CN1424873A - 低温贮藏所选精细胞的方法 - Google Patents
低温贮藏所选精细胞的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1424873A CN1424873A CN00818617A CN00818617A CN1424873A CN 1424873 A CN1424873 A CN 1424873A CN 00818617 A CN00818617 A CN 00818617A CN 00818617 A CN00818617 A CN 00818617A CN 1424873 A CN1424873 A CN 1424873A
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- sperm
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- selected sample
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种低温贮藏精子的方法,该精子由于具有某种特殊特征而被选。在一个优选的实施方案中,该方法被用来冷冻按性别选择的精子。虽然本发明的低温贮藏方法可用于冷冻各种选择方法选择出的精子,但是使用流动细胞计量术所进行的选择为优选。本发明也提供了一种冷冻的精子样品,该精子由于具有某种特殊特征,例如性别类型,而被选择。在优选的实施方案中,该冷冻的精子样品包括哺乳动物的精子,例如人的、牛的、马的、猪的、绵羊的、麋鹿的或野牛的精子。该冷冻的选定精子样品可在各种应用中使用。具体说来,该样品可被解冻然后用于受精。因此,本发明也包括使用该冷冻的选定精子样品进行人工受精或体外受精的方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求申请日为1999年11月24日的美国临时申请号No.60/167,423的优先权。
发明领域
本发明涉及冷冻由于某一特殊特征而被选出的精子的方法,也涉及冷冻的选定精子样品和使用该样品的方法。本发明对保存按性别选择的精子尤其有用。
发明背景
半个多世纪以前,人工授精作为对各种哺乳动物物种的商业饲养工具传入美国。虽然人工授精最初被限制在相对靠近精子收集点的区域,但是低温贮藏和精子存储上的进步已经推动了计划用于人工授精或体外受精的精子的广泛分布及其商业化。
在哺乳动物精子收集、选择、低温贮藏、存储和操作技术上的进一步进步已经增强了饲养者生产具有所需特征的动物的能力。例如,基于身体特征细微差异的哺乳动物精子选择上的进步使得按性别类型将精子分开,也就是说选择含X或Y的细胞,成为可能。这一技术使得饲养者可以在一个样品中对X或Y型精子的相对百分比进行控制并因此决定后代的性别。基于性别类型或任何其它令人满意的特征来选择精子的能力,为促进遗传学的进步、提高生产效率以及在牲畜管理上获得更大的弹性,提供了一个重要的工具。然而,这一工具的完全开发依赖于冷冻和存储所选定精子的能力。
选择细胞有各种方法;然而,由于精子无法进行DNA修复且由于精子的形态学,精子的选择和接下来的处理面临着唯一的挑战。每个精子都有一个覆盖其头的顶体和一个尾,其对生育力是十分重要的并且其相对来说易受物理损伤。另外,精子的生育力随收集与使用之间时间的增加而下降。由于大部分可用的选择方法既有物理压力又费时,所以选定的精子与未被选中的细胞相比通常多少都有点损伤。如果选择技术涉及明显的稀释作用的话,生育力可能会被进一步降低。这暗示,该“稀释效应”可能是由于精清中保护性成分的损失造成的。
流动细胞计量术是一种十分有效的选择方法,其已被用于按性别类型对精子进行分类。然而,所挑选的精子易受通常在标准人工受精中或在体外受精操作中遇到的那些压力以外的压力的影响。尤其是流动细胞计量术非常耗时,并且,由于流动细胞计的物理限制,精子必须要被稀释到并不最适合存储的水平来进行分类。(通常为105-106/ml)。而且,必须对所挑选的、打算用于人工受精的精子进行浓缩,从而可以使用常规的包装和递送装置。因此,增加一个浓缩步骤就已经或多或少地将受损伤的精子置于额外的物理压力之下了。
精子的冷冻也总是会降低其生育力、运动性和/或生存能力,而且,虽然冷冻未经选择的精子的技术已广为所知,但是低温贮藏选定的精子的技术还未见有述。
发明摘要
本发明提供了一种低温贮藏精子的方法,该精子由于具有某种特殊特征而被选。因为该方法提供了从选定的精子样品中将精子分离出来,然后向所分离的精子中加入终增容剂以产生具有所要求精子浓度的悬浮液,所以该方法尤其适用于低温贮藏通过导致精子稀释的方法选择的精子。在一优选实施方案中,该方法被用于冷冻性别选择的精子。虽然本发明的低温贮藏方法可被用于冷冻经任意多个选择方法选择出的精子,但优选使用流动细胞计量术进行选择。
本发明也提供了一种冷冻的精子样品,该样品因其某种特殊特征而被选,例如性别类型。在优选实施方案中,冷冻的精子样品包括哺乳动物的精子,例如人、牛、马、猪、绵羊、麇鹿或野牛的精子。含有本发明冷冻精子样品的容器也在本发明的范围之内。
该冷冻的选定精子样品可在各种应用中使用。具体来说,可将该样品解冻并用于受精。因此,本发明也包括使用该冷冻的选定精子样品进行人工受精或体外受精的方法。
本发明详述
本发明使低温贮藏那些由于某种特殊特征而被选出的精子成为可能,并使得选定精子样品的存储和/或向远离收集点的地方的运输更加便利。解冻后可产生可在例如人工受精(“AI”)和体外受精(“IVF”)的方法中使用的活精子。这一结果令人感到惊讶,因为精子一直被认为是脆弱的。以前的研究人员已经证明,与各种选择方法或与低温贮藏关联的压力会使精子的生育力和/或生存能力明显下降。本发明首次论证了用选择并随后被冷冻的精子可以怀孕。
本发明代表了牲畜管理上的一大进步,为了在这些方法中使用而进行的精子选择可被用来增加具有所需特性后代的生产。例如,为获得带有X或Y染色体的精子而进行的选择使对后代性别的控制成为可能,其对动物生产者,例如乳牛或肉牛,是十分有利的。性别选择也可用于饲养有价值的(例如表演或比赛的马)或濒危的动物。本发明所提供的、冷冻选定精子的能力将会使那些选择方法得到广泛使用,以例如提高牲畜的生产效率和质量。
定义
术语“顶体”或“顶体帽(acrosomal cap)”是指覆盖精子头部前半部分并含有穿入卵子所需酶的帽。
术语“性别类型”是指精子中性染色体的类型(即X或Y染色体)。
术语“获能”是指精子经受的、以发展其使卵受精的能力的特异性变化,例如顶体表面导致促进精子进入卵子的顶体酶释放的酶学变化。
涉及到精子所用的术语“低温保护剂”是指在冻融周期中保护精子、提高存活及维持受精能力的分子。
术语“稀释效应”是指在高度稀释时,精子运动性和/或存活力的迅速下降。
此处所用术语“选择”是指基于有或无某种特殊性质而将样品细分的方法(如果没有其它上下文提示的话)。因此,“选定的精子样品”就是以某种特殊性质而对源样品进行选择所获得的样品。因此,相对源样品来说,选定的精子样品是对具有该特殊特征的精子的富集。
此处所用术语“分类”描述了一种使用荧光激活细胞分类器(FACS)进行选择的方法。
术语“增容剂(extender)”是指趋向于保护精子存活力的任何介质。术语“增容”是指用增容剂稀释精子。
术语“初增容剂”是指在本发明方法的分离步骤之前,用于增容精子的介质。
术语“终增容剂”是指在本发明方法的冷冻步骤之前,用于增容精子的介质。
此处所述的增容剂中的“有机物质”是指趋向于减弱冷激并保护精子繁殖力的任何有机物质。
此处所述的增容剂中的“能源”是指精子可以利用以进行细胞维护和/或运动性的任何物质或底物。
此处所用术语“重量摩尔渗透压浓度(osmolality)”是指对水溶液中(例如增容剂)溶解的溶质颗粒的渗透压的测定。该溶质颗粒既包括离子又包括非离子化的分子。重量摩尔渗透压浓度以溶于1kg水的渗透活性颗粒的浓度(即渗透压摩尔)表示。
低温贮藏方法
本发明提供了一种低温贮藏选定的精子的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)获得选定的精子样品;
(b)冷却所说的选定精子样品;
(c)从所说的选定精子样品中分离精子;
(d)向所说的分离的精子中添加终增容剂以产生精子悬浮液;及
(e)冷冻所说的精子悬浮液。获得选定的精子样品
本发明低温贮藏方法的第一步包括获得先前选定的精子样品,及将源样品用于任何适合的选择方法。任何物种的精子均可按本发明所述的方法进行选择和冷冻。该方法可以用驯养动物(尤其是牲畜)的精子,也可以用野生动物(例如,濒危物种)的精子进行。含哺乳动物精子的选定的精子样品为优选。人精子、牛、马、猪、绵羊、麇鹿和野牛的精子尤其优选。
通常,选定的精子样品含有正常的、能存活的精子。为此,获得的射精物(由此获得精子)通常会有至少约50%、优选至少约75%形态正常的精子。在这些实施方案中,射精物中通常会有至少约40%、优选至少约60%的精子表现出渐进性运动性。
可以使用各种选择细胞的方法从混合种群中进行选择,包括,例如基于细胞或细胞成分与抗体、抗体片断的结合或其它结合类型及微分染色所进行的选择。
此处,用基于性别类型的选择方法对本发明进行了例证,并且用于本发明的性别选择的精子可以使用任何有利于区分X和Y型精子特征细微差别的选择方法得到。典型的性别选择方法包括磁力技术(参加,例如美国专利4,276,139)、柱技术(参加,例如美国专利5,514,537)、比重技术(参见,例如美国专利3,894,529,再颁专利32350,美国专利4,092,229,4,067,965和4,155,831)。美国专利4,083,957公开了基于电学性质差异的性别选择方法,在美国专利4,225,405,4,698,142和4,749,458中讨论了基于电学和比重性质差异的选择技术。美国专利4,009,260和4,339,434描述了基于运动性差异的选择方法。美国专利4,511,661,4,999,283,3,687,803,4,191,749,4,448,767公开了依赖于抗体的生物化学技术,而美国专利5,021,244,5,346,990,5,439,362和5,660,997描述了基于膜蛋白差异的选择方法。
基于用荧光染料或与荧光标记的分子(例如抗体或核酸)结合的微分染色所进行的流动细胞计量术是从混合种群中将细胞分开的优选方法。在荧光激活细胞分类法(“FACS”)中,基于荧光的放射强度将细胞分成不同的群体。可将FACS用于精子的性别选择,因为X染色体含有的DNA稍多于Y染色体。当用荧光性DNA结合染料对精子染色时,带X染色体的精子会比带Y染色体的精子吸收更多的染料,并因此可通过FACS将这两个群体分开。在美国专利4,362,246中对该方法进行了讨论,并在美国专利5,135,759(颁发给Johnson)中对其进行了重要的扩充。使用高速流动细胞计(例如Cytomation公司(Ft.Collins,CO)生产的MoFlo流动细胞计,其在美国专利5,150,313,5,602,039,5,602,349和5,643,796及PCT公开WO 96/12171中有述)可增强分离效果。
用来获得选定的精子样品的选择方法优选可以保持精子生存力的方法。由于精子相对的脆弱性,所以通常应对正常的流动细胞计量术进行修正以对精子进行分类。更具体地说,该流动细胞计量术包括染色、稀释和用光进行细胞询问。所有这些步骤都会产生可减弱精子生存力的压力。精子对这些压力的敏感性在不同物种之间、甚至是在物种的不同个体之间会有变化。其敏感性或是已有记载或是可通过经验研究轻易测得,例如在实施例1-5中所描述的那些。
增强存活力的修饰在上述讨论的专利公开中有述。例如,在PCT公开WO 99/33956(申请号PCT/US98/27909)中公开了一些方法,这些方法提供了进行精子分类的改良型鞘和收集器系统。而且,下述实施例1-7描述了精子染色和分类的典型方法。实施例3描述了激光强度和染料浓度对分过类的冷冻精子解冻后运动性影响的研究。该研究表明,在分类过程中使用较低的激光强度可提高解冻后运动性。
选定的精子样品除含有精子外还可含有各种成分,并且经常会含有在选择过程中加入的、以保护精子的成分。在进行FACS时,选定的精子样品可以含有用于染色和分类的溶液成分(如鞘液和捕获缓冲液)。
另外,选定的精子样品通常含有增容剂或增容剂组份。例如,广为熟知的“两步”增容剂,其包括不含甘油的“A组份”和含有甘油的“B组份”。首先将A组份加到精子中,然后加入等体积的B组份。在这步,经常将B组份分成至少两份并顺序加入;例如,在加入第一份15分钟后再加入第二份。
如果没有增容剂成分存在的话,通常在从样品中分离精子之前要向该选定的精子样品中加入增容剂或增容剂组份。如果仅有一些增容剂成分存在,则可任选地加入另外的增容剂,从而在进行分离之前,使选定的精子样品中包含有完整的增容剂或增容剂组份。在典型的实施方案中,将牛精子进行流动分类以产生包含有增容剂A组份的选定精子样品(参见实施例2、3和4)。如果需要的话,可以在进行分离之前向选定的精子样品中加入B组份(参见实施例5)。分离步骤之前的增容剂(或增容剂组份)被称为“初增容剂”,以与在冷冻前用来增容分离精子的“终增容剂”相区别。如果选定的精子样品是用FACS进行选择的,该初增容剂可与用于分类的鞘液相匹配。在实施例4中对典型的匹配鞘液和增容剂进行了详细的描述。
适于在选定精子样品中使用的增容剂包括生理上可接受的载体。该生理上可接受的载体通常为水性的,并且在优选实施方案中包括去离子水。适合的增容剂通常含有一或多个下列附加成分:低温保护剂、保持重量摩尔渗透压浓度和缓冲液pH的成分、防止冷激并保持精子生育能力的有机物质、与有机物质协同作用以增强精子贮藏的去垢剂、容易被精子利用的能源、保护精子免受冷激的抗氧化剂、促进精子获能的物质及一或多种抗生素。
虽然在本发明中使用的低温保护剂不限于那些通过特殊机制起作用的低温保护剂,但是大部分传统的低温保护剂通过、至少部分通过减少胞内失水来起作用。具体说来,冷冻会伴有精子周围介质中溶质浓度的增加。该溶质浓度的增加会将水汲出细胞,使胞内电解质的浓度增加。典型的低温保护剂包括甘油、二甲基亚砜、乙二醇、丙二醇等等。适于在所给增容剂中使用的低温保护剂可根据精子来源的物种而改变。例如,甘油适于在人和牛精子的低温保护剂中使用,但是通常不用于猪或兔精子的低温贮藏。这些偏好对许多有商业价值的精子是已知的而且其它类型精子的偏好也可容易地按经验测定出。
本发明中使用的增容剂任选地包括帮助维持重量摩尔渗透压浓度并提供缓冲容量的一种或多种成分。在本发明优选实施方案中,增容剂的重量摩尔渗透压浓度与生理液体的接近。重量摩尔渗透压浓度在约280mOsm到约320mOsm范围内的增容剂更优选。pH也优选在生理条件所允许的范围,在约6.5至约7.5的范围内更优选。
有助于维持重量摩尔渗透压浓度和pH在这些范围内的物质是本领域所熟知的,并且可以以固体或溶液方式添加到增容剂中。可以使用含有盐、碳水化合物或其组合物的缓冲液来达此目的。具体的例子包括柠檬酸钠、Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷和TES(N-Tris[羟甲基]甲基-2-氨基乙磺酸)及谷氨酸单钠缓冲液;牛奶;HEPES-缓冲介质;及其任何组合。在某一具体应用中,该用于帮助维持重量摩尔渗透压浓度并提供缓冲容量的成分依增容剂其它成分的不同而变化,并且在某些情况下会依精子物种来源的不同而改变。无论如何,对在本发明中使用的该成分的选择在本领域现有技术水平之内。
在增容剂中也可以包括保护精子免受冷激和帮助维持生育能力的一种或多种有机物质。这些物质是广为人知的,并且有时被称为“非穿透低温保护剂”。本领域的技术人员可容易地测定出适于此处所述低温贮藏方法具体应用的有机物质。例如,在增容剂中可以包括含有据信可减弱冷激影响及稀释效应的保护性组份的有机物质(如脂蛋白、磷酸磷脂、卵磷脂)。适宜的有机物质包括二糖,三糖及其任何组合。典型的有机物质包括卵黄、卵黄抽提物、牛奶、牛奶抽提物、酪蛋白、清蛋白、卵磷脂、胆固醇及其任何组合。
增容剂也可以包括去污剂。有报道说烷基离子型去污剂,例如十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS),可与卵黄协同作用从而增强抗冷激的保护作用。用于细胞低温贮藏的其它去污剂也可在该增容剂中使用,并且按此处所提供的指导,用于特定应用的具体去污剂的选择在本领域技术水平之内。参见,例如实施例5。
该增容剂优选包括容易被精子利用的能源。在无能源时,精子可使胞内磷脂和其它细胞成分氧化。因此,在该增容剂中包含能源可保护胞内储能和细胞成分。如本领域所熟知的,虽然任何常规能源都可在增容剂中使用,但是糖,尤其是单糖,提供了一种便利的能源。在该增容剂中使用的典型的单糖包括葡萄糖、果糖和/或甘露糖。
在该增容剂中任选地包括一或多种抗氧化剂以提供额外的抗冷激保护。典型的抗氧化剂包括丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、其衍生物等等。然而,在细胞低温贮藏中使用的其它抗氧化剂也可在该增容剂中使用,并且按此处所提供的指导,用于特定应用的具体抗氧化剂的选择在本领域技术水平之内。
增容剂也包含促进精子获能的物质。许多获能促进剂是本领域已知的,并且任何一个都可在增容剂中使用。其例子包括酶,例如α淀粉酶、β淀粉酶、β葡萄糖醛酸酶,如果需要的话其可组合使用。
最后,既然一定量的细菌生长会威胁精子的生存力并会增加人工受精或体外受精程序中宿主感染的危险,因此包括抗生素的增容剂为优选。也可在增容剂中使用任何用于细胞低温贮藏的抗生素。要根据获得精子(包括获得并对精子样品进行操作)的物种的不同选择合适的抗生素,并且该抗生素要靶标于特定的微生物。典型的抗生素包括太乐菌素、庆大霉素、林古霉素、大观霉素、林古-大观霉素(林古霉素和大观霉素的组合物)、青霉素、链霉素和羧噻吩青霉素(ticarcillin),其可单独使用也可组合使用。无论如何,本领域技术人员可容易地测定出适合在增容剂中使用的其它抗生素。
下面及在实施例中对典型的增容剂进行了更详细的讨论。
选定精子样品中的精子浓度通常低于源样品中的精子浓度,并且如上所示,当使用FACS时,稀释效应是明显的。典型的、基于性别类型的分类可以产生含有6×105精子细胞/ml捕获缓冲液的样品。既然如此低的浓度对于保存来说并不是最佳的(至少对于大部分所测的物种是这样),本发明的低温贮藏方法通常会将该选定的精子样品进行浓缩。冷却选定的精子样品
本低温贮藏方法的第二步是将选定精子样品冷却,通常通过以受控速率减温来进行。冷却的太快可能会引起冷激,其可导致膜完整性和细胞功能的丧失。冷激影响的严重程度随物种的不同而不同,并且随一些因素例如冷却速率和温度范围的不同而不同。在适宜的受控冷却条件下,精子能够适应热的影响。实施例2(其它实施例中也有),对冷却牛精子的条件进行了描述,而且测定冷却其它物种精子适宜条件的方法也在本领域技术范围之内。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,通常将选定的精子样品从摄氏22度冷却到摄氏5度,并且冷却通常要持续约60分钟到约24小时,优选约90分钟到约240分钟。冷却可以常规方法进行,包括简单地将选定的精子样品放在摄氏5度的环境中。从选定精子样品中分离精子细胞
在对选定精子样品进行初始增容之后,使用任何有效的、温和分离方法将精子从该样品中分离出来,该分离方法应提供至少约50%的精子回收率,更优选精子回收率约75%到约90%,最优选精子回收率约80%到约90%。在进行该分离步骤期间,所冷却的精子通常应保持其冷却状态,即,在约摄氏1度到约摄氏8度之间,且优选接近摄氏4度或5度。
任何适合从悬浮液中回收细胞的方法都可用于分离精子,包括例如过滤、沉淀和离心。在一典型的优选实施方案中,选定的精子样品被分装至50ml的管子里,每管体积不超过27ml,优选约20到约27ml之间。在约4摄氏度、约850xg离心约20分钟。此离心步骤优选提供至少约50%到约90%的精子回收率,更优选约60%到约90%的精子回收率,最优选约70%到约90%的精子回收率。分离之后,除去上清,于4摄氏度温度和振荡或反复抽吸使沉淀悬浮。然后通常要对该精子的浓度进行测定(例如,使用血细胞计数器)。分离的精子细胞的最终增容
在分离之后,如果需要的话,可将精子混在一起并用终增容剂进行增容,使其达到适于冷冻的浓度。在终增容之后、冷冻之前的精子浓度范围优选从约1×106/ml到约300×106/ml,更优选从约10×106/ml到约50×106/ml,最优选从约10×106/ml到约20×106/ml。
上述对于初增容剂的描述也适用于终增容剂,其可以与初增容剂相同也可以与其不同。在具体的实施方案中,用终增容剂增容的精子样品的成分本质上与添加初增容剂之后的精子样品的成分相似(如果不是与其相同的话)。
在本发明一优选实施方案中使用的增容剂是卵黄-Tris。在添加该增容剂之后,该精子悬浮液中含有甘油(低温保护剂);柠檬酸和Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷(缓冲液);卵黄(有机物质);果糖(能源);太乐菌素、庆大霉素和林古-大观霉素(抗生素)。在向分离的精子中加入该终增容剂以后,这些成分的典型的近似浓度为:
卵黄-Tris增容剂的成分
甘油:4-8%vol/vol
柠檬酸:55-75mM
Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷:190-210mM
卵黄:5-25%vol/vol
果糖:45-65mM
太乐菌素:25-100μg/ml
庆大霉素:200-300μg/ml
林古-大观霉素:100-400μg/ml*
*100-400μg/mll林古霉素和100-400μg/ml大观霉素
在该实施方案的一个尤其适合冷冻牛精子的变异方案中,在向分离的精子中加入该终增容剂之后的这些成分在无离子水中的浓度为:约6%(vol/vol)的甘油、约65mM的柠檬酸、约200mM的Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷、约20%(vol/vol)的卵黄、约56mM的果糖、约50μg/ml的太乐菌素、约250μg/ml的庆大霉素和约150/300μg/ml的林古-大观霉素(即150μg/ml林古霉素和300μg/ml大观霉素)。
在另一实施方案中使用的是卵黄-柠檬酸盐增容剂。在添加该增容剂之后,该精子悬浮液含有甘油(低温保护剂);柠檬酸钠(缓冲液);卵黄(有机物质);太乐菌素、庆大霉素和林古-大观霉素(抗生素)。在向分离的精子中加入该终增容剂以后,这些成分的典型的近似浓度为:
卵黄-柠檬酸盐增容剂的成分
甘油:4-8%vol/vol
柠檬酸钠:60-80mM
卵黄:5-25%vol/vol
太乐菌素:25-100μg/ml
庆大霉素:200-300μg/ml
林古-大观霉素:100-400μg/ml*
*100-400μg/ml林古霉素和100-400μg/ml大观霉素
用于冷冻牛精子的典型的优选浓度为约7%(vol/vol)甘油、约72mM柠檬酸钠、约20%(vol/vol)卵黄、约50μg/ml太乐菌素、约250μg/ml庆大霉素和约250/300μg/ml林古-大观霉素。
在另一实施方案中使用的是卵黄-TES-Tris(“EY TEST”)增容剂。在添加该增容剂之后,该精子悬浮液含有甘油(低温保护剂);卵黄和热乳,例如含1.25%果糖和10%甘油的均质乳(有机物质);太乐菌素、庆大霉素和林古-大观霉素(抗生素)。在向分离的精子中加入该终增容剂以后,这些成分的典型的近似浓度为:卵黄TES-Tris增容剂的成分
甘油:3-7%vol/vol
Tris[羟甲基-甲基]-2-氨基乙磺酸:140-170mM
Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷:60-80mM
卵黄:5-25%vol/vol
果糖:5-12mM
太乐菌素:50-150μg/ml
庆大霉素:400-600μg/ml
林古-大观霉素:200-700μg/ml*
*200-700μg/ml林古霉素和200-700μg/ml大观霉素
用于冷冻牛精子的典型的优选浓度为约5%(vol/vol)甘油、约158mM Tris[羟甲基-甲基]-2-氨基乙磺酸、约72mM Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷、约20%(vol/vol)卵黄、约8mM果糖、约100μg/ml太乐菌素、约500μg/ml庆大霉素和约300/600μg/ml林古-大观霉素。
在本发明再一实施方案中使用的是乳增容剂。在添加该增容剂之后,该精子悬浮液含有甘油(低温保护剂);热的均质乳(有机物质);果糖(能源)、太乐菌素、庆大霉素和林古-大观霉素(抗生素)。在向分离的精子中加入该终增容剂以后,这些成分的典型的近似浓度为:
乳增容剂的成分
均质乳:90%(vol/vol)
甘油:3-7%(vol/vol)
果糖:1.25%(wt/vol)
太乐菌素:50μg/ml
庆大霉素:250μg/ml
林古-大观霉素:250/300μg/ml*
*250/300μg/ml林古霉素和250/300μg/ml大观霉素
用于冷冻牛精子的典型的优选浓度为约90%乳、约10%(vol/vol)甘油、约1.25%果糖(wt/vol)、约50μg/ml太乐菌素、约250μg/ml庆大霉素和约250/300μg/ml林古-大观霉素。
也可使用其它标准用于冷冻精子的增容剂作为冷冻选定精子的终增容剂。对各种最适于在冷冻各种物种精子中使用的增容剂已有叙述并且许多是市售的。用于马精子的冷冻增容剂通常由乳、卵黄、各种糖、电解液和低温保护剂组成。典型的冷冻增容剂如E.L.,等,冷却并冷冻种马精液,动物繁殖及生物技术实验室,第69号通报,第8章,“精液增容剂”,49-51页,(1999年7月)。精子的平衡及冷冻
精子样品的增容产生了精子悬浮液,然后将其转入容器中进行冷冻。如果打算将该精子用于受精,则将此细胞分成足够进行受精的单个小份剂量。所需的剂量根据物种的不同可能会有相当大的变化,并且或是熟知的(例如对于牛和马来说)或是可容易地测得。对于性别选择的牛精子来说,便利剂量的范围约为1.0×106精子到约3.0×106精子。
任何合适的容器都可以用于冷冻,包括,例如一次性针剂、小瓶和吸管。打算用于AI的精子通常在与受精枪一起设计使用的吸管中进行冷冻(例如,0.25ml或0.50ml的吸管)。优选地,将增容剂丸剂吸入吸管并按如下顺序:空气、精子、空气和增容剂进行,从而使精子被隔在空气两边,使在吸管两端的精子与增容剂丸剂分开。
在进行冷冻之前,通常可以将精子在约5℃进行平衡。优选平衡约1小时到约18小时,约3小时到约18小时更优选,最优选为约3小时到约6小时之间(参见实施例2)。
在平衡之后,如果冷冻速率不是特别快的化(即不超过约0.5℃/分钟),任何标准的冷冻方法都可以使用。其冷冻速率优选约0.5℃/分钟。在一典型的优选实施方案中,精子被放在静态液氮蒸气中,并在三个不同的阶段(每个阶段约10分钟)进行冷冻。在冷冻的第一阶段,精子以约40℃/分钟到约65℃/分钟的速率从约5℃冷却到约-15℃。在冷冻的第二阶段,精子以约25℃/分钟到约35℃/分钟的速率从约-15℃冷却到约-60℃。在第三阶段,将精子放进约-100℃的液氮中。
选定的精子样品
除了冷冻方法以外,本发明还提供了一种冷冻的精子样品,该样品含有从源样品中选出的具有某种特殊特征的精子。该精子可来自任何物种,包括任何上述作为对冷冻方法的参考所讨论的那些物种。本发明包括用任何适合的方法(如上述的那些方法)选择出的具有任何特征的冷冻精子。优选的实施方案包括冷冻的性别选择的人、牛、马、猪、绵羊、麋鹿或野牛的精子。性别选择优选使用上述的流动细胞计量术进行。
本发明还包括含有本发明所述的冷冻精子样品的容器。该容器可由任何不与该冷冻精子样品发生反应的材料制成,并且可以有任何有利于该样品在计划应用中使用的形状和其它性质。对于打算用于AI的样品来说,容器可为与受精枪一起设计使用的吸管(例如0.25ml或0.5ml吸管)。该容器在计划进行保存的温度(通常为摄氏-80度以下)下用任何适宜进行样品贮藏的方式密封。例如,0.25ml吸管可以用PVC粉末超声密封,或用棉线-乙烯聚合物插件和/或不锈钢球(BB)来密封。
因为本发明的冷冻精子样品在使用前通常要先解冻,所用本发明也提供了一种解冻的(先前是冷冻着的)选定精子样品及含有该解冻样品的容器。
选定精子样品的使用方法
本发明冷冻的选定精子样品适于以任何使用精子的方法进行使用。该样品可以以任何便利的受精方法(例如人工受精或体外受精)进行解冻并使用。解冻以与冷冻的、未经选择的精子一样的方式进行。简单地说,将含有冷冻精子的吸管放在水浴(保持在约35℃到约37℃)中约20到约30秒。解冻之后,按标准步骤进行精液的沉积(例如受精),小心操作以保护精子免受环境波动的影响。
实施例
实施例1
稀释作用对精子的影响
目的:测定未冷冻的、未分类的、但高度稀释的精子的精子浓度对精子运动性的影响。A.稀释作用对未洗涤精子的影响
1.
源样品的收集使用如Schenk J.,Proc 17th NAAB,p.48-58(1998)和Saacke RG,Proc NAAB Tech Conf AI Reprod.41:22-27(1972)描述的人造阴道,以常规收集方法从公牛身上收集精子。所有被使用的射精物,其渐进性运动性精子都大于50%并且形态正常的精子都大于75%。如在Shin S.,Proc NAAB Tech Conf AI Reprod.11:33-38(1986)中所述,在15分钟的收集过程中,抗生素被加到原始的射精物中,并使用分光光度计对精子浓度进行了测定。
2.
方法 使用用20%卵黄(vol/vol)(溶于72mM柠檬酸钠、50Tg/ml太乐菌素、250Tg/ml庆大霉素和250/300Tg/ml林古-大观霉素)制备的卵黄-柠檬酸增容剂(EYC)将来自4头公牛的精子稀释到1.25、2.5、5、10、15和20×106/ml。每个样品被制成双份(2管/稀释/公牛),每管总体积8ml。将所有的样品在22℃温育60分钟,然后使用摆转头离心法(Eppendorf,Model#581 OR)于600xg离心10分钟以浓缩精子。离心之后,保留两套管子中的一套的上清;通过用5-ml血清学移液器轻柔地重复吹吸,将精子重悬于相同的介质中并保持原先的浓度。(第二套管子用于实施例1B。)然后以0.2℃/分钟的速度将精子样品冷却到5℃,历时90多分钟。这些精子被称为“未洗涤的精子”。所有精子都在收集后于5℃保温24小时或48小时。
3.
运动性评估保温之后,在测定运动性之前,使用干燥模块孵育器将样品加热10分钟至37℃。为进行此项实验,对每个样品的渐近性运动精子百分比的单盲估算进行测定。由单一观测者(x200,相差显微镜)对渐进性精子运动性的每个亚型进行主观测定。另一个人以随机方式制备此显微镜切片,从而使观测者无法知道处理的情况。
4.
统计分析使用公牛和初始稀释浓度这两个因素,通过离散分析对数据进行分析(SAS研究所,Cary,North Carolina)。分别对每个温育时间进行分析。使用(对数)线性差异法对稀释走向进行测试。
5.
结果对两个温育时间而言,未洗涤精子的数据(表1)都表现出(对数)线性相关性(P<0.01)。运动精子的百分比随精子浓度(1.25×106/ml增加到10×106/ml)的增加而增加,但随后有些轻微的偏差。对24小时的温育而言,三方期是明显的(P<0.05);对48小时温育而言,其稍有明显(P<0.1)。对这两个时间而言,公牛的影响都有(P<0.01)。
表1.冷却到5℃以后,冷却对未洗涤精子运动性(%)的影响
稀释 5℃温育
(106/ml) 24ha 48hb
1.25 18c 0c
2.5 38c,d 6c,d
5.0 56d 31d,e
10.0 61d 42e
15.0 55d 44e
20.0 58d 41e
S.E.f 5.6 6.4a(对数)线性的(P<0.01)和三次方的影响(P<0.05)。b(对数)线性的(P<0.01)和三次方的影响(P<0.1)。c,d,e无共同上标的栏内的平均值不同(P<0.05)。(SAS Institute,Cary,NC,USA)B.稀释对洗涤精子的影响
1.
源样品的收集。在本实验中使用了在实施例1A中制备的含有样品的第二套管子。
2.
方法。如在实施例1A中所示,该精子被稀释、温育并通过离心对其进行浓缩。离心之后,从每个管子里吸出7.1ml的上清,除去大部分的精清并将精子留在一个900-μl的移液器中。用EYC(参见实施例1A)将该精子稀释以制成10×106/ml或20×106/ml的精子悬液。然后,如实施例1A中所示,将该样品冷却90分钟以上至5℃。
3.
运动性评价。如实施例1A中所示,将该样品加热并进行渐进性运动性评估。
4.
统计分析。如实施例1A中所示对数据进行分析。此外,实施例1B中的数据是对在5℃温育浓缩的分析。
5.
结果。当在24小时以后对精子进行评估时,洗涤精子的数据(表2)没有表现出明显的处理效果。然而,在于5℃保存48小时以后,公牛、初始稀释、温育浓度和公牛都受温育的影响(P<0.05)。在浓度为20×106/ml比在10×106/ml时有更多的精子保持运动性(31%对20%;P<0.05)。初始稀释度为1.25、2.5和5×106精子/ml的渐进性运动性比初始稀释度为10×106精子/ml的要低(P<0.05),主影响平均值分别为19、20、27和37%运动精子。
表2.洗涤、稀释、浓缩和冷却对渐进性精子运动性的累积效果(%)37℃预温育1h期间的 5℃保存一精子浓度与时间精子浓度(106/ml) 24h 48ha
20×106/ml 10×106/ml 20×106/ml 10×106/ml
1.25 45 49 24 15
2.5 51 40 29 11
5.0 54 54 32 21
10.0 51 50 40 34
15.0 60 41
20.0 55 40a在保存48h以后,浓缩到20×106精子/ml优于(P<0.05)浓缩到10×106精子/ml。而且,初始稀释到10×106优于较低的稀释度(P<0.05)。温育24小时的合并标准差
是4.0,48小时的值是2.8。b明显的(对数)线性趋势(P<0.06)。C.结论
无论精清除去与否,高的精子稀释度和冷却均会导致运动性精子百分比的大量减少。然而,在贮藏之前,通过将稀释的精子浓缩到10×106/ml及更浓,到20×106/ml,其稀释效应会被大大消弱。来自某些牛的精子比来自其它牛的精子对稀释的耐受性更好;然而,牛的差异是典型的。极端稀释的精子可能会在分类过程中受到损伤,部分原因是由于去除了精清中的保护成分。
实施例2
在对已分过类的精子冷冻之前的平衡时间的影响
目标:在冷冻之前,评估平衡时间(3、6和18小时,5℃)对流动分类的精子的影响。
下面的实验使用相同的公牛进行了完全复制;
1.
源样品的收集。如实施例1A所述,收集并制备4头公牛的精子。
2.
方法。
a)
为分类而进行的染色和准备。
i)
染色贮液的制备:用去离子水制备8.89mM的Hoechst 33342(bis-Benzimide H-33342;#190305,ICN生物医药公司Aurora,OH)贮液。
ii)
精子染色过程:以修正的TALP缓冲液(表3)将精子稀释至400×106精子/ml。稀释之后,将Hoechst 33342染料以224μM的浓度加到该精子悬浮液中。在将染色剂加到精子悬浮液中之后,将样品于34℃温育60分钟。温育之后,用含2.67%清卵黄和0.002%食用染料(FD&C#40)(其可将Hoechst 33342的荧光淬合在细胞膜有损伤的精子上)的TALP将精子稀释到100×106/ml,从而使它们可以在分类过程出被排除在外。就在进行流动分类之前,将样品以单位重力通过40-μm尼龙膜进行过滤以除去细胞碎片和结块的精子。
b)分类。使用两线的氩激光于351和364nm及150mW对Hoechst 33342染料进行激发。所使用的流动细胞计/细胞分类器为SXMoFlo(Cytomation,Inc.,Fort Collins,CO,USA),于50psi进行操作。使用了Tris-碱鞘液,其含Tris(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(Tris;197.0mM;#T-1503,Sigma化学公司,St.Louis,MO,USA)、柠檬酸一水合物(55.4mM;#C-7129,Sigma化学公司,St.Louis,MO,USA)和果糖(47.5mM;#F-0127,Sigma化学公司St.Louis,MO,USA)。同时也向该Tris-碱鞘液中加入由0.58g/L青霉素和0.05g/L链霉素硫酸盐组成的基线抗生素。
通过称作“批量分类”的方法对精子进行分类,其可以对大量精子进行快速的富集从而使得大量的样品可以在合理的时间内得到处理。精子在标准操作条件下通过流动细胞剂,唯一例外是将所有含有活精子的液滴收集在一个单个的管子里而不是基于某特定特征(例如按性别类型分类)将其分成两个管子。精子是基于其生存力进行分类的;因此,通过批量分类,质膜损伤的精子就被排除在外了。
在分类过程中,将已染色的精子保持在22±1℃。将批量分类的精子收集在含2ml 20%卵黄-Tris增容剂(用溶于去离子水的含200mM Tris、65mM柠檬酸、56mM果糖、50Tg/ml太乐菌素、250Tg/ml庆大霉素和150/300Tg/ml林古-大观霉素的20%卵黄(vol/vol)制成)的50ml塑料管里。该卵黄-Tris增容剂被称作“Tris-A组份”,以表示在该步骤中没有甘油。收集在管子里的精子含有12ml大约6×106的精子。随后,将该精子于22℃温育1到3小时以模拟基于性别类型的分类条件。
c)
冷冻准备。温育之后,将该分过类的精子冷却70分钟以上至5℃。冷却之后,将两管合在一起,并放入冰箱内,使用摆转头离心法于5℃、850xg离心20分钟。在去除上清以后,继续于5℃进行处理,向150μl的精子沉淀中添加约150μl的Tris-A组份增容剂以使精子浓度接近40×106/ml。每头公牛的精子被合在一起,并立即以等体积的含12%(v/v)甘油的卵黄-Tris增容剂(“Tris-B组份”)进行稀释。以15分钟的间隔向该精子悬浮液中加入两倍体积的此Tris-B组份以调节精子终浓度至20×106/ml。该含精子的完全卵黄-Tris增容剂的最终甘油浓度为6%(v/v)。
d)
平衡与冷冻。然后将增容好的精子装进0.25ml的聚氯乙烯吸管中,以常规方法在静态液氮蒸气中按架冷冻。在5℃经过总平衡时间分别为3、6和18小时的平衡以后,将每头(共4头)公牛的那两个吸管进行冷冻。
3.
解冻后运动性的评估。吸管于37℃水浴解冻30秒。在将样品于37℃进行0、1和2小时的解冻后温育之后,进行了渐进性运动性的盲性评估。两个观测者中每个人都对两管精液的每一管进行了渐进性精子运动性的评估。这四个对每个实验单位所进行的盲性评估为二次抽样。
4.
统计分析。统计学上,将该二次抽样样品作为对主要事件最小平方ANOVA的次要事件来分析,以分析任意观测者与观测者X之间处理相互作用的影响。N是指实验单位的数目,而不是指二次抽样的样品;基于这4个二次抽样样品的ANOVA和实验单位数目的误差均方的平均值算出标准误差;最小平方均值也同时给出。
通过对每个温育时间分别进行ANOVA对处理效果进行评估。该模型包括:公牛为随机影响,平衡时间和观测者为固定影响;该次要事件由观测者期限和相关的相互作用组成。
5.
结果。基于渐进性运动精子的百分比,对0和1小时(P<0.01)但不包括2小时的解冻后温育而言,3或6小时的平衡时间优于18小时的(表4)。对温育时间为1和2小时(但不包括0小时)而言,公牛的影响是明显的(P<0.05)。对任意反应而言,公牛不受平衡时间相互作用的影响(P<0.1),观测者也不受其影响。
表3.修正的TALP缓冲液
成分 浓度
NaCl 95.0mM
KCl 3.0mM
NaHPO4 0.3mM
NaHCO3 10.0mM
MgCl2·6H2O 0.4mM
丙酮酸钠 2.0mM
葡萄糖 5.0mM
乳酸钠 25.0mM
HEPESa 40.0mM
牛血清清蛋白b 3.0mg/ml
硫酸庆大霉素 30.0μg/ml
a#H3375,Sigma化学公司,圣路易斯,MO,美国
b#US70195,组份V;Amersham/Life Science,
Cleveland,OH,USA
表4.预冷冻平衡期对解冻后渐进性运动性的影响(%)
平衡 解冻后温育(37℃)
(5℃) 0h 1h 2h
3h 41a 36a,b 16
6h 41a 37a 18
18h 35b 31b 12
S.E.c 1.5 0.8 2.0
a,b在这些栏内,无共同上标的平均值不同(P<0.05),Tukey′sHSD.
6.
结论。此结果表明,在解冻后精子运动性方面,于5℃进行的平衡,对总平衡时间为3小时和6小时之间而言并无差异,但是在冷冻之前、于5℃进行18小时的平衡则在精子的运动性方面有明显的下降。此3到6小时的时间范围可以允许将2个连续的、用来冷冻精子的3小时分类批次合在一起进行,而不会使解冻后的运动性下降。
既然公牛受平衡时间相互作用的影响并不明显,那么对仅使用了4头公牛而言,3到6小时的平衡是足够的。对于少数公牛来说,最优的平衡期为>6小时。
实施例3
染色浓度和激光功率对已分类的精子的影响
目的:评估Hoechst 33342染料浓度与激光强度组合在一起对流动分类精子的影响。
1.
源样品收集。如实施例1A所述,收集6头公牛的精子。
2.
方法。
a)
实验设计。在2对2加对照的设计中使用一个射精物(2头公牛)和在不同日子的两个射精物(4头公牛)。
b)
染色和分类。按实施例2中所述,为进行分类和为对精子进行分类而做的染色准备,只是将Hoechst 33342染料以149TM或224TM的终浓度加到精子悬浮液中;并用激光(以入射功率为100mW或150mW进行)对精子进行批量分类。如实施例2中所述,将批量分类的精子收集在50ml的塑料管里。对每头公牛收集4管大约含15×106总精子/管的管子,历时1小时以上。将该分过类的精子于22℃温育1小时以模拟较长的分类时间。
c)
冷冻准备。如实施例2所述,在温育之后将精子冷却。然后将该精子于5℃、850xg离心20分钟进行浓缩。在除去上清之后,于5℃向每150μl精子沉淀中加入150μl Tris-A组份增容剂。通过温和的重复吹吸使所有的精子沉淀悬浮起来,并将每头公牛的精子合在一起。如实施例2中所述,逐步加入Tris B组份增容剂。在含6%甘油的Tris增容剂中,对每头公牛制备20×106精子/ml的未染色的、未经分离的对照,并在制备批量分类的精子时将其冷却到5℃。
d)
平衡与冷冻。按实施例2中所述,将对照和已分类的精子分装至0.25ml的聚氯乙烯吸管中,并于5℃平衡3小时,然后按常规进行冷冻。
3.
解冻后运动性的评估。按实施例2中所述,将吸管解冻然后进行评估。
4.
统计分析。实施例2中已对统计分析进行了一般的描述。具体来说,通过ANOVA对处理效果进行评测。该模型包括染料浓度、激光强度和公牛为主要事件,观测者和相关的相互作用为次要事件。公牛被认为是随机影响,而其它因素被认为是固定影响。
5.
结果。公牛对解冻后当时的(P<0.1)和于37℃温育1小时和2小时以后(P<0.05)的渐进性运动精子的影响是明显的。对任何温育时间而言,染料浓度或公牛对精子的运动性都不受染料浓度的影响。由于公牛被认为是随机影响,所以对温育0小时而言,150mW的激光功率比100mW的激光功率所造成的精子解冻后运动性要低(P<0.1),但对其它温育时间则不是这样(表5)。如果公牛被认为是固定影响,则对所有3个温育时间而言,150mW的激光功率比100mW的激光功率所造成的精子解冻后运动性都要低(P<0.05)。对温育1小时而言,公牛对精子的运动性受激光功率的影响(P<0.05),但对温育0小时或2小时而言则不是这样。而且,对温育0和1小时而言,激光功率越高,导致的精子运动性比对照低的越多(表5)。对温育1小时而言,观测者的影响是明显的,但对温育0小时或2小时则不是这样。观测者不受处理相互作用的影响(P>0.1)。表5.激光强度和染料浓度对解冻后运动性的影响(%)。主要影响均值 37℃温育
0h 1h 2h
对照 49 44 33
染料浓度
149μM 41 39 30
224μM 42 39 30
激光强度
100mW 46 42 33
150mW 38a 35b 27
S.E.c 2.2 1.2 1.3
a显著的主影响(P<0.1)及与对照不同(P<0.05)。
b与对照不同(P<0.05)。
c合并标准误差,
6.
结论。通过染色和分类,解冻后的渐进性运动精子的百分比减少了。较高的激光强度比较低的激光强度造成的损伤要大。染料浓度对解冻后精子的运动性没有影响。因此,与精子结合的Hoechst33342染料的激发作用在较低的激光强度下受损较少,并且在较高的染料浓度下对精子染色并不会对解冻后的运动性有太大的影响。所观测到的损害大概是由于精子运动性仪器造成的。
实施例4
分类前染色方法的评估及用于精子低温贮藏的增容剂的选择目的:(1)评估精子的三种分类前处理;及(2)评估用于低温贮藏流动分类精子的鞘液和增容剂组合物。
下面的实验进行了全部复制:
1.
源样品的收集。按实施例1A中所述,收集并制备4头公牛的精子。
2.
方法。
a)
实验设计。设计了一个3(分类前处理)对3(增容剂)对2(鞘液)对4(公牛)对2(观测者)的析因试验以测定分类前最好的保持精子的方法,并且对三种用于低温贮藏分类的精子的增容剂进行评估。
b)
样品制备与染色。按以下方法对从每头公牛(共4头)新收集的精子进行处理:
(1)在进行批量分类之前,在修正的TALP中将其稀释到400×106/ml(参见实施例2,表3)并于34℃染色1小时(“稀释-0h”);
(2)在稀释、染色和分类之前,于22℃净(neat)温育3小时(“净-3h”);或
(3)在进行批量分类之前,稀释并染色(“稀释-0h”),然后于22℃温育3小时(“稀释-3h”)。
c
增容剂。对下列冷冻增容剂进行比较:含7%甘油的EYC(参见实施例1)、含6%甘油的卵黄-Tris(参见实施例2)和含5%甘油的卵黄-TES-Tris(TEST)。EYC“A组份”是指不含甘油的EYC增容剂,EYC“B组份”是指含有双倍最终所需甘油浓度(即14%)的EYC增容剂。因此,当EYC的A组份和B组份以等体积混合时,其最终的EYC增容剂将含有7%的甘油。Tris A和B组份以相似的方法命名,并已于实施例2中有述。TEST增容剂以含有5%甘油的完全增容剂制得;因此,对TEST来说,没有“A”和“B”组份一说。
d)
鞘液。鞘液或是98.6mM的柠檬酸钠二水合物(#S279-3,Fisher Scientific,Fair Lawn,NJ)或是如实施例2中所述的Tris。两种鞘液的pH都被调到了6.8;重量摩尔渗透压浓度约为270到280mOsm/kg。使用Tris鞘液收集以后会在卵黄-Tris和TEST冷冻增容剂中进行增容的精子。使用含有98.6mM柠檬酸钠二水合物的鞘液收集以后会在EYC冷冻增容剂增容的精子。
e)
分类。按实施例2中所述,使用150mW的入射激光功率对每个分类处理、鞘液和增容剂的每一个组合来说,大约58×106精子被批量分类。对每一分类而言,收集精子耗时约1小时以上。分类之后,将该样品于22℃温育2小时以模拟3小时的分类过程。
f)
冷冻准备。温育之后,按实施例2中所述,对精子进行冷却。冷却之后,于5℃、850xg离心20分钟。每个样品的总体积约28ml,并被装在50ml的塑料管里。
在除去上清之后,将精子拿回5℃的冷室中进行增容。通过将131μl精子悬浮在69μl EYC的A组份、卵黄-Tris的A组份或TEST增容剂中使样品增容至40×106/ml。添加匹配的、含增容剂的甘油(即EYC的B组份、Tris的B组份)或TEST将悬浮液立即调至20×106精子/ml。如实施例2中所述,将增容剂的B组份以15分钟的间隔逐步(2X)加到它们各自的样品中。TEST按与EYC和Tris增容剂的B组份一样的方式逐步添加到精子中。
g)
平衡与冷冻。将精子分装至0.25ml的聚氯乙烯吸管中,于5℃平衡3小时,然后在静态液氮蒸气中冷冻。
3.
解冻后运动性的评估。精子的解冻和解冻后评估按实施例2中描述的方法进行。
4.
统计分析。实施例2中已对统计分析进行了一般的描述。具体来说,对每个解冻后温育时间来说,通过对变量的单独分析评估处理效果。主要事件包括分类前处理、增容剂和公牛;次要事件由观测者和关联的相互作用组成。公牛被认为是随机影响,而其它因素被认为是固定影响。整个试验被重复两次。用Tukey′s HSD检测将平均值分开。
5.
结果。对每个解冻后温育时间而言,批量分类精子的解冻后渐进性运动性受增容剂和公牛的影响(P<0.05),并且对0小时温育而言受分类前程序的影响(表6)。对鞘液来说没有差别(P>0.05)。对解冻后温育0小时而言,在冷冻和解冻之后,使用净-3h处理比使用其它两种分类前染色处理会得到更多的运动性精子(P<0.05;表6)。然而,在将公牛考虑为随机影响之时,精子解冻后温育1或2个小时之后,分类前程序并没有产生统计学上明显的影响。重要的是,对这两个温育时间而言,分类前处理明显地受公牛相互作用的影响(P<0.05)。而且,如果公牛被认为是固定影响的话,那么对于所有解冻后温育时间而言,都要明显地受分类前处理的影响。
对解冻后立即(0小时)进行而言,TEST是最好的增容剂,但对在37℃温育1或2小时而言,Tris是最好的增容剂。重要的是,对任何反应而言,分类前都不受增容剂相互作用的影响。对所有温育时间而言,观测者都有影响(P<0.01),但观测者不受处理相互作用的影响。有一头公牛在所有的3个温育时间上都受增容剂相互作用的影响(P<0.05)。
表6.分类前处理和冷冻增容剂对解冻后渐进性运动性的主要影响(%)
分类前程序 37℃温育
增容剂 0h 1h 2h
稀释-0h 均值 39 32 22
净-3h 均值 43b 36 25
稀释-3h 均值 38a 31 19
均值 TEST 44c 33 20a
6.
结论。该研究表明,在稀释、染色和分类前净保持精子3小时比立即稀释并于0小时或3小时后染色要好。因此,通过3小时然后进入分类,最好用一份新的原始射精物(其被净保持3小时然后染色)来继续进行,而不是用原先的精子样品(被染色并被保持在400×106精子/ml)来继续。
即使TEST增容剂在0小时提供了更高的解冻后运动性,但当将精子置于37℃温育时,则Tris为优选的增容剂。两种鞘液的任何一个对每种增容剂都可以发挥同样好的作用。基于这些结果,我们已经将Tris鞘液与Tris冷冻增容剂组合在一起使用,使之成为我们的标准方法。
实施例5
增容剂添加剂对已分类精子的影响
目的:评估向冷冻增容剂中添加十二烷基磺酸钠(“SDS”)对流动分类精子的影响。A.冷冻增容剂中SDS浓缩物影响的评估
1.
源样品的收集。按实施例1A中所述,收集并制备6头公牛的精子。
2.
方法。将从每头公牛(共6头)得来的精子在含0、0.03、0.06、0.09或0.12%SDS的20%全卵Tris(“WET”)增容剂中增容至20×106/ml,然后装入吸管并进行冷冻。WET增容剂的制备如下:将3.028g Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷、1.78g柠檬酸一水合物和1.25g果糖溶于100ml双蒸水,然后向其中加入20%的全卵(vol/vol)。制得的WET增容剂的pH约为7.0,并含有终浓度约为6%(vol/vol)的甘油。该WET增容剂也含有1000 IU的青霉素“G”钠和100Tg的链霉素硫酸盐/ml。
3.
结果。在解冻大约10分钟后测得的渐进性运动精子的平均值(n=从6头公牛每头取1个样)分别是51、51、50、51和48%。基于此结果,在实施例5B中使用了0.06%的SDS。
B.各种冷冻增容剂中0.06%SDS对流动分类精子的解冻后运动性影响的评估。
1.
源样品的收集。按实施例1A中所述,收集并制备8头公牛的精子。
2.
方法。研究了被冷冻在有或无0.06%SDS的卵黄-Tris(参见实施例2)和WET增容剂(参见实施例5A)中的精子的解冻后运动性。对两种增容剂而言,终甘油浓度都是6%。
a)
染色、分类准备、分类。按实施例2中所述,从每头公牛(共8头)的射精物中制备染色的精子样品。使用Tris鞘液对染色的精子进行批量分类,除了使用的入射激光功率是135mW以外,其它都按实施例2中所述进行。将分过类的精子收集在50ml含2ml每种增容剂A组份冷冻缓冲液的塑料管里;每个处理收集到15×106的总分类精子(25ml)并于22℃温育1小时以模拟较长的分类时间。
b)
冷冻准备。然后将稀释过的精子冷却至5℃,历时90分钟以上。以15分钟的间隔向每个含分类精子的50ml塑料管中分步(2x)加入等体积的适合的B组份增容剂。通过850xg冷冻离心20分钟,对每份(25ml/增容剂)处理进行浓缩。除去上清,留下600 T1的精子沉淀,然后温和振荡15秒使之悬浮。既然含沉淀的该悬浮液中已经有甘油了,所有就没有再向该精子沉淀中填加额外的增容剂。该精子悬浮液的浓度大约为20×106/ml。对每头公牛而言,都在含6%甘油的卵黄-Tris增容剂中制备浓度约为20×106精子/ml的未染色的、未分类的对照样品。在进行批量分类的时候,该对照被放置在5℃的冷室中。
c)
平衡与冷冻。所有的对照和批量分类的精子都在同时进行分装和冷冻。将精子分装至0.25ml的聚氯乙烯吸管中,于5℃平衡约3到6小时,然后在静态液氮蒸气中冷冻。
3.
解冻后运动性的评估。除了渐进性运动性在温育0.5和2.0小时以后进行评估以外,精子的解冻和解冻后评估都按实施例2所述方法进行。
4.
统计分析。实施例2中已对统计分析进行了一般的描述。具体来说,通过对每个温育时间参数的单独分析对处理效果进行评估。该模型包括:公牛和增容剂为主要事件,观测者和关联的相互作用为次要事件。通过最小显著性差异试验测定平均值之间的差数。
5.
结果。解冻后温育0.5或2小时以后,增容剂对精子的渐进性运动性有影响(P<0.05,表7)。对0.5小时而言,WET加SDS比Tris加SDS产生的运动性更低。对2小时而言,所有的用批量分类处理的精子都比未分类的对照精子要差。对两个温育时间而言,公牛和观测者都有明显的影响(P<0.01),但观测者并不受处理相互作用的影响。
表7.增容剂对解冻后渐进性运动性的影响(%)
增容剂 37℃温育
0.5h 2h
Tris(未分类) 42a 41a
Tris w/o SDS 40a,b 35b
Tris w/SDS 42a 37b
WET w/o SDS 30a,b 35b
WET w/SDS 38b 35b
S.E.c 1.0 1.2
6.
结论。通过解冻后视觉估计测定,我们认为在Tris或WET增容剂中包含SDS对精子质量并无益处。而且使用WET和Tris增容剂所得的结果相似;因此,对于低温贮藏分过类的牛精子而言,WET看上去与Tris同样有效。
实施例6
田间试验中,通过流动分类进行性别区分的精子的质量
目的:基于顶体完整性,评估解冻后分类精子的质量
1.
源样品的收集。按实施例1A中所述,收集并制备3头公牛的精子。
2.
方法。将来自相同射精物的分过类的和未分类的对照精子按实施例2中所述方法染色、处理并分类,只是精子以90%纯度水平按性别类型进行分类。收集大约20ml的分过类的精子,并冷却到5℃(0.2℃/min),历时90分钟。冷却之后,向该分类精子中添加等体积的卵黄-Tris B填充剂(参见实施例2),分两次、间隔15分钟加入。按实施例5中所述进行离心及上清的吹吸。离心和吹吸之后,向精子沉淀中加入含6%甘油(v/v)的卵黄-Tris增容剂,从而使精子浓度达到约20×106/ml。除平衡时间约为3小时以外,流动和解冻按实施例2中所述的进行。
3.
解冻后运动性的评估。解冻约10分钟之后,于37℃进行渐进性运动性精子百分比的视觉估计。在37℃温育2小时以后使用微分干差(differential interference-contrast)显微镜(x1000)对精子顶体的完整性进行测定。精子用40mM氟化钠处理,制备湿涂片,每次处理检测100个精子。顶体被分为:(a)完整顶体,(b)肿胀或受损顶体,或(c)没有顶体(不完整)。
4.
统计分析。所分析的数据来自19个不同的冷冻数据(对称取自田间试验中使用的3头公牛)。通过将公牛作为固定影响的变量分析对处理效果(分类对对照)进行评估。
5.
结果。尽管在分类中已经将死精子除去了,但未分类精子的解冻后渐进性运动性精子的百分比(50%)还是明显高于(P<0.05)分类精子的(46%;表8)。然而,具有完整顶体的精子的百分比则无差别。相对对照精子(P<0.05)来说,分类增加了失去顶体精子的百分比,但也减少了具有受损精子的百分比。公牛之间在完整顶体百分比(P<0.05)、不完整顶体百分比(P<0.01)和解冻后渐进性运动性(P<0.01)方面有着明显的差异。在解冻后运动性方面,有一头公牛受分类的影响(P<0.01),但在其它反应方面则不受其影响。来自A公牛和B公牛的,分类的和未分类的精子之间在解冻后运动性方面的差异几乎为零;对公牛C而言,分类的精子比对照精子在运动性方面低10个百分点(19%)。表8.分类对解冻后运动性(%)和顶体状态(%)的影响。
顶体状态
完整 损伤 不完整 解冻后运动性对照 64a 20a 15a 50a分类的 65a 14b 21b 46b
a,b具有不同上标从栏平均值不同(P<0.05)。
6.
结论。对分类的、冷冻的精子渐进性运动性平均的视觉估计稍低于(4个百分点;8%)对照精子,有一头公牛的差异要稍大些。这些评估在解冻后约10分钟进行。该小均差与温育2小时后不完整顶体的一致。顶体受损或丢失的精子有可能不能游动。对分过类的样品来说,增加了具有不完整顶体的精子的百分比意味着损伤是与分类或真正分类之前或之后的低温贮藏相关的。想来是因为分类使受损的顶体变成了没失去顶体。基于标准的、评估精子质量的方法,对大部分公牛来说,没有理由认为这些流动分类精子的受精潜能受到了严重的损伤。
实施例7
使用20%的卵黄Tris增容剂对公牛精子进行性别选择和低温贮藏
目的:提供一种低温贮藏流动分类的公牛精子的方法。
1.收集和射精物评估。按实施例1A中所述,收集并制备射精物。选择来自那些有>75%形态正常精子的公牛的射精物。视觉估计渐进性运动精子的百分比(渐进性运动性>60%的射精物对分类是最好的)。向原精液中添加如下抗生素:终浓度为100ug/ml的太乐菌素、终浓度500ug/ml的庆大霉素和终浓度为300/600ug/ml的林古-大观霉素。
2.
染色及分类准备。向原精液样品中加入抗生素以后,在进行染色前,可以放置12分钟。对样品染色按实施例2中所述方法进行。
3.
分类。对X和Y两种类型的精子进行分类,将分类限度设置为90%纯度。将精子分装到含2ml 20%卵黄-Tris增容剂A组份的50ml Falcon管里(参见实施例2)直至每管的总体积达到最大值20ml(或每次分类最多2小时),分过类的精子最终浓度为6×105/ml。制得注意的是,在分类之后和冷却之前必须要再加入20%的卵黄-Tris-A组份捕获缓冲液,从而使卵黄的最终百分比至少达到3%。
4.
冷冻准备。在进行分类之后,将分过类的样品冷却至5℃,历时90多分钟。冷却之后,以15分钟的间隔分步(2X)加入20%的卵黄-Tris增容剂B组份(参见实施例2)。加到精子样品中的Tris增容剂B组份的终体积应该与Tris增容剂A组份的体积相等。加入Tris增容剂B组份之后,精子样品的总体积不应该超过27ml。
向该精子样品中加入Tris增容剂B组份之后,于850xg离心20分钟以浓缩样品。吸出上清,留下约150μl的精子沉淀。将精子重悬并将每头牛的精子合在一起。
5.
冷冻。添加完全的卵黄-Tris增容剂(6%甘油)以使终精子浓度达到20×106/ml。按实施例2中所述的方法将增容的精子分装至0.25ml聚乙烯吸管中进行冷冻。
实施例8
野外研究中,流动分类的、冷冻的公牛精子生育力的评估
材料和方法精液收集与处理
用人工阴道收集来自生育力未知的年轻公牛的精液(参见实施例1A)。在用分光光度计测定精子浓度并对渐进性精子运动性进行主观评估以后,除了使用发射功率为约135到约150mW的激光以90%的纯度对精液按性别类型这一点以外,按实施例2中所述的方法对精液进行处理和分类。除了平衡时间约为3小时以外,其它按实施例2中所述的方法进行处理和冷冻。在田间试验中,对液体精液使用的是Cornell通用增容剂(Seidel GE Jr.,Theriogenology 1997;48:1255-1264)。为在田间试验2和3中冷冻精液,所使用的增容剂为甘油终浓度为7%的2.9%柠檬酸钠+20%的卵黄(参见实施例1)。对于田间试验4到11,精液被冷冻在含200mM Tris、65mM柠檬酸、56mM果糖、20%卵黄和甘油终浓度为6%的Tris-碱增容剂中(参见实施例2)。对于试验1、2和3来说,流动细胞计中使用的鞘液为2.9%的柠檬酸钠(参见实施例4),而对剩下的试验使用的是Tris缓冲液。
将精子按筒分装在0.25ml French吸管的中心,每管50μl。为使稀释效应最小化,使用小体积从而使其能够达到至少107精子/ml的浓度。在大部分试验中,先将一筒没有精子的增容剂吸入吸管以润湿其中的棉塞,接着是一小管空气,然后是按性别选择的精子。当精子被冷冻的时候,每批次解冻一管(35℃水浴,30秒)以进行质量控制,并且丢弃解冻后渐进性运动性小于25%的批次。通过流动细胞计量术对每批次中按性别选择的样品进行声处理并对其进行分析以测定性别的精确度。母牛管理和人工受精
所使用的母牛来自6个广泛分布的、有不同管理方法的生产单位。季节和品种的差异对实验异质性有进一步影响(表9)。当母牛进入输精设备后,尽量在可能的范围内,在输精员的公牛内系统地交替进行处理和对照。
发情以4种方法之一同步进行(表9):(1)每天在2.5kg谷物中喂食500mg的醋酸美仑孕酮(melengesterol acetate)(MGA),进行14天,然后在喂食MGA最后一天立即注射25mg前列腺素F2α(Lutalyse,Upjohn,Kalamazoo,MI,USA)17、18或19天(MGA/PG);(2)单一注射25mg前列腺素F2α(PG);(3)立即注射20或25mg前列腺素F2α,间隔12天(PG/PG)或(4)立即注射50或100Tg的GnRH,然后7天后注射25mg前列腺素F2α(GnRH/PG)。
视觉检查母牛早晚的固定发情,而仅在晚上16:00以后对其进行受精,即大约出现发情1/2或1天以后。
要么是按常规方法在子宫体内受精,要么是使用防止损伤的胎盘转移鞘(IMV,Minneapolis,MN,USA)进入子宫角的一半进行受精。在后一种情况中,精液被放在过了子宫角大弯、可无损进行的(与非手术的胚胎转移相同)尽量靠前的地方。大部分情况下,精液被放在anterior third和mid-comua之间。
大部分实验包括冷冻的精子对照,其以来自相同公牛的、用于进行性别类型分类的(“区分性别的”)20或40×106精子/剂量在子宫体内进行受精。该对照为在特定田间试验条件下,对固有的、正常的母牛生育力及所使用的公牛的生育力和输精员技术的综合评估。有些试验也包括低剂量的、非区分性别的对照组。有时对照受精数量仅被设计为每次处理所用数量的1/2或2/3,以对区分性别的精子获得更多的信息。将冷冻的区分性别的精子和对照精子在35到37℃水浴中解冻20到30秒。其它细节摘述于表9。
按Curran,S.,Theriogenology 1991;36:809-814中所述,受精后28到37天和/或受精后56到92天通过超声对怀孕进行诊断,此时大部分试验中的胎儿性别得以测定,而操作者对受精处理或对照并不知情。出生的小牛的性别几乎与胎儿性别诊断一致。通过对连续性校正的单自由度Chi平方对数据进行分析;如果一尾(1-tail)检验未被指定的话,那么就进行二尾检验。由受精处理失误、生殖道的frank感染、无法穿过子宫颈等等的受精少于5%。从实验中选取哪一个动物的决定是在受精后很短的时间内作出的,而从不是基于怀孕诊断作出的。
表9.田间实验程序上的细节试 受精日期 母牛品种 所用的公牛 输精员 同步化 注释验 发情1 5/20-23, Angus N1,N2,AN4 A,B MGA/PG 包括低剂量对照
19972 2/18-5/22, Angus杂种 N3,N4,N5,N6 C,D PG/PG 低剂量但无正常剂
1998 量的对照;在同步
化的时候有些母牛
怀孕并流产3 6/2-6/5, Angus AN4,AN5,N7, B,D MGA/PG
1998 N84 2/10-13, Holstien J2,J4 C,D PG 非常严重的污泥、
1999 雪、风和寒冷的大
风雨5 2/24-26, Holstien J2,J4,J5 C,B,D PG/PG
19996 4/14-16, Holstien J2,J3,J4,J5 C,D PG 有些母牛是生殖精
1999 选牛7 4/27-5/1, Holstien& AN1,AN4 C MGA/PG 分类前运输6h的一
1999 Angus杂种 头公牛的精液8 4/21-23, Angus杂种 H1,H2 E MGA/PG 饲养场的母牛
19999 5/5-8, Red Angus AR1,AR2 C,F MGA/PG
199910 5/31-6/2, Angus AN4,AN7, B,D GnRH/P
1999 AN8 G11 7/28-30, Holstien H2,H3 C,D PG/PG 在大得多的试验中
1999 得到的第一份复制
物
结果与讨论
所得的数据来自11个连续的、各异的田间实验,受研究的逻辑方面的限制,例如必须使公牛与畜群的遗传需要相匹配、无法得到公牛的生育力信息、母牛数量的限制、无法在试验之间得到相同的输精员、某些试验中恶劣的天气、早期试验中区分性别的精液量的限制、2个系列的母牛中某些同时发情但直至约55天才被证明怀孕等等。在每个试验中,至多包括4头公牛和3位输精员;这使我们可以对种群取样以保证结果可以适用于更多的公牛或技师;然而,严格评估公牛对公牛生育力方面差异的数据并不充足。
大部分母牛来自位于我们实验室140到250km范围内饲养的畜群。在任何试验中输精员之间在牲畜的怀孕率方面都没有明显的差异,但牲畜/输精员的数目很低,而且如果进行更大数量的受精实验则有可能会检测出差异来。
在试验之间并没有对同步发情方法进行比较,因此在这些方法之间不可能对怀孕率进行比较。对所使用的所有4种同步方法来说,怀孕率看上去很另人满意。
既然受精每天进行一次,那么晚间发情的母牛就会在检测到发情大约24小时以后被受精。对这些在所有试验中都使用区分性别的精子受精的母牛来说,怀孕率为203/414(49.0%),这与早上发情母牛并于检测到发情半天后受精的怀孕率(266/586(45.4%))并无明显的差别(P>0.1)。较迟受精而有较高生育力的这一趋向与由其它研究得出的结论一致,即当使用的精子数量少或当条件并不是最优的时候,用生育力较低的公牛迟些受精比正常推荐的时间要好。
表10到表20列出了处理后的怀孕率和(如果有的话)胎儿或小牛的性别。除在试验8中以外,其它试验的目的是要获得雌性的后代;在试验1、3、8、9、10和11中的精确度分别为95%、83%、90%、83%、82%和94%。在其余的试验中,由于怀孕诊断的时间选择、无法找到确定胎儿性别的专业人员和/或因为小牛还没有生出来的原因,胎儿或出生的性别无法得到。这并非主要的利害关系,因为本研究的主要目的是检测流动分类精子于低剂量受精时的生育力。
通过调整分类参数可将性别确定的精确度调节到实际所要求的50到95+%之间的任何水平。然而,较高的精确度会导致每单位时间分得的精子数量较低,尤其是对Y染色体精子来说更是如此。对常规工作来说,90%的精确度已经足够了。
我们将对每个田间试验中的主要发现依次进行摘述。值得注意的是总精子数量在表头给出;渐进性运动精子的数量通常是这些值的30到50%。田间试验1(表10)表明,使用低量的未区分性别的精子在子宫角受精的怀孕率于用正常精子数目的对照相似。用未冷冻的区分性别的精子64到67天的怀孕率(42%)比用同分过类的精子一样进行稀释、染色和离心的、未区分性别的液体对照要低12个百分点。性别确定的精确度为95%;来自区分性别精子的小牛的性别与胎儿性别诊断的结果非常匹配;在对照胎儿的性别确定上有一个错的。在2个月的妊娠期间没有出现流产,而且所有的19个来自区分性别精子处理的小牛都能生存并很正常。对于区分性别精液的处理而言,对公牛N1、N2和N3来说的这两个月的怀孕率分别为41、44和40%。39%(13/33)早上发情的母牛和50%(6/12)晚上发情的母牛怀上了小牛。表10.田间试验1的结果—怀俄明州Angus母牛,1997年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(31 怀孕母牛数(64 雌性小牛
天到33天) 天到67天) 数区分性另 3×105 45 20(44%) 19(42%) 18(95%)a的,5℃/子宫角对照,5℃/ 3×105 28 15(54%) 15(54%) 5(53%)b子宫角冷冻的对照/40×106 29 16(55%) 15(52%) 11(73%)a,b子宫体a,b无共同上标则性别比例有差别(P<0.02)。
用区分性别的、冷冻精子与用区分性别的、未冷冻的精子所得的结果相似(如果对由于在低温贮藏过程中被杀死的精子数量作了调整的话)。田间试验2(表11)对此提供了第一证据。保存在5℃和8℃的区分性别的精子之间也没有怀孕率的差别。
用来自个别公牛的区分性别的精液受精2+月以后的怀孕率在22到42%之间(P>0.05)。对区分性别孕牛和对照的孕牛来说,在1和2个月的妊娠期之间的胚胎丢失是非常相似的。
从该试验中可以得到来自39头母牛的产仔数据;这些怀孕2个月的母牛(30头区分性别孕牛,9头为对照)都在正常长度的妊娠后产仔。表11.田间试验2的结果—科罗拉多州的杂种肉母牛,1998年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(30 怀孕母牛数(59
天到35天)a 天到92天)a对照,5℃/子宫角 5×105 58 27(47%) 24(41%)区分性别的,5℃/ 5×105 51 17(33%) 16(31%)子宫角区分性别的,18℃/ 5×105 46 16(35%) 12(26%)子宫角区分性别的,冷 1×106 87 29(33%) 28(32%)冻的/子宫角a无显著差异,χ2
田间试验3(表12)表明,区分性别的、冷冻精子有着满意的怀孕率。确定精子性别的精确度再次得到确证;然而,与出生的小牛相比,对胎儿的性别确定有4个错的;列出的是出生小牛的实际性别。而且,在妊娠的2个月间也没有流产发生。
对公牛N8、N9、AN5和AN4的区分性别的、未冷冻的和区分性别的、冷冻的精子来说,平均的怀孕率分别为24、31、50和60%(P<0.1)。表12.田间试验3的结果—怀俄明州的Angus母牛,1998年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(62 雌性小牛数
天到65天)a区分性别的,18 1.5×105 37 11(30%)a 10(91%)c℃/子宫角区分性别的, 1×106 35 18(51%)a,b 14(78%)c冷冻的/子宫角冷冻的,对照/ 40×106 37 27(73%)b 16(59%)d子宫体a,b无共同上标的平均值不同(P<0.05)。c,d由区分性别处理的精子受精的雌性小牛的百分比(83%)与对照组有差别,P<0.05,一尾,χ2。
田间试验4、5和6(表13、14、15)在同一地点用3个不同的母牛群进行。不幸的是,由于田间试验的不确定性,例如人员安排、每头公牛区分性别精液的可利用性等等,我们无法对每个试验进行相似的复制。试验5和6之间怀孕率的差异很大,这表明试验之间的条件是有差异的。试验6中的有些母牛在自然交配一个月以后无法怀孕,因此这对于我们的试验是有用的。在这些试验条件下,精子浓度为1.5到3.0×106精子/剂之间的怀孕率是非常相似的。而且,子宫角受精并没有什么优势可言。除了在试验5中J2的怀孕率(20/28(71%))比J4的(15/39(38%))要高以外(P<0.05),公牛之间在怀孕率方面没有明显的差异(P>0.05)。该差异在试验与试验之间也不一致,如J4在数值上有差异但并不明显高于试验4和6中J2的怀孕率。表13.田间试验4的结果—科罗拉多州的Holstein母牛,1999年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(30 怀孕母牛数(64
天到35天) 天到67天)*区分性别的, 1.5×105 55 36(65%)a,b 36(65%)a,b冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 3×106 52 27(52%)a 26(50%)a冷冻的/子宫体对照,冷冻的/ 20×106 55 45(82%)b 43(78%)b子宫体a,b无共同上标的平均值不同(P<0.01)。*在进行第二次怀孕诊断之前,有6头在30到33天怀孕的母牛被卖掉;这些是对剩下的怀孕母牛的估计。表14.田间试验5的结果—科罗拉多州的Holstein母牛,1999年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(33 怀孕母牛数(60
天到35天)a 天到62天)a区分性别的, 1.5×106 23 12(52%) 12(52%)冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 3.0×106 25 15(60%) 14(56%)冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 1.5×106 25 15(60%) 12(48%)冷冻的/子宫角区分性别的, 3.0×106 25 17(68%) 15(60%)冷冻的/子宫角对照,冷冻的/ 20×106 30 20(67%) 19(63%)子宫体a无显著差异。表15.田间试验6的结果—科罗拉多州的Holstein母牛,1999年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(31 怀孕母牛数(60
天到34天) 天到63天)区分性别的, 1.5×106 27 11(41%)a 9(33%)a冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 3.0×106 25 10(40%)a 9(36%)a冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 1.5×106 24 8(33%)a 7(29%)a冷冻的/子宫角区分性别的, 3.0×106 24 10(42%)a 8(33%)a冷冻的/子宫角对照,冷冻的/ 20×106 24 18(75%)b 17(71%)b
子宫体a,b无共同上标的平均值不同(P<0.05)。
对试验7(表16)来说,由于时间安排的问题,只能找到一个输精员。这是唯一的一个表现出子宫角受精要比子宫体受精有着令人信服的优势的试验。对在此试验条件下的该输精员来说,用区分性别的、冷冻的精液在子宫角内受精比在子宫体内受精、从而怀孕的母牛多55%(22个百分点)。真正的差异可能会更小些,因为这些平均值的置信区间很大。在其它所有的试验中(对子宫体和子宫角的受精进行了比较的5、6、9和11),对两种方法和对该技师及其它技师而言,怀孕率都很相似。
来自一头试验7所使用公牛的精液在进行分类前,在-20℃的保温箱内在没有进行稀释的情况下由Montana空运过来;运输时间为6小时。对于来自这两头公牛的区分性别的精子来说,怀孕率实际上是相同的,没有运输的为49%,而运过来的是52%。因为有Hoechst33342的精子的染色性质会因增容剂稀释而改变,所以精液并没有用增容剂稀释,也没有因运输而进行冷却。而且,在其它的研究中(参见实施例4)发现,在收集和冷冻分类之间于环境温度进行精子的净分类要优于将其进行稀释。表16.田间试验7的结果—科罗拉多州的杂种肉母牛,1999年
处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(33
天到37天)区分性别的,冷冻 1.5×106 86 34(40%)a
的/子宫体区分性别的,冷冻 1.5×106 86 53(62%)b
的/子宫角对照,冷冻的/子 20×106 35 18(51%)a,b
宫体a,b无共同上标的平均值不同(P<0.01)。
田间试验8(表17)考虑的是没有植入生长促进剂的饲养场母牛;在诊断出怀孕的时候它们流产了,所以没法得到小牛的数据。该实验表明也可以以雄性为指导进行有效的性别确定。对这两头公牛来说,怀孕率为50和61%。表17.田间试验8的结果--Nebraska的Angus母牛,1999年
处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数a(74 雄性胎儿数
天到76天)区分性别的,冷 1×106 18 7(39%) 6(86%)冻的,72mW激光/子宫体区分性别的,冷 1×106 18 13(78%) 12(92%)冻的,135mW激光/子宫体a无显著差异。
田间试验9是唯一表现出3.0对1.5×106的区分性别的、冷冻精子/受精剂量具有令人信服优势的试验。该优势对两位输精员都是这样。对来自这两头公牛的区分性别的精子来说,怀孕率为62和75%。表18.田间试验9的结果--Nebraska的Red Angus母牛,1999年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(60 雌性胎儿数
天到63天)a区分性别的, 1.5×106 15 8(53%) 7(88%)冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 3.0×106 14 12(86%) 9(75%)冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 1.5×106 16 9(56%) 7(78%)冷冻的/子宫角区分性别的, 3.0×106 16 12(75%) 11(92%)冷冻的/子宫角对照,冷冻的/ 20×106 30 21(70%) 13(62%)子宫体
a3.0×106的区分性别的精子(80%)比1.5×106的区分性别的精子(55%)的怀孕率要高,P<0.05,1-尾χ2。在田间试验10(表19)中,用区分性别的、冷冻精液的怀孕率与对照的相似;确定精子性别的精确度仅为82%,然而这与我们目标规定的90%的精确度并没有明显的差别。对区分性别的精液而言,公牛AN4、AN7和AN8的怀孕率分别是54、66和50%(P>0.1)。18头在该试验中受精的母牛是在田间试验1中由区分性别的精子所产生的小牛。表19.田间试验10的结果—怀俄明州的Angus母牛,1999年
处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(61 雌性胎儿数
天到63天)a区分性别的, 1×106 44 26(59%) 23(85%)冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 3×106 43 23(53%) 17(74%)冷冻的/子宫体对照,冷冻的/ 20×106 35 20(57%) 12(57%)
子宫体a无显著差异。表20.田间试验11的结果—科罗拉多州的Holstein母牛,1999年处理/部位 精子数 母牛数 怀孕母牛数(28 怀孕母牛数(56
天到30天)a 天到58天)a,b区分性别的, 1×106 12 8(67%) 24(41%)冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 3×106 12 6(50%) 16(31%)冷冻的/子宫体区分性别的, 1×106 7 4(57%) 4(57%)冷冻的/子宫角区分性别的, 3×106 7 4(57%) 4(57%)冷冻的/子宫角对照,冷冻的/ 20×106 9 4(44%) 3(33%)子宫体a无显著差异,χ2。b由区分性别的精子受精的17头胎牛中有16头是雌性的;两头在体腔中太深无法进行超声性别鉴定。
来自进行了同样处理(除了将1×10和1.5×106精子剂量合在一起这一点不同以外)的试验的数据被结合了在一起(表21)。表21.将用区分性别的、冷冻的精液和冷冻对照的试验结合在一起的摘要
试验组合 精子数/部位 母牛数 怀孕数5,6,9,11 1-1.5×106/子宫体 77 36(47%)
3×106/子宫体 76 38(50%)
1-1.5×106/子宫角 72 32(44%)
3×106/子宫角 72 39(54%)
20×106/子宫体,对照 93 61(66%)4,5,6,9,10,11 1-1.5×106/子宫体 176 98(56%)
3×106/子宫体 171 88(51%)
20×106/子宫体,对照 183 124(68%)5,6,7,9,11 1.5×106/子宫体 163 70(43%)
1.5×106/子宫角 158 85(54%)
20×106/子宫体,对照 128 79(62%)
在用多7到20倍的精子进行的实验中,使用区分性别精子的怀孕率通常为未区分性别的对照的70-90%。在最近的试验中,该差异更小,这可能反应了性别确定和精子处理方法的进步。
在有些试验中,用超声波对受精后1和2个月的母牛进行怀孕检测。对区分性别的(23/261;8.8%)精子处理和对照(9/145;6.2%)精子处理来说,在这期间的怀孕失败是相似的(P>0.1),这是对由于很难确定性别而产生的遗传损伤的一种测定方法。因为大部分较早试验的牲畜都被卖掉而较晚试验的牲畜还没有产仔,所以仅从几头怀孕母牛的身上获得了产仔的信息。由区分性别的精液产生以用来收集数据的小牛种群看上去与对照种群并无差别。
结论
牲畜的性别比例可以通过用细胞计/细胞分类器、基于DNA含量将精子进行分类,然后通过低温贮藏和相关的常规人工受精,偏离至一种性别占到约90%的水平。由区分性别的精子产生的小牛看上去是正常的。对本研究中的大部分公牛来说,用1.0到1.5×106区分性别的、冷冻的精子的怀孕率是用20或40×106非区分性别的、冷冻精子对照按常规方法受精的70到90%。这些结果适用于由受过很好训练的输精员、使用适当处理的精液繁殖的管理完善的母牛品种。与标准的子宫体受精相比,用区分性别的精子在子宫角里受精也许会稍有优势。
本发明已于此通过参考某一特定方法和材料进行了必要的讨论。应该知道,这些特定方法和材料的讨论无法对本发明的范围形成任何的限制,其可扩展至任何及所有的、可替代的、适于完成本发明之目的的材料和方法。
此处所述的所有专利和公开文本都以整体的形式并入本文以作参考。
Claims (37)
1.低温贮藏精子的方法,该方法包括:
(a)获得选定的精子样品;
(b)冷却所说的选定精子样品;
(c)从所说的选定精子样品中分离精子以产生分离的精子;
(d)向所说的分离的精子中添加终增容剂以产生精子悬浮液;及
(e)冷冻所说的精子悬浮液。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子样品包括一部分在源样品中存在的精子,所说的精子部分按某一特征选出,并且其中该精子在选定精子样品中的浓度低于在源样品中的浓度。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子样品包括按性别选择的精子。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子样品包括哺乳动物的精子。
5.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子样品包括牛的精子。
6.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子样品包括马的精子。
7.权利要求4所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子样品包括猪的精子。
8.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子样品包括通过下列方法之一选出的精子:流动细胞计量术、磁力技术、柱技术、比重技术、生物化学技术、基于精子运动性的技术、基于精子电学性质的技术和其任何组合。
9.权利要求8所述的方法,其中所说的选定精子通过流动细胞计量术选出。
10.权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过将选定精子样品的温度降低到约5摄氏度来进行冷却。
11.权利要求10所述的方法,其中冷却进行约60分钟到约240分钟。
12.权利要求1所述的方法,其中加到所说的选定精子样品中的每种终增容剂,除了低温保护剂以外,还含有下列一个或多个成分:保持重量摩尔渗透压浓度和缓冲液pH的成分、减少冷激并保持精子生育力的有机物质、能源、有利于精子获能的物质和抗生素。
13.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所说的低温保护剂选自:二糖、三糖和其任何组合。
14.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所说的低温保护剂选自:甘油、二甲基亚砜、乙二醇、丙二醇和其任何组合。
15.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所说的保持重量摩尔渗透压浓度和缓冲液pH的成分选自:含盐的缓冲液、含碳水化合物的缓冲液和其任何组合。
16.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所说的保持重量摩尔渗透压浓度和缓冲液pH的成分选自:柠檬酸钠、Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷、N-Tris[羟甲基]甲基-2-氨基乙磺酸、谷氨酸单钠、乳、HEPES缓冲介质和其任何组合。
17.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所说的有机物质选自:卵黄、卵黄抽提物、乳、乳抽提物、酪蛋白、清蛋白、卵磷脂和其任何组合。
18.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所说的能源为选自葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖和其任何组合的单糖。
19.权利要求12所述的方法,其中所说的抗生素选自:太乐菌素、庆大霉素、林古霉素、林古-大观霉素、大观霉素、青霉素、链霉素和其任何组合。
20.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在加入终增容剂之后,精子样品和精子悬浮液分别含有甘油、柠檬酸钠、Tris[羟甲基]氨基甲烷、卵黄、果糖和一或多种抗生素。
21.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在加入终增容剂之后,所说的精子样品和精子悬浮液各自含有甘油、柠檬酸钠、卵黄和一或多种抗生素。
22.权利要求1所述的方法,其中在加入终增容剂之后,所说的精子样品和精子悬浮液各自含有甘油、卵黄、乳、果糖和一或多种抗生素。
23.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所说的增容剂的pH在约6.5到约7.5的范围内。
24.权利要求1所述的方法,其中该精子通过离心分离自所说的选定精子样品。
25.权利要求24所述的方法,其中所说的离心使得回收至少约50%到约90%的精子。
26.权利要求1所述的方法,其中冷冻前在所说悬浮液中的精子浓度约为1×106/ml到约300×106/ml。
27.一种冷冻的选定精子样品,其含有存在于源样品的精子的一部分,所说的部分因具有一特征而被选取。
28.权利要求27所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中所说的冷冻的选定精子样品含有按性别选择的精子。
29.权利要求27所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中所说的冷冻的选定精子样品含有哺乳动物的精子。
30.权利要求29所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中所说的冷冻的选定精子样品含有牛的精子。
31.权利要求29所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中所说的冷冻的选定精子样品含有马的精子。
32.权利要求29所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中所说的冷冻的选定精子样品含有猪的精子。
33.权利要求27所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中用来选择所说的选定精子样品的方法包括下列技术之一:流动细胞计量术、磁力技术、柱技术、比重技术、生物化学技术、基于精子运动性的技术、基于精子电学性质的技术和其任何组合。
34.权利要求33所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中所说的冷冻的选定精子样品含有通过流动细胞计量术选择的精子。
35.权利要求27所述的冷冻的选定精子样品,其中所说的冷冻的选定精子样品通过如下一种方法产生,该方法包括:
(a)获得选定的精子样品;
(b)冷却所说的选定精子样品;
(c)从所说的选定精子样品中分离精子以产生分离的精子;
(d)向所说的分离的精子中添加终增容剂以产生精子悬浮液;及
(e)冷冻所说的精子悬浮液。
36.一种包括使用权利要求27所述的冷冻的选定精子样品进行人工受精或体外受精的方法。
37.权利要求36所述的方法,该方法包括使用所说的冷冻精子样品进行低剂量人工受精。
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CN106686977A (zh) * | 2014-07-09 | 2017-05-17 | 豪夫迈·罗氏有限公司 | Ph调整以改善细胞库的解冻复苏 |
CN106686977B (zh) * | 2014-07-09 | 2022-03-25 | 豪夫迈·罗氏有限公司 | Ph调整以改善细胞库的解冻复苏 |
CN108684656A (zh) * | 2018-06-20 | 2018-10-23 | 河南省鼎元种牛育种有限公司 | 一种牛冻精稀释液及其制备方法 |
CN109223245A (zh) * | 2018-09-26 | 2019-01-18 | 江苏农牧科技职业学院 | 一种适于冷藏的种鹅精子的人工授精方法 |
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