US20160243619A1 - Methods and systems for printing 3d object by inkjet - Google Patents

Methods and systems for printing 3d object by inkjet Download PDF

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Publication number
US20160243619A1
US20160243619A1 US15/029,815 US201415029815A US2016243619A1 US 20160243619 A1 US20160243619 A1 US 20160243619A1 US 201415029815 A US201415029815 A US 201415029815A US 2016243619 A1 US2016243619 A1 US 2016243619A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
printing
dispersant
temperature
particles
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Pending
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US15/029,815
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English (en)
Inventor
Hanan Gothait
Eli Kritchman
Axel Benichou
Timofey Shmal
Guy Eytan
Wael Salalha
Yohai DAYAGI
Oleg KODINETS
Lior Lavid
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Xjet Ltd
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Xjet Ltd
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Priority to US15/029,815 priority Critical patent/US20160243619A1/en
Publication of US20160243619A1 publication Critical patent/US20160243619A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
    • B22F3/1055—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/188—Processes of additive manufacturing involving additional operations performed on the added layers, e.g. smoothing, grinding or thickness control
    • B29C64/194—Processes of additive manufacturing involving additional operations performed on the added layers, e.g. smoothing, grinding or thickness control during lay-up
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/10—Formation of a green body
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/10—Formation of a green body
    • B22F10/14—Formation of a green body by jetting of binder onto a bed of metal powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/001—Rapid manufacturing of 3D objects by additive depositing, agglomerating or laminating of material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B17/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for shaping the material; Auxiliary measures taken in connection with such shaping
    • B28B17/0063—Control arrangements
    • B28B17/0081—Process control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/112—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using individual droplets, e.g. from jetting heads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/40—Structures for supporting 3D objects during manufacture and intended to be sacrificed after completion thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
    • B33Y40/20—Post-treatment, e.g. curing, coating or polishing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G41/00—Compounds of tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/02—Printing inks
    • C09D11/03—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/02—Printing inks
    • C09D11/03—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder
    • C09D11/033—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder characterised by the solvent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
    • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
    • C09D11/322—Pigment inks
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43D—MACHINES, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT OR METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING OR REPAIRING FOOTWEAR
    • A43D2200/00—Machines or methods characterised by special features
    • A43D2200/60—Computer aided manufacture of footwear, e.g. CAD or CAM
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
    • B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to 3D (three-dimensional) printing.
  • 3D printing or additive manufacturing is any of various processes for making a 3D object of almost any shape from a 3D model or other electronic data source primarily through additive processes in which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control.
  • a 3D printer is a type of industrial robot.
  • Conventional processes include stereo lithography employing UV lasers to cure photopolymers, inkjet printers utilizing UV lamps to cure photopolymers, metal sintering (such as selective laser sintering and direct metal laser sintering), plastic extrusion technology, and deposition of liquid binder on powder.
  • 3D printing is used in applications such as product development, data visualization, rapid prototyping, specialized manufacturing, and production (job production, mass production, and distributed manufacturing).
  • Fields of use are many, including architecture, construction (AEC), industrial design, automotive, aerospace, military, engineering, dental and medical industries, biotech (human tissue replacement), fashion, footwear, jewelry, eyewear, education, geographic information systems, food, and many other fields.
  • the printing is via at least one printing head jetting the at least one ink.
  • at least one of the printing heads is modulated according to a content of the first layer.
  • the carrier is a liquid
  • the particles are a material used to construct the object and dispersed in the carrier liquid
  • the dispersant is dissolved in the carrier liquid, adhere to the particles' surface, and inhibit agglomeration of the particles to each other.
  • the dispersant binds the particles to each other after the carrier is evaporated.
  • the dispersant inhibits sintering of the particles to each other after the carrier is evaporated.
  • the printing is selective, printing to areas that are part of the first layer of the object.
  • the object is printed on a tray made of a thermal isolation material.
  • a temperature of the upper surface (TS) of the object is at least 4% higher than the carrier boiling point temperature T 1 , thereby creating a porous structure in the object's printed lattice.
  • the lower-bound ([T 1 ]) includes 20% less than the carrier boiling point temperature (T 1 ) in degrees Kelvin.
  • the upper-bound ([T 2 ]) is 20% more or less than the dispersant boiling point temperature (T 2 ) in degrees Kelvin.
  • the step of maintaining is via use of a source selected from the group consisting of: a heated tray; an electro-magnetic (EM) radiation source above the object; and a hot gas.
  • a source selected from the group consisting of: a heated tray; an electro-magnetic (EM) radiation source above the object; and a hot gas.
  • EM electro-magnetic
  • the printing is selective, printing to areas that are part of the first layer of the object and the EM radiation source is non-selective, irradiating an entire area on which the object is being printed.
  • the step of evaporating the dispersant is via use of an EM radiation source selected from the group consisting of: a heating lamp; a laser; focused linear laser beam; a scanned focused pencil laser beam; focused light from a linear incandescent bulb; focused light from a gas discharge lamp bulb; a flash light; an ultra-violet (UV) light source; a visible light source; and an infrared (IR) light source.
  • an EM radiation source selected from the group consisting of: a heating lamp; a laser; focused linear laser beam; a scanned focused pencil laser beam; focused light from a linear incandescent bulb; focused light from a gas discharge lamp bulb; a flash light; an ultra-violet (UV) light source; a visible light source; and an infrared (IR) light source.
  • the printing is selective, printing to areas that are part of the first layer of the object and the EM radiation source is non-selective, irradiating an entire area on which the object is being printed.
  • the scanned laser beam is modulated according to a content of the layer.
  • At least two inks are printed, each of the at least two inks including particles of different types, and a local proportion of each of the at least two inks is determined by the first layer's specification.
  • the particles are selected from a group consisting of: metal; metal oxides; metal carbides; metal alloys; inorganic salts; polymeric particles; Polyolefin; and poly (4-methyl 1-pentene).
  • a catalyst is added to the first layer.
  • the catalyst is added via a technique selected from the group consisting of: including the catalyst in at least one of the inks; jetting the catalyst in gaseous form from above the first layer; jetting the catalyst in liquid form from above the first layer; spraying the catalyst in gaseous form from above the first layer; and spraying the catalyst in liquid form from above the first layer.
  • the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of: a halide compound; and a copper chloride compound.
  • a system for printing an object including: at least one printing head configured to print a first layer of at least one ink, each of the at least one ink including: a carrier having a carrier boiling point temperature (T 1 ); a dispersant having a dispersant boiling point temperature (T 2 ); and particles having a particle sintering temperature (T 3 ), a controller configured to maintain a temperature of the first layer (TL) in a pre-defined range of temperatures, wherein the pre-defined range of temperatures is above a lower-bound ([T 1 ]) of the carrier boiling point temperature and below an upper-bound ([T 2 ]) of the dispersant boiling point temperature ([T 1 ] ⁇ TL ⁇ [T 2 ]), thus evaporating the carrier while the dispersant remains in the first layer.
  • T 1 carrier boiling point temperature
  • T 2 dispersant boiling point temperature
  • T 3 particles having a particle sintering temperature
  • a system for printing an object including: at least one printing head configured to print a first layer of at least one ink, each of the at least one ink including: a carrier having a carrier boiling point temperature (T 1 ); a dispersant having a dispersant boiling point temperature (T 2 ); and particles having a particle sintering temperature (T 3 ), a controller configured for: evaporating at least a portion of the dispersant; and subsequent operation selected from the group consisting of at least partially sintering the first layer; and repeating step (a) by printing a subsequent layer of the at least one ink on the first layer.
  • T 1 carrier having a carrier boiling point temperature
  • T 2 dispersant boiling point temperature
  • T 3 particles having a particle sintering temperature
  • At least one of the printing heads is an ink-jet head configured to print the at least one ink via jetting. In another optional embodiment, at least one of the printing heads is modulated according to a content of the first layer.
  • the carrier is a liquid; the particles are a material used to construct the object and dispersed in the carrier liquid; and the dispersant is dissolved in the carrier liquid, adhere to the particles' surface, and inhibit agglomeration of the particles to each other.
  • the printing is selective, printing to areas that are part of the first layer of the object.
  • the object is printed on a tray made of a thermal isolation material.
  • the lower-bound ([T 1 ]) includes 20% less than the carrier boiling point temperature (T 1 ) in degrees Kelvin.
  • the upper-bound ([T 2 ]) is 20% more or less than the dispersant boiling point temperature (T 2 ) in degrees Kelvin.
  • the step of maintaining is via use of a source selected from the group consisting of: a heated tray; an electro-magnetic (EM) radiation source above the object; and a hot gas.
  • a source selected from the group consisting of: a heated tray; an electro-magnetic (EM) radiation source above the object; and a hot gas.
  • EM electro-magnetic
  • the printing is selective, printing to areas that are part of the first layer of the object and the EM radiation source is non-selective, irradiating an entire area on which the object is being printed.
  • the step of evaporating the dispersant is via use of an EM radiation source selected from the group consisting of: a heating lamp; laser; a focused linear laser beam; a scanned focused pencil laser beam; focused light from a linear incandescent bulb; focused light from a gas discharge lamp bulb; a flash light; an ultra-violet (UV) light source; a visible light source; and an infrared (IR) light source.
  • an EM radiation source selected from the group consisting of: a heating lamp; laser; a focused linear laser beam; a scanned focused pencil laser beam; focused light from a linear incandescent bulb; focused light from a gas discharge lamp bulb; a flash light; an ultra-violet (UV) light source; a visible light source; and an infrared (IR) light source.
  • each of the at least two inks including particles of different types, and a local proportion of each of the at least two inks is determined by the first layer's specification.
  • the horizontal roller is mounted on a horizontal axis with respect to a plane of the first layer.
  • the horizontal roller is selected from the group consisting of: grinding roller having an abrasive surface; a cutting roller having discrete blades; a cutting roller having spiral blades; and a cutting roller having discrete blades of steel and/or Tungsten Carbide.
  • particle waste produced from leveling is removed from the first layer via use of a technique selected from the group consisting of: suction; and suction via a pipe through a dust filter.
  • the horizontal roller is heated to a roller temperature higher than a layer temperature of the first layer, using a heating source selected from the group consisting of: a heat source external to the roller; a heat source internal to the roller; and a static internal heat source.
  • a heating source selected from the group consisting of: a heat source external to the roller; a heat source internal to the roller; and a static internal heat source.
  • a system for printing an object including: at least one printing head configured to print a first layer of at least one ink; a horizontal roller having a rotation generally perpendicular to a plane of the first layer; and a controller configured for at least partially hardening the first layer; and leveling the first layer using the horizontal roller.
  • the horizontal roller is mounted on a horizontal axis with respect to a plane of the first layer.
  • the roller is selected from the group consisting of: a grinding roller having an abrasive surface; a cutting roller having discrete blades; a cutting roller having spiral blades; and a cutting roller having discrete blades of steel and Tungsten Carbide.
  • the first and second carriers are liquids.
  • the second particles are selected from a group consisting of miscible in water; at least partially soluble in water; inorganic solid; organic; polymer; particles having a hardness less than the hardness of the first particles; salt; Metal oxides; Silica (SiO 2 ); Calcium sulfate; and tungsten carbide (WC).
  • further including removing the support using a technique on the object with support the technique selected from the group consisting of: firing; immersing to dissolve the support; immersing in water to dissolve the support; immersing in acid; sand blasting; and water jetting.
  • the particles are selected from a group consisting of: metal; metal oxides; metal carbides; metal alloys; inorganic salts; polymeric particles; Polyolefin; and poly (4-methyl 1-pentene).
  • a system for printing an object with support including: at least one printing head a controller configured for: printing, via the at least one printing head, an object portion of a first layer using at least a first ink, the first ink including: a first carrier; and first particles used to construct the object and dispersed in the first carrier, printing, via the at least one printing head, a support portion of the first layer using at least a second ink, the second ink including: a second carrier; and second particles used to construct the support and dispersed in the second carrier.
  • the second carrier is the first carrier.
  • the second particles are other than the first particles.
  • the printing a support portion is additionally with the first ink.
  • the printing an object portion is via at least a first printing head jetting the first ink and the printing a support portion is via at least a second printing head jetting the second ink.
  • at least one of the printing heads is modulated according to a content of the first layer.
  • a computer program that can be loaded onto a server connected to a network, so that the server running the computer program constitutes a controller in a system implementing any one of the above system claims.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of 3D printing an individual layer.
  • FIG. 2A is a simplified diagram of leveling apparatus.
  • FIG. 2B is a simplified diagram of leveling apparatus with warming sources.
  • FIG. 3A is a simplified exemplary system for 3D printing.
  • FIG. 3B is a diagram of a lamp as an exemplary radiation source.
  • FIG. 3C is a diagram of a lamp as an exemplary radiation source.
  • FIG. 4A is a simplified diagram of a system for removing fumes during printing.
  • FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram of a system for removing fumes during printing using an alternative radiation source.
  • FIG. 6A is a diagram of solid particles with small edges.
  • FIG. 6B is a diagram of solid particles with bridged sintering by smaller particles.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram of partial sintering.
  • FIG. 8A is a diagram of dispensing catalyst material.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram of using a liquid pump roller.
  • FIG. 10A is a diagram of objects built with different materials.
  • FIG. 10B is a diagram of objects built with a mix of materials.
  • FIG. 11A is a diagram of support when building a 3D object.
  • FIG. 11B is a diagram of printing support portions and object portions of layers.
  • FIG. 11C is a diagram of using reinforcing support columns.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram of an exemplary carousel machine for production of 3D objects.
  • FIG. 13 is a high-level partial block diagram of an exemplary system configured to implement a controller for the present invention.
  • a present invention is a system and method for 3D (three-dimensional) printing by dispensing ink including particles of any chosen material.
  • the particles in the dispensed ink are micro or nano particles.
  • the particles combine to each other (i.e. sinter) to form solid or porous solid material.
  • the system facilitates:
  • object generally refers to an item that a user desires to produce, in particular via 3D printing.
  • object refers to an item to be produced by the 3D printing process.
  • object can refer to an incomplete or partially generated item.
  • burn out or “burn off”, “fire-off”, or “firing-off” refer to evaporating or disintegrating and evaporating a component of the ink.
  • printing liquid and “ink” refer in general to a material used for printing, and includes, but is not limited to homogeneous and non-homogenous materials, for example a carrier liquid containing a dissolved material such as metal particles to be deposited via the printing process.
  • dispersion generally refers to particles distributed and suspended in a liquid or gas and/or distributed evenly throughout a medium.
  • pencil laser beam generally refers to a laser beam that can be focused to a point
  • linear laser beam refers to a laser beam that can be focused to a line
  • liquid-ejection nozzles of a liquid-ejection mechanism such as nozzle dispensers.
  • Liquid-ejection nozzles are also referred to as dispensing heads.
  • a preferred embodiment is using inkjet printing heads for dispensing ink.
  • Another option is to use spray nozzles.
  • inkjet printing provides increased speed, finer object dimensions, and increased quality of finished objects as compared to spray nozzles.
  • the inkjet heads normally dispense the ink layer-by-layer, dispensing subsequent layers on previously dispensed layers. Typically, each layer is hardened before dispensing the succeeding layer.
  • the inkjet heads dispense each layer according to the image content of that layer.
  • the inkjet heads “blindly” dispense the layer, and a hardening tool (e.g. a scanning laser beam) hardens the layer according to the layer's specific image content.
  • a hardening tool e.g. a scanning laser beam
  • a printing system will include more than one type of ink.
  • Inks include object ink and support ink.
  • Object ink is used to produce the desired object, and support ink is used temporarily during printing, for example to support “negative” tilted walls of the object.
  • support ink is used temporarily during printing, for example to support “negative” tilted walls of the object.
  • inks typically include the following ingredients:
  • the ink includes a dispersion of solid particles of any required material, e.g. metals (iron, copper, silver, gold, titanium etc.), metal oxides, oxides (SiO 2 , TiO 2 , BiO2 etc.), metal carbides, carbides (WC, Al4C3, TiC), metal alloys (stainless steel, Titanium Ti64 etc.), inorganic salts, polymeric particles, etc., in volatile carrier liquid.
  • the particles are of micro (0.5 to 50 micrometer size) or nano (5 to 500 nanometer size) as required to maintain the required spatial resolution during printing, maintain the required material character (after sintering), or to satisfy limitations of a dispensing head.
  • the particle size should preferably be equal or smaller than 2 ⁇ .
  • the term “particles” generally refers to solid particles used to construct (print) the object and/or the “bulk material” of the object. The use of the term particles will be obvious from context.
  • the particles are dispersed in a carrier liquid, also referred to as a “carrier” or “solvent”.
  • a dispersing agent (often call dispersant) assist in dispersing the particles in the liquid.
  • the liquid should evaporate immediately after printing so that the succeeding layer is dispensed on solid material below.
  • the temperature of an upper layer of the object during printing should be comparable with the boiling temperature of the carrier.
  • the temperature of the upper printed layer is much higher than the boiling temperature of the liquid carrier, encouraging thereby the evaporation of other organic materials like dispersants or various additives in the carrier.
  • dispersants are readily available, such as polymeric dispersants such as Disperbyk 180, disperbyk 190, disperbyk 163, from Byk Chemie GMBH.
  • Conventional particle ink is readily available such as commercial SunTronic Jet Silver U6503, from Sun Chemicals Ltd. (485 Berkshire Av, Slough, UK).
  • At least part of a solid material to be used to construct (print) the object can be dissolved in the ink.
  • a dispersion of silver (Ag) particles which in addition to the Ag particles includes a fraction of Ag organic compound dissolved in the carrier liquid. After printing and during firing, the organic portion of the Ag organic compound fires off, leaving the metal silver atoms well spread.
  • This conventional ink is readily available such as Commercial DYAG100 Conductive Silver Printing Ink, from Dyesol Inc. (USA), 2020 Fifth Street #638, Davis Calif. 95617.
  • a dispersing agent also referred to as a dispersant
  • a dispersing agent is used in the ink.
  • Dispersants are known in the industry, and are often a kind of polymeric molecule.
  • the dispersing molecules adhere to the (solid) particle's surface (i.e. wrap the particles) and inhibit agglomeration of the particles to each other.
  • the dispersing agent should also be able to dissolve in the carrier liquid so that a stable dispersion can be formed.
  • the dispersant remains in the final object, typically at concentrations of about 10%. While having dispersant as part of a final 3D product may be acceptable for the construction of some objects, for other objects there is an essential need to remove substantially all of the dispersant. For example, to have the final concentration of dispersant be less than 0.1%. This is because:
  • FIG. 1 a simplified diagram of 3D printing an individual layer.
  • a printing head 100 is shown in a first position 100 A when preparing to print a first layer 104 of the object, and in a second position 100 B when preparing to print a subsequent layer of the object.
  • the printing head 100 (e.g. inkjet head) includes a nozzle array 102 that scans the layer 104 in an X direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis Y of the layer 104 .
  • the jetted droplet volume of different individual nozzles may be slightly different from each other individual nozzle (of the nozzle array 102 ) because of technology deficiency of the head 100 construction. Moreover, a nozzle can stop jetting as the nozzle can become clogged by aggregated ink particles or because of other reasons.
  • the head 100 is shifted along the Y-axis before every subsequent layer is printed.
  • the shift amount from layer to layer may be set random within a predetermined shift range.
  • the appropriate leveling apparatus includes a vertical grinding roller or cutting (machining) roller.
  • the appropriate leveling apparatus includes a horizontal (i.e. parallel to the printing surface) grinding roller or cutting (machining) roller.
  • FIG. 2A a simplified diagram of leveling apparatus
  • FIG. 3A a simplified exemplary system for 3D printing.
  • a 3D object 312 is typically constructed layer-by-layer on a substrate or tray.
  • the tray is typically heated, and a non-limiting example of a heated tray 318 is generally used in this description.
  • the object is printed in the plane of the X-Y axis, and a newly formed layer 310 (also referred to in the context of this document as the upper-layer) is built along the Z-axis during every printing pass.
  • Ink 322 is supplied or contained in a printing head 314 .
  • Optional cooling mask 316 , windshield 324 , thermal partition 320 are used to protect the printing head 314 from the other printing equipment and/or vice versa.
  • Optional radiation source 308 and/or cooling fan 326 can be used to assist with temperature control of the newly printed layer and/or 3D object body 312 .
  • Optional leveling roller 302 can be used during printing to smooth the surface of the newly formed layer 310 and/or the top surface (outermost surface along the Z-axis) of the 3D object body 312 .
  • An optional dust filter 306 can be used to suck the dust output of leveling.
  • Leveling apparatus are also known in the field as “leveling rollers” or simply “rollers”.
  • the leveling apparatus operates on a newly formed layer 310 of a 3D object 312 after or as the layer has/is being been printed (dispensed and solidified).
  • the leveling apparatus typically peels off between 5% and 30% of material of the most recently printed layer's height. In other words, shaving the top of the first layer (most recently printed layer).
  • the roller meets the ink after the carrier liquid ink has evaporated and the layer is at least partially dry and solid.
  • solid means “a piece of metal”, i.e. well sintered particles.
  • solid means a pile of particles adhered to each other by organic material or by some initial sintering.
  • the leveling roller 302 may be a grinding roller 202 including a metal cylinder 204 with an abrasive surface 206 , for example coated with hard grinding particles, e.g. WC (Tungsten carbide) or diamond “dust”.
  • the leveling roller 302 may be a cutting roller 212 (also referred to in the context of this document as a “bladed” roller) including a milling cutting tool 214 with sharp blades 216 .
  • Smooth and knurled rollers 202 are known in the art, for example smooth rollers as taught by Kritchman in U.S. Pat. No. 8,038,427 and knurled rollers as taught by Leyden in U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,209.
  • a smooth roller is typically used to meter a liquid layer of material, and acts like a delicate shaving pump.
  • a knurled roller typically adapted to meter soft wax surface, consists of a multitude of relatively small knurls, or particles, as compared to the size of the cylinder 204 and/or relative to the size of the object to be ground.
  • a typical cutting roller 212 features discrete blades 216 that can be relatively large compared to the size of the object to be ground.
  • smooth nor knurled rollers can be adapted to level dry solid material for many reasons.
  • the grinding roller is substantially constantly in contact with the object to be leveled.
  • a cutting roller 212 is intermittently in contact with the object to be ground—only when the edge of a blade 216 encounters the surface to be leveled.
  • a knurled roller can be adapted to level dry solid material, is the direction of force that the vertical roller applies onto the shaped surface.
  • the blade When a rotating blade touches the surface, the blade first cuts in by applying horizontal force, and second lifts the cut chip up by applying upward force.
  • the knurl touches the surface, the knurl first presses and pushes the material both downward and forward by applying downward and horizontal force, and second pushes the detached material up by applying forward and upward force.
  • the downward force may be harmful to delicate object features, since the downward force will easily break the fragile object features.
  • vertical milling or smoothing tools including multiple cutting blades or grinding disk (e.g. including diamond dust surface), are mounted to a vertical beam that is perpendicular to the plane of printing/plane of the upper surface of the object, and rotates about the beam. These vertical milling tools are used to level the upper-layer (most recently printed and at least partially solidified). The cutting or grinding surface of the vertical tools is parallel to the plane of printing, but the rotation vector points vertically upwards.
  • the leveling roller is mounted on a horizontal axis and rotates about a horizontal axis (horizontal to the plane of the upper layer of the object), thus providing a horizontal roller.
  • the grinding surface of a horizontal roller at the point of contact (touch) with the material is generally also horizontal (parallel to the plane of printing), but the rotation vector is horizontal (points horizontally, perpendicular to the sweep direction X).
  • the horizontal roller rotates about a horizontal axis 220 relative to the layer being ground. In other words, the outer surface of the roller (or the blade's tip) moves horizontally at the point of contact with the object's new layer.
  • the horizontal roller can be a grinding roller 202 , or preferably, the horizontal roller allows implementation with a cutting (bladed) roller 212 .
  • a feature of the horizontal roller as compared to the vertical tools is the feasibility to collect outcome dust (including shaved material). While a vertical tool ejects the dust to all directions pointing outward from the vertical axle (i.e. all around directions parallel to the printing surface), a horizontal roller lifts the dust upward in such manner that the dust can be more easily collected and pumped out, such as via into a dust filter 306 .
  • the vertical tool can be very sensitive to precise alignment, since the vertical tool touches the printing surface all over the vertical tool's horizontal surface.
  • a horizontal roller touches the printing surface substantially only at a line, and therefore there is no need to align a horizontal roller in the X-axis direction.
  • a substantial disadvantage of the grinding surface in comparison to the cutting bladed roller/tool is that the grinding surface is vulnerable to dust (shaved particles) sticking to the diamond dust (of the grinding surface) and disturb thereby proper grinding.
  • the cutting roller includes N blades and rotates at an F RPM (revolution per minute), and the relative sweep velocity between the roller and the object in X direction is V. For a given V, the smallest chip is obtained when N and F are set to maximum values.
  • using a spiral blade in comparison to using a straight blade has also positive influence on preventing harm to delicate details, since a spiral blade cuts only a relatively small spot (as compared to a straight blade) in the shaved surface at a time, while the spot's neighboring area holds the spot from breaking.
  • orientation of a horizontal roller is described as being perpendicular to the direction of sweep during printing.
  • orientation does not have to be (can be other than) strictly perpendicular and may be at an angle (non-zero) to the sweep direction.
  • the rotation direction 222 of the cutting roller 212 vs. the relative sweep direction between the roller and the object can be either in the “cutting and lifting” direction (for example, clockwise in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B ), or in the “dig and push” direction (counter clockwise in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B ).
  • the direction of the relative object shift vs. roller during leveling is not definite (undefined/not pre-defined), and can be different in different applications. Based on this description, one skilled in the art will be able to determined specific details, attributes of the printed material, and other considerations of the printing machine for implementing a specific application depending on the.
  • particle waste can be generated.
  • the particle waste can include shaved particles and/or dust of the solid particles from the printing ink. Techniques to prevent the particle waste from being scattered over the printing surface, and to remove the waste from the roller blades, should be applied.
  • the horizontal roller facilitates implementation of techniques for preventing scattering of particle waste, for example by adding a shield around the roller (half-arch shield 303 ) and applying sucking force via pipe 304 during “rolling”. The particle waste is sucked off the surface of the object and the blades, optionally through a filter 306 . [Eli: Added half-arch shield 303 to FIG. 3A .]
  • the roller may be installed before or preferably after a radiation source 308 such as incandescent or discharge lamp (shown), coherent beam (laser), or ultra-violet (UV), visible, or infrared (IR) radiation source, etc.
  • a radiation source 308 such as incandescent or discharge lamp (shown), coherent beam (laser), or ultra-violet (UV), visible, or infrared (IR) radiation source, etc.
  • FIG. 2B a simplified diagram of leveling apparatus with warming sources.
  • the ink particles may stick to the roller blades or grinding particles and thereby disturb proper leveling. This might be a consequence of insufficient drying of the ink or insufficient firing the organic elements.
  • the layer can be further dried by elevating the layer temperature. This technique of elevating the layer temperature might be unacceptable in some cases because of other aspects of the printing process, e.g. deformation of the printed object.
  • the roller can be warmed to high enough temperature in which the problem of stickiness of the ink is avoided.
  • the roller may be set 100 degrees Celsius (° C.) or even higher than the layer's temperature.
  • Warming the roller may be done by heating the roller's outer surface by an external heat source (i.e. located outside the roller) or by an inner heat source located in the roller.
  • Inner heat sources preferably include static (non-rotating) warming element, such as a halogen lamp or a heat rode 230 .
  • a mask refers to a plate that partially covers an orifice plate and has an opening to facilitate printing from nozzles to a print area.
  • Masks are also referred to as “cooling masks” and can be used as a “thermal buffer”.
  • the printing heads 314 (such as printing head 100 ) that scan the upper layer in close vicinity (0.5-3 mm between the printing head 314 and object 312 ) must be protected from the heat and fumes emerging from the newly formed layer 310 (dispensed layer).
  • a cooling mask 316 maintained at a relatively low temperature compared to the temperature of the object while being printed e.g. from 10 to 40° C. is installed as a buffer between the printing head 314 and the printed object 312 .
  • the printed object should preferably be maintained substantially at uniform and constant temperature throughout printing.
  • the upper surface of the object body keeps losing heat to the surrounding atmosphere during printing, and also supplies heat to the newly dispensed layer, since the dispensed ink is usually colder than the object, and since heat is consumed by the evaporation of the liquid carrier of the new layer.
  • the heat source is only below the object (for example, a heated tray 318 )
  • the heat constantly flows up to the upper layer, and because of the heat-flow resistance of the material, a temperature gradient is built, high temperature at the bottom of the object and low at the upper surface of the object (along the Z-axis).
  • the heat should also (or merely) be supplied directly to the upper surface or layer.
  • the temperature of the upper layer should be the same during the printing (though may be higher than the temperature of the bulk), because drying and possibly evaporating the organics and partial sintering occur in that layer, processes that strongly depend on the layer temperature.
  • the term “printing surface” 328 typically includes the most recently printed finished layer, prior to printing of the current, newly formed layer 310 .
  • the printing surface 328 is the upper surface or upper layer, most recently previously printed along the Z-axis, and is the surface upon which the newly formed layer 310 is printed.
  • the printing surface is the substrate, for example the heated tray 318 .
  • the printing surface is typically the upper surface of the object body, plus supporting material, as appropriate.
  • heat is supplied to the upper surface by an electromagnetic (EM) energy source through the surrounding gas or vacuum.
  • the EM energy source is one non-limiting example of a radiation source 308 .
  • the radiation source 308 is located above the upper layer/object being printed.
  • the direct heating by the EM source can assure constant temperature of the upper layer.
  • the temperature of the tray 318 on which the object is printed
  • An alternative supply of heat to the upper surface is a stream of hot air blown on the upper printed layer.
  • hot air is not only for increasing the temperature of the upper layer but also, or rather for encouraging, the evaporation of liquid carrier (and in some cases the dispersing agent and other organic material) from the upper surface.
  • a combination of EM radiation, hot air, and warm tray (or any combination thereof) can be used to maximize the heating and/or evaporation performance.
  • the substrate's surface on which printing is accomplished presents intimate touch with the object and therefore should be at the same temperature of the object.
  • the substrate i.e. tray
  • the substrate is thermally conductive, e.g. made of metal, warming the tray to the required object temperature can be essential for producing correctly a desired object.
  • the tray may include thermally insulating material, e.g. wood, plastic, or insulating ceramics. In this case, the substrate keeps the object's temperature, while heating of the object is accomplished by heat radiation from above.
  • high enough heat conductance generally means that the temperature gradient (which is given by the product of heat conductance per length multiplied by the height Z) is small, e.g. smaller than 1% of the object temperature during printing, measured in Celsius.
  • the heat conductance is comparable to that of fully sintered metals (100 W/(C ⁇ m))
  • the condition on the temperature gradient can be met up to a relatively small printing height of 10 mm. This, however, is not always the case.
  • the object can be high, e.g. higher than 10 mm in the current example, and can be made of poor material heat conductance (e.g.
  • heating from the upper side of the object is essential. Heating from the upper side can be done in few different methods, including heat conductance and convection by the air above the object, flowing hot air from an air knife element on the upper layer, EM energy source, etc.
  • a preferred embodiment is the EM energy source, as is described below.
  • the EM energy source is typically positioned aside the printing head 314 , and can be of a UV, visible or IR radiation type.
  • a radiation source 308 is installed after, or preferably before, the leveling roller 302 .
  • the radiation source 308 can be used for one or more tasks, including:
  • UV radiation has the potential to disintegrate dispersing molecules that are attached to the particles by breaking molecular connections. At the same time, the UV also heats up the layer, assisting thereby the evaporation of the dispersant material or the dispersant material's fragments.
  • the boiling temperature of a carrier liquid is T 1 .
  • the temperature of the upper surface is preferably maintained at TS, which is substantially comparable to or higher than T 1 (e.g. higher than 0.8 ⁇ T 1 in Kelvin) so that after jetting the ink, the temperature of the new layer (TL) abruptly increases to TS, and carrier liquid evaporates immediately.
  • T 1 e.g. higher than 0.8 ⁇ T 1 in Kelvin
  • TL new layer
  • carrier liquid evaporates immediately.
  • the temperature of the whole object during printing can be maintained at TS as well.
  • higher temperature of the upper (new) layer TL may be required.
  • Substantial increase of the temperature of printing surface TS above T 1 e.g. by 30° C.
  • the landing ink droplets on such a hot surface would explode rather than attach to the surface, like when water droplets land on a surface of 120° C. (the explosion effect can be exploited in a special embodiment which will be described later).
  • the rest of the object is not required to maintain at such high temperature (TL), but just maintain at a constant and uniform temperature TS.
  • the layer When a newly formed first layer is dispensed, the layer is typically exposed to air (the environment of the printing machine), and thus organics in the ink have the chance to evaporate, prior to this first layer being covered by a subsequent printed layer.
  • heating the new layer can be accomplished by a radiation source 308 typically from above the object. If lower layers under the upper layer are at a lower temperature than the upper layer, maximizing the heat irradiance (i.e. irradiated power per surface area of the new layer) is important in order to get an instant higher temperature of the layer, before the heat dissipates to the preceding (previously printed) layers by conduction or dissipates to the air above by conduction and convection. Therefore, given a heating lamp 308 A (as radiation source 308 ), the lamp should be as close to the body 312 surface and reflector aperture as narrow as possible.
  • a lamp housing 332 typically includes a metal envelop covered with an insulation material to prevent heating adjacent elements.
  • a polished aluminum reflector 334 is typically required especially to protect the reflector and housing from overheating.
  • the polished aluminum reflector 334 typically reflects 97% of heat.
  • a transparent glass window 336 is typically high transparency (i.e. small radiation absorbance is required especially to protect the window from overheating).
  • the window 336 is made of a material appropriate for the specific application (e.g. Pyrex or quartz).
  • An aperture 338 (ex.: 9 mm) is used for a given radiation power.
  • a relatively small lamp's aperture assures high irradiation power (i.e. high radiation power per unit area of the printed layer).
  • focused radiation enables much higher irradiance ( FIG. 3C ).
  • the layer's structure is continuously solid, and then the relevant thermal conductivity is that cited for the metal (e.g. 430 W/(C ⁇ m for silver), and the temperature rise ⁇ T is as calculated in the table above (much less the 1° C.).
  • the layer's structure is like a pile of particles. Measurements show that nearly only half the printed volume is occupied by solid particles, while the rest is mostly air. Thus, in each direction (X, Y, Z) only 80% of the layer is occupied by solid particle (since 0.8 ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ 0.8 ⁇ 0.5), and the rest of the volume of the non- or partially-sintered object is air. Thus, every layer is equivalent to a layer that includes in height of the layer 80% metal and 20% air. Since air conductivity (0.04 W/(C ⁇ m)) is substantially lower than metal conductivity (for example WC: 84 W/(C ⁇ m)) the air layer portion dominants the conductivity of the layer.
  • a linear laser beam which includes a focused line
  • flash radiation wherein high power radiation is absorbed at very short time (see typical example below)
  • thermal conductivity is typically between 0.5 to 5 W/(C ⁇ m) (see Table 2). If after warming the upper layer, the upper layer does not become sintered (remains un-sintered), the air layer portion conductivity is still lower than oxide layer conductivity and the air dominants the conductivity of the layer as in the case of metal particles. If the layer becomes sintered (under the flash radiation), because of the high irradiation power Ir and despite of the high thermal conductivity, the temperature rise ⁇ T of the layer will go up to 70 to 700° C. (see the fourth row of Table 2).
  • a fan for example cooling fan 326
  • a fan may be required to lower the temperature back to a lower object temperature.
  • the upper surface of the body will dissipate to the surrounding air roughly 3 W/cm ⁇ 2 at a temperature of 400° C. Therefore the lamp above should supply this much power to the upper layer in order to maintaining the object body's temperature constant and even, and even larger power is required in order to compensate for the material evaporation and sintering heat consumption.
  • focused radiation may be used to obtain an instant temperature of the upper layer higher than the body temperature.
  • a layer of dry particles is evenly spread on the preceding layer, and then focused radiation (for example, a scanning focused point (i.e. spot) laser beam) scans the layer and selectively solidifies the required portion of the layer according to a layer map.
  • focused radiation for example, a scanning focused point (i.e. spot) laser beam
  • the particles used to construct the current layer are not evenly spread (unevenly distributed) on the preceding layer, but the particles (layer) is selectively dispensed according to a layer map. This facilitates use of non-selective radiation to create a newly formed layer only where the particles have been selectively dispensed.
  • Embodiments can include one or more of the following techniques:
  • a first embodiment is a hot radiating lamp 350 , including a linear bulb (discussed above), including a linear radiating filament 352 enclosed a quartz transparent pipe 356 , coupled with a focusing reflective surface having elliptic transection 358 , enclosed in a transparent window 354 (for example, protective glass).
  • the filament is located in one focal point 360 F 1 of the elliptic curvature, while the filament's hot image is obtained in the other focal point 360 F 2 , on the upper surface of the body being printed.
  • the width of the image can be comparable to the length of the filament perimeter (but never smaller).
  • the filament perimeter is equal to 1 mm
  • the width of the image of the filament on the 3D upper surface is 3 mm
  • the radiated power is 50 W/(cm length).
  • a second embodiment includes a linear coherent beam 370 .
  • a third embodiment includes a spot (point) coherent beam with a scanning apparatus (e.g. rotating mirror polygon).
  • a scanning apparatus e.g. rotating mirror polygon
  • the beam in the current embodiment can be “dumb” (although the beam can also be modulated according to the image, at least for saving energy).
  • This “dumb” beam scans a line in the Y direction, while the object body moves in X direction.
  • a typical laser power is 500 W, and focal spot of 50 ⁇ diameter.
  • Such irradiation power can warm the layer much above the sintering temperature of all metals and ceramic material.
  • FIG. 3A and FIG. 4A a simplified diagram of a system for removing fumes during printing
  • FIG. 5 a simplified diagram of a system for removing fumes during printing using an alternative radiation source.
  • the fumes maybe harmful to the printer parts since they can condense on relatively colder surfaces (as compared to the temperature of the 3D object 312 during printing) including surfaces such as electronic boards and parts.
  • the fumes are collected by sucking pipe(s) 404 providing sucking 414 located adjacent to the printing head 314 and/or near the spot where the layer is further heated by the radiation source 308 .
  • glue is often added to the particle ink (e.g. photo-polymer, thermo-plastic polymer etc).
  • This glue material assists sustaining the 3D structure during printing, a time before subsequent hardening process (i.e. sintering) of the entire object in a high temperature oven.
  • a powder dispenser spreads solid (dry) particles over the entire tray (tray on which the object is being printed/constructed, such as heated tray 318 ), and a printing head subsequently dispenses liquid glue on the particles spread according to the desired content of the layer being printed. This process repeats layer by layer until the printing finishes. Later, the loose particles are removed, and the glued object is transferred from the printer to an oven.
  • the object In the oven, the object is heated to a high temperature for accomplishing sintering. During the sintering process a majority of the glue fires off, however typically a portion of the glue remains. The remaining glue interferes and/or interrupts sintering if the glue does not completely evaporate in the oven. In addition, the presence of glue in an object's structure may be undesirable, as described elsewhere in this document.
  • a technique for avoiding problems with glue is to do sintering during printing on a layer basis, and therefore glue is not required.
  • a powder dispenser spreads particles over the entire tray, and a subsequent focused laser beam scans the spread particles according to the content of the layer. Every spot that is illuminated by the beam heats up sufficiently to sinter the powder at the illuminated location.
  • the dispersant remains in the bulk material during printing.
  • the organic material which plays the role of a binder
  • the object is referred to as a “green object”.
  • an extra stage of initial heating is performed usually in an oven.
  • the organic material whether disintegrates or not
  • This initial heating is done before elevating the firing temperature to a temperature where full sintering occurs.
  • a desirable feature is to prevent complete sintering of the object particles during the stage of organics extraction. This is desirable for reasons including:
  • Preventing complete sintering in the stage of organics evaporation can be done by adjusting the particles' characteristic temperature T 3 of sintering (depending on particles material and size) or by choosing the organics (dispersant and additives) with appropriate burn out temperature T 2 , so that T 3 >T 2 .
  • Partial sintering during printing can strengthen the newly formed layer before leveling, or (as explained above) strengthen the object before removing the object from the substrate, and/or prior to firing the object (in an oven).
  • partial sintering generally refers to particles melting to each other only partially, that is at one or more locations on the surface of each particle without the complete surface of the particles contacting surrounding particle surfaces.
  • partial sintering of an object body is obtained during printing of the object. Partial sintering can allow subsequent firing and removing dispersant, even when firing of the dispersant is done after completing printing the object, because the open porous structure is still there.
  • complete sintering of an object body is obtained during printing of the object. Since the dispersant can inhibit sintering, this method includes first evaporating the dispersant during the layer formation at temperature T 2 , and afterwards complete sintering takes place temperature T 3 , wherein T 3 >T 2 .
  • partial sintering 700 can be enough for holding the particles together and yet not introducing too large contraction force in the (newly formed) layer.
  • partial sintering facilitates maintaining a desired nature (shape) of the object during printing 710 .
  • Sintering temperature should be considered carefully for enabling partial sintering. At high enough temperature, the particles melt to each other and form a nearly or fully solid material (complete sintering).
  • the required sintering temperature substantially depends on the melting point of the particles' material and the size of the particles. For example, the melting point of silver is 960° C.; 1 ⁇ m (micrometer) silver particles sinter at 800° C., but 20 nm (nano-meter) silver particles sinter at 200° C.
  • the newly formed layer can be warmed for example to 500° C., a temperature in which the organics are fired off and partial sintering replaces the organic material to hold the object from being dismantled.
  • the dispersant (and possibly other additives in the ink) can interfere with the desired quality of sintering, and thus removing these materials (the dispersant and possibly other additives) can be important for obtaining sintering (but not necessarily sufficient for obtaining sintering).
  • references to dispersant can also refer to possibly other additives.
  • the innovative technique of complete sintering when printing a layer includes features such as:
  • Extra heating of the new layer by focused radiation or by a high power flash light can be used to accomplish evaporating of the disturbing materials (such as dispersant), and also heating the upper layer to as high temperature as required for sintering the layer.
  • the disturbing materials such as dispersant
  • the upper layer can be heated to as high temperature as required for sintering the layer.
  • the dispersant evaporates or disintegrates and evaporates, and later full or sufficient sintering takes place.
  • this technique is done by dispensing the new layer on a moderately warm preceding layer, such that the carrier liquid is evaporated before entering the extra heating device, reducing thereby the required energy in the device for evaporating both the carrier liquid and the dispersant, and accomplishing sintering.
  • Printing a layer can be accompanied by dispensing catalyst material, which accelerates sintering.
  • a preferred embodiment includes material that disintegrates the dispersant molecules, so that they evaporate out or at least do not disturb sintering. Furthermore, added heat can be used to evaporate out the disintegrated molecules.
  • the bare solid molecules left after removing the dispersant spontaneously sinter at this stage to each other, given that the temperature is high enough. For example, if the solid particles are silver particles of 20 nanometer diameter, a temperature as high as 200° C. is sufficient for complete sintering, given that the dispersant has removed.
  • the catalyst can be dispensed after or just before dispensing the model layer.
  • Dispensing the catalyst 802 can be done by a catalyst droplet jetting head 800 or by spray nozzle.
  • the catalyst can be dispensed selectively according to the object layer image, or “blindly” on the entire reserved area for the object.
  • the catalyst can come in liquid form or gas.
  • the catalyst can be dispensed by a roller that spreads the catalyst over or under the new layer being printed.
  • the catalyst can be included in the ink beforehand, and then heated with the layer heating after printed, when activation is desired.
  • An alternative embodiment of printing, leveling, and heating includes printing layer by layer while the temperature of the printed body is substantially smaller than the boiling temperature of the carrier liquid (e.g. 150° C. when the boiling temperature of the carrier liquid is 230° C.).
  • the layer is flattened (leveled) by a liquid pump roller (LPR) 900 .
  • LPR is typically a smooth roller with an axis parallel to Y-axis of the object, rotating in “reverse” (opposite the relative X-axis motion of the object).
  • the newly formed layer 310 is irradiated by a high irradiation power beam (for example laser 902 ) to at least evaporate the liquid and solidify the layer (e.g. warming the layer to a temperature of 230° C. or higher). Later on, before dispensing the next layer, the layer is cooled to the low object temperature (e.g. by a cooling fan 326 ).
  • a high irradiation power beam for example laser 902
  • the layer is cooled to the low object temperature (e.g. by a cooling fan 326 ).
  • the excess ink from the flattened layer attaches to the rotating roller surface of the LPR 900 , and is wiped by the roller wiper (for example by metal wiping knife 904 ), and flows into a collecting trough 906 , from which the excess collected ink is cycled back to an ink tank for re-delivery to the printing head 314 or pumped out to a waste tank.
  • the jetting nozzles are positioned close to the printed layer, e.g. 1 mm apart. Thus, the nozzles may heat up by the warm upper surface of the body being printed, and the jetting quality injured.
  • Techniques to prevent nozzle heating may include a cooled shell (see FIG. 3A , cooling mask 316 ) that behaves as a thermal buffer between the hot layer and jetting nozzles.
  • a cooled shell is described in patent International publication No WO2010/134072 A1 to Xjet Solar Corporation.
  • An innovative solution is differentiation between the body (object) temperature and the temperature of the new layer. This can be accomplished by the following steps:
  • FIG. 10A a diagram of objects built with different materials. Often the required object includes different materials in different parts of the object.
  • a special and important case is when the bulk material 1006 of a first object 1002 should be laminated (coated) with a coating material 1007 at an outer surface of the first object 1002 .
  • the bulk material 1006 of a second object 1004 can be laminated with a coating material 1007 at an outer surface of the second object 1004 .
  • third object 1010 includes a mix of two or more materials required either over the entire object or over part of the object.
  • third object 1010 includes a mix of a first material (material 1 1018 ) and a second material (material 2 1020 ).
  • first material material 1 1018
  • second material material 2 1020
  • each pixel 1016 is an alternating material.
  • One technique for printing an object with a mix of materials in a given location of a layer can be done by dispensing one material in certain pixels of the layer and another material in other pixels.
  • one layer is printed by one material and another layer by another material.
  • a special case is impregnation-like of a coating-like material 1008 at the outer surface of an object (for example, second object 1004 ).
  • the impregnation-like can include a gradual decrease of the proportion of impregnating material and bulk material as the distance from the object surface increases.
  • a plurality of inks and ink heads can be used to differentiate printing between object material and object support.
  • one ink can be used to build both the object and support structures (layer by layer), while another ink is dispensed only on the layer part that belongs to only one of the object or support, introducing thereby a difference in a mechanical attribute of both materials. This difference is used later when the support is removed from the object.
  • a first ink including Ag particles is used to print both object and support portions of a layer.
  • a mold is printed together with an object.
  • a mold is any auxiliary body that is attached to the object body 312 and can be removed from the object body.
  • a mold can be considered support for the object, as described below.
  • the mold can be printed by a different ink than the bulk in the same layer-by-layer printing. Printing an object and a mold facilitates the object including particles that do not adhere (are unattached or only lightly adhere) to each other until the body is fired and sintered in an oven (at typically 600 to 1500° C.).
  • the mold preferably includes material that holds tight at a low temperature and disintegrates at high temperature, or at least can be removed from the object.
  • the mold can also protect the object during printing.
  • the mold protects the delicate edges of the object 312 from breaking while the cutting roller 302 levels out the printed layer 310 . Even if the mold's material does not hold tighter (holds looser) than the object's material, yet the mold protects the object's edges while scarifying the mold's own edges through, for example, when leveling the new layer or transporting the object after printing to the firing oven.
  • the mold can be thin (e.g. 0.5 mm thick), and can get the shape of a skin around the object or part of the object.
  • the object (and simultaneously the mold) can be printed embedded in a mold, expanding the range of materials and processed available for creation of 3D objects.
  • An example of this technique is an object ink that includes particles of high hardness (e.g. WC) wrapped with a dispersant.
  • a dispersant behaves like a glue that holds the particles together.
  • medium temperature e.g. 400° C.
  • the dispersant evaporates and the 3D object may fall into a pile of particles. If the object is surrounded with a material that partially sinters at 400° C. but melts or disintegrates and evaporates at above 800° C. (e.g.
  • the mold stays solid at and above a medium temperature, allowing evaporation of the object's dispersant, until at higher temperature (e.g. 700° C.) partial sintering of the object takes place.
  • a positive or negative angle can be specified per every spot on the object's surface, as follows: If an object material is found just under the spot, the surface angle is specified positive. Otherwise, the surface angle at that point is specified negative (a negative angle or negative tilt of the object). In other words, a negative angle is an area of an object that while being built lacks a portion of the object immediately beneath the area being printed.
  • FIG. 11A a diagram of support when building a 3D object.
  • Supporting negative angles of the 3D object can be critical for 3D printing.
  • the support 1100 material should differ from the object 312 material in a way that the support material can be removed after printing or after following steps like sintering, without deteriorating the object.
  • the support may need to fulfill many additional requirements, including being easy to remove, hardly mixing with the model material at the touch interface line, low cost, self-sustained, and compatible with the printing technology (inkjet), etc.
  • the printer typically includes at least two printing nozzle groups (often two printing heads), one jetting object material, and one support material.
  • Each layer being printed may have zero, one, or multiple portions of the layer that are desired in the final object, referred to as “object portions” of the (current) layer.
  • object portions of the (current) layer.
  • support portions are generally used as support, molds, or other structures to assist during production of the object, but are removed and/or lacking in the final object.
  • references to support can also include reference to the ink used to create the support (support ink) and to the portion adjacent to the object (that either supports the object in the gravitational sense, or surrounds the object for any purposed, including to serve as a mold) (support portion).
  • the current description will use the current example of at least two printing heads. Based on this description, one skilled in the art will be able to apply the current methods to other implementations.
  • a side view 1120 shows the 3D object 312 and support 1100 during printing.
  • a corresponding top view 1122 shows the upper layer.
  • Each layer can include a support layer adjacent to an object layer.
  • the upper layer includes a portion that is support layer 1102 (building support for subsequent object layers), and a portion that is object layer 1104 (built on top of preceding object and/or support layers).
  • the support includes inorganic solid particles (e.g. high melting temperature particles like oxide, carbides, nitrides, metals, e.g. Tungsten) or organic particles (e.g. hard polymers) dispersed in a volatile carrier liquid.
  • the polymeric material should be hard because otherwise the polymeric material can be difficult or not possible to grind (to micro particle size).
  • the liquid carrier evaporates, leaving a solid laminate behind.
  • the object printing is finished, the object is supported or even wrapped by the support material. Considerations in choosing and preparing the inks take care of establishing a substantial difference in the adherence between the particles of the object (cohesiveness) and of the support.
  • This difference can show up just after printing, or later after partial or complete firing.
  • the difference can be a result of a difference in the dispersant attributes (e.g. different gluing characteristics between the solid particles), or a difference in the sintering tendency of the solid particles to each other.
  • the support structure should be softer or more brittle or more miscible in water or solvents then the object, and therefore ready for being removed from the printed object.
  • An ideal support is such that during firing the support disappears, e.g. by or disintegration and evaporation.
  • the support includes solid material dissolved in a volatile liquid. After the liquid evaporation, a solid laminate is left behind to form a solid support.
  • the solid support material after printing is soluble in a post treatment liquid.
  • the object and support can be immersed in the post treatment liquid such as water or light acid, to remove the support by dissolution.
  • the solid support material is such that the solid support material evaporates or is burned during the firing process.
  • An example is dissolved wax in an organic solvent, or dispersed particles of polymer in a dispersing liquid.
  • the solvent or dispersing liquid evaporates off layer by layer during printing (at, for example, 200° C.) and the wax or polymer hardens.
  • the object with the supporting body is fired in an oven, preferably in vacuum.
  • the wax evaporates and disappears, and the same thing with the polymer at 700° C.
  • An example of the second and third embodiments is using salt (e.g. NaCl—Sodium Chloride, also known as table salt) solution in water. After the water evaporates, a solid support is left behind. After completion of printing, the object can be immersed in water and the salt is dissolved away.
  • salt e.g. NaCl—Sodium Chloride, also known as table salt
  • strong acid e.g. HNO3
  • An alternative of the former example is a mix of oxide particles and dissolved salt in a carrier liquid. After printing (when the support dries), the object and support are immersing in water or acid liquid, the salt is dissolved by the liquid and the oxide particles stay as a pile of loose dust.
  • silica is a readily available and relatively inexpensive material. When the dispersion is dried, the remaining silica particles are only loosely attach to each other even after warming to 700° C., and therefore the supporting body of Silica can be removed from the object.
  • Silica dispersion is Aerodisp G1220 by EVONIK Industries, including SiO 2 particle of an average diameter of 12 nm, dispersed in ethylene glycol and Degbe (Di-ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether) solvents.
  • Calcium sulfate is common material used for many applications such as gypsum board, plaster, and even as a food additive. Calcium sulfate is an inorganic salt that is water miscible, enabling removal of this support material by washing in water after printing and/or firing. Calcium sulfate ink can be prepared by the following steps:
  • a side view 1130 shows the 3D object 312 and support columns 1110 during printing.
  • a corresponding top view 1132 shows the upper layer.
  • the view of the upper layer includes a portion that is support 1114 (building support for subsequent object layers), and a portion that is object layer 1104 (built on top of object and/or support layers).
  • reinforcement may be added, preferably by adding columns 1110 of object material.
  • a pedestal 1112 including support can be added even under the lower surface of the object.
  • the pedestal can include all support layers (either reinforced or not) that are lower than the lower object layer.
  • the pedestal 1112 can assist also obtaining proper and accurate Z-axis dimension of the 3D object. This is achieved at least in part by printing layers of support-pedestal to such a height (in Z-axis direction) wherein the leveling apparatus (such as roller 1116 , similar to leveling roller 302 ) completely touches the pedestal 1112 and flattens the pedestal. Subsequently, printing of object and supporting material takes place on top of the leveled pedestal.
  • This final (complete) sintering stage can include the following steps:
  • Part of the firing steps can include applying vacuum, applying pressure, adding inert gas to prevent oxidation, and adding other gases that may add desired molecular diffusion or chemical reaction with the body, as described elsewhere in this document.
  • FIG. 12 a diagram of an exemplary carousel machine for production of 3D objects.
  • 3D printing is typically characterized by low output because each object is typically constructed from thousands of printed layers.
  • a plurality of trays 1200 of a carousel production machine for 3D objects 1220 can be used to increase the production throughput of 3D objects (such as 3D object 312 )
  • a 3D production machine 1220 will preferably include a plurality of printing (preferably inkjet) heads 1214 and a plurality of trays 1200 so as to enable production of many objects in the same run by many printing (jetting) heads.
  • Multiple printing heads can be grouped into a group of printing heads ( 1206 A, 1206 B, 1206 C).
  • Many and different parts may be printed on each tray. Every object passes multiple times (cycles) through the printing section (under the printing heads), wherein each time adds one or a few layers. As each object is typically constructed from thousands of printed layers, typically thousands of cycles are necessary.
  • each cycle includes multiple printings from a plurality of printing heads
  • the number of cycles can be reduced from thousands to hundreds or less. Based on this description, one skilled in the art will be able to determine how many heads and cycles and trays 1200 are necessary for constructing specific plurality of objects.
  • the plurality of heads is arranged in the Y-axis direction and are shifted in Y direction from each other so that respective nozzles of the plurality of heads are staggered to fill completely a layer's surface in one pass. More printing heads than required for filling one layer can be used, e.g. to print more than one layer in a pass. Heads for different building material can be employed. For example, a first group of printing heads 1206 A is configured for printing a first material (material A) and a second group of printing heads 1206 B is configured for printing a second material (material B). Heads for support material can be employed. For example, a third group of printing heads 1206 C configured for printing support material.
  • a robotic arm 1204 can remove the completed tray 1200 from the carousel 1212 or remove object(s) 1202 from a tray 1200 , and send the object to further production steps (e.g. firing) without stopping the carousel rotation. Note that from layer to layer each tray shifts a little lower in Z direction, so as the last printed layer is brought to the height appropriate for the leveling apparatus to shave the upper surface of the dried layer. In a preferred case where the tray 1200 stays on the carousel 1212 , when all parts from a tray have been removed, the tray Z level (height) is controlled to an initial position, and the machine would start printing a succeeding group of parts.
  • FIG. 13 is a high-level partial block diagram of an exemplary system 1300 configured to implement a controller for the present invention.
  • System (processing system) 1300 includes a processor 1302 (one or more) and four exemplary memory devices: a RAM 1304 , a boot ROM 1306 , a mass storage device (hard disk) 1308 , and a flash memory 1310 , all communicating via a common bus 1312 .
  • processing and memory can include any computer readable medium storing software and/or firmware and/or any hardware element(s) including but not limited to field programmable logic array (FPLA) element(s), hard-wired logic element(s), field programmable gate array (FPGA) element(s), and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) element(s).
  • FPLA field programmable logic array
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • Any instruction set architecture may be used in processor 1302 including but not limited to reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture and/or complex instruction set computer (CISC) architecture.
  • a module (processing module) 1314 is shown on mass storage 1308 , but as will be obvious to one skilled in the art, could be located on any of the memory devices.
  • Mass storage device 1308 is a non-limiting example of a computer-readable storage medium bearing computer-readable code for implementing the methods described herein.
  • Other examples of such computer-readable storage media include read-only memories such as CDs bearing such code.
  • Network connection 1320 provides communications to and from system 1300 .
  • a single network connection provides one or more links, including virtual connections, to other devices on local and/or remote networks.
  • system 1300 can include more than one network connection (not shown), each network connection providing one or more links to other devices and/or networks.
  • System 1300 can be implemented as a server or client respectively connected through a network to a client or server.
  • system 1300 can be implemented as an embedded controller.
  • a present embodiment is a system and method for printing an object.
  • the system facilitates evaporating a carrier liquid during printing while at least a portion of dispersant remains in the printed layer.
  • a feature of the current embodiment is bringing or maintaining the temperature (TL) of the (most recently/current) printed layer (upper surface of the body of the object) near or above the boiling point of the carrier T 1 (e.g. above 0.7 ⁇ T 1 in Celsius) and simultaneously below the boiling point of the dispersant.
  • T 1 the temperature of the carrier
  • the carrier liquid evaporates as the ink is printing, in contrast to conventional techniques of evaporating the carrier after printing, while at least a portion of the dispersant remains in the printed layer of the object.
  • the remaining dispersant serves to bind the solid particles together after the carrier liquid is evaporated.
  • other materials can be added to the ink to assist in binding of the solid particles together after the carrier liquid evaporates.
  • the exact carrier boiling point temperature Ti does not have to be used, but rather there is a known range even below the carrier boiling point temperature T 1 in which the carrier will evaporate. This range below the carrier boiling point temperature Ti is referred to in this document as a lower-bound ([T 1 ]) of the carrier boiling point temperature.
  • an exact dispersant boiling point temperature T 2 does not have to be used, but rather there is a known range around the dispersant boiling point temperature T 2 in which the dispersant will not evaporate (remains liquid). This range around the dispersant boiling point temperature T 2 is referred to in this document as an upper-bound ([T 2 ]) of the dispersant boiling point temperature.
  • the lower-bound and upper-bound are typically 20% more or less than the respective boiling point temperatures (typically measured in degrees Kelvin).
  • the lower-bound ([T 1 ]) can be 20% less than the carrier boiling point temperature (T 1 ) typically measured in degrees Kelvin.
  • the upper-bound ([T 2 ]) can be 20% more or less than the dispersant boiling point temperature (T 2 ) typically measured in degrees Kelvin.
  • a first layer is printed on a printing surface of the object.
  • the object part of the first layer is printed with at least one ink, typically from at least one corresponding inkjet printing head.
  • One or more of the printing heads typically all of the printing heads, can be modulated according to a content of the first layer.
  • Each of the at least one inks typically include a carrier having a carrier boiling point temperature (T 1 ), a dispersant having a dispersant boiling point temperature (T 2 ) and particles having a particle sintering temperature (T 3 ).
  • T 1 carrier boiling point temperature
  • T 2 dispersant boiling point temperature
  • T 3 particles having a particle sintering temperature
  • each of the at least two inks can include particles of different types, and a local proportion of each of the at last two inks is determined by the specification for the layer being printed (first layer's specification).
  • the local proportion of each of the inks varies from one printed layer to another printed layer, and from one point in a layer to another point in the same layer.
  • the layer also includes a support portion, the support is printed adjacent to the object layer, as described below.
  • the dispersant can be chosen to additionally and/or alternatively bind the particles to each other after the carrier is evaporated and/or inhibit sintering of the particles to each other after the carrier is evaporated.
  • a feature of inkjet printing is that the printing can be selective, in other words, printing to areas that are part of each layer being printed (such as the first layer of the object).
  • Each layer is typically printed based on a layer specification or layer content (description) including information on what portion of the current layer is the desired object.
  • the layer specification can include information on areas of the current layer not to be printed (to remain un-printed), to be printed with an alternate ink (second ink, third ink, etc.), support areas, and/or mold areas.
  • bringing to or maintaining a temperature of the upper layer (TL), evaporating of the dispersant, and/or sintering can be achieved via techniques such as use of a radiation source such as a heating lamp, an electro-magnetic (EM) radiation source above the object, a selective or non-selective laser, a focused linear laser beam, a scanned laser beam, a scanned focused pencil laser beam, focused light from a linear incandescent bulb, focused light from a gas discharge lamp bulb, a flash light, an ultra-violet (UV) light source, a visible light source, an infra-red (IR) light source, and substrate (tray) temperature control.
  • a radiation source such as a heating lamp, an electro-magnetic (EM) radiation source above the object, a selective or non-selective laser, a focused linear laser beam, a scanned laser beam, a scanned focused pencil laser beam, focused light from a linear incandescent bulb, focused light from a gas discharge lamp bulb,
  • the beam can be modulated according to the content of the layer (information on what portion of the current layer is the desired object).
  • the above-described techniques can be used to evaporate the dispersant via temporarily increasing a temperature of the first layer above a temperature of the object.
  • a non-selective laser can be used to irradiate an entire area on which the object is being printed (for example, using a line focused laser).
  • This technique of selective printing followed by non-selective use of a heating source, in particular using a non-selective laser can be used for heating the upper surface or for firing-off (evaporating) dispersant.
  • conventional techniques use non-selective printing (or simply providing to the printing area an ink or other substance from which to construct the 3D object) followed by a selective laser to sinter desired portions of the object.
  • the remaining dispersant or a portion of the dispersant can be evaporated, and then optionally the first (most recently printed) layer can be sintered.
  • a subsequent layer can be printed on top of the first layer after evaporating the carrier, after evaporating dispersant, or after sintering (the printed layer).
  • an object is built from hundreds or thousands of printed layers, so the method repeats by printing a subsequent layer (as a new “first layer”) on top of the previously printed (first) layer.
  • a catalyst can be added to the layer being printed (first layer).
  • Catalysts can be selected from compounds such as halides and copper chloride.
  • the catalyst can be added by a variety of techniques, for example:
  • the object is typically printed on a tray that is heated or made of thermal isolation material.
  • the liquid carrier in the newly dispensed layer abruptly boils (explodes like) when the ink lands on the upper surface, creating a sponge like layer including open plenty tiny inflations. This is because during the abrupt boiling, tiny segments of the dispensed ink inflate (by the carrier gas) and freeze (i.e. become dry), just before the gas makes an opening and “flies” out.
  • the resulting structure of the 3D object body is thus porous. Creating a porous object body may be desirable to allow the remaining dispersant to flow out of the structure of the object during subsequent heating in an oven. Subsequent heating can be used to remove (disintegrate and/or evaporate) remaining dispersant and/or other ink components such as organic material.
  • a present embodiment is a system and method for printing an object.
  • the system facilitates evaporating dispersant in a first layer prior to sintering the first layer and/or prior to printing a second layer.
  • a feature of the current embodiment is evaporating at least a portion of the dispersant during printing.
  • a method for printing an object starts with printing a first layer of at least one ink then evaporating at least a portion of the dispersant, typically substantially all the dispersant. After evaporating at least a portion of the dispersant, a subsequent operation is performed. Subsequent operations include:
  • the carrier prior to evaporating at least a portion of the dispersant, can be evaporated while the dispersant remains in the first layer.
  • a present embodiment is a system and method for printing an object.
  • the system facilitates leveling an upper-layer of a printed object using a horizontal roller.
  • printing can result in an upper-layer (most recently printed/first layer) that is not sufficiently flat (too rough) for subsequent processing.
  • leveling the top of the object is desired.
  • Conventional implementations use vertical milling or grinding disks rotating about vertical beam, or smooth or knurled rollers.
  • an innovative horizontal roller is used.
  • the horizontal roller is a cutting (bladed) roller.
  • a method for printing an object starts with printing a first layer of at least one ink and then at least partially hardening the first layer. Then the first layer is leveled using an innovative horizontal roller.
  • the horizontal roller can include one or more blades (or alternatively a cylindrical grinding surface) and rotation generally about an axis parallel to a plane of the first layer (typically the Y-axis).
  • leveling apparatus After leveling and optionally: cleaning, further hardening, evaporating at least a portion of the dispersant, and/or partial sintering, if the object is not yet complete (incomplete) a subsequent layer of at least one ink is printed on the first layer.
  • a present embodiment is a system and method for printing an object with support.
  • the system facilitates repeatedly printing layers according to a map, each layer with potentially both object and support portions, resulting in an object with support.
  • support for negative angles and molds are particularly preferred.
  • techniques for using support can facilitate using molds, support for negative angles, using reinforced support, and pedestals.
  • the object portion of the layer is printed with object ink, generally referred to as a first ink.
  • the support portion of the object is printed with support ink, generally referred to as a second ink.
  • a method for printing an object with support starts with printing an object portion of a first layer using at least a first ink, the first ink including:
  • a support portion of the first layer using at least a second ink is printed prior to, simultaneously with, or after the object portion is printed.
  • the second ink includes:
  • the second carrier is the first carrier.
  • the second particles are other than the first particles and the carriers are liquids.
  • the support portion can be printed with the second ink and additionally with the first ink.
  • printing is via at least a first printing head, typically two or more printing heads, each printing head jetting one type of ink and each printing head modulated according to a content (object, support, and empty portions) of the first layer.
  • a subsequent layer is printed on the first layer, the subsequent layer including respective object and support portions on the first layer.
  • the solid particles in the support ink can include particles that are: miscible in water; at least partially soluble in water, inorganic solid, organic, polymer, particles having a hardness less than the hardness of the first particles, salt, metal oxides (e.g. Zinc oxide), Silica (SiO 2 ), Calcium sulfate, and tungsten carbide (WC).
  • metal oxides e.g. Zinc oxide
  • Silica SiO 2
  • Calcium sulfate tungsten carbide
  • the particles used in the object and support portions depend on the specific application, requirements, and object properties.
  • Particles used can include metal, metal oxides, metal carbides, metal alloys, inorganic salts, polymeric particles, Polyolefin, and Polyolefin poly (4-methyl 1-pentene).
  • the support When printing of the object with support is complete, the support must be removed from the object either just after printing or after subsequent processing in an oven.
  • the support can be removed from the object using various techniques, the specific technique depending on the type of support. Techniques include firing, immersing to dissolve the support, immersing in water to dissolve the support, immersing in acid to dissolve the support, immersing in a light acid, immersing in a strong acid, immersing in HNO3, sand blasting, water jetting, etc.
  • Non-limiting examples include flexible metal or composite antennas and biological sensors.
  • 2D objects may be composed of a single layer, or relatively few layers. In these cases, the 2D object may have similar requirements as construction of a 3D object. For example, where an ink being used to print a 2D object includes a dispersant for printing but the dispersant must be removed in the completed object.
  • inks referred to in the current description are commercially available conventional inks. It is foreseen that alternative, additional, and new inks can be used with the current invention.
  • Modules are preferably implemented in software, but can also be implemented in hardware and firmware, on a single processor or distributed processors, at one or more locations.
  • the above-described module functions can be combined and implemented as fewer modules or separated into sub-functions and implemented as a larger number of modules. Based on the above description, one skilled in the art will be able to design an implementation for a specific application.

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