JP2013217933A - ゲート化ボルタンメトリー - Google Patents
ゲート化ボルタンメトリー Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013217933A JP2013217933A JP2013120349A JP2013120349A JP2013217933A JP 2013217933 A JP2013217933 A JP 2013217933A JP 2013120349 A JP2013120349 A JP 2013120349A JP 2013120349 A JP2013120349 A JP 2013120349A JP 2013217933 A JP2013217933 A JP 2013217933A
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Images
Classifications
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- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/48—Systems using polarography, i.e. measuring changes in current under a slowly-varying voltage
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- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/14532—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1486—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using enzyme electrodes, e.g. with immobilised oxidase
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- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3271—Amperometric enzyme electrodes for analytes in body fluids, e.g. glucose in blood
- G01N27/3274—Corrective measures, e.g. error detection, compensation for temperature or hematocrit, calibration
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
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- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract
【解決手段】連続的な励起と緩和からなる複数の負荷サイクルを含むゲート化ボルタンメトリーのパルスシークエンス。
【効果】より短い分析時間を提供することができ、および/または分析の正確性および/または精密性を改良することができる。パルスシークエンスにより、ヘマトクリット効果、キャップ-ギャップ容量の分散(variance)、非-定常状態の条件、メディエータバックグラウンド、1セットの較正定数、充填量不足、およびセンサストリップの活性イオン化剤含量の変化から生じる分析誤差を減少させることができる。
【選択図】なし
Description
[001] 本出願は、“Gated Voltammetry”との名称で2005年9月30日に出願されたU.S.仮出願No. 60/722,584の利益を主張し、その内容を本明細書中に参考文献として援用する。
[002] 生物学的液体中の分析対象物の定量的決定は、生理学的異常の診断および治療において有用である。たとえば、生物学的液体中、たとえば血液中のグルコースレベルを決定することは、その血中グルコースレベルを頻繁にチェックして、その食事および/または投薬を制御しなければならない糖尿病個体にとって重要である。
[0027] 少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスをサンプルに印加し、そして結果として生じる電流を測定することを含む、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定するボルタンメトリー法が提供される。少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルに加えて、パルスシークエンスには、終端読みとりパルスおよび/または初期時間遅延が含まれていてもよく、そしてパルスシークエンスを、作用電極上の拡散バリア層を含むセンサストリップに対して印加することができる。この方法には、別の方法または少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスを行わないボルタンメトリー法により決定された分析対象物の濃度と比較して、メディエータバックグラウンドに起因するバイアスがより少なく含まれる可能性がある。サンプルは、生物学的液体を含む液体であってもよく、そして分析対象物はグルコースであってもよい。
[0039] 用語“分析対象物”は、サンプル中に存在する1またはそれ以上の物質として定義される。分析は、サンプル中に存在する分析対象物の存在および/または濃度を決定する。
[0045] 用語“測定装置”は、センサストリップの伝導体に電位を印加し、そして生じた電流を測定することができる、1またはそれ以上の電気的装置として定義される。測定装置にはまた、記録された電流値に応じて、1またはそれ以上の分析対象物の存在および/または濃度を決定する処理能力が含まれていてもよい。
[0051] 用語“メディエータバックグラウンド”は、内在の分析対象物の濃度に応答しない測定可能種に起因する、測定された分析対象物の濃度中に導入されたバイアスとして定義される。
[0054] 用語“酸化還元対”は、異なる酸化数を持つ化学物質の2つの共役種として定義される。より高い酸化数を持つ種の還元は、より低い酸化数を持つ種を生じる。逆に、より低い酸化数を持つ種の酸化は、より高い酸化数を持つ種を生じる。
[0065] 用語“反転-点”は、正のスキャンを停止し、逆のスキャンを開始するサイクル状スキャンまたは非サイクル状スキャン中の点として定義される。
装置である。
[00103] 電気化学的解析システムは、全血のグルコース濃度など、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定する。このシステムには、複数の負荷サイクルを含むゲート化ボルタンメトリーのパルスシークエンスをサンプルに対して印加する、少なくとも1つの装置が含まれる。各負荷サイクルには、線形励起、サイクル状の励起、または非サイクル状の励起が含まれ、その間に、電流(アンペア数)をセンサストリップから測定する一方、ストリップに対して印加される電位(電圧)を時間とともに線形に変化させる。各負荷サイクルにはまた、開回路により提供することができる緩和が含まれる。このシステムは、得られる電流データを比較して、非-分析対象物反応性因子における分散値に対して結果を補正しつつ、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定することができる。このシステムはまた、半-積分、微分、および半微分に基づくデータ処理を含む1またはそれ以上のデータ処理を適用して、ボルタンメトリーデータを解析することができる。
提供する。
I(t)は、i(t)の変換および半積分である;
uは、変換パラメータである;そして
d-1/2/dt-1/2は、半積分作用素である。
半積分電流の単位は、coul/sec1/2であり、これは電流を表すための伝統的な単位、coul/secではない点に注意すべきである。
[00178] 式(4)から、SI電流は、従来型の電流測定方法の時間-依存性因子を有さないと見ることができる。従って、SI電流反応は、従来型の電流測定法から得られる連続的に変化する電流測定電流ではなく、一連のプラトー電流と考えることができる。半積分により、DLCの定量が可能になるため、ピーク電流が定量される場合と比較して、より高速スキャン速度を使用することができる。従って、半積分と組み合わせた、線形の、サイクル状の、または非サイクル状のボルタンメトリーは、グルコース濃度に応じて、DLCを迅速に生成することができる。このように、クーロメトリーの長時間の待ち時間や、従来型の電流測定法における電流の非-定常状態特性といった欠点を、減少することができる。
[00213] 図7Aのサイクル状のボルタモグラムを、センサストリップの作用電極とカウンタ電極とのあいだに1 V/secで線形に変化された電位を印加することにより、0.025 V/secのスキャン速度でCH Electrochemical Work Stationから得た。電位の印加のあいだに作用電極で生成された電流を記録し、そして印加された電位の関数としてプロットした。最初の0.8秒の励起の後、ポテンシオスタットが回路を開放し、3.2秒の緩和をもたらした。図6Cのパルスシークエンスを使用して、6回の追加の励起をストリップに対して印加した。このように、それぞれ図8A〜図8Dにおいて示されるように、0、50、100、および400 mg/dLのグルコース濃度に関して、7回の非サイクル状のボルタモグラムが得られた。
[00215] 図9A、図9B、および図9Cは、それぞれ未処理のボルタンメトリーの電流、半積分、および半微分データ処理、に由来する輪郭プロットである。図9Aにおいて、0.3 Vでの未処理の電流値を、それぞれの正のスキャンから得て、7つのデータ点を提供した。各負荷サイクルには、0.8秒の励起の後、3.2秒の緩和が含まれたため、得られた輪郭プロットは、未処理の電流値を時間の関数として提示する。
[00219] 図14に示されるように、半積分データプロセシング方法のための較正プロットを、図9Bに由来する、4つの異なるグルコース濃度から、8.8、12.8、16.8、および20.8秒で半積分電流を得ることにより、そして電流をYSI血漿グルコース濃度の関数としてプロットすることにより、形成した。グルコースサンプル濃度を、較正線の傾きおよび切片中に、特定の時点でのサンプル測定に由来する半積分で処理した電流を入力することにより、較正プロットから決定した。
[00222] 図4は、20.8秒までのあいだの少なくとも4本の較正線を示す。16.8秒の分析時間に対して、8.8および12.8秒での較正点を使用して、グルコース値を較正した。8.8、12.8および16.8秒の較正点から算出した3つのグルコース値は、8.8、12.8および16.8秒の励起の前の緩和時間により分割された独立した酸化の結果であった。同一のサンプルグルコース濃度を提示する一方、濃度値は、実験的ノイズによって異なる。従って、これらの値を平均化し、G =(G8.8 + G12.8 + G16.8)/3することにより、最終グルコース濃度値のシグナル-対-ノイズ比が増加した。
Claims (48)
- 少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスを、サンプルに対して印加する工程;
結果として生じる電流を測定する工程;そして
サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定する工程;
を含む、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定するためのボルタンメトリーの方法。 - 各負荷サイクルが、0.1〜1.5秒の励起を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 各負荷サイクルが、少なくとも1秒の緩和を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- パルスシークエンスが、90秒以下の間に少なくとも3回の負荷サイクルを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- パルスシークエンスが、5秒以下の間に少なくとも3回の負荷サイクルを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- パルスシークエンスが、終端読みとりパルスを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- パルスシークエンスが、作用電極上に拡散バリア層を含むセンサストリップに対して印加される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- この方法により決定される分析対象物の濃度に、少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスを有さない他の方法により決定された分析対象物の濃度と比較して、メディエータバックグラウンドに起因するバイアスがより少なく含まれる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- この方法により決定される分析対象物の濃度に、少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスを有さないボルタンメトリーの方法により決定された分析対象物の濃度と比較して、メディエータバックグラウンドに起因するバイアスがより少なく含まれる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- サンプルが、生物学的液体を含む液体である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 分析対象物がグルコースである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルが、時間とともに変化する電位を含む励起を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 各負荷サイクルが、時間とともに線形に変化する電位を含む励起を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルが、線形、サイクル状、非サイクル状、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される緩和および励起を含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 電流値が、各励起の間に記録される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルが、逆酸化ピークまたは逆還元ピークを実質的に排除する非サイクル状の励起を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルがサイクル状の励起を含む方法と比較して、分析対象物に対して非反応性のメディエータのサンプル濃度が低下する、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルが、逆電流ピークの開始前に終了する非サイクル状の励起を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルが、正および逆の酸化および還元のピークを実質的に排除する非サイクル状の励起を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルが、実質的に酸化還元対の拡散限定電流領域(diffusion limited current region)中の非サイクル状の励起を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの輪郭特性を決定することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 得られた電流に対して、半積分、半微分、および微分からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのデータ処理を適用することを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 電流から、複数の較正セットを決定することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクル数を、複数の較正セットから決定する、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 分析対象物の濃度の決定が、複数の較正セットから得られる複数の濃度値を平均化することを含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- サンプルを含有するセンサストリップが、サンプルで充填量不足であるかどうかを決定することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- サンプルを含有するセンサストリップが充填量不足かどうかを決定することが、少なくとも1つの電流値をあらかじめ選択された値と比較することを含む、請求項26に記載の方法。
- センサストリップの活性イオン化剤含量を決定することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- センサストリップの活性イオン化剤含量を決定することが、正および逆のスキャン電流値由来の比を決定することを含む、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記比が、既知量の活性イオン化剤と事前に相関させたものである、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 較正の傾きを、センサストリップの活性イオン化剤含量に応じて変化させる、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 負荷サイクルの励起/緩和の時間比が、0.3〜0.2である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- センサストリップを受容する様に適合させたゲート化ボルタンメトリーの測定装置を含む、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定するための手持ち型の分析対象物測定装置であって、ここで
ゲート化ボルタンメトリーの測定装置が、電気回路を介してディスプレイと電気的に連絡している少なくとも2つの装置接点を含み、そして
センサストリップが、少なくとも、伝導体を介して作用電極と電気的に連絡している第一のセンサストリップ接点、および伝導体を介してカウンタ電極と電気的に連絡している第二のセンサストリップ接点を含み、
ここで、上記センサストリップにおいて、第一の試薬層が少なくとも1つの電極上にあり、第一の試薬層は酸化還元酵素と少なくとも1つの酸化還元対の種とを含む、
前記手持ち型の分析対象物測定装置。 - 電極が同一基材上に存在する、請求項33に記載の装置。
- 電極が別の基材上に存在する、請求項33に記載の装置。
- サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定するための手持ち型の測定装置であって、ここで、
装置がセンサストリップを受容する様に適合され、そして装置が:
少なくとも2つの接点;
少なくとも1つのディスプレイ;そして
少なくとも2つの接点と少なくとも1つのディスプレイとの間での電気的な連絡を確立する電気回路であって、充電器およびコンピュータ読みとり可能な保存媒体と電気的に連絡しているプロセッサを含むもの、
を含み、
上記プロセッサは、充電器から少なくとも2つの接点へ向けた少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスを実行する様に機能可能であり、
上記プロセッサは、少なくとも2つの接点で、少なくとも1つの電流特性を測定する様に機能可能であり、そして
上記プロセッサは、少なくとも1つの電流特性に応じてサンプル中の分析対象物を決定する様に機能可能である、
上記手持ち型の測定装置。 - 各負荷サイクルが、励起および緩和を含む、請求項36に記載の装置。
- プロセッサが、電流特性に対して半積分、半微分、および微分からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのデータ処理を適用して、サンプル中の分析対象物を決定する様に機能可能である、請求項36に記載の装置。
- 少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むゲート化ボルタンメトリーのパルスシークエンスを、サンプルに対して印加すること
を含む、サンプル中の分析対象物の決定濃度におけるメディエータバックグラウンドに起因するバイアスを減少させる方法。 - 少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルのあいだ記録された電流から決定された複数の較正セットを決定する工程;そして
サンプル中の分析対象物の決定濃度に応じて、パルスシークエンスの持続時間を決定する工程;
を含む、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定するための、少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスの持続時間を決定する方法。 - パルスシークエンスが、ゲート化ボルタンメトリーのパルスシークエンスである、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスから記録された少なくとも1つの電流値を、あらかじめ選択された値と比較することにより、センサストリップが充填量不足であるかどうかを決定する工程;そして
ストリップが充填量不足である場合に、センサストリップに対して追加的なサンプルを添加する様に、ユーザーに対してシグナルを送る工程;
を含む、追加的なサンプルをセンサストリップに添加する様にユーザーにシグナルを送る方法。 - パルスシークエンスが、ゲート化ボルタンメトリーのパルスシークエンスである、請求項42に記載の方法。
- センサストリップが、2つの電極を含む、請求項42に記載の方法。
- 決定を5秒間未満で行う、請求項42に記載の方法。
- 0.3〜0.2の励起/緩和時間比を有する少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むパルスシークエンスを、サンプルに対して印加する工程;
得られた電流を測定する工程;そして
サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定する工程;
を含む、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定するためのボルタンメトリー法。 - この方法により決定された分析対象物の濃度が、パルスの励起/緩和時間比が0.3より大きい別の方法により決定された分析対象物の濃度よりもより正確である、請求項46に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも2回の負荷サイクルを含むゲート化ボルタンメトリーのパルスシークエンスを、サンプルに対して印加することを含む、サンプル中の分析対象物の濃度を決定するための電気化学的方法における、改良。
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