersten Leiter (122) und dem zweiten Leiter (120) angeordnet ist.
7. Die Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, bei der der elektri­ sche Isolator eine Röhre ist, der erste Leiter (122) eine leitfähige Schicht ist, die die Isolatorröhre um­ gibt, und der zweite Leiter (120) innerhalb der Isola­ torröhre angeordnet ist, und bei der der Impedanzsensor von der Spitze (114) entfernt angeordnet ist.
8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, bei der der Schaftkörper (112) eine metallische Röhre, eine elektrisch isolierende Schicht, die auf der metalli­ schen Röhre angeordnet ist, und eine Leiterschicht, die auf der elektrisch isolierenden Schicht angeordnet ist, aufweist, wobei der metallische Überzug von dem ersten leitfähigen Ende (123) zu dem Sensor führt, und wobei die metallische Röhre von dem zweiten leitfähigen Ende (125) zu dem Sensor führt, und wobei der Impedanzsensor (104) außerhalb des Objekts positioniert ist, wenn der Schaft (102) in das Objekt eingedrungen ist.
9. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 8, bei der der Kanal (118) in Fluidkommunikation mit einem Behäl­ ter zum Übertragen von Fluid von der Spitze (114) zu dem Behälter ist.
10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 7, bei der der Schaftkörper (112) die Größe einer subkutanen Nadel zum Eindringen in die Haut eines Patienten hat.
11. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, bei der der Schaft (102) die Größe einer subkutanen Nadel mit einer scharfen Spitze (114) zum Eindringen in ein tierisches Objekt hat, und die ferner folgende Merkmale umfaßt:
einen Impedanzsensor (104) aufweist, der mit dem ersten und dem zweiten leitfähigen Ende (123, 125) elektrisch leitfähig verbunden ist, zum Erfassen der Änderung der Impedanz, um die Impedanz zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten leitfähigen Ende (123, 125) um die Spitze (114) herum zu erfassen;
eine Elektronikanordnung zum Erfassen der Änderung der Impedanz; und
einen ersten und einen zweiten Leiter (122, 120), die sich entlang des Schafts (102) erstrecken, um die leit­ fähigen Enden mit der Elektronikanordnung zu verbinden;
und einem elektrischen Isolator (116), der zwischen dem ersten Leiter und dem zweiten Leiter (122, 120) ange­ ordnet ist.
12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, bei der der Schaft (102) zum Eindringen in die Haut eines Tieres ist, wobei sich die Impedanz entsprechend der Tiefe unter der Haut ändert, und die ferner eine elektronische Schaltung umfaßt, die dem Schaft zugeordnet ist, um eine Änderung der elektrischen Impedanz zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Leiter zu bestimmen, während der Schaft von einer flachen Hautschicht in ein tiefere Hautschicht eindringt.
13. Verfahren zum Treiben eines Schafts (102) in ein Ob­ jekt, durch
Antreiben des Schafts (102) auf schrittartige Weise, damit derselbe in ein Objekt eindringt
wobei die Impedanz des Materials in dem Objekt in der Nähe einer Spitze (114) des Schafts (102) während eines Eindringens erfaßt wird, um Informationen bezüglich der Eindringtiefe unter die Oberfläche des Objekts zu liefern, und
wobei die Antriebswirkung basierend auf der erfaßten Impedanz gesteuert wird.
14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, das ferner das Hin- und Hertreiben des Schafts (102), um in den Körper einzu­ dringen, aufweist.
15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13 oder 14, das ferner das Anhalten der Antriebswirkung aufweist, wenn eine erwünschte Eindringtiefe erfaßt worden ist.
16. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 15, bei dem der Schaft (102) einen Kanal aufweist, und wobei das Verfahren ferner den Schritt des Fließenlassens von Fluid von dem Körper durch den Schaft (102), um eine Probe des Fluids zu nehmen, aufweist.
17. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, bei dem der Schaft nadel­ förmig ist und durch die Haut eines Tiers eingeführt wird.
DE19914485A 1998-03-30 1999-03-30 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Eindringen mit einem Schaft mit einem Sensor zum Erfassen der Eindringtiefe Expired - Lifetime DE19914485C2 (de)

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JP4406706B2 (ja) 2010-02-03
DE19914485A1 (de) 1999-11-18
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US7780631B2 (en) 2010-08-24
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