CN103025259B - 医疗装置 - Google Patents

医疗装置 Download PDF

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CN103025259B
CN103025259B CN201180034497.3A CN201180034497A CN103025259B CN 103025259 B CN103025259 B CN 103025259B CN 201180034497 A CN201180034497 A CN 201180034497A CN 103025259 B CN103025259 B CN 103025259B
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D·I·拉登克劳
P·C·罗伯茨
A·E·格林
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Abstract

本发明描述了一种具有手柄和连接到所述手柄的端部执行器的医疗装置。所述端部执行器具有至少一个用于向待处理的组织或血管提供电信号的电极。提供射频驱动电路,以用于生成施加到所述端部执行器电极的射频驱动信号。所述射频驱动电路包括谐振电路并且频率控制器用于改变通过所述谐振电路的信号的频率,以便控制提供给所述端部执行器电极的功率。

Description

医疗装置
技术领域
本发明涉及医疗装置领域,具体地讲涉及但并非仅涉及医疗烧灼和切割装置。本发明还涉及用于驱动此类医疗装置的驱动电路和方法。
背景技术
许多外科手术需要对血管或其它内部组织进行切割或结扎。使用微创手术来执行多种外科手术时,外科医生使用手持式烧灼装置执行切割或结扎。现有的手持式烧灼装置需要台式计算机电源和通过电源线连接到该装置的控制电子器件。图10示出了当前使用的此类现有的手持式烧灼装置。
多年来已知由于电源和控制电子器件尺寸较大并且由于将手持式烧灼装置拴系到电源和控制电子器件,因此在外科手术期间这些现有装置显得笨重且难以使用。多年来已知通过提供电池供电的手持式烧灼装置将克服这些问题,其中电源和控制电子器件被安装在装置自身内,例如安装在装置的手柄中。然而,使电子器件小型化不是一件简单的事情。在外科手术期间必须向装置提供电源并且电子器件的现有设计需要大的电容器、电感器、变压器以及散热片和风扇。图11更详细地示出了用于现有设计中的电源的不同部件和控制电子器件。虽然减小传感和控制电子器件的尺寸是可能的,但是电路的其它部件不能够以这种方式小型化。
具体地,现有电子器件的设计使用提供可调节的24伏电源的电路;FET(场效应晶体管)和相关联的驱动电路;增加供电电压的变压器;以及将谐波从由FET开关和变压器生成的方波电压电平移除的滤波电路。对于给定的用于驱动烧灼装置的电压电平和功率电平,该变压器和输出滤波器均必须是相对体积庞大的装置并且需要大型的散热片和风扇以冷却FET开关。
本发明旨在提供改变的电路设计,其将允许电路微型化以使得其可构建在手持式烧灼装置中,同时还能够提供医疗手术所需的电能和控制。
发明内容
本发明提供了包括端部执行器的医疗装置,该端部执行器具有至少一个电触头、用于生成射频(RF)驱动信号并将射频驱动信号提供给至少一个电触头的射频生成电路,并且其中射频生成电路包括谐振电路。在一个实施例中,射频生成电路包括转换电路,其生成来自直流电源的周期性变化信号,例如方波信号,并且谐振电路被构造成接收来自转换电路的周期性变化信号。该直流电源优选由可安装在装置的壳体例如手柄中的一个或多个电池提供。
根据另一个方面,本发明提供了一种医疗装置,包括:用于由使用者握持的手柄;连接到手柄的端部执行器,该端部执行器具有至少一个电触头;用于连接到一个或多个电池的电池端子;射频(RF)生成电路,其连接到所述电池端子并且可操作以生成射频驱动信号并将射频驱动信号提供给所述端部执行器的至少一个电触头;其中射频生成电路包括:转换电路,其用于生成来自横跨所述电池端子的电势差的周期性变化信号(其可为方波脉冲宽度调制信号);以及谐振驱动电路,其连接到所述转换电路并且可操作以过滤由该转换电路生成的周期性变化信号;并且其中使用来自所述谐振电路的输出信号而获得射频驱动信号。
该医疗装置还可包括改变射频驱动信号的频率的控制电路(其可包括硬件和/或软件)。控制电路可基于射频驱动信号的测量结果而改变频率以控制递送到端部执行器的至少一个电触头的功率、电压和/或电流中的至少一者。在一个优选的实施例中,从相对于射频驱动信号的频率同步运行的取样电路获得该测量结果。该频率可为射频驱动信号的频率的整数部分,取样电路在该频率下对感测信号进行取样。
在一个实施例中,控制电路围绕谐振电路的谐振频率(优选恰好高于或恰好低于谐振频率)来改变射频驱动信号的频率。谐振电路的谐振特性可随连接到至少一个电触头的负载而变化,并且该控制电路可被布置成改变射频驱动频率以跟踪谐振电路的谐振特性的变化。
根据另一个方面,本发明提供了一种医疗装置,包括:用于由使用者握持的手柄;连接到该手柄且具有至少一个电触头的端部执行器;射频(RF)生成电路,其可操作以生成射频驱动信号并将射频驱动信号提供给至少一个电触头;以及控制电路,其可操作以改变射频驱动信号的频率以控制提供给端部执行器的至少一个触头的功率、电压和电流中的至少一者。
射频生成电路可包括信号发生器,所述信号发生器在射频频率下生成周期性变化信号;和频率相依性衰减器,所述频率相依性衰减器根据周期性变化信号的频率而使周期性变化信号衰减。该频率相依性衰减器可为无损耗衰减器并且可包括谐振电路,所述谐振电路具有与该周期性变化信号的射频频率相当或接近的谐振频率。
本发明还提供了一种医疗装置,包括:用于由使用者握持的手柄;连接到该手柄并具有至少一个电触头的端部执行器;射频(RF)生成电路,其可操作以生成射频驱动信号并将射频驱动信号提供给至少一个电触头;用于接收感测信号的输入,该感测信号随施加到至少一个电触头的射频驱动信号而变化;用于对在所述输入处接收的感测信号进行取样的取样电路;测量电路,其可操作以使用得自取样电路的样品对射频驱动信号进行测量;和控制电路,其可操作以根据由测量电路测得的测量结果来控制该射频生成电路,以改变生成的射频驱动信号的频率;其中该取样电路可操作以在随射频驱动信号的频率同步变化的取样频率下对感测信号进行取样。
本发明还提供了一种操作医疗装置的方法,包括生成射频信号,和将射频信号施加到该医疗装置的端部执行器中的至少一个电极,以及控制生成的射频信号的频率以控制施加到至少一个电极的功率、电流和电压中的至少一者。
根据另一个方面,本发明提供了烧灼血管或组织的方法,该方法包括:用医疗装置的端部执行器夹紧血管或组织;将射频信号施加到与血管或组织接触的端部执行器中的至少一个电极;以及控制射频信号的频率以控制施加到组织的功率、电流和电压中的至少一者,以执行烧灼。
尽管不是必要的,但是上述方法可使用上述的医疗装置。
该控制步骤可改变射频信号的频率以控制施加到组织或血管的功率,并且该方法还可包括获得组织或血管的阻抗测量结果以及根据所获得的阻抗测量结果来改变施加到组织或血管的所需功率。
附图说明
通过结合附图描述的实施例的下述详细说明,本发明的这些和各种其它结构和方面将是显而易见的,其中:
图1示出了具有电池和驱动器以及安装到装置的柄部中的控制电路的手持式烧灼装置;
图2为示出了用于本发明的一个实施例中的射频驱动电路和控制电路的主要部件的局部方框示意图;
图3为示出了用于控制在图2中所示的射频驱动电路的运行情况的控制器的主要部件的方框图;
图4为示出了施加到该烧灼装置的射频驱动信号和示出了可获得同步样品以测量驱动信号的方式的计时图;
图5a为示出了对提供给图1所示的烧灼工具的电压和电流所设定的限制的曲线图;
图5b示出了结合图5a所示的电流和电压曲线图而获得的功率曲线图;
图6为示出了在图2中所示的射频驱动电路的谐振特性随不同负载而变化的方式的曲线图;
图7为示出了操作用于控制施加到该烧灼装置的射频驱动信号的频率的频率控制算法的流程图;
图8为示出了在外科手术期间通过控制电子器件而能够改变功率范围的一种方式的曲线图;
图9为示出了使本发明具体化的另一个驱动电路和控制电路的主要部件的局部方框示意图;
图10示出了通过电源线连接到电源和控制电子器件的现有技术的手持式烧灼工具的形式;并且
图11为示出了用于驱动和控制在图10中所示的手持式烧灼装置的现有电子器件的不同部件的平面图。
具体实施方式
医疗装置
许多外科手术需要对血管或其它血管组织进行切割或结扎。外科医生通过患者体内的小切口执行微创外科手术。由于空间有限,因此外科医生通常难以通过夹紧和/或捆扎横断的血管来控制流血。通过使用电外科镊子,外科医生可控制通过电外科镊子的钳口构件施加的电外科能量来烧灼、凝固/干燥和/或只是减少或减缓流血。
图1示出了根据本发明的一个实施例的设计用于微创医疗手术的电外科医用装置1的形式。如图所示,装置1是具有细长轴3的自含式装置,该细长轴具有连接到轴3的近端的手柄5和连接到轴3的远端的端部执行器7。在该实施例中,端部执行器7包括通过使用者操纵手柄5的控制杠杆11和13来控制的医用镊子9和切割刀片(未示出)。
在外科手术期间,轴3穿过套管针插入以进入患者体内和手术部位。外科医生将使用手柄5和控制杠杆11和13来操纵镊子9直到镊子9位于待烧灼的血管周围。然后,以可控的方式将电能在射频频率(已经发现高于约50kHz的频率不会影响人的神经系统)下施加到镊子9以执行所需的烧灼。如图1所示,在该实施例中,手柄5容纳电池15和控制电子器件17以用于生成和控制执行烧灼所需的电能。以这种方式,就装置无需单独的控制盒和电源线以向镊子9提供电能的意义而言,装置1是自含式的。
射频驱动电路
图2是示出了用于该实施例以生成和控制提供给镊子9的射频电能的射频驱动和控制电路20的局部方框示意图。如在下文中将更详细地描述,在该实施例中,驱动电路20是基于谐振的电路,运行控制电路以控制驱动信号的运行频率以使得其围绕驱动电路的谐振频率变化,继而控制提供给镊子9的能量。根据以下说明,实现这点的方式将是显而易见的。
如在图2中所示,该驱动电路20包括上述电池15,在该实例中其被布置成提供0V和24V导轨。输入电容器(Cin)21连接在0V导轨和24V导轨之间以用于提供低源阻抗。一对FET开关23-1和23-2(在该实施例中,此二者均为N型通道以减少功率损耗)串联在0V导轨和24V导轨之间。提供生成两个驱动信号的FET栅极驱动电路25,所述驱动信号中的一个用于驱动所述两个FET23中的每一个。该FET栅极驱动电路25生成驱动信号,其在当下部FET(23-2)关闭时使得上部FET(23-1)开启,反之亦然。这使得节点27交替地连接到24V导轨(当FET23-1开启时)和0V导轨(当FET23-2开启时)。图2还示出了相应FET23的内部寄生二极管28-1和28-2,其在FET23开启的任意期间导电。
如图2所示,节点27连接到由电容器Cs29、电感器Ls31和电感器Lm33形成的电容器-电感器-电感器谐振电路28。将该FET栅极驱动电路25被布置成围绕谐振电路28的谐振频率开启和关闭FET开关23的驱动频率(fd)生成驱动信号。由于谐振电路28的谐振特性,在节点27处的方波电压将使得在驱动频率(fd)下的基本上呈正弦的电流在谐振电路28中流动。如在图2中所示,电感器Lm33是变压器35的主线圈,其次线圈由电感器Lsec37构成。变压器35将在整个电感器Lm33的驱动电压(Vd)向上转换成负载电压(VL),该负载电压施加到与由镊子钳口和由镊子9夹紧的任何组织或血管对应的负载(在图2中由负载电阻Rload39表示)。如图2所示,提供了一对直流阻塞电容器Cbl40-1和40-2以防止任何直流电信号施加到负载39。
在该实施例中,通过改变用于切换FET23的转换信号的频率来控制提供给镊子9的电量。这是可行的,因为谐振电路28充当频率相依性(无损耗)衰减器。驱动信号越接近谐振电路28的谐振频率,驱动信号衰减得就越少。相似地,随着驱动信号的频率从电路28的谐振频率移除,该驱动信号衰减得就越多,因此提供给负载的能量减少。在该实施例中,基于递送到负载39的所需的电能和由常规电压感测电路43和电流感测电路45获得的负载电压(VL)和负载电流(iL)的测量结果,由控制器41控制FET栅极驱动电路25生成的转换信号的频率。控制器41运行的方式将在下文中更详细地描述。
控制器
图3为示出了控制器41的主要部件的方框图。在该实施例中,控制器41是基于微处理器的控制器,并且因此示出在图3中的大部分部件是基于软件的部件。然而,也可使用基于硬件的控制器41。如图所示,该控制器41包括同步I,Q取样电路51,其从感测电路43和45接收所感测的电压和电流信号,并且获得传送到电源Vrms和Irms计算模块53的相应样品。计算模块53使用所接收的样品以计算施加到负载39(镊子9和由其夹紧的组织/血管)的RMS电压和RMS电流以及来自它们的当前被提供给负载39的电能。然后将确定值传送到频率控制模块55和医疗装置控制模块57。该医疗装置控制模块57使用该值确定负载39的当前阻抗,并且基于该确定的阻抗和预先确定的算法,确定应当将何种设定点功率(Pset)施加到该频率控制模块55。该医疗装置控制模块57继而由从用户输入模块59接收的信号来控制,用户输入模块从使用者(例如,按下按钮或启动手柄5上的控制杠杆11或13)接收输入信号并且还通过用户输出模块61来控制手柄5上的输出装置(灯、显示器、扬声器等)。
该频率控制模块55使用得自计算模块53的值和得自医疗装置控制模块57的设定点功率(Pset)以及预先确定的系统限制(将在下文中描述)确定是否要提高或降低所施加的频率。然后,将该决定的结果递送到方波发生模块63,其在该实施例中根据接收到的决定将自身生成的方波信号的频率提高或降低1kHz。如本领域的技术人员将会知道的那样,在可供选择的实施例中该频率控制模块55可不仅确定是否要提高或降低频率,还确定所需的频率变化的量。在这种情况下,该方波发生模块63生成与所需频率变化对应的方波信号。在该实施例中,将由方波发生模块63生成的方波信号输出到FET栅极驱动电路25,该栅极驱动电路将该信号放大然后将其施加到FET23-1。该FET栅极驱动电路25还转换施加到FET23-1的信号并且将转换的信号施加到FET23-2。
驱动信号和信号测量
图4为信号曲线图,其示出了施加到FET23的转换信号;代表所测得的施加到负载39上的电流或电压的正弦信号;以及同步取样电路51对所感测的负载电压和负载电流进行取样时的时间安排。具体地讲,图4示出了施加到上部FET23-1的转换信号(标为PWM1H)和施加到下部FET23-2的转换信号(标为PWM1L)。尽管为了简单起见,图中未示出,但PWM1H与PWM1L之间具有空载时间,以确保两个FET23不同时开启。图4还示出了所测得的负载电压/电流(标为OUTPUT)。根据负载39的阻抗,负载电压和负载电流将为正弦波形,尽管它们而可为不同相的。如图所示,使用转换信号(PWM1H和PWM1L)转换FET23时,负载电流和负载电压处于相同的驱动频率(fd)。通常,当对正弦信号进行取样时,必须以与正在被取样的信号的频率的至少两倍对应的速率对信号进行取样,即每个周期两个样本。然而,因为控制器41知道转换信号的频率,所以同步取样电路51能够以较低的速率对测量的电压/电流信号进行取样。在该实施例中,同步取样电路51每个周期对测量的信号进行一次取样,但在相邻的周期中在不同相位处取样。在图4中,用“I”样本和“Q”样本示出了这一点。在该实施例中,同步取样电路51进行这些取样的时间安排由两个控制信号PWM2和PWM3控制,这两个信号相对于转换信号(PWM1H和PWM1L)具有固定相并且彼此为不同相的(优选地为四分之一周期,因为这使后续的计算更容易)。如图所示,同步取样电路51每隔一个PWM2信号的上升缘获得“I”样本,并且同步取样电路51每隔一个PWM3信号的上升缘获得“Q”样本。同步取样电路51用由矩形波发生器63输出的方波信号产生PWM2和PWM3控制信号(与转换信号PWM1H和PWM1L处于相同的频率)。因此,当转换信号的频率改变时,取样控制信号PWM2和PWM3的频率也会改变(而它们的相对相位保持不变)。这样,在驱动信号的频率改变时,取样电路51连续改变对所感测的电压和电流信号进行取样的时间安排,以使得总是在驱动信号周期内的相同时间点处进行取样。因此,取样电路51进行“同步”取样操作,而不是更常规的取样操作,即只以由固定取样钟限定的固定取样速率对输入信号进行取样。
然后同步取样电路51获得的样本被传递至电源Vrms和Irms计算模块53,它能够以只用负载电流和负载电压的一个“I”样本和一个“Q”样本确定所测得的信号的量值和相位。然而,在该实施例中,为了获得一些平均值,计算模块53可计算连续的“I”样本的平均值以提供平均“I”值,计算连续“Q”样本的平均值以提供平均“Q”值;然后用平均I和Q值来确定所测得的信号的量值和相位(以常规的方式)。本领域的技术人员将会知道,使用约400kHz的驱动频率和每个周期取样一次是指同步取样电路51将具有400kHz的取样速率并且计算模块53将每0.01ms产生电压测量结果和电流测量结果。同步取样电路51的操作比现有的产品有所改进,在现有的产品中,不能够以相同的速率进行测量,并且只能够得到量值信息(相位信息丢失)。
极限值
如任何系统一样,可对递送给镊子9的功率、电流和电压设置某些极限值。现在将描述该实施例中使用的极限值以及如何控制它们。
在该实施例中,射频驱动电路20被设计成将有功率限制的正弦波递送至具有以下要求的组织中:
1)以名义24V直流电源供电
2)大约400kHz的基本为正弦的输出波形
3)45W的受限功率输出
4)限制为1.4Arms的电流和限制为85Vrms的电压
最后两个要求以图表形式用图5a和5b示。具体地讲,图5a示出了对数刻度上介于1Ω和10kΩ之间的负载电压和电流的理想化的图;并且图5b示出了介于1Ω和10kΩ之间的递送至负载39的功率。
频率控制模块55可保留限定这些极限值的数据并使用它们来控制是否提高或降低激发频率的决定。
谐振特性和频率控制
如上所述,通过改变用于转换FET23的转换信号的频率来控制提供给镊子9的电功率。可利用谐振电路28的阻抗随频率快速变化的事实来实现这一点。因此,通过改变转换信号的频率,通过谐振电路28并且因此通过负载39的电流量值可根据需要改变,以便调控输出功率。
本领域的技术人员将会知道,谐振电路28连接到负载39,负载39的阻抗在外科手术过程中变化。事实上,医疗装置控制模块57使用该变化来确定组织或脉管是否已被烧灼、凝聚/脱水。负载39变化的阻抗改变射频驱动电路20的频率特性,从而改变流过谐振电路28的电流。这示于图6中,其中曲线65示出了通过谐振电路28的电流随驱动频率变化以获得固定的负载电阻的方式。当负载39的阻抗增大时,谐振特性65将改变形状(峰的高度可升高或降低)并向左移动,当负载的阻抗减小时,其改变形状并向右移动。因此,必须足够快速地操作频率控制模块55才能跟踪谐振特性65的变化。在该实施例中很容易实现这一点,其中每0.01ms可获得功率、电流和电压。大体上,测量只需要以约每0.1s一次的速率进行以跟踪变化。然而,谐振特性65可发生突变,这是频率控制模块55无法跟踪的。当发生这种情况时,频率控制模块55将操作频率重设为它知道将在特性一侧的值。
当谐振电路28的阻抗高于或低于谐振地快速增大时,可能以高于或低于谐振频率来操作射频驱动电路20。在该实施例中,频率控制模块55控制驱动电路20的操作,以使得在稍高于谐振频率下操作,因为这会使通过FET23的转换损失较小。
图7示出了该实施例中由计算模块53和频率控制模块55执行的程序。如图所示,在程序开始的步骤s1中,控制模块55通过将初始化信号传送至方波发生模块63来开启具有系统限定的最大频率的射频信号。在步骤s3中,假如控制模块55未从医疗装置控制模块57接收到功率下降信号,那么程序进行到步骤s5,在该步骤,计算模块53从同步取样电路51获得电压和电流样本。在步骤s7中,计算模块53计算电压的平方和电流的平方并通过将测得的电压乘以测得的电流来计算输出功率。然后将这些计算值传送至频率控制模块55,在步骤s9中,频率控制模块55将这些值与所施加的电压、电流和功率的确定极限值进行比较。电压和电流极限值为预先确定的静态极限值。然而,功率限定值取决于医疗手术并由通过医疗装置控制模块57提供的设定点功率(Pset)限定。如果每个测量结果均低于对应的限定值,那么在步骤s11中,频率控制模块55决定降低驱动频率并将降低命令传送至矩形波发生器63。在程序开始时,将驱动频率设为确定的最大值(在该实施例中为500kHz),不论负载电阻如何,它将总是高于特性65的谐振峰值。因此,不论负载39如何,初始操作频率应在图6所示的谐振图的右手边。通过降低驱动频率,驱动频率将更接近谐振电路28的谐振频率。因此,施加的电流将增大,并且更大的功率将被递送至负载39。然后程序返回至步骤s3,重复以上程序。
因此,在达到极限值中的一者之前,应增大施加到负载39上的电流和功率。这时,在步骤s9中,控制模块55将确定是否已达到限定值,如果达到,将进行步骤s13,在该步骤,控制模块55决定提高驱动频率并向方波发生模块63发送增大命令。这将使得驱动频率远离电路28的谐振频率,因此递送至负载39的电流和功率将减小。然后程序会返回步骤s3,如前所述。
因此,通过从谐振峰的一侧开始使驱动频率缓慢朝向和远离谐振峰移动,即使在烧灼组织/脉管时负载的阻抗改变以及谐振电路28的谐振特性65改变,施加到负载39上的电流和功率电平也可被控制在限定极限值内。
本领域的技术人员将会知道,也可从谐振峰的左侧开始通过提高驱动频率来增大递送的功率以及通过降低驱动频率来减小递送的功率。
医疗装置控制模块
如上所述,医疗装置控制模块57可控制烧灼装置1的一般性操作。它通过用户输入模块59接收用户输入信息。这些输入信息可指明镊子9的钳口现在正紧抓脉管或组织并且使用者希望开始烧灼。在该实施例中,作为响应,医疗装置控制模块57启动烧灼控制程序。初始地,医疗装置控制模块57向频率控制模块55发送启动信号并从计算模块53获得电流和功率测量结果。然后医疗装置控制模块57检查获得的值,以确保负载39未开路或短路。如果未开路或短路,那么医疗装置控制模块57开始改变功率设定值,以执行所需的烧灼。图8为曲线图,其示出了医疗装置控制模块57可改变设定点功率以完成所需的烧灼程序的方式。也可使用多种其它技术和其它功率递送算法。
如图8所示,在初始时段71中,医疗装置控制模块57的功率设定值在0与约10瓦特之间跳动。然后在主要烧灼时段73(其通常持续约5秒)中,医疗装置控制模块57的功率设定值在0与50瓦特之间跳动。在该时段中,医疗控制装置接收来自计算模块53的功率和电压测量结果,并利用它们来计算负载39的阻抗。当计算出的阻抗超过阈值时,医疗装置控制模块57即确定烧灼完成。最后,医疗装置控制模块57在终止期间75执行终止程序。在终止程序中,医疗装置控制模块57改变功率设定值并检查烧灼是否已完成(通过利用测得的功率和电流值来检查负载的阻抗),如果确定烧灼未完成,则重新进入主要烧灼时段。
谐振电路设计
将在下面描述本实施例中选择电感器和电容器值的方式。本领域的技术人员将会知道,可使用其它设计方法。
图2中示出的电路的复阻抗可通过以下公式估算:
Z = j 2 πf L s + 1 j 2 πf C s + j 2 πf L m R load _ ref j 2 πf L m + R load _ ref + R s - - - ( 1 )
其中:
Rload_ref为涉及主线圈的负载电阻(以匝数比的平方表示);
Rs表示电感器、变压器电容器和开关装置的等效串联电阻。
所有其它元件非理想因素均可忽略,并且变压器视为第一近似值的理想状态。
假设Rs很小,当负载为断路(即Rload_ref为无穷大)时,谐振频率可示出为:
f min = 1 2 π ( L s + L m ) C s - - - ( 2 )
相似地,当负载为短路(即Rload_ref为零)时,谐振频率可示出为:
f max = 1 2 π L s C s - - - ( 3 )
假设Rs很小:在fmin和fmax之间的每个频率下,存在负载值Rload,在该负载值下最大功率可消耗于负载中。在接近fmin和fmax的功率下,该最大功率可示出为具有很大的值,并且在临界频率fc下具有最小值。我们将此功率称为Pmax_fc。从(1)开始可看出以下关系成立:
L m = 2 V s 2 2 π f c P max _ fc - - - ( 4 )
其中Vs为供电电压。
可看出公式(4)具有的负载以下式给出:
R load _ ref = 2 πf L m - - - ( 5 )
此外,从(1)可建立fmin、fc和fmax之间的关系:
f min = ( 2 π f c ) 2 ( 2 π f max ) 2 + ( 2 π f c ) 2 3 ( 2 π f max ) 2 - ( 2 π f c ) 2 - - - ( 6 )
从(6)可看出fmin<fc<fmax。如果电路以fc运行,则公式(4)给出在一系列负载上输送的最坏情况功率的上限。
从(1)可看出,在谐振处电路的效率可表示为:
η = ( ( 2 π f c ) 2 L m 2 R load ( 2 π f c ) 2 L m 2 + R load 2 ) Re ( Z ) = ( 2 π f c ) 2 L m 2 R load _ ref R s ( ( 2 π f c ) 2 L m 2 + R load _ ref 2 ) + ( 2 π f c ) 2 L m 2 R load _ ref - - - ( 7 )
从(7)可看出,当Rload_ref=2πfLm,即(5)成立时该效率最大。因此,该系统设计为在大约最大效率点运行。
设计步骤
对于该设计的具体实施例,选择以下参数:
●电池电压24V,然而电池电压随放电和负载而下降,因此使用Vs_sq=18V(方波峰间电压)
●Pload=45W(负载的最大功率)
●Vload=85Vrms(负载的最大电压)
●Iload=1.4Arms(负载的最大电流)
●fc=430kHz(中心或临界开关频率)
●fmax=500kHz(最大开关频率,其为谐振频率的上限值)
●fmin≈380kHz(最小开关频率的近似值-需要计算)
在给出这些值后,可使用(6)计算fmin
f min = ( 2 π 430 k ) 2 ( 2 π 500 k ) 2 + ( 2 π 430 k ) 2 3 ( 2 π 500 k ) 2 - ( 2 π 430 k ) 2
f min = 377 kHz
谐振电路产生正弦波,因此输入方波电压(Vs_sq)需要转换为基本开关频率(Vs)的RMS。
V s = 4 π Vs _ sq 2 2
= 4 π 18 V 2 2
= 8.1 V rms
负载的功率(Pload)通过Lm设置。可使用(4)确定变压器磁化电感(Lm)。这确保在临界频率fc下输送所需的功率:
L m = 2 V s 2 2 π f c P load
= 2 × 8.1 V rms 2 2 π × 430 kHz × 45 W
= 1.08 μH
然后可计算Ls(来源于公式2和3):
L s = L m f max 2 f min 2 - 1
= 1.08 μH 500 kHz 377 kHz - 1
= 1.43 μH
然后可由此计算Cs(通过公式3):
C s = 1 L s ( 2 π f max ) 2
= 1 1.43 uH ( 2 π 500 kHz ) 2
= 71 nF
为了保持调控,电路在高于谐振时运行,因此Cs通常要高20%,以使得操作点降低(如果选择低于谐振,则Cs将减小)。
如上所述,当Rload_ref等于临界频率下的磁化电抗时(公式5),效率最大。因此,围绕大约常数功率范围的中值操作是期望的(在图5b中示出)。Rload_upper为固定功率变为固定电压时的负载电阻。相似地,Rload_lower为固定功率变为固定电流时的负载电阻。
R load _ upper = V load 2 P
= 85 V rms 2 45 W
= 161 Ω
R load _ lower = P I load 2
= 45 W 1.4 A 2
= 23 Ω
从这些负载电阻的几何平均值得到Rload_c(中心或临界负载电阻)
R load _ c = R load _ upper R load _ lower
= 60 Ω
如上所讨论,要达到最大效率,Rload_ref应与fc下涉及主线圈的磁化电抗的阻抗匹配。因此,Rload应等于涉及次线圈的磁化电抗。因此Lsec可根据下式计算:
L sec = R load _ c 2 π f c
= 60 2 π 430 kHz
= 22.2 μH
最后可计算变压器的匝数比:
N = L sec L m
= 22.2 μH 1.08 μH
= 4.5
对于任何具体设计,由于以下原因必须调整该值:
●使效率最大化
●补偿元件(例如串联电阻、寄生电容和电感、非理想变压器特性例如漏电感)的非理想效果
●使设计更为实用(例如使用电容器的标准值和全匝数)
●留下余裕以满足元件公差、温度等方面的要求
在该具体实施例中,将元件值优化为:
Cs=82nF
Lm=1.1μH
Ls=1.4μH
N=5,从而得到Lsec≈24μH
以下分标题简述了如何实际应用这些元件值。
电容器选择
为了使损耗最小化并且确保元件不致于太热,低损耗电容器是期望的。陶瓷电容器是理想的,并且电介质类型COG/NPO可用于本实施例。电容器额定电压也是重要的,因为它不应超出所有负载条件。本实施例中并联使用十个250V8.2nF1206COG/NPO陶瓷电容器。
电感器和变压器
在本实施例中,将Ferroxcube3F3E32/6/20e-芯/板组合用作铁氧体磁芯。Ferroxcube3F3由YageoCorporation(Taiwan)的子公司Ferroxcube供应。它是高频铁氧体材料,专用于200kHz和500kHz之间的频率。使用该材料可使磁芯损耗最小化。磁芯损耗随着光通量密度的增加而大量增加。在电感器中,对于具体所需能量储存,光通量密度随着气隙(气隙是e-芯和板之间的间距)的减小而增加。因此,可增加气隙和匝数以减少磁芯损耗,但这必须与所需的实际电感值达到平衡,并且随着更长的线/轨道长度的引入而增加电阻损耗。
除磁芯损耗是由于输出电压和匝数而造成的之外,相同的问题也适用于变压器。由于输出电压是固定的,因此匝数是可改变的唯一变量,但这也必须与电阻损耗达到平衡。只要设定匝数,即可调整气隙以设定Lm。无论使用何种磁芯,最好使用尽可能多的铜来填充卷绕空间,以使电阻损耗最小化。在变压器中,主线圈和次线圈的卷绕量优选地大约相同,以平衡损耗。
通常电阻损耗可轻易地计算,但由于电路在约400kHz下运行,趋肤深度成为问题。在400kHz下,铜中的趋肤深度仅为约0.1mm,因此比它更厚的实心导体不会导致所有铜被使用。可使用绞合线(绞合在一起的多股绝缘铜线,其中每股比趋肤深度更薄)以减少此效果。在本实施例中,将2ozPCB轨道(约0.07mm厚铜轨道)用于电感器(Ls)和变压器二者的线圈,以避免不必要的缠绕定制元件。电感器具有两匝,并且e-芯和板之间的气隙为0.5mm。变压器的主线圈上具有一匝,次线圈上具有五匝,并且e-磁芯和板之间的气隙为0.1mm。
修改和替代
上面描述了医疗烧灼装置。本领域的技术人员将会知道,可进行多种修改,现在对这些修改中的一些进行描述。其它修改对于本领域的技术人员将显而易见。
在上述实施例中,描述了各种操作频率、电流、电压等。本领域的技术人员将会知道,确切的电流、电压、频率、电容值、电感值等均可根据应用而变化,而且上述值不应被视为以任何方式进行限制。然而,大体上,上述电路设计用于为医疗装置提供射频驱动信号,其中期望的递送功率为至少10W,优选地在10W和200W之间;期望的递送电压为至少20Vrms,优选地在30Vrms和120Vrms之间;期望的递送电流为至少0.5Arms,优选地在1Arms和2Arms之间;并且驱动频率为至少50kHz。
在上述实施例中,谐振电路28由电容器-电感器-电感器元件形成。本领域的技术人员将会知道,谐振电路28可由多种电路设计形成。图9示出了另一个谐振电路设计,该设计可在其它实施例中使用。在图9示出的设计中,谐振电路28由电容器-电感器-电容器元件形成,其中负载跨接第二电容器78。如图所示,在该设计中,不存在变压器,因此不存在电压升高。然而,该实施例的操作仍然与上述实施例中的相同,因此其它描述可以省略。在各种串联和并联构造或更简单的LC谐振电路中,也可使用具有多个电容器和电感器的其它谐振电路设计。
图1示出了一种方式,其中电池和控制电子器件可安装到医疗装置的手柄中。本领域的技术人员将会知道,手柄的形状因子可采取多种不同的设计。
在上述实施例中,描述了示例性控制算法,该算法用于执行被镊子夹紧的血管或组织的烧灼。本领域的技术人员将会知道,可使用各种不同的步骤,并且读物是指描述烧灼装置操作的进一步细节的文献。
在上述实施例中,驱动电路生成的射频驱动信号直接施加到医疗装置的两个镊子钳口。在可供选择的实施例中,驱动信号可施加到一个钳口,其中返回或接地层通过与待烧灼的组织或血管的单独连接提供。
在上述实施例中,镊子钳口用作医疗装置的电极。在可供选择的装置中,电极可由钳口单独地提供。
在上述实施例中,两个FET开关用于将电池提供的直流电压转换为期望射频频率下的交替信号。本领域的技术人员将会知道,不必使用两个开关-而是可使用一个开关,或可将多个开关用于例如桥式构造中的连接。此外,虽然使用了FET开关,但也可使用其它开关装置,例如使用双极性。然而,MOSFET是优选的,因为其在上述频率和电流水平下操作时低损耗的优越性能。
在上述实施例中,谐振电路28用作频率相依性衰减器。谐振电路设计为基本上无损耗的衰减器,但这并不重要。谐振电路也可包括有损耗的元件,当然所得的电路效率不高。
在上述实施例中,I和Q取样电路51每个周期对感测电压/电流信号取样一次,并且将邻近周期的样品组合。本领域的技术人员将会知道,这并不重要。由于取样的同步性质,如果需要每个周期可进行多于一次的取样,或每隔第n周期一次。选择上述实施例中使用的最大取样率,在该取样率下为医疗装置控制模块57提供测量结果,因为这允许更好地控制烧灼程序期间所施加的功率。
在上述实施例中,提供24VDC电源。在其它实施例中,可提供更低的直流电压电源。在这种情况下,可提供更大的变压器匝数比,以使负载电压增大至期望水平,或可使用更低的操作电压。
在上述实施例中,使用同步取样技术来获取负载电压和负载电流测量结果。本领域的技术人员将会知道,这并不重要,相反可使用其它更常规的取样技术。
在上述实施例中,医疗装置被布置成向端部执行器的电极递送所需的功率。在可供选择的实施例中,装置可被布置成向端部执行器的电极递送所需的电流或电压水平。
在上述实施例中,电池示出为整合到医疗装置。在可供选择的实施例中,可将电池包装以夹在外科医生的束带上,或只是放置在Mayo架上。在该实施例中,相对较小的两个电缆可将电池组连接到医疗装置。

Claims (13)

1.一种医疗装置,包括:
由使用者抓持的手柄、连接到所述手柄并具有至少一个电触头的端部执行器;
射频(RF)生成电路,所述射频生成电路连接到所述手柄并且能够操作以生成射频驱动信号并将所述射频驱动信号提供给所述至少一个电触头;
其中所述射频生成电路包括谐振电路和能够围绕谐振电路的谐振频率改变RF驱动信号的频率的控制电路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述射频生成电路包括转换电路,所述转换电路生成来自直流电源的周期性变化信号,并且其中所述谐振电路能够接收所述周期性变化信号。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的装置,包括用于保持一个或多个电池的电池仓,所述一个或多个电池用于向所述射频生成电路提供功率以用于生成所述射频驱动信号。
4.根据权利要求3所述的装置,其中所述电池仓能够保持包括所述一个或多个电池和所述射频生成电路的模块。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置,还包括:
用于连接到一个或多个电池的电池端子;
其中所述射频生成电路连接到所述电池端子;
其中所述射频生成电路还包括:
转换电路,所述转换电路用于生成来自横跨所述电池端子的电势差的周期性变化信号;和
所述谐振电路,其为谐振驱动电路,所述谐振驱动电路连接到所述转换电路并且能够操作以过滤由所述转换电路生成的周期性变化信号;并且
其中所述射频驱动信号通过来自所述谐振驱动电路的输出来控制。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述控制电路能够操作以接收所述射频驱动信号的测量结果并且能够操作以改变所述射频驱动信号的频率,以控制递送至所述端部执行器的至少一个电触头的功率、电压和/或电流。
7.根据权利要求6所述的装置,还包括取样电路,所述取样电路能够在取样频率下对感测电压或电流信号进行取样,所述取样频率随所述射频驱动信号的频率和相位同步变化,其中所述测量结果得自取样电路。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中所述取样频率为所述射频驱动信号的频率的整数部分。
9.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述谐振电路具有谐振特性,所述谐振特性随连接到所述至少一个电触头的负载而变化,并且其中所述控制电路能够改变所述射频驱动信号的频率以跟踪所述谐振电路的谐振特性的变化。
10.一种医疗装置,包括:
由使用者抓持的手柄;
连接到所述手柄并具有至少一个电触头的端部执行器;
包括频率相依性衰减器的射频(RF)生成电路,其中,所述频率相依性衰减器包括谐振电路,并且所述射频生成电路能够操作以生成射频驱动信号以及将所述射频驱动信号提供给所述至少一个电触头;和
控制电路,所述控制电路能够操作以围绕谐振电路的谐振频率改变所述射频驱动信号的频率,以控制提供给所述端部执行器的至少一个电触头的功率、电压和电流中的至少一者。
11.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中所述射频生成电路还包括信号发生器,所述信号发生器在射频频率下能够操作以生成周期性变化信号;并且所述频率相依性衰减器能够根据所述周期性变化信号的频率而使所述周期性变化信号衰减。
12.根据权利要求11所述的装置,其中所述谐振频率与所述周期性变化信号的频率相当或接近。
13.根据权利要求10所述的装置,还包括:
用于接收感测信号的输入,所述感测信号随施加到所述至少一个电触头的射频驱动信号而变化;
用于对在所述输入处接收的感测信号进行取样的取样电路;和
测量电路,所述测量电路能够操作以使用得自所述取样电路的样品对所述射频驱动信号进行测量;并且
其中所述控制电路能够操作以根据由所述测量电路测得的测量结果来控制所述射频生成电路,以改变所述射频驱动信号的频率;并且
其中所述取样电路能够操作以在随所述射频驱动信号的频率同步变化的取样频率下对所述感测信号进行取样。
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