TWI474779B - 殺蟎及/或殺昆蟲之活性成分組合物 - Google Patents

殺蟎及/或殺昆蟲之活性成分組合物 Download PDF

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TWI474779B
TWI474779B TW100102202A TW100102202A TWI474779B TW I474779 B TWI474779 B TW I474779B TW 100102202 A TW100102202 A TW 100102202A TW 100102202 A TW100102202 A TW 100102202A TW I474779 B TWI474779 B TW I474779B
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plant
plants
spp
cockroach
insect
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TW201138625A (en
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Reiner Fischer
Veronica Companys
Dominguez Estuardo Jara
Heike Hungenberg
Peter Meisner
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Bayer Cropscience Ag
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/10Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/14Insects
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/002Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
    • A01N25/006Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits insecticidal
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/08Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • A01N43/06Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
    • A01N43/08Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • A01N43/06Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings
    • A01N43/12Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with a carbocyclic ring
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/24Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with two or more hetero atoms
    • A01N43/26Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with two or more hetero atoms five-membered rings
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/10Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/16Arachnids

Description

殺蟎及/或殺昆蟲之活性成分組合物
本發明係關於新穎之活性成分組合物,其一方面包含已知的二氫呋喃酮(dihydrofuranone)衍生物且另一方面包含其他已知的活性殺蟲組成分,此等組合物極適用於控制動物害蟲,更特別是用於控制粉蝨科、薊馬科、木蝨科及潛蠅科等科,以及更特別是蜱蟎亞綱之動物害蟲。
已知下式之二氫呋喃酮衍生物
可用來控制動物害蟲,如昆蟲及不想要的蟎蟲(參見EP-A-0528156、WO 00/42850、WO 06/002824、WO 07/115686)。該化合物之活性雖然很好,但於低施用率之特定情況時有待改進。
另外已知者為具有其他殺昆蟲劑及/或殺蟎劑之(I)的混合物:例如,WO 00/56156、WO 01/60158、WO 01/70027、WO 01/76369、WO 01/78511、WO 01/72125、WO 05/048712、WO 05/065453、WO 07/098852、DE-A-10342673。
現今業已發現活性成分組合物,其包含下式之二氫呋喃酮衍生物
及來自鈉道調節劑/阻斷劑之IRAC類屬及/或I-位點電子輸送抑制劑及/或氯道活化劑,及/或鎂-刺激之ATP酶抑制劑及/或二葑納雜(bifenazate)的活性成分,尤其適合於一年生或多年生作物中用來控粉蝨科、薊馬科、木蝨科及潛蠅科等科,以及更特別的蜱蟎亞綱之動物害蟲。令人驚奇的,不僅特別是活性成分組合物之殺昆蟲及/或殺蟎蟲活性高於個別之活性成分活性的總和,而且意外地觀察到藉由活性成分組合物來改進有利物種之保存。
特別佳為該活性成分組合物包含式(I)化合物及至少一種下列之化合物:
(1) 下式之苯基肼衍生物
二葑納雜,已知於WO 93/10 083中及/或
(2) 來自(I)位點電子輸送抑制劑之類屬,下式之吡唑衍生物
芬普蟎(fenpyroximate),已知於EP-A-234 045中及/或下式之嗒酮衍生物
畢達本(pyridaben),已知於EP-A-134 439中及/或芬氮雜喹(fenazaquin)
已知於EP-A-326 329中及/或
(3)氯道活化劑之類屬
阿巴滅汀(abamectin)(VI)已知於DE-A-02717040中及/或因滅汀苯甲酸鹽(emamectin benzoate)(VII)已知於EP-A-0089202中及/或
(4)鈉道調節劑/阻斷劑之類屬
芬普寧(fenpropathrin),已知於DE-A-02231312中及/或
(5)鎂-刺激之ATP酶組成分類屬
毆蟎多(Propargite),已知於US 3,272,854中。
該活性成分組合物不僅包含式(I)活性成分而且包含至少一種式(II)至(IX)化合物之活性成分。
再者,本發明係關於改善基因轉殖植物之生產潛力利用性的方法,其特徵在於將該植物用有效量之本發明活性成分組合物來處理。基因轉殖植物之生產潛力可經由用式(I)化合物處理而改善業為已知(WO 2009/132779)。此活性可經由用本發明之活性成分組合物來處理而增強。
本發明又關於新穎之組合物,其一方面係由上述之活性成分組合物(於下文亦定義為混合物)及另一方面係由有利物種(天敵)所組成,且其極適合用來控制動物害蟲如昆蟲及/或不想要的疥蟲,更特別是用來控制粉蝨科、薊馬科、木蝨科及潛蠅科等科,以及更特別的蜱蟎亞綱等目之動物害蟲。
再者,已知許多有利物種有用於控制昆蟲及蜘蛛蟎:知道與認定;M.H.馬來斯、W.J.拉文斯柏格,由Koppert B.V.出版,Reed Business Information(2003)。然而,單獨使用有利物種並非全然令人滿意。
亦已知的是式(I)二氫呋喃酮衍生物與有利物種合併時具有改良的殺昆蟲及殺蟎蟲特性-參見,例如WO 07/144087且推薦用於IPM程式上。
現今業已發現該活性成分組合物(混合物)包含式(I)化合物及式(II)至(IX)輔成分,更特別的式(VI)及(VII),尤其是式(VI)輔成分,比例為5:1至50:1,宜為10:1至30:1,非常佳為20:1者,可與來自蜘蛛目、蜱蟎亞綱、革翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、脈翅目、纓翅目、異翅亞目、雙翅目、半翅目、革翅目及/或寄蟎目等目或亞目之有利物種合併使用,且具有非常良好的殺昆蟲及/或殺蟎蟲性質。
本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物的殺昆蟲及/或殺蟎蟲活性令人驚奇地較僅有混合物及僅有有利物種者之活性為佳。其具有不可預知之增強效益。亦已發現可以用該混合物/有利物種組合物來替代老式、毒物學上及/或環境上會引起反對的活性成分施用,具有相當活性之保留,且此係對使用者及/或環境之安全最為有利,且甚至可降低噴灑施用。該混合物/有利物種組合物之使用係首先用本發明之混合物,且之後施用有利物種來處理植物或植物部份為有利。
本發明亦提供包含上述活性成分組合物及有利物種之套組。
再者,本發明係關於改善基因轉殖植物之生產潛力利用性的方法,其特徵在於用有效量之本發明混合物/有利物種組合物來處理該植物。
本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物不僅包括至少一種上述之活性成分組合物(混合物),而且包括至少一種下列各目及亞目之有利物種。
再者,該活性成分組合物(混合物)亦包括具有殺真菌、殺蟎蟲或殺昆蟲活性之其他成分。
當該活性成分以特別的重量比出現於本發明之活性成分組合物中時,增強的活性呈現特別顯著的程度。然而,該活性成分於活性成分組合物中之重量比可在相當廣大的範圍內變化。一般而言,本發明之組合物包括下表中所指明之較佳及特別佳比例的式(I)活性成分及輔成分:
● 混合比係以重量比例計。應可瞭解此比例為式(I)活性成分:輔成分。
有利物種特別佳應包括該等下列之各科:蜾贏科(Eumenidae),特別佳者為:壺巢胡蜂、歐普洛蜂(Oplomerus spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
泥蜂科(Sphecidae),特別佳者為:多砂阿莫否拉蜂(Ammophila sabulos)、砂地節腹泥蜂(Cerceris arenaria),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
胡蜂科(Vespidae),特別佳者為:長腳蜂(Polistes spp.)、大胡蜂(Vespa spp.)、胡蜂(Dolichovespula spp.)、副胡蜂(Paravespula spp.)、巴拉波拉蟻(Paravespula spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
蚜小蜂科(Aphelinidae),特別佳者為:蚧小蜂(Coccophagus spp.)、安卡西蜂(Encarsia spp.),例如,台灣安卡西蜂(Encarsia Formosa)、寄生蜂(Aphytis spp.)、日光蜂(Aphelinus spp.),例如,日光小蜂、腹日光蜂(Aphelinus abdominalis)、爾莫西蜂(Erelmocerus spp.),例如,艾氏爾莫西蜂(Erelmocerus erimicus)、曼氏爾莫西蜂(Erelmocerus mundus)、普洛斯蜂(Prospaltella spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
赤眼蜂科(Trichogrammatidae),特別佳者為:赤眼蜂,例如,蕓苔赤眼蜂,於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
跳小蜂科(Encyrtidae),特別佳者為:巢蛾多胚跳小蜂(Encyrtus fuscicollis)、Aphidencyrtrus spp.、於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物、香料及造林。
纓小蜂科(Mymaridae),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
姬蜂科(Ichneumoidae),特別佳者為:球姬蜂(Coccigomymus spp.)、彎尾姬蜂(Diadegma spp.)、花紋姬蜂(Glypta spp.)、歐芬姬蜂(Ophion spp.)、瘤姬蜂(Pimpla spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
姬小蜂科(Euliphidae),特別佳者為:潛蠅姬小蜂(Dyglyphus spp.),例如,防治葉潛蠅(Dyglyphus isaea)、姬小蜂(Eulophus viridula)、花可普蜂(Colpoclypeus florus),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物、玉蜀黍及香料中。
亞洛西蜂科(Alloxystidae),特別佳者為:亞洛西蜂(Alloxysta spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
黃蜂科(Megaspilidae),特別佳者為:丹左蜂(Dendrocerus spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
布拉康蜂科(Bracconidae),特別佳者為:蚜蜂、布拉安蜂(Praon spp.)、潛蠅寄生蜂(Opius spp.)、薾蜂(Dacnusa spp.),例如,西伯利亞薾蜂(Dacnusa sibitia)、絨繭蜂(Apanteles spp.)、囊蜂(Ascogaster spp.)、小繭蜂(Macrocentrus spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
蚜繭蜂科(Aphidiidae),特別佳者為:蚜蜂(Aphidius spp.),例如,科爾曼蚜蜂(Aphidius colemani)、艾維蚜蜂(Aphidius ervi)、代瑞蜂(Diaeretiella spp.)、來西費蜂(Lysiphlebus spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
瓢蟲科(Coccinellidae),特別佳者為:纖麗瓢蟲(Harmonia spp.)、胭脂蟲(Coccinella spp.),例如,七星瓢蟲、高貴瓢蟲(Adalia spp.),例如,二點瓢蟲、卡維瓢蟲(Calvia spp.)、盔唇瓢蟲(Chilocorus spp.),例如,畢氏盔唇瓢蟲(Chilocorus bipustulatus)、褐尾小黑瓢蟲、蒙氏隱唇瓢蟲(Cryptolaemus montrouzieri)、艾索瓢蟲(Exochomus spp.)、噬蟎瓢蟲(Stethorus spp.),例如,阿比特褐尾小黑瓢蟲(Scymnus abietes)、金星褐尾小黑瓢蟲(Scymnus interruptus)、安納提瓢蟲(Anatis spp.)、黑根瓢蟲(Rhizobius spp.)、茶瓢蟲(Thea spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
隱翅蟲科(Staphylernidae),特別佳者為:阿蕊佳蟲(Aleochara spp.)、亞利哥蟲(Aligota spp.)、蠳叟(Philonthus spp.)、隱翅蟲(Staphylinus spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
草蛉科(Chrysopidae),特別佳者為:草蛉(Chrysopa spp.),例如,歐庫拉塔草蛉(Chrysopa oculata)、佩拉草蛉(Chrysopaperla)、卡尼草蛉(Chrysopa carnea)、弗拉瓦草蛉(Chrysopa flava)、沙丹邦塔草蛉(Chrysopa septempunctata)、草蛉(Chrysoperla spp.)、通草蛉(Chrysopidia spp.),例如,纖毛通草蛉(Chrysopidia ciliata)、Hypochrysa spp.,例如,Hypochrysa elegans,於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
褐蛉科(Hemerobiidae),特別佳者為:褐蛉,例如,窗格褐蛉(Hemerobius fenestratus)、薄荷褐蛉(Hemerobius humulinus)、小褐蛉(Hemerobius micans)、細口褐蛉(Hemerobius nitidulus)、松褐蛉(Hemerobius pini)、棕邊翅褐蛉(Wesmaelius spp.),例如,裝甲形棕邊翅褐蛉(Wesmaelius nervosus),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
花椿象科(Anthocoridae),特別佳者為:花蝽,例如,小花蝽(Anthocoris nemoralis)、尼莫花蝽(Anthocoris nemorum)、花蝽象,例如,大花蝽象(Orius majusculus)、微小花蝽象(Orius minutus)、光滑花蝽象(Orius laevigatus)、隱花蝽象(Orius insidiosus)、黑花蝽象(Orius niger)、鄰花蝽象(Orius vicinus),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
盲椿科(Miridae),特別佳者為:阿特脫蝽(Atractotomus spp.),例如,馬里阿特脫蝽(Atractotomus spp.)、網蝽(Blepharidopterus spp.),例如,角網蝽(Blepharidopterus angulatus)、卡麥隆蝽(Camylomma spp.),例如,毛蕊卡麥隆蝽(Camylomma verbasci)、迪拉歐蝽(Deraeocoris spp.)、長冠蝽(Macrolophus spp.),例如,卡氏長冠蝽(Macrolophus caliginosus),於作物例如棉花、梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
椿象科(Pentatomidae),特別佳者為:阿馬蝽象(Arma spp.)、刺益蝽(Podisus spp.),例如,斑腹刺益蝽(Podisus maculiventris),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
擬刺椿象科(Nabidae),特別佳者為:擬獵蝽,例如,無翅擬獵蝽(Nabis apterus),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
獵椿科(Reduviidae),特別佳者為:飄浮獵蝽(Empicornis vagabundus)、臭獵蝽(Reduvius personatus)、臭蟲(Rhinocoris spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
寄生蠅科(Tachnidae),特別佳者為:棕腹蠅(Bessa fugax)、白塞森蠅(Cyzenius albicans)、吉普賽飛蛾(Compsileura concinnata)、艾洛迪亞蜂(Elodia tragica)、蟲卵追寄蠅(Exorista larvarum)、拉緣寄蠅(Lyphia dubia),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
食蚜虻科(Syrphidae),特別佳者為:達西食蚜虻(Dasysyrphus spp.)、細扁食蚜蠅(Episyrphus balteatus)、三角食蚜虻(Melangyna triangulata)、小食蚜虻(Melanostoma spp.)、條背食蚜虻(Metasyrphus spp.)、帕提食蚜虻(Platycheirus spp.)、大食蚜虻(Syrphus spp.),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
癭蚊科(Cecidomyiidae),特別佳者為:蚜食蚜虻(Aphidoletes aphidimyza)、癭蚊(Feltiella acarisuga),於作物例如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物、針葉植物及香料中。
植綏蟎科(Phytoseidae),特別佳者為:捕植蟎(Amblyseius spp.)、捕植蟎(Thyphlodromus spp.)、捕植蟎(Phytoseiulus spp.),於作物如梨果、核果、蔬菜、觀賞植物及香料中。
本發明之活性成分組合物(混合物)以及本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物具有良好的植物耐受性、對溫血動物有利的毒性及良好的環境相容性,其於保護植物及植物器官、於提昇收穫產量、於改進收穫產物之品質,及於控制動物害蟲上,更特別於農藝中,園藝中,畜牧業中,森林中,菜園及休閒設施中、儲存倉庫及物質之保護中、及衛生範疇中普遍之昆蟲、蜘蛛、蠕蟲、線蟲及軟體動物上具有空間。其等宜用作為作物保護劑。其等於對抗一般敏感性物種及抗性物種,以及對抗特定的發展期或所有的發展期具效益。
前文所指之害蟲包括下列者:節肢動物門,更特別為蜱蟎亞綱之害蟲,例如粉蟎(Acarus spp.)、柑橘瘤瘿蟎(Aceria sheldoni)、刺皮瘿蟎(Aculops spp.)、刺節蜱(Aculus spp.)、長吻蜱(Amblyomma spp.)、山楂葉蟎(Amphitetranychus vienensis)、隱喙蜱(Argas spp.)、頭蜱(Boophilus spp.)、知須蟎(Brevipalpus spp.)、苜蓿苔蟎(Bryobia praetiosa)、恙蟎(Chorioptes spp.)、雞皮刺蟎(Dermanyssus gallinae)、屋塵蟎(Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus)、粉塵蟎(Dermatophagoides farinae)、革蜱(Dermacentor spp.)、始葉蟎(Eotetranychus spp.)、派里節蜱(Epitrimerus pyri)、褐葉蟎(Eutetranychus spp.)、銹蜱(Eriophyes spp.)、土蟎(Halotydeus destructor)、半線蟎(Hemitarsonemus spp.)、璃眼蜱(Hyalomma spp.)、硬蜱(Ixodes spp.)、葉蟎(Metatetranychus spp.)、Nuphersa spp.、葉蟎(Oligonychus spp.)、耳殘喙蜱(Ornithodoros spp.)、禽刺蟎(Ornithonyssus spp.)、爪蟎(Panonychus spp.)、橘銹蟎(Phyllocoptruta oleivora)、茶細蟎(Polyphagotarsonemus latus)、癢蟎(Psoroptes spp.)、扇頭蜱(Rhipicephalus spp.)、根蟎(Rhizoglyphus spp.)、蚧蟎(Sarcoptes spp.)、細蟎(Stenotarsonemus spp.)、稻細蟎(Steneotarsonemus spinki)、線蟎(Tarsonemus spp.)、葉蟎(Tetranychus spp.)、輻蟎(Vasates lycopersici)。
同翅目,更特別為粉蝨科,例如粉蝨(Aleyrodes proletella)、巴洛登粉蝨(Aleurolobus barodensis)、絲絨粉蝨(Aleurothrixus floccosus)、菸草粉蝨(Bemisia tabaci)、柑橘刺粉蝨(Dialeurodes citri)、聖柳粉虱(Parabemisia myricae)、灰色粉蝨(Siphoninus phillyreae)、溫室白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)及木蝨科,例如豆木蝨(Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae)、木蝨(Acizzia dodonaeae)、木蝨(Acizzia uncatoides)、隆脈木虱(Agonoscena spp.)、馬來木蝨(Allocaridara malayensis)、木蝨(Arytainilla spp.)、西方花木蝨(Blastopsylla occidentalis)、茶樹木蝨(Boreioglycaspis melaleucae)、木蝨(Cacopsylla spp.)、木蝨(Cryptoneossa spp.)、木蝨(Ctenarytaina spp.)、柑橘木蝨(Diaphorina citri)、木蝨(Eucalyptolyma spp.)、尤加利樹木蝨(Euphyllura spp.)、紅樹膠木蝨(Glycaspis spp.)、銀合歡木蝨(Heteropsylla cubana)、多刺木蝨(Heteropsylla spinulosa)、木蝨(Pachypsylla spp.)、黃木蝨(Prosopidopsylla flava)、木蝨(Psyllopsis spp.)、木蝨(Psylla spp.)及木蝨(Tetragonocephela spp.)。
纓翅目,更特別為薊馬科(Thriphidae),例如黃呆薊馬(Anaphothrips obscurus)、有稻薊馬(Baliothrips biformis)、蔓薊馬(Drepanothrips reuteri)、花薊馬(Frankliniella spp.)、溫室薊馬(Heliothrips spp.)、溫室條薊馬(Hercinothrips femoralis)、腹鉤薊馬(Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus)、小黃薊馬(Scirtothrips spp.)、帶薊馬(Taeniothrips cardamoni)及薊馬(Thrips spp.)。
雙翅目,更特別的潛蠅科,例如潛葉蠅(Agromyza spp.)、斑潛蠅(Liriomyza spp.)及大蚊(Tipula spp.)。
於一年生作物例如蔬菜、瓜類、觀賞植物、玉蜀黍、大豆、棉花中,以及於多年生植物例如柑橘、梨果及核果、香料、針葉植物及其他觀賞植物中,以及於造林中。
所保護的作物僅以一般名稱說明,其於下文中將更詳細且具體指明。因此,就使用上,應瞭解蔬菜係指例如果實蔬菜及開花(inflorescences)用蔬菜,例如鐘形辣椒、紅蕃椒、蕃茄、茄子、小黃瓜、南瓜、密生西葫蘆、蠶豆、攀緣性及矮生豆、碗豆、朝鮮薊;以及葉菜類,例如結球萵苣(head-forming lettuce)、菊苣、苦苣、各種水芹、生菜、蘭姆生菜(lamb's-lettuce)、美生菜(iceberg lettuce)、歐洲韭、菠菜、菾菜;再者,塊莖用蔬菜、根用蔬菜及莖用蔬菜,例如塊根芹菜/芹菜、甜菜根、胡蘿蔔、小蘿蔔、辣根、鴉葱屬、蘆筍、供人類食用的甜菜、棕櫚心(palm hearts)、竹筍、此外鱗莖蔬菜,例如洋蔥、歐洲韭、佛洛倫斯茴香(Florence fennel)、大蒜;於使用上,應瞭解多年生作物係指柑橘,例如柳橙、葡萄柚、橘子、檸檬、酸橙、塞維亞柳橙(Seville oranges)、金柑、薩摩蜜橘;以及梨果水果,例如,蘋果、洋梨及榲桲,及果核果,例如桃子、油桃、櫻桃、洋李、李子、杏桃;再者,葡萄、蛇麻草、橄欖、茶及熱帶作物,例如,芒果、木瓜、無花果、鳳梨、棗子、香蕉、榴槤、柿子果實、椰子、可可、咖啡、鱷梨、荔枝、激情果(maracuja)、芭樂、椰果(palm fruit);此外,扁桃仁及堅果仁,例如,榛果、胡桃、開心果、腰果、巴西豆(para nuts)、山核桃、白胡桃仁、栗子、山胡桃仁、澳洲胡桃仁、花生仁;此外亦有無核小果,例如,紅醋栗、鵝莓、覆盆子、黑莓、藍莓、草莓、蔓越莓,包括美國蔓越莓、奇異果。
於使用上,應瞭解觀賞植物係指一年生及多年生植物,例如切花(cut flowers)如,玫瑰、康乃馨、非洲菊、百合、雛菊、菊花、鬱金香、水仙、秋牡丹、罌粟花、孤挺花、大麗花、杜鵑花、木槿;以及,例如花壇花草植物、盆栽植物及多年生植物,例如,玫瑰、萬壽菊、菫菜屬植物、老鸛草、倒掛金鐘屬植物、木槿、菊花、鳳仙花、櫻草屬植物、非洲紫苣苔、向日葵、秋海棠屬植物;再者,例如小樹叢及針葉植物,例如,榕樹、杜鵑花、冷杉、雲杉、松,包括傘松(umbrella pines)、紫杉、刺柏、夾竹桃。
於使用上,應瞭解香料類係指一年生及多年生植物,例如,洋茴香、紅蕃椒(chili pepper)、紅辣椒、辣椒、香草、黑角蘭、百里香、丁香、杜松子、桂皮、龍蒿、芫荽、蕃紅花、薑。
所有的植物及植物部份可根據本發明來處理。應瞭解本文中植物係指所有的植物及植物群,如想要的及不想要的野生植物或作物植物(包括自然成長的作物植物)。作物植物可為可藉由習用培植及最優化方法或藉由生物科技及基因技術方法或藉由此等方法之組合物所得到的植物,包括基因轉殖植物及包括栽培植物,其可以或不可以被植物所有權利或植物培育者權利(Plant Breeders' Rights)所保護。應瞭解植物部份意指植物之所有的地上及地下部份及器官,例如芽、葉、花叢及根,包括,例如葉、針葉、莖、桿、花叢、果實體、果實及種子,以及根、塊莖及塊根。植物部份亦包括收成的產物,以及栽植及生長性繁殖物質,例如插枝、球莖、塊根、走莖及種子。
根據本發明用活性成分組合物或混合物/有利物種組合物來處理植物及植物部份係直接進行或藉由根據典型的處理方法作用於其等之環境、棲息地或儲存區域上,例如藉由浸泡、噴灑、蒸薰、噴霧、散播、塗佈、注射,且於繁殖物質之情況中,尤其於種子之情況時,亦可進行單層或多層塗敷。
如前文中已提及者,可根據本發明處理所有的植物及其等之部份。於一個較佳之具體例中,係處理野生的植物物種及植物栽培品種,或藉由習用生物培植法,如雜合或原質型融合而獲得者,以及此等植物之部份。於另一個較佳的具體例中,係處理藉由任意與習用方法合併之基因技術法所得到之基因轉殖植物及植物栽培品種,亦即基因改質的生物,及其部份。"部份"或"植物的部份"或"植物部份"一詞業已解釋於前。
特別佳者,根據本發明所處理之植物為那些使用中之個別栽培植物或市售標準之栽培植物。栽培植物係指具有新特性("特點")的植物,其業已或者藉由習用培植、藉由誘變或藉由重組DNA技術而培植。此等可為栽培品種、生物型及基因型。
依據植物種類或植物栽培品種,其等之位置及生長條件(土壤、氣候、成長期、養份攝取)而定,根據本發明之處理亦可產生超高加成(“協乘”)的效應。因此,例如下列之功效:降低施用率及/或擴大活性譜、及/或提高根據本發明所使用之化合物及組成物之活性、較佳之植物生長、提高對高溫或低溫的耐受性,提高對乾燥或對雨水含量或土壤鹽分含量的耐受性、提高開花表現、較易收成、加速成熟、於收成產品上之收成量較高、品質較高及/或營養價值較高、收成產物之儲存期較長及/或加工性較佳,且超過實際應期望的功效。
可根據本發明處理之較佳的基因轉殖植物或植物栽培品種(亦即彼等藉由基因技術所得到者)包括藉由基因技術改質作用授予此等植物具有特別有利、有用特性(“特點”)之基因物質之所有的植物。此等特性之實例為植物生長較佳、對高溫或低溫的耐受性提高、對乾旱或對雨水含量或土壤鹽分含量之耐受性提高、開花表現提高、較易收成、加速熟成、收成產量較高、收穫產物之品質較高及/或營養價值較高、收穫產品之儲存期較長及/或加工性較佳。此等特性之其他及特別強調的實例為提高植物對抗動物及微生物害蟲,如對抗昆蟲,蟎蟲,植物致病性真菌,細菌及/或病毒的防禦,以及提高植物對特定活性除草劑組成分的耐受性。基因轉殖植物之實例包括主要的作用植物,如穀類(小麥、稻米)、玉蜀黍、大豆、馬鈴薯、棉花、煙草、歐洲油菜,以及果實植物(包含蘋果果實、洋梨、柑橘果實及葡萄),特別需強調的是玉蜀黍、大豆、馬鈴薯、棉花、煙草及歐洲油菜。特別需強調的特點為借由植物中所產生之毒性,更特別為那些於植物中藉由蘇雲金芽孢桿菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)所產生之基因物質(例如藉由基因CryIA(a)、CryIA(b)、CryIA(c)、CryIIA、CryIIIA、CryIIIB2、Cry9c、Cry2Ab、Cry3Bb及CryIF,以及其組合物)(下文中稱為“Bt植物”)而提高植物對抗昆蟲、蜘蛛類、線蟲及軟體動物之防禦。特別亦需強調之特點為提高植物經由系統性所需之抗性(SAR)、系統蛋白(systemin)、植物防禦素(phytoalexins)、激發子(elicitors)以及抗性基因,且因此經由蛋白質及毒素表面而對抗真菌、細菌及病毒的防禦。特別需強調之其他特點為提高植物對於特定活性除草劑組成分之耐受性,其實例為咪唑啉酮、磺醯脲、甘磷散或膦基三辛(phosphinotricin)(例如"PAT"基因)。所討論之傳授想要特點的基因亦可於基因轉殖植物相互合併而發生。“Bt植物”之實例包括以下列商標名稱販售之玉蜀黍品種、棉花品種、大豆品種及馬鈴薯品種:YIELD GARD(例如玉蜀黍、棉花、大豆)、KnockOut(例如玉蜀黍)、StarLink(例如玉蜀黍)、Bollgard(棉花)、Nucotn(棉花)及NewLeaf(馬鈴薯)。除草劑-耐受植物之實例包括以下列商標名稱販售之玉蜀黍品種、棉花品種及大豆品種:Roundup Ready(甘磷散(Glyphosate)耐受,例如玉蜀黍、棉花、大豆)、Liberty Link(膦基三辛耐受,例如歐洲油菜)、IMI(對咪唑啉酮耐受)及STS(對磺醯脲耐受,例如玉蜀黍)。除草劑-抗性植物(習用培植用於除草劑耐受)亦包括以Clearfield名稱販售之品種(例如玉蜀黍)。應瞭解此等談論亦應用於未來將要發展或上市且其具有上述基因特性(“特點”)或此等特性/特點將於未來發展之栽培植物上。
根據本發明,所有的植物及植物部份可被處理。植物係指所有的植物及植物群,如想要的及不想要的野生植物、育種品種及植物品種(不管是否被植物品種或植物培育者權利所保護)。栽培品種及植物品種可為藉由習用繁殖及培植方法,其可藉由一種或多種生物技術方法協助或補充,如藉著使用二重單倍體、原生質體融合、隨機及直接誘變、分子或基因標記或藉由生物工程及基因工程方法所獲得之植物。應瞭解植物部份係指植物之所有的地上及地下部份及器官例如芽、葉、花叢及根,包括例如葉、針葉、莖、分枝、花叢、果實體、果實及種子,以及根、塊莖及塊根。作物及生長性及生殖性繁殖物質,例如插枝,球莖,塊根,走莖及種子亦屬於植物部份。
植物之中可提及為可藉由根據本發明之方法所保護者為主要的田間作物,如玉蜀黍、大豆、棉花、蕓苔屬油菜籽(Brassica oilseeds)如甘藍型油菜(Brassica napus)(例如芥花(canola))、蕪菁、芥菜(例如芥子)及衣索比亞芥末(Brassica carinata)、稻米、小麥、甜菜、甘蔗、燕麥、裸麥、大麥、粟、小黑麥、亞麻、葡萄樹及各種果實及各種植物分類(botanical taxa)之蔬菜如薔薇科(例如小核籽果實如蘋果及洋梨,以及核果如杏桃、櫻桃、杏仁及桃子,漿果如草莓)、醋栗、胡桃科、樺木科、漆樹科、殼斗科、桑科、木犀科、獼猴桃科、樟科、芭蕉科(例如香蕉樹及栽種)、茜草料(例如咖啡)、茶科、梧桐科、芸香科(例如檸檬、柑橘及葡萄柚);茄科(例如蕃茄、馬鈴薯、辣椒、茄子)、百合科、菊科(Compositiae sp.)(例如萵苣、朝鮮薊及菊苣-包括根菊苣(root chicory)、苦苣或野苦苣(common chicory))、繖形科(例如胡蘿蔔、歐芹、芹菜及塊根芹菜)、葫蘆科(例如小黃瓜-包括小黃瓜泡菜(pickling小黃瓜)、南瓜、西瓜、葫蘆及甜瓜)、蔥科(例如洋蔥及韭菜)、十字花科(例如杏奶卷心菜、紅葉捲心菜、球花甘藍、花椰菜、球子甘藍、白菜、球莖甘藍、小蘿蔔、辣根、水芹、結球白菜)、豆科(例如花生、豌豆及豆類-如攀緣豆(climbing beans)及蠶豆)、藜科(例如甜菜(mangold)、葉用菾菜(spinach beet)、菠菜、甜菜根)、錦葵科(例如秋葵)、天門冬科(例如蘆筍);園藝及森林作物;觀賞植物;以及此等作物經基因改質之同系物。
根據本發明的處理方法可用於處理基因改質之生物(GMOs),例如植物或種子。基因改質之植物(或基因轉殖植物)係為其中之異種基因業已穩定整合至染色體組中之植物。“異種基因”表示法主要係指基因其於植物外圍提供或聚集且當導入至核、葉綠粒或粒線體染色體組中時,藉由表現有興趣的蛋白質或多胜肽或藉著向下調節或壓制存在於植物中之其他基因(類)(使用例如反義技術、協同抑制機制技術或RNA干擾-RNAi-技術)而得到轉殖植物新的或改良的農藝或其他特性。位於染色體組中之異種基因亦稱為轉殖基因。轉殖基因其係以其於植物染色體組中之特別位置而定義者稱為轉換或基因轉殖事件。
依照植物種類或植物栽培品種,其等之位置及生長條件(土壤、氣候、生長期、養份攝取)而定,根據本發明之處理亦可產生超高加成的(“協乘”)效應。因此,可能例如施用率降低及/或活性譜擴大及/或根據本發明可使用之活性化合物及組成物之活性提高、植物生長較佳、對高溫或低溫的耐受性提高、對乾旱或對水分或土壤鹽分含量之耐受性提高、開花表現提高、較易收成、加速熟成、收成產量較高、果實較大、植株高度較大、葉色較綠、較易開花、品質較高及/或收穫產物的營養價值較高、果實內之糖濃度較高、收穫產品之儲存穩定性及/或加工性較佳,其超過了實際所應的效益。
於特定施用率時,根據本發明之活性化合物組合物亦可於植物中具有強固的效益。因此,其等亦適於穩定植物之防禦系統以對抗被不想要的微生物攻擊。如果適當,此可為增強根據本發明組合物之活性的理由之一,例如對抗真菌。應瞭解植物-強固的(抗性-誘發的)物質於本文中係指那些能夠刺激植物防禦系統之物質或物質的組合物,當用這樣的方式隨即接種不想要的微生物時,所處理之植物對此等微生物顯示實質的抗性程度。於本案中,應瞭解不想要的微生物係指植物致病性真菌、細菌及病毒。因此,根據本發明之物質可用來保護植物以於處理後一段特定期間內對抗被上述病原體攻擊。植物用活性化合物處理後,其保護有效期通常展延由1至10天,宜為1至7天。
宜根據本發明處理之植物及植物栽培品種包括具有授予至此等植物特別有利、有用特點之基因物質之所有的植物(不管是藉由培植及/或生物科技方式獲得)。
亦宜根據本發明處理之植物及植物栽培品種為對一種或多種生物壓力具抗性者,亦即該植物於對抗動物及微生物害蟲,如對抗線蟲、昆蟲、蟎蟲、植物致病性真菌、細菌、病毒及/或類病毒具有較佳的防禦。
線蟲抗性植物之實例說明於,例如美國專利申請案11/765,491、11/765,494、10/926,819、10/782,020、12/032,479、10/783,417、10/782,096、11/657,964、12/192,904、11/396,808、12/166,253、12/166,239、12/166,124、12/166,209、11/762,886、12/364,335、11/763,947、12/252,453、12/209,354、12/491,396或12/497,221號中。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物及植物栽培品種為那些對一或多種非生物壓力具抗性之植物。非生物壓力條件可包括例如乾旱、冷溫暴露、熱暴露、滲透壓力、淹浸、土壤鹽度增加、礦物暴露增加、暴露於臭氧、暴露於強光、有限的氮養分可利用性、有限的磷養分可利用性、缺乏遮蔽。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物及植物栽培品種為那些以產量增強為特徵之植物。於該植物中提高產量可為,例如改善植物生理、生長及發展的結果,如水分之使用效率、水分之停滯效益、改良之氮使用、增強碳之吸收、改善光合成作用、提高發芽效率及加速成熟。再者,產量可被改善的植物構造(於壓力及非-壓力條件下)所影響,包括但非侷限於提早開花、於混種種子生產時之開花控制、種苗茁壯、植株大小、節間數目及節間長度、根系生長、種子大小、果實大小、莢果大小、莢果數或穗數、每個莢果或穗之種子數、種子粒重、增加種子飽實、降低種子稀疏、降低裂莢及抗倒伏。其他產量特點包括種子組成物,如碳水化合物含量、蛋白質含量、油含量及組成物、營養價值、降低抗營養化合物、改善可加工性及較佳之儲存穩定性。
具有上述特點之植物的實例並非詳盡地列舉於表A中。
可根據本發明處理之植物為業已表現出混種優勢特性或混種強勢之混種植物,其通常導致較高的產量、強健活力、健康且對於生物及非生物壓力因子具抗性。此等植物典型地係藉著將近親交配之雄性-不育的親系(雌性親系)與另一個近親交配之雄性-不育的親系(雄性親系)雜合而得。混種種子典型地係由雄性-不育的植物中收成且出售予種植者。混種種子典型地係由雄性不育的植物中收成且出售予種植者。雄性不育的植物有時(例如於玉蜀黍中)可藉著去除穗狀雄花,亦即以機械式移除雄性之生殖器官(或雄花)而產生,但更典型的是,雄性不育是植物染色體組中之基因決定因素所造成。於該情況中,且尤其是當種子從混種植物中收成想要之產物時,其典型的有用於確信混種植物中之雄性受精率係經完全修補的。此可藉著確信具有適當受精率修補基因之雄性親系,其能夠修補含有對雄性不育負責之基因決定因素之混種植物中的雄性受精率來完成。對雄性不育負責之基因決定因素可位於細胞質中。細胞質之雄性不育(CMS)的實例為,例如說明於蕓苔屬者(W092/05251、WO 95/09910、WO 98/27806、WO 05/002324、WO 06/021972及US 6,229,072)。然而,雄性不育之基因決定因素亦可位於核染色體組中。雄性不育植物亦可藉由植物生物科技法如基因工程而獲得。獲得雄性不育植物特別有用的方法係說明於WO 89/10396中,其中,例如核醣核酸酶如芽孢桿菌RNA酶(barnase),其於雄蕊中係選擇性表現於脈絡膜細胞中。然後受精率可藉著於核醣核酸酶抑制劑之脈絡膜細胞中表現而修補,如芽孢桿菌RNA酶抑制劑(barstar)(例如WO 91/02069)。
可根據本發明處理之植物或栽培植物(藉由植物生物科技法如基因工程而獲得)為除草劑-耐受植物,亦即使植物對一種或多種給定之除草劑耐受。此等植物可藉由基因轉換,或藉選擇含有突變授予此等除草劑耐受之植物而獲得。
除草劑-抗性植物為例如甘磷散-耐受植物,亦即植物係對除草劑甘磷散或其鹽耐受。植物可經由不同的方式使對甘磷散耐受。例如,甘磷散-耐受植物可藉由具有基因編碼酵素5-烯醇丙烯酮莽草酸鹽(enolpyruvylshikimate)-3-磷酸酯合成酶(EPSPS)之植物轉形而獲得。此等EPSPS基因之實例為桿菌屬鼠傷寒沙門氏菌之AroA基因(突變種CT7)(柯麥等,科學(1983),221,370-371),桿菌屬農桿菌之CP4基因(巴利等,現代植物生理學議題(Curr. Topics Plant Physiol.)(1992),7,139-145),基因編碼矮牽牛屬(petunia)EPSPS(沙氏等,科學(1986),233,478-481)、蕃茄EPSPS(佳塞等,生物化學期刊(1988),263,4280-4289)或牛筋草(Eleusine)EPSPS(WO 2001/66704)。其亦可為突變的EPSPS,如說明於例如EP 0837944、WO 00/66746、WO 00/66747或WO 02/26995中者。甘磷散-耐受植物亦可藉由表現基因編碼甘磷散氧化-還原酶酵素而獲得,如說明於美國專利案5,776,760及5,463,175中者。甘磷散-耐受植物亦可藉著表現基因編碼甘磷散乙醯轉化酶酵素而獲得,如說明於例如WO 02/36782、WO 03/092360、WO 05/012515及WO 07/024782中者。甘磷散-耐受植物亦可藉由選擇含有前文所提基因之自然成長突變的植物而獲得,如說明於例如WO 01/024615或WO 03/013226中者。授予甘磷散耐受表現EPSPS基因之植物說明於例如美國專利申請案11/517,991、10/739,610、12/139,408、12/352,532、11/312,866、11/315,678、12/421,292、11/400,598、11/651,752、11/681,285、11/605,824、12/468,205、11/760,570、11/762,526、11/769,327、11/769,255、11/943801或12/362,774號中。包含授予甘磷散耐受性之其他基因,如去羧基酶基因之植物,係說明於例如美國專利申請案11/588,811、11/185,342、12/364,724、11/185,560或12/423,926號中。
其他除草劑抗性植物為例如對可抑制酵素谷醯胺合成酶,如雙丙胺磷(bialaphos)、膦塞辛或固殺草(glufosinate)之除草劑耐受的植物。此等植物可藉著表現將除草劑去毒化(detoxifying)之酵素,或表現酵素對抑制具抗性之突變種谷醯胺合成酶而獲得,例如說明於美國專利申請案11/760,602號中者。此等有效去毒化酵素之一種為編碼膦塞辛乙醯基轉化酶(如鏈黴菌屬之棒(bar)或塊(pat)蛋白質)之酵素。表現外因性膦塞辛乙醯基轉化酶之植物係說明於例如美國專利案5,561,236;5,648,477;5,646,024;5,273,894;5,637,489;5,276,268;5,739,082;5,908,810及7,112,665中。
其他除草劑-耐受植物亦為業已對除草劑抑制酵素羥基苯基丙酮酸鹽二氧酶(HPPD)耐受之植物。HPPD為催化反應的酵素,其中對-羥基苯基丙酮酸鹽(HPP)係轉化成高龍膽酸鹽(homogentisate)。對HPPD-抑制劑耐受之植物可用基因編碼天然-生成之抗性HPPD酵素,或基因編碼突變或嵌合型(chimeric)HPPD酵素而轉形如說明於WO 96/38567、WO 99/24585及WO 99/24586中者。對HPPD-抑制劑之耐受性亦可藉著將具有基因編碼特定能夠形成高龍膽酸鹽之酵素的植物轉化而獲得,不管藉HPPD-抑制劑來抑制天然的HPPD酵素。此等植物及基因係說明於WO 99/34008及WO 02/36787中。植物對HPPD抑制劑之耐受性亦可藉著將植物,除了基因編碼HPPD-耐受之酵素,用基因編碼酵素預苯酸鹽(prephenate)脫氫酶(PDH)活性轉化而改善,如說明於WO 2004/024928中者。植物可進一步藉著添加編碼能夠代謝或降解HPPD抑制劑之酵素,如於WO 2007/103567及WO 2008/150473中所示之CYP450酵素至其等之染色體組中而對HPPD-抑制劑除草劑更具耐受性。
還有其他除草劑抗性植物為業已對乙醯乳酸酯合成酶(ALS)抑制劑耐受之植物。已知的ALS-抑制劑包括,例如磺醯脲、咪唑啉酮、三唑并嘧啶、嘧啶基氧基(硫基)苯甲酸酯,及/或磺醯胺基羰基三唑啉酮除草劑。於ALS酵素(亦已知為乙醯羥基酸合成酶,AHAS)中不同的突變作用係已知傳授耐受性至不同的除草劑及除草劑群組上,如說明於例如於Tranel及Wright(2002,雜草科學50:700-712)中,並且於美國專利案5,605,011、5,378,824、5,141,870及5,013,659號中者。磺醯脲-耐受植物及咪唑啉酮-耐受植物之產生係說明於美國專利案5,605,011;5,013,659;5,141,870;5,767,361;5,731,180;5,304,732;4,761,373;5,331,107;5,928,937;及5,378,824號;及國際公開案WO 96/33270中。其他咪唑啉酮-耐受植物亦說明於例如WO 2004/040012、WO 2004/106529、WO 2005/020673、WO 2005/093093、WO 2006/007373、WO 2006/015376、WO 2006/024351及WO 2006/060634中。其他磺醯脲-及咪唑啉酮-耐受植物亦說明於例如WO 07/024782及美國專利申請案61/288958號中。
對咪唑啉酮及/或磺醯脲耐受之其他植物可藉由誘發之誘變,於除草劑存在之下於細胞培養中選擇或突變培植,如說明於例如於大豆時於美國專利案5,084,082中、於稻米時於WO 97/41218中、於甜菜時於美國專利案5,773,702及WO 99/057965中、於萵苣時於美國專利案5,198,599中、或於向日葵時於WO 01/065922中而獲得。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物或栽培植物(藉由植物生物科技法如基因工程而獲得)為昆蟲-抗性基因轉殖植物,亦即藉由特定標的昆蟲之攻擊而具抗性之植物。此等植物可藉由基因轉換,或藉著選擇含有突變授予此等昆蟲抗性之植物而獲得。
於本文中,"昆蟲-抗性基因轉殖植物"包括含有至少一種包含編碼序列的轉殖基因之任何植物:
1) 蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或其殺昆蟲部份之殺昆蟲結晶性蛋白質,如由克利克莫等(微生物學及分子生物學回顧(1998),62,807-813),由克利克莫等(2005)於蘇雲金芽孢桿菌毒素命名中更新,於:http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/)線上,或其殺昆蟲部份,例如Cry蛋白質種類之蛋白質Cry1Ab、Cry1Ac、Cry1B、Cry1C、Cry1D、Cry1F、Cry2Ab、Cry3Aa或Cry3Bb,或其殺昆蟲部份(例如EP 1999141及WO 2007/107302),或此等由合成性基因所編碼之蛋白質,例如說明於美國專利申請案12/249,016號中者 ;或
2) 蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或其部份之結晶性蛋白質,其於蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或其部份之第二種其他結晶性蛋白質,如由Cy34及Cy35結晶性蛋白質所構成之二元毒素(莫倫貝克等,國際生物科技(2001),19,668-72;史奈夫等,應用環境微生物學(2006),71,1765-1774)或由Cry1A或Cry1F蛋白質及Cry2Aa或Cry2Ab或Cry2Ae蛋白質所構成之二元毒素(美國專利申請案12/214,022號及EP 08010791.5)存在之下具殺昆蟲性;或
3) 混種殺昆蟲蛋白質,其包含二種不同蘇雲金芽孢桿菌之殺昆蟲結晶性蛋白質之部份,如前文1)之蛋白質混種或前文2)之蛋白質混種,例如由玉蜀黍事件MON98034(WO 2007/027777)所生成之Cry1A.105蛋白質;或
4) 前文1)至3)中之任一種蛋白質,其中某些,特別是1至10,胺基酸業已被另一種胺基酸所替代而得到對於標的昆蟲種較高的殺昆蟲活性,及/或擴大影響標的昆蟲種之範圍,及/或因為於選殖或轉換時編碼DNA中所引進之改變,如於玉蜀黍事件MON863或MON88017中之Cry3Bb1蛋白質,或於玉蜀黍事件MIR604中之Cry3A蛋白質;或
5) 蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或仙人掌桿菌之殺昆蟲隱藏性蛋白質,或其殺昆蟲部份,如列舉於:http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/vip.html中之植物性殺昆蟲蛋白質(VIP),例如VIP3Aa蛋白質種類之蛋白質;或
6) 蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或仙人掌桿菌之隱藏性蛋白質,其於蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或仙人掌桿菌之第二種隱藏性蛋白質,如由VIP1A及VIP2A蛋白質所構成之二元毒素(WO 94/21795)存在之下具殺昆蟲性;或
7) 混種殺昆蟲蛋白質,其包含蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或仙人掌桿菌之不同隱藏性蛋白質之一部份,如前文1)中之蛋白質混種或前文2)中之蛋白質混種;或
8)前文5)至7)中之任一種蛋白質,其中某些,特別是1至10,胺基酸業已被另一種胺基酸所替代而得到對於標的昆蟲種較高的殺昆蟲活性,及/或擴大影響標的昆蟲種之範圍,及/或因為於選殖或轉換時編碼DNA中所引進之改變(雖然仍編碼殺昆蟲蛋白質),如於棉花事件COT102中之VIP3Aa蛋白質;或
9) 蘇雲金芽孢桿菌或仙人掌桿菌之隱藏性蛋白質,其於蘇雲金芽孢桿菌之結晶性蛋白質,如由VIP3及Cry1A或Cry1F所構成之二元毒素(美國專利申請案61/126083及61/195019號),或由VIP3蛋白質及Cry2Aa或Cry2Ab或Cry2Ae蛋白質所構成之二元毒素(美國專利申請案12/214,022及EP 08010791.5號)存在之下具殺昆蟲性;或
10) 前文9)之蛋白質,其中某些,特別是1至10,胺基酸業已被另一種胺基酸所替代而得到對於標的昆蟲種較高的殺昆蟲活性,及/或擴大影響標的昆蟲種之範圍,及/或因為於選殖或轉換時編碼DNA中所引進之改變(雖然仍編碼殺昆蟲蛋白質)。
當然,如本文中所使用之昆蟲-抗性基因轉殖植物,亦包括任何包含前文1至10類中任一種基因編碼蛋白質組合物之植物。於一個具體例中,昆蟲-抗性植物含有超過一種前文1至10類之任一種基因轉殖編碼之蛋白質,藉著使用不同蛋白質對相同但具有不同作用模式之標的昆蟲種,如於昆蟲中不同受體之結合位置結合以擴大受影響標的昆蟲種之範圍或延遲昆蟲對植物之抗性發展而殺昆蟲。
如本文中所使用之“昆蟲-抗性基因轉殖植物”,進一步包括任何含有至少一種轉殖基因之植物,該轉殖基因包含於表現雙-股RNA時(其於被植物昆蟲害蟲攝取時抑制該昆蟲害蟲生長)產生之序列,如說明於例如WO 2007/080126、WO 2006/129204、WO 2007/074405、WO 2007/080127及WO 2007/035650中者。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物或植物栽培品種(藉由植物生物科技方法如基因工程獲得)係對非生物壓力耐受。此等植物可藉基因轉換,或藉由選擇含有授予此等壓力抗性之突變的植物而獲得。特別有用的壓力耐受植物包括:
1) 於植物細胞或植物中含有能夠降低多(ADP-核糖)聚合酶(PARP)基因表現及/或活性之轉殖基因的植物,如說明於WO 00/04173、WO/2006/045633、EP 04077984.5或EP 06009836.5中者。
2) 含有能夠降低植物或植物細胞PARG編碼基因表現及/或活性之壓力耐受增強轉殖基因的植物,如說明於例如WO 2004/090140中者。
3) 含有壓力耐受增強轉殖基因編碼於菸草醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸挽救生物合成途徑之植物-官能酵素,包括菸草醯胺酶、菸草醯胺化物磷核糖基轉化酶、菸酸一核苷酸腺苷基轉化酶、菸草醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸合成酶或菸草醯胺磷核糖基轉化酶之植物,如說明於例如EP 04077624.7、WO 2006/133827、PCT/EP07/002433、EP 1999263或WO 2007/107326中者。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物或植物栽培品種(藉由植物生物科技方法如基因工程獲得)顯示收成產物之數量、品質及/或貯存穩定性改變及/或收成產物特定組成分之性質改變,如:
1)基因轉殖植物,其合成改質之澱粉,相較於野生型植物細胞或植物中所合成的澱粉,係就其之物化特性,特別是澱粉酶含量或澱粉酶/澱粉果膠比例、分支程度、平均鏈長、側鏈分佈、黏性反應、膠化強度、澱粉粒大小及/或獲得之澱粉粒形體而改變,使得此種改質澱粉較適合特定之施用。該合成改質澱粉之基因轉殖植物係說明於例如EP 0571427、WO 95/04826、EP 0719338、WO 96/15248、WO 96/19581、WO 96/27674、WO 97/11188、WO 97/26362、WO 97/32985、WO 97/42328、WO 97/44472、WO 97/45545、WO 98/27212、WO 98/40503、WO 99/58688、WO 99/58690、WO 99/58654、WO 00/08184、WO 00/08185、WO 00/08175、WO 00/28052、WO 00/77229、WO 01/12782、WO 01/12826、WO 02/101059、WO 03/071860、WO 2004/056999、WO 2005/030942、WO 2005/030941、WO 2005/095632、WO 2005/095617、WO 2005/095619、WO 2005/095618、WO 2005/123927、WO 2006/018319、WO 2006/103107、WO 2006/108702、WO 2007/009823、WO 00/22140、WO 2006/063862、WO 2006/072603、WO 02/034923、EP 06090134.5、EP 06090228.5、EP 06090227.7、EP 07090007.1、EP 07090009.7、WO 01/14569、WO 02/79410、WO 03/33540、WO 2004/078983、WO 01/19975、WO 95/26407、WO 96/34968、WO 98/20145、WO 99/12950、WO 99/66050、WO 99/53072、US 6,734,341、WO 00/11192、WO 98/22604、WO 98/32326、WO 01/98509、WO 01/98509、WO 2005/002359、US 5,824,790、US 6,013,861、WO 94/04693、WO 94/09144、WO 94/11520、WO 95/35026、WO 97/20936中。
2) 合成非澱粉碳水化合物聚合物或合成具有改變性質之非澱粉碳水化合物聚合物之基因轉殖植物,與野生型植物相較時無需改變基因。產生多果糖,尤其是菊糖與左聚糖型式之植物的實例,如說明於EP 0663956、WO 96/01904、WO 96/21023、WO 98/39460及WO 99/24593中者,產生α-1,4-聚葡萄糖之植物,如說明於WO 95/31553、US 2002031826、US 6,284,479、US 5,712,107、WO 97/47806、WO 97/47807、WO 97/47808及WO 00/14249中者,產生α-1,6-分支α-1,4-聚葡萄糖之植物,如說明於WO 00/73422中者,及產生交互(alternan)之植物,如說明於例如WO 00/47727、WO 00/73422、EP 06077301.7、US 5,908,975及EP 0728213中者。
3) 產生玻尿酸之基因轉殖植物,如說明於WO 2006/032538、WO 2007/039314、WO 2007/039315、WO 2007/039316、JP 2006304779及WO 2005/012529中者。
4) 基因轉殖植物或混種植物,如具有如‧高可溶性固體含量’、‘低辛辣’(LP)及/或‘儲存期長’(LS)特性之洋蔥,如說明於美國專利申請案12/020,360及61/054,026號中者。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物或植物栽培品種(藉由植物生物科技法如基因工程獲得)為具有改變纖維特性之植物,如棉花植物。此等植物可藉基因轉換,或藉由選擇含有突變授予於此等改變纖維特性之植物而獲得且包括:
a) 植物,如棉花植物,其含有纖維素合成酶基因改變型式如說明於WO 98/00549中者;
b) 植物,如棉花植物,其含有rsw2或rsw3同系核酸改變型式如說明於WO 2004/053219中者;
c) 植物,如棉花植物,其具有提升蔗糖磷酸酯合成酶表現如說明於WO 01/17333中者;
d) 植物,如棉花植物,其具有提升蔗糖合成酶表現如說明於WO 02/45485中者;
e) 植物,如棉花植物,其中胞間連絲選通(plasmodesmatal gating)於纖維細胞基質之時機改變,例如經由向下調節纖維-選擇性β-1,3-聚葡萄糖酶如說明於WO 2005/017157中者,或如說明於EP 08075514.3或美國專利申請案61/128,938號中者;
f) 植物,如棉花植物,其具有改變性反應纖維,例如經由表現包含nodC及甲殼素合成酶基因之N-乙醯基葡糖胺轉化酶基因如說明於WO 2006/136351中者。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物或植物栽培品種(藉由植物生物科技法如基因工程而獲得)為具有改變油態樣特性之植物,如歐洲油菜或相關的蕓苔植物。此等植物可藉基因轉換,或藉由選擇含有突變授予於此等改變油特性之植物而獲得且包括:
a) 植物,如歐洲油菜植物,其產生具有高油酸含量的油,如說明例如於US 5,969,169、US 5,840,946或US 6,323,392或US 6,063,947中者;
b) 植物,如歐洲油菜植物,其產生具有低油酸含量的油,如說明於US 6,270,828、US 6,169,190或US 5,965,755中者;
c) 植物,如歐洲油菜植物,其產生具有低含量飽和脂肪酸的油,如說明於例如美國專利案5,434,283號或美國專利申請案12/668303號中者。
亦可根據本發明處理之植物或植物栽培品種(藉由植物生物科技法如基因工程而獲得)為具有改變種子散佈特性之植物,如歐洲油菜或相關的蕓苔植物。此等植物可藉基因轉換,或藉由選擇含有突變授予於此等改變種子散佈特性之植物而獲得且包括具有延遲或降低種子散佈之植物,如歐洲油菜植物,如說明於美國專利申請案61/135,230、WO09/068313及WO10/006732號中者。
可根據本發明處理之特別有用的基因轉殖植物為含有轉換事件,或轉換事件組合之植物,其等係在美國對美國農業部(USDA)之動物及植物健康檢查服務處(APHIS)請求之非-正常狀況時的主體,不管此等請願書是經核准或係仍在審理中者。此等資訊可於任何時候容易地從APHIS(4700 River RoadRiverdale,MD 20737,USA),例如於其之網站(URL http://www.aphis.usdA.gov/brs/not_reg.html)中取得。於此申請案之申請日期時,APHIS審理中或經APHIS核准之非正常狀況的請求為那些列舉於表B中含有下列資訊者:
- 請願書:請願書之識別號碼。轉換事件之技術說明可於APHIS之個別請願文件中發現,例如於網站上參考該請願書號碼。此等說明係併入本文中作為參考。
- 請願書之展延:對於先前之請願書請求展延。
- 機構:遞交請願書之機關名稱。
- 法規條款:有關該植物種類者。
- 基因轉殖表現型:該植物由轉換事件所授予之特點。
- 轉換事件或系:事件或事件類之名稱(有時亦命名為系或系類),其係於非-正常狀況時所要求者。
- APHIS文件:由APHIS出版且其係APHIS所要求之有關請願的各種文件。
含有單一轉換事件,或轉換事件組合之另外特別有用的植物係列舉於例如來自各國或區域法規機構之資料庫中(參見,例如http://gmoinfo.jrc.it/gmp_browse.aspx及http://cera-gmc.org/index.php?evidcode=&hstIDXCode=&gType=&AbbrCode=&atCode=&stCode=&coIDCode=&action=gm_crop_database&mode=Submit)。
其他特別的基因轉殖植物包括於農業中立(neutral)或有利位置上含有轉殖基因之植物,如列舉於表C中之任何專利公開案中所說明者。
於特別佳之變化例中,根據本發明的方法有用於處理基因轉殖之蔬菜、棉花及大豆栽培品種。
於本發明之一個具體例中,表A中之植物A-1至A-183係於此等植物之整株中或於部份、或繁殖物質中用本發明之活性成分組合物或用本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物處理或接觸。
表B
本發明之基因轉殖植物不詳盡的清單係從美國農業部(USDA)之APHIS資料庫來補足。該資料庫可於:http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/efoia/index.shtml中找到。
使用於此表中之縮寫:
CMV-小黃瓜嵌紋病毒
CPB-科羅拉多馬鈴薯甲蟲
PLRV-馬鈴薯捲葉病毒
PRSV-木瓜輪點病毒
PVY-馬鈴薯病毒Y
WMV2-西瓜嵌紋病毒2
ZYMV-矮南瓜黃化嵌紋病毒
於本發明之一個具體例中,來自表B之植物B-1至B-129係於此等植物之整株中或於部份、或繁殖物質中用本發明之活性成分組合物或用本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物處理或接觸。
於本發明之一個具體例中,包含或表現來自表C之特點C-1至C-14的植物係於此等植物之整株中或於部份、或繁殖物質中用本發明之活性成分組合物或用本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物處理或接觸。
於一個具體例中,包含來自表D之D-1至D-48基因轉殖事件或表現如此特點之植物係於此等植物之整株中或於部份、或繁殖物質中用本發明之活性成分組合物或用本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物處理或接觸。
於一個具體例中,包含來自表E之E-1至E-50基因轉殖事件或表現如此特點之植物係於此等植物之整株中或於部份、或繁殖物質中用本發明之活性成分組合物或用本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物處理或接觸。
所列舉之植物可用根據本發明之活性成分組合物或根據本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物處理特別有利。前文所指明用於組合施用之較佳範圍亦及於此等植物之處理上。需特別強調的是植物係用本文中特定說明之活性成分組合物及混合物/有利物種組合物處理。
該活性成分組合物及混合物/有利物種組合物可轉化成典型的配劑,如溶液、乳濁劑、可濕性粉劑、懸浮劑、粉末、粉劑、糊劑、可溶性粉末、粒劑、懸浮式乳濁濃縮物、經活性成分浸透之天然及合成物質,及於聚合物中之微膠囊劑。
此等調配物係以已知的方式,例如將活性成分與擴展劑,亦即液態溶劑及/或固態載體,任意使用表面活性劑,亦即乳化劑及/或分散劑及/或泡沫形成劑混合而製備。
適當擴展劑之實例包括水、極性及非極性有機化學液體,例如芳族及非芳族烴之種類(如石蠟、烷基苯、烷基萘、氯苯),醇及多元醇(其亦可任意地被取代、醚化及/或酯化),酮(如丙酮、環己酮),酯(包括脂肪及油)及(聚)醚,未經取代及經取代之胺、醯胺、內醯胺(如N-烷基吡咯烷酮)及內酯,碸類及亞碸(如二甲亞碸)。
如果使用的擴展劑為水,其亦可使用例如,有機溶劑作為輔助溶劑。液態溶劑主要包括下列者:芳族化合物如二甲苯、甲苯或烷基萘,經氯化之芳族化合物及經氯化之脂族烴如氯苯、氯乙烯或二氯甲烷,脂族烴如環己烷或石蠟例如石油餾份、礦物油及植物油,醇如丁醇或乙二醇,以及其等之醚及酯,酮如丙酮、甲基乙基酮,甲基異丁基酮或環己酮,強極性溶劑如二甲基甲醯胺及二甲亞碸及水。
固態載體應包括下列者:例如,銨鹽及細研碎的天然礦物,如高嶺土、泥質土、滑石、白堊、石英、活性白土、蒙脫土或矽藻土,及細研碎之合成礦物,例如極度分散的矽石,礬土及矽酸鹽;顆粒時之固態載體應包括下列者:例如,粉碎及分級之天然礦石,如方解石、大理石、浮石、海泡石、白雲石,及合成之無機及有機穀粉顆粒,以及有機物質之顆粒如紙、鋸屑、椰子殼、玉蜀黍穗軸及菸草稈;乳化劑及/或泡沫形成劑應包含下列者:例如非離子性及陰離子性乳化劑如聚氧化甲烯脂肪酸酯、聚氧化甲烯脂肪醇醚,例如烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚、烷基磺酸酯、烷基硫酸酯、芳基磺酸酯及蛋白質水解產物;分散劑應包括來自例如醇POE及/或POP醚、酸酯及/或POP-POE酯、烷基芳基酯及/或POP POE醚、脂族加合物及/或POP POE加合物、POE-及/或POP-多元醇衍生物、POE-及/或POP-山梨糖醇酐或-糖加合物、烷基或芳基硫酸酯、磺酸酯及磷酸酯,或相關PO醚加合物種類之非離子性及/或陰離子性化合物。另外,適當之寡聚物及聚合物例如以乙烯之單體為基底、以丙烯酸為基底者,包括單獨或與例如多元醇或聚胺連結之EO及/或PO。亦可使用由木質素及其之磺酸衍生物、簡單及改質纖維素、芳族及/或脂族磺酸,及其加合物與甲醛所製成者。
可使用於該調配物中之膠黏劑如羧基甲基纖維素、以粉末、顆粒或似格子形式之天然與合成的聚合物,如金合歡膠、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯基醋酸酯,以及天然磷脂,如腦磷脂及蟲卵磷脂及合成磷脂。其他可能的添加劑包括礦物油及植物油。
可使用著色劑,如無機顏料例如氧化鐵、氧化鈦、普魯士藍,及有機染料如茜素染料、偶氮染料及金屬鈦花青染料,及微量養分如鐵、錳、硼、銅、鈷、鉬及鋅之鹽類。
該調配物通常含有0.1重量%及95重量%間,宜為0.5重量%及90重量%間之活性成分,且此外宜含有擴展劑及/或表面活性劑。
由市售配劑所製備之使用型式的活性成分含量可在廣大之範圍內變化。該使用型式之活性成分濃度可為活性成分之由0.0000001重量%多至95重量%,宜於0.0001重量%及1重量%間。
施用係用適合於使用型式之習用方式進行。
活性成分組合物之良好殺昆蟲及/或殺蟎蟲的活性係由如下實例證實。雖然個別的活性成分之活性微弱,該組合物顯示之活性超過單一活性的總和。
無論何時當活性成分組合物之活性大於個別施用之活性成分活性的總和時,殺昆蟲劑/殺蟎劑呈現協乘效應。
於給定之二種活性成分組合物時,所預期之活性可藉S.R.柯比之方法計算如下(雜草(1967)15 ,20-22:若X 當活性成分A係以施用率m 克/公頃或以濃度m ppm使用時,為以%表示之未處理控制組的破壞程度,Y 當活性成分B係以施用率n 克/公頃或以濃度n ppm使用時,為以%表示之未處理控制組的破壞程度,且E 當活性成分A及B係以施用率mn 克/公頃或以濃度mn ppm使用時,為以%表示之未處理控制組的破壞程度,則
若實際之殺昆蟲破壞程度大於所計算者,則組合物之破壞程度為超加成性-換言之,具有協乘效應。於此情況中,實際觀察到之破壞程度必定大於從上述公式所計算之預期破壞程度(E)的數值。
特別佳者為蟎蟲目(蜱蟎亞綱),特別是癭蟎(gall mites)(節蜱科)、線腳蟎(thread-footed mites)(塵蟎科)及瓢蟲(葉蟎科)等科之動物害蟲。
癭蟎(節蜱科)
尤其佳者為於下列之作物中控制癭蟎科(節蜱科)之下列物種:於蔬菜例如蕃茄、茄子中,於柑橘例如柳橙、葡萄柚、橘子中:
來可瘿蟎(Aculops lycopersici)
柑桔淡紅銹蜱(Aculops pelekassi)
於梨果例如蘋果中,於核果例如李子、桃中:
蘋果銹蜱(Aculus schlechtendali)
褔克刺節蜱(Aculus fokeui)
貝洛刺節蜱(Aculus berochensis)
康努刺節蜱(Aculus conutus)
於柑橘例如柳橙、小柑橘、酸橙中,於蔬菜例如洋蔥、穀類例如小麥中:
柑橘瘤瘿蟎(Aceria sheldoni)
鬱金香瘤瘿蟎(Aceria tulipai)
於梨果例如洋梨中,於葡萄藤中:
派里節蜱(Epitrimerus pyri)
葡萄節蜱(Epitrimerus vitis)
於堅果例如榛果中,於針葉植物中,於熱帶作物例如椰子、荔枝中,於梨果例如洋梨中,於無核小果例如紅醋栗中,於茶中,於葡萄藤中:
榛銹蜱(Eriophyes avellanae)
仙人掌銹蜱(Eriophyes guerreronis)
荔枝銹蜱(Eriophyes litchii)
梨銹蜱(Eriophyes piri)
軟果銹蜱(Eriophyes ribis)
茶銹蜱(Eriophyes theae)
葡萄銹蜱(Eriophyes vitis)
於柑橘例如柳橙、葡萄柚、橘子中:
橘銹蟎(Phyllocoptrutua oleivora)
線腳蟎(塵蟎科)
尤其佳者為於下列之作物中控制線腳蟎科(塵蟎科)之
下列物種:
於觀賞植物中,於大豆中,於棉花中,於蔬菜如紅番椒、
鐘形辣椒、茶、針葉植物中:
茶塵蟎(Hemitarsonemus latus)
蜘蛛蟎(葉蟎科(Tetranychidae))
尤其佳者為於下列之作物中控制蜘蛛蟎科(葉蟎科)之下列物種:於柑橘例如柳橙、檸檬、葡萄柚、橘子中,於觀賞植物例如茄科中,於咖啡中,於熱帶水果例如芒果、百香果、木瓜中,於葡萄藤中,於茶中,於梨果例如蘋果及洋梨中,於堅果例如胡桃中:
路易氏偽葉蟎(Brevipalpus lewisi)
錫蘭偽葉蟎(Brevipalpus obovatus)
奧德曼偽葉蟎(Brevipalpus oudemansi)
紫偽葉蟎(Brevipalpus phoenicis)
於葡萄藤中,於堅果例如山核桃中,於柑橘例如酸橙、小柑橘、葡萄柚、梨果例如蘋果中:
卡皮始葉蟎(Eotetranychus carpirii)
威廉始葉蟎(Eotetranychus willamelti)
希克利始葉蟎(Eotetranychus hicoriae)
猶瑪始葉蟎(Eotetranychus yumensis)
於葡萄藤中,於梨果例如蘋果、洋梨中,於核果例如桃、櫻桃、李子、洋李,於柑橘例如柳橙、橘子、葡萄柚、酸橙中,於無核小果例如紅醋栗中,於堅果例如扁桃仁、胡桃中:
桔爪蟎(Panonychus citri)
歐洲紅葉蟎(Panonychus ulmi)
於梨果例如蘋果、洋梨中,於核果例如洋李、桃、櫻桃中,於無核小果例如草莓、鵝莓、覆盆子中,於蔬菜例如蕃茄、小黃瓜、茄子、鐘形辣椒、紅番椒中,於觀賞植物例如玫瑰、蘭花、花槭樹中,於針葉植物中,於木本類中,於葡萄藤中,於堅果例如扁桃仁、開心果中,於大豆中,於棉花中,於茶中,於蛇麻草中:
加拿大葉蟎(Tetranychus canadensis)
蕁麻葉蟎(Tetranychus urtricae)
太平洋葉蟎(Tetranychus parcificus)
赤葉蟎(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)
土耳其斯坦葉蟎(Tetranychus turkestani)
維也納葉蟎(Tetranychus viennensis)
神澤氏葉蟎(Tetranychus kanzawai)
於咖啡中,於玉蜀黍中,於熱帶水果例如鱷梨、柿子中,於核果例如洋李中,於葡萄藤中:
咖啡葉蟎(Oligonychus coffeae)
伊利葉蟎(Oligonychus ilicis)
墨西哥葉蟎(Oligonychus mexicanus)
酪梨葉蟎(Oligonychus persea)
石榴小爪蟎(Oligonychus punicae)
實例1
於測量約14米2 之小塊土地上,將茄子栽培品種“Heilongchangqie”(於移株後約11週)以三重複處理對抗棉紅蜘蛛。施用係使用噴霧器進行。於此實例中,將活性成分歐寶隆(Oberon)、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)之混合物以所說明之施用率且於所說明之混合比例中進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(240 SC)。該水分施用率為450升/公頃。
評估係於處理後1天及55天藉由評比葉片上之蟲卵的破壞率而進行。
其他評估係於處理後45及55天藉由評比葉片上之幼蟲的破壞率而進行。
實例2
於測量約6米2 之小塊土地上,將玫瑰栽培品種“Blizard”(種植約3年)以三重複處理對抗棉紅蜘蛛。施用係使用背-架式(back-mounted)噴霧器(3.5巴)進行。於此實例中,將活性成分歐寶隆、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)之混合物以所說明之施用率且於所說明之混合比例中進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(240 SC)。該水分施用率為1320升/公頃。
評估係於處理後3天藉由計算每平方英寸葉片上之成蟲而進行。隨即將活性藉由韓德森(Henderson)與提頓(Tilton)的方法以百分比計算。
** 以柯比方法所計算之活性
實例3
於測量約6米2 之小塊土地上,將蕃茄栽培品種“Leader”以三重複處理對抗棉紅蜘蛛。施用係使用背-架式噴霧器(4.5巴)進行。於此實例中,將活性成分歐寶隆、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)之混合物以所說明之施用率且於所說明之混合比例中進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(480 SC)。該水分施用率為1000升/公頃。
評估係於處理後3天藉由評比葉片上之成蟲的破壞率而進行。
實例4
於測量約15米2 之小塊土地上,將棉花植物栽培品種“BRS Aroeira”(約80厘米高)以三重複處理對抗棉紅蜘蛛。施用係使用噴霧器以2.5巴進行。於此實例中,將活性成分歐寶隆、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)之混合物以所說明之施用率且於所說明之混合比例中進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(240 SC)。該水分施用率為200升/公頃。
評估係於處理後13天藉由評比葉片上之族群的破壞率而進行。
實例5
於測量約14米2 之小塊土地上,將玫瑰栽培品種“Freedom”(生長期46)種植二行以三重複處理對抗棉紅蜘蛛。施用係使用背-架式噴霧器進行。於此實例中,將活性成分歐寶隆、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)之混合物以所說明之施用率且於所說明之混合比例中進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(240 SC)。該水分施用率為1000升/公頃。
評估係於處理後1天藉由評比葉片上之族群的破壞率而進行。
實例6
於測量約8米2 之小塊土地上,將茄子栽培品種“Suqi qie”(生長期15)以三重複處理對抗棉紅蜘蛛。施用係使用背-架式噴霧器進行。於此實例中,將活性成分歐寶隆、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)如SC 240之立即-製備的混合物(比例20:1)以所說明之施用率進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(240 SC)。該水分施用率為450升/公頃。
評估係於處理後1天藉由評比葉片上之雄蟲的破壞率而進行。
進一步評估係於處理後21天藉由評比葉片上之蟲卵破壞率、雄蟲破壞率及總族群而進行。
實例7
於測量約6米2 之小塊土地上,將鐘形辣椒栽培品種“California Wonder”(生長期75)以三重複處理對抗茶塵蟎。施用係使用噴霧器以2.5巴壓力進行。於此實例中,將活性成分歐寶隆、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)如SC 240之立即-製備的混合物(比例20:1)以所說明之施用率且於所說明之混合比例中進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(240 SC)。該水分施用率為300升/公頃。
評估係於處理後1天藉由評比葉片上之成蟲的破壞率而進行。
實例8
棉紅蜘蛛-於棉花上測試
溶劑:7重量份二甲基甲醯胺
乳化劑:2重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
適當的活性成分製劑係藉著將1重量份之活性成分與所述數量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且將濃縮物用含有乳化劑之水稀釋成想要的濃度而製備。
將經二點蜘蛛蟎(棉紅蜘蛛 )感染之棉花植物(陸地棉 )用活性成分之製劑以想要的濃度予以噴灑而處理。
於想要的時間後,破壞率以破壞%計。本文中100%係指所有的蟎蟲皆已被殺死;0%係指沒有蟎蟲被殺死。該破壞數值係藉由柯比公式計算來確定。
於此試驗中,根據本發明說明書之下列活性成分組合物與當該化合物於個別使用時相較,具有協乘增強的活性:
薊馬(薊馬科)
格外佳者為於下列之作物中控制薊馬科(薊馬科)之下列物種:
實例9
於測量約10米2 之小塊土地上,將鐘形辣椒栽培品種“Italiano verde”以三重複處理對抗苜蓿薊馬。施用係使用背-架式噴霧器(10巴)進行。將活性成分歐寶隆、實例(I)、及阿巴滅汀、實例(VI)之混合物以所說明之施用率且於所說明之混合比例中進行測試來對抗商業標準之阿巴滅汀(018 EC)及歐寶隆(240 SC)。該水分施用率為750升/公頃。
評估係於第二次處理後7天藉由評比花朵中之成蟲的破壞率而進行。
評估係於第二次處理後14天藉由評比花朵中之混合族群的破壞率而進行。
* 活性實測值
** 由柯比公式所計算之活性
粉蝨(粉蝨科)
其他尤其佳者為於下列之作物中控制粉蝨科(粉蝨科)之下列物種:
實例10
菸草粉蝨-於棉花上測試
溶劑:7重量份二甲基甲醯胺
乳化劑:2重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
適當的活性成分製劑係將1重量份之活性成分與所述數量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且將濃縮物用含有乳化劑之水稀釋成想要的濃度而製備。
將經粉蝨(菸草粉蝨 )感染之棉花植物(陸地棉 )用活性成分之製劑以想要的濃度予以噴灑而處理。
於想要的時間後,破壞率以破壞%計。本文中100%係指所有的粉蝨皆已被殺死;0%係指沒有粉蝨被殺死。該破壞數值係藉由柯比公式計算來確定。
於此試驗中,根據本發明說明書之下列活性成分組合物與當該化合物於個別施用時相較,具有協乘增強的活性:
實例11
菸草粉蝨-於甘藍上測試
溶劑:7重量份二甲基甲醯胺
乳化劑:2重量份烷基芳基聚乙二醇醚
適當的活性成分製劑係將1重量份之活性成分與所述數量之溶劑及乳化劑混合,且將濃縮物用含有乳化劑之水稀釋成想要的濃度而製備。
將經粉蝨(菸草粉蝨 )感染之甘藍植物(芥藍菜(Brassica oleracea ))用活性成分之製劑以想要的濃度予以噴灑而處理。
於想要的時間後,破壞率以破壞%計。本文中100%係指所有的粉蝨皆已被殺死;0%係指沒有粉蝨被殺死。該破壞數值係藉由柯比公式計算來確定。
於此試驗中,根據本發明說明書之下列活性成分組合物與當該化合物於個別施用時相較,具有協乘增強的活性:
潛葉蠅(潛蠅科)
格外佳者為於下列之作物中控制潛葉蠅(leaf-mining flies)科(潛蠅科)之下列物種:
跳蝨(木蝨科)
尤其佳為控制跳蝨(Jumping lice)科(木蝨科)之下列物種:
本發明之混合物/有利物種組合物良好的有利物種保存性及/或良好的殺昆蟲及/或殺蟎蟲活性係由如下之實例證實。
於給定之二種活性成分組合物時,所預期之活性可藉S.R.柯比之方法計算如下(雜草(1967)15 ,20-22頁:若X 當活性成分A係以施用率m 克/公頃或以濃度m ppm使用時,為以%表示之未處理控制組的破壞程度,Y 當活性成分B係以施用率n 克/公頃或以濃度n ppm使用時,為以%表示之未處理控制組的破壞程度,且E 當活性成分A及B係以施用率mn 克/公頃或以濃度mn ppm使用時,為以%表示之未處理控制組的破壞程度,則
若實際之殺昆蟲或殺蟎蟲破壞程度低於所計算者,則組合物之破壞程度為非-加成性-換言之,不具協乘效應,且有利物種之族群保存。於此情況中,實際觀察到之破壞程度必定小於從上述公式所計算之預期破壞程度(E)的數值。
實例12
瑞氏捕植蟎-於洋李上測試
適當的施用溶液係將分別的配劑稀釋成想要的濃度而製備。
將藉由肉食性蟎蟲(瑞氏捕植蟎(Amblyseius swirskii)) 之混合族群菌落化之洋李葉用施用溶液以想要的濃度予以噴灑。
於想要的時間後,該活性期的數目(the number of active stages)以%計而測定。本文中100%係指所有的肉食性蟎蟲皆已被殺死;0%係指沒有肉食性蟎蟲被殺死。該破壞數值係藉由柯比公式計算來確定。
於此試驗中發現該活性成分組合物於各種濃度範圍內與當至少一種化合物於個別施用時相較,更保存有利物種。
* 實測值=活性實測值
** 計算值=由柯比公式所計算之活性
實例13
七星瓢蟲/幼蟲-於洋李上測試
適當的施用溶液係藉由將分別的配劑稀釋成想要的濃度而製備。
將藉由七斑瓢蟲(七星瓢蟲) 幼蟲菌落化之洋李葉用施用溶液以想要的濃度予以噴灑。
於想要的時間後,破壞率以破壞%計。本文中100%係指所有的瓢蟲幼蟲皆已被殺死;0%係指沒有瓢蟲幼蟲被殺死。該破壞數值係藉由柯比公式計算來確定。
於此試驗中發現該活性成分組合物於各種濃度範圍內與當至少一種化合物於個別施用時相較,更保存有利物種。

Claims (20)

  1. 一種組成物,其包含式(I)化合物 及阿巴滅汀(abamectin),其中式(I)化合物與阿巴滅汀之比例為20:1。
  2. 一種防治昆蟲或蟎之方法,其包含將如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物施用至該昆蟲或蟎及/或其棲息地,其中該昆蟲或蟎為蟎蟲目、薊馬科、粉蝨科或木蝨科。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該昆蟲或蟎為蟎蟲目(蜱蟎亞綱)。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中其中該昆蟲或蟎為薊馬科。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該昆蟲或蟎為粉蝨科。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該昆蟲或蟎為木蝨科。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該昆蟲或蟎為蛛蟎科。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中該昆蟲或蟎選自由棉紅蜘蛛(Tetranychus urticae)、茶塵蟎 (Hemitarsonemus latus)、苜蓿薊馬(Frankliniella occidentalis)及菸草粉蝨(Bemisia tabaci)組成之群組。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中棲息地包含蔬菜。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中棲息地包含觀賞植物。
  11. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中棲息地包含棉花。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其中棲息地選自由果實、玉蜀黍及大豆組成之群組。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第2項之方法,其又包含將選自由蜘蛛目、蜱蟎亞綱、革翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、脈翅目、纓翅目、異翅亞目、雙翅目、半翅目、革翅目及寄蟎目組成之群組之有利物種施用至昆蟲或蟎及/或棲息地。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第13項之方法,其中連續施用組成物及有利物種。
  15. 一種套組,其包含如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物及選自由蜘蛛目、蜱蟎亞綱、革翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、脈翅目、纓翅目、異翅亞目、雙翅目、半翅目、革翅目及寄蟎目組成之群組之有利物種。
  16. 一種防治昆蟲或蟎的方法,其包含使如申請專利範圍第15項之套組之組成物及有利物種作用於該昆蟲或蟎及/或其等之棲息地上。
  17. 一種降低如申請專利範圍第1項之組成物於防治昆蟲或蟎的每季噴灑施用次數的方法,其包含將如申請專 利範圍第15項之套組的組成物及有利物種施用至該昆蟲或蟎及/或其棲息地。
  18. 一種於收穫產物上及於環境中降低殺昆蟲劑及/或殺蟎劑殘質的方法,其包含將如申請專利範圍第15項之套組的組成物及有利物種施用至不欲的昆蟲及/或蟎,藉此該收獲產物中有降低之殺昆蟲劑及/或殺蟎劑殘質。
  19. 一種改善基因轉殖植物之生產潛力利用性的方法,其係藉由控制其昆蟲或蟎及/或藉由改善該基因轉殖植物之健康及/或藉由改善該基因轉殖植物之非生物壓力抗性,其包含將如申請專利範圍第15項之套組的組成物及有利物種施用至該基因轉殖植物或其植物部分。
  20. 如申請專利範圍第19項之方法,其中該基因轉殖植物為大豆植物、棉花植物或玉蜀黍植物。
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