JP5759526B2 - ヒトTNFαに結合するヒト抗体 - Google Patents
ヒトTNFαに結合するヒト抗体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5759526B2 JP5759526B2 JP2013228008A JP2013228008A JP5759526B2 JP 5759526 B2 JP5759526 B2 JP 5759526B2 JP 2013228008 A JP2013228008 A JP 2013228008A JP 2013228008 A JP2013228008 A JP 2013228008A JP 5759526 B2 JP5759526 B2 JP 5759526B2
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Description
腫瘍壊死因子α(TNFα)は、単球及びマクロファージを含む多くの型の細胞により産生されるサイトカインであり、それは、元々、ある種のマウスの腫瘍の壊死を誘導するその能力に基づいて同定されたものである。(例えば、非特許文献1参照)。その後、悪液質と関連するカケクチンと呼ばれる因子が、TNFαと同一分子であることが示された。TNFαは、ショックの媒介に関与してきた(例えば、非特許文献2、非特許文献3参照)。その上、TNFαは、敗血症、感染症、自己免疫疾患、移植片拒絶及び移植片対宿主病を含む様々な他のヒトの病気及び障害の病態生理学に関係してきた(例えば、非特許文献4、特許文献1、特許文献2、非特許文献5、非特許文献6参照)。
この発明は、ヒトTNFαに特異的に結合するヒト抗体好ましくは組換えヒト抗体を提供する。この発明の抗体は、hTNFαへの高い親和性及び遅い解離動力学での結合により及び、hTNFα誘導された細胞障害性(イン・ビトロ及びイン・ビボ)及びhTNFα誘導された細胞活性化を含むhTNFα活性を中和することにより特徴付けられる。この発明の抗体は、更に、hTNFαには結合するがhTNFβ(リンホトキシン)には結合しないこと及びヒトTNFαに加えて他の霊長類のTNFα及び非霊長類TNFαに結合する能力を有することにより特徴付けられる。
a)表面プラズモン共鳴により測定して、1×10-3s-1以下のKoffでヒトTNFαから解離する;
b)SEQ ID NO:3のアミノ酸配列又は位置1、4、5、7若しくは8の単一のアラニン置換により又は位置1、3、4、6、7、8及び/若しくは9の1〜5の保存的アミノ酸置換によりSEQ ID NO:3から改変されたアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖CDR3ドメインを有する;
c)SEQ ID NO:4のアミノ酸配列又は位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10若しくは11の単一のアラニン置換により又は位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、11及び/若しくは12の1〜5の保存的アミノ酸置換によりSEQ ID NO:4から改変されたアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖CDR3ドメインを有する。
この発明は、TNFαに、高い親和性、低い解離速度及び高い中和能力をもって結合する単離されたヒト抗体又はその抗原結合部分に関係する。この発明の種々の面は、抗体及び抗体断片、及びそれらの製薬組成物、並びに、かかる抗体及び断片を製造するための核酸、組換え発現ベクター及び宿主細胞に関係する。ヒトTNFαを検出し又はヒトTNFα活性を阻害するためのこの発明の抗体の利用方法(イン・ビトロ又はイン・ビボ)も又、この発明に包含される。
I.ヒトTNFαに結合するヒト抗体
この発明は、ヒトTNFαに高い親和性、低い解離速度及び高い中和能力で結合する、単離されたヒト抗体又はその抗原結合部分を提供する。好ましくは、この発明のヒト抗体は、組換えの中和ヒト抗hTNFα抗体である。最も好適なこの発明の組換えの中和抗体は、ここでは、D2E7といい、図1A、1B及び図2A、2Bに、それぞれ示したVL及びVH配列を有する(D2E7VL領域のアミノ酸配列は、SEQ ID NO:1にも示されており;D2E7VH領域のアミノ酸配列は、SEQ ID NO:2にも示されている)。高い親和性及び遅い解離動力学を示すマウス抗hTNFαMAK195mAb及びD2E7、2SD4と配列において関連する他のヒト抗hTNFα抗体と比較したD2E7の結合特性を下記にまとめる:
a)ヒトTNFαから、表面プラズモン共鳴で測定して、1×10-3s-1以下のKoff速度定数で解離し;
b)SEQ ID NO:3のアミノ酸配列、又は位置1、4、5、7若しくは8における単一アラニン置換又は位置1、3、4、6、7、8及び/若しくは9における1〜5の保存的アミノ酸置換によりSEQ ID NO:3から改変されたアミノ酸配列を含む軽鎖CDR3ドメインを有し;
c)SEQ ID NO:4のアミノ酸配列、又は位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10若しくは11における単一アラニン置換又は位置2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、11及び/若しくは12における1〜5の保存的アミノ酸置換によりSEQ ID NO:4から改変されたアミノ酸配列を含む重鎖CDR3ドメインを有する。
本発明の抗体または抗体部分は、宿主細胞中での免疫グロブリンLおよびH鎖の組換え発現によって製造することができる。組換えによって抗体を発現するには、該抗体の免疫グロブリンLおよびH鎖をコードするDNAフラグメントを有する1種類またはそれ以上の組換え発現ベクターを、宿主細胞に核酸移入して、該LおよびH鎖が、該宿主細胞中で発現され、好ましくは、宿主細胞を培養する培地中に分泌されるようにし、該培地から、抗体を回収することができる。抗体のHおよびL鎖遺伝子を入手し、これらの遺伝子を組換え発現ベクターに組み込み、宿主細胞に導入するには、標準的な組換えDNAの方法、例えば、Sambrook,Fritsch & Maniatis編、Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,Sedond Ed.,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.,(1989);Ausubel,F.M.et al.編、Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,Green Publishing Associates,(1989)およびBossらによる米国特許第4,816,397号明細書に記載のものを用いる。
(a)SEQ ID NO:1のアミノ酸配列を含む可変領域を有する抗体L鎖(すなわちD2E7LCVR);および
(b)SEQ ID NO:2のアミノ酸配列を含む可変領域を有する抗体H鎖(すなわちD2E7HCVR)をコードする組換え発現ベクターを提供する。
本明細書に開示したD2E7またはD2E7関連抗体に加えて、本発明の組換えヒト抗体は、ヒトのリンパ球に由来するmRNAから調製したヒトVLおよびVHcDNAを用いて調製した、組換え組合せ抗体ライブラリー、好ましくはscFvファージ表示ライブラリーのスクリーニングによって単離することができる。そのようなライブラリーを調製し、スクリーニングする方法は、当技術に公知である。ファージ表示ライブラリーの作成のための商業的に入手できるキット(例えば、PharmaciaのRecombinant Phage Antibody System、カタログ番号第27-9400-01号;およびStratageneのSurfZAP(商品名)ファージ表示キット、カタログ番号第240612号)に加えて、抗体表示ライブラリーの作成やスクリーニングに用いるのに特に適応する方法および試薬の例は、例えば、Ladnerらの米国特許第5,223,409号明細書;Kangらの国際公開特許第WO92/18619号公報;Dowerらの国際公開特許第WO91/17271;Winterらの国際公開特許第WO92/20791号公報;Marklandらの国際公開特許第WO92/15679号公報;Breitlingらの国際公開特許第WO93/01288号公報;McCaffertyらの国際公開特許第WO92/01047号公報;Garrardらの国際公開特許第WO92/09690号公報;Fuchs et al.(1991)Bio/Technology 9:1370-1372;Hay et al.(1992)Hum.Antibod.Hybridomas 3:81-85;Huse et al.(1989)Science 246:1275-1281;McCafferty etal.,Nature(1990)348:552-554;Griffiths etal.(1993)EMBO J.12:725-734;Hawkins et al.(1992)J.Mol.Biol.226:889-896;Clackson et al.(1991)Nature352:624-628;Gram et al.(1992)PNAS 89:3576-3580;Garrad et al.(1991)Bio/Technology 2:1373-1377;Hoogenboom et al.(1991)Nuc.Acid Res.19:4133-4137およびBarbas et al.(1991)PNAS88:7978-7982に見出すことが できる。
本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、被験者への投与に適した製剤組成物に組み込むことができる。代表的には、該製剤組成物は、本発明の抗体または抗体部分と、製薬上許容され得る担体とを含む。本明細書に用いられる限りで、「製薬上許容され得る担体」は、生理学的に適合できるいかなるかつすべての溶媒、分散媒、コーティング、抗菌および抗真菌剤、等張剤および吸収遅緩剤などをも包含する。製薬上許容され得る担体の例は、水、生理食塩水、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、デキストロース、グリセリン、エタノールなどのうち1種類またはそれ以上、ならびにそれらの組合せを包含する。多くの場合、等張剤、例えば糖、マンニトールのような多価アルコール、ソルビトールまたは塩化ナトリウムを組成物に含めるのが好ましいと思われる。製薬上許容され得る担体は、湿潤剤もしくは乳化剤、防腐剤または緩衝液のような、副次的量の補助的物質を更に含んでよく、これらは、該抗体または抗体部分の棚保ちや有効性を高める。
hTNFαと結合できることが示されたため、本発明の抗hTNFα抗体またはその部分は、慣用の免疫検定法、例えば酵素結合免疫吸収検定法(ELISA)、放射線免疫検定法(RIA)または組織の免疫組織化学を用いて、(例えば、生物学的試料、例えば血清または血漿中の)hTNFαを検出するのに用いることができる。本発明は、生物学的試料中のhTNFαを検出する方法であって、生物学的を本発明の抗体または抗体部分と接触させ、hTNFαと結合した抗体(もしくは抗体部分)、または結合しなかった抗体(もしくは抗体部分)のいずれかを検出し、それによって該生物学的試料中のhTNFαを検出することを含む方法を提供する。結合または未結合抗体の検出を容易にするために、抗体は、検出できる物質で直接または間接的に標識する。適切な検出可能物質は、様々な酵素、補欠基、蛍光性材料、発光性材料および放射性材料を包含する。適切な酵素の例は、セイヨウワサビペルオキシダーゼ、アルカリ性ホスファターゼ、β−ガラクトシダーゼまたはアセチルコリンエステラーゼを包含し;適切な補欠基複合体の例は、ストレプトアビジン/ビオチンおよびアビジン/ビオチンを包含し;適切な蛍光材料の例は、ウンベリフェロン、フルオレセイン、フルオレセインイソチオシアネート、ローダミン、ジクロロトリアジニルアミンフルオレセイン、ダンシルクロリドまたはフィコエリトリンを包含し;発光性材料の例は、ルミノールを包含し;適切な放射性材料の例は、125I、131I、35Sまたは3Hを包含する。
腫瘍壊死因子は、低血圧、心筋抑制、血管漏出症候群、器官壊死、有毒二次メジエーターの放出、および凝血カスケードの活性化を包含する生物学的効果を有して、敗血症の病態生理学で確定された役割を果たす[例えば、Moeller,A.,etal.(1990)Cytokine 2:162-169;Moellerらへの米国特許第5,231,024号明細書;Moeller,A.によるヨーロッパ特許第260 610 B1号公報;Tracey,K.J.& Cerami,A.(1994)Annu.Rev.Med.45:491-503;Russell,D & Thompson,R.C.(1993)Curr.Opin.Biotech.4:714-721を参照されたい]。したがって、本発明のヒトの抗体および抗体部分は、敗血症ショック、内毒素ショック、グラム陰性敗血症および毒物ショック症候群を包含する、その臨床的設定のいずれかにおいて敗血症を治療するのに用いることができる。
腫瘍壊死因子は、様々な自己免疫病の病態生理学に役割を果たすことに関与している。例えば、TNFαは、リウマチ様関節炎では組織の炎症を活性化し、関節の破損を生起することに関与している[例えば、Moeller,A.,et al.(1990)Cytokine2:162-169;Moellerらへの米国特許第5,231,024号明細書;Moeller,A.によるヨーロッパ特許第260 610 B1号公報;Tracey,K.J. & Cerami,A.(前掲);Arend,W.P.& Dayer,J-M.(1995)Arth.Rheum.38:151-160;Fava,R.A.,etal.(1993)Clin.Exp.Immunol.94:261-266を参照されたい]。TNFαは、糖尿病でも、島細胞の死を促進し、インスリン耐性を媒介することに関与している(例えばTracey &Cerami(前掲);国際公開特許第WO94/08609号公報を参照されたい)。TNFαは、多発性硬化症でも、希突起神経膠細胞に対する細胞毒性の媒介、および炎症斑の誘導に関与している(例えばTracey & Cerami(前掲)を参照されたい)。キメラの人体適応マウス抗hTNFα抗体は、リウマチ様関節炎の治療について臨床試験を経ている[例えば、Elliott,M.J.,et al.(1994)Lancet 344:1125-1127;Elliott,M.J.,et al.(1994)Lancet 344:1105-1110;Rankin,E.C.,et al.(1995)Br.J.Rheumatol.34:334-342を参照されたい]。
腫瘍壊死因子は、様々な伝染病で観察される生物学的効果の仲介に関与している。例えば、TNFαは、マラリアでは、脳の炎症、および毛細血管の血栓症や梗塞の仲介に関与している。TNFαは、髄膜炎では、脳の炎症を仲介し、血液−脳関門の破壊を誘導し、敗血症ショック症候群を誘発し、静脈梗塞を活性化することにも関与している。TNFαは、後天性免疫不全症候群(エイズ)では、悪液質を誘導し、ウイルス増殖を刺激し、中枢神経系の損傷を仲介することにも関与している。したがって、本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、細菌性髄膜炎(例えばヨーロッパ特許第585705号公報を参照されたい)、脳性マラリア、エイズやエイズ関連症候群(ARC)(例えばヨーロッパ特許第230574号公報を参照されたい)を包含する伝染病、および移植に副次的なサイトメガロウイルス感染[例えばFietze,E.,et al.(1994)Transplantation58:675-680を参照されたい]の治療に用いることができる。本発明の抗体または抗体部分は、感染(例えばインフルエンザ)による発熱や筋肉痛、および感染に副次的な悪液質(例えばエイズまたはARCに副次的な)を包含する、伝染病に付随する徴候を緩和するのにも用いることができる。
腫瘍壊死因子は、同種移植拒絶や移植片対宿主病(GVHD)の中枢的メジエーターとして、およびT細胞受容体のCD3複合体に仕向けたラット抗体OKT3を、腎移植体の拒絶を阻害するのに用いたときに観察される副作用を仲介することに関与している[例えば,Eason,J.D.,etal.(1995)Transplantation59:300-305;Suthanthiran,M.& Strom,T.B.(1994)New Engl.J.Med.331:365-375を参照されたい]。したがって、本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、同種および異種移植片の拒絶を包含する移植体拒絶を阻害し、GVHDを阻害するのに用いることができる。抗体または抗体部分は、単独で用いてよいが、最も好ましくは、同種移植片に対する免疫応答を阻害するか、またはGVHDを阻害する1種類またはそれ以上の他の薬剤と併用する。例えば、一実施態様では、本発明の抗体または抗体部分をOKT3と併用して、OKT3で誘導される反応を阻害する。もう一つの実施態様では、本発明の抗体または抗体部分を、免疫応答の調節に関与する他の標的、例えば細胞表面分子のCD25(インターロイキン−2受容体α)、CD11a(LFA−1)、CD54(ICAM−1)、CD4、CD45、CD28/CTLA4、CD80(B7−1)および/またはCD86(B7−2)に仕向けた1種類またはそれ以上の抗体と併用する。更にもう一つの実施態様では、本発明の抗体または抗体部分を、1種類またはそれ以上の一般的な免疫抑制剤、例えばシクロスポリンAまたはFK506と併用する。
腫瘍壊死因子は、悪性腫瘍では、悪液質の誘導、腫瘍成長の刺激、転移能の増強、および細胞毒性の仲介に関与している。したがって、本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、腫瘍成長もしくは転移を阻害し、および/または悪性腫瘍に副次的である悪液質を緩和するために、悪性腫瘍の治療に用いることができる。該抗体または抗体部分は、全身的にか、または腫瘍部位に局所的に投与してよい。
腫瘍壊死因子は、白血球−内皮活性化の刺激、肺細胞への細胞毒性の指向、および血管漏出症候群の誘導を包含する、成人呼吸困難症候群(ARDS)の病態生理学に関与している。したがって、本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、成人呼吸困難症候群(例えば国際公開特許第WO91/04054号公報を参照されたい)、ショック肺、慢性炎症性肺病、肺サルコイドーシス、肺線維症およびケイ肺症を包含する様々な肺疾患を治療するのに用いることができる。該抗体または抗体部分は、全身的にか、または肺表面に局所的に、例えばエアゾルとして投与してよい。本発明の抗体または抗体部分は、サブセクションIIIで更に考察したとおり、肺疾患の治療に役立つ1種類またはそれ以上の追加の治療剤とともに、投与することもできる。
腫瘍壊死因子は、炎症性腸疾患の病態生理学に関与している[例えば、Tracy,K.J.,et al.(1986)Science 234:470-474;Sun,X-M.,et al.(1988)J.Clin.Invest.81:1328-1331;MacDonald,T.T.,et al.(1990)Clin.Exp.Immunol. 81:301-305を参照されたい]。キメラマウスの抗hTNFα抗体は、クローン病の治療について臨床試験を受けている[van Dullemen,H.M.,et al.(1995)Gastroenterology 109:129-135]。本発明のヒト抗体および抗体部分は、腸疾患、例えば、二つの症候群:クローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎を包含する自発性炎症性腸疾患を治療するのに用いることもできる。本発明の抗体または抗体部分は、サブセクションIIIで更に考察したとおり、腸疾患の治療に役立つ1種類またはそれ以上の追加の治療剤とともに、投与することもできる。
本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、心臓の虚血(例えばヨーロッパ特許第453898号公報を参照されたい)および心不全(心筋の弱化)(例えば国際公開特許第WO94/20139号公報を参照されたい)を包含する様々な心疾患を治療するのに用いることもできる。
本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、TNFα活性が不都合であるその他の様々な疾患を治療するのに用いることもできる。TNFαが病態生理学に関与しており、そのため本発明の抗体または抗体部分を用いて治療できるその他の疾病および疾患の例は、炎症性骨疾患および骨吸収病[例えば、Bertolini,D.R.,et al.(1986)Nature 319:516-518;Konig,A.,et al.(1988)J.Bone Miner.Res.3:621-627;Lerner,U.H.& Ohlin A.(1993)J.Bone Miner.Res.8:147-155;およびShankar,G.&Stern,P.H.(1993)Bone14:871-876を参照されたい]、アルコール性肝炎[例えば、McClain,C.J.& Cohen,D.A.(1989)Hepatology 9:349-351;Felver,M.E.,et al.(1990)Alcohol Clin.Exp.Res.14:255-259;およびHansen,J.,et al.(1994)Hepatology 20:461-474を参照されたい]、ウイルス性肝炎[Sheron,N.,et al.(1991)J.Hepatol.12:241-245;およびHussain,M.J.,et al.(1994)J.Clin.Pathol.47:1112-1115]、および電撃的肝炎を包含する肝炎;凝固障害[例えば、van der Poll,T.,et al.(1990)N.Engl.J.Med.322:1622-1627;およびvan der Poll,T.,et al.(1991)Prog.Clin.Biol.Res.367:55-60を参照されたい]、火傷[例えば、Giroir,B.P.,et al.(1994)Am.J.Physiol.267:H118-124;およびLiu,X.S.,etal.(1994)Burns 20:40-44を参照されたい]、再灌流損傷[例えば、Scales,W.E.,et al.(1994)Am.J.Physiol.267:G1122-1127;Serrick,C.,et al.(1994)Transplantation58:1158-1162;およびYao,Y.M.,et al.(1995)Resuscitation 29:157-168を参照されたい]、ケロイド形成[例えば、McCauley,R.L.,et al.(1992)J.Clin.Immunol.12:300-308を参照されたい]、瘢痕組織形成;発熱;歯根膜病;肥満症、ならびに放射線毒性を包含する。
リガンド(バイオセンサーのマトリックスに固定化されたビオチニル化組換えヒトTNFα(rhTNFα))と被分析物(溶液中の抗体)との実時間での結合相互作用を、BIAコアシステム(Pharmacia Biosensor, Piscataway,NJ)を用いた表面プラスモン共鳴(SPR)によって測定した。このシステムは、SPRの光学的特性を利用して、デキストランバイオセンサーマトリックス中のタンパク質の濃度の変化を検出する。タンパク質は、既知の濃度でデキストランのマトリックスと共有結合させる。抗体は、デキストランマトリックスを通じて注入し、注入された抗体と固定化されたリガンドとの特異的結合が、マトリックスのタンパク質濃度の上昇、および結果的なSPRシグナルの変化を招く。SPRでのこれらの変化は、共鳴単位(RU)として記録され、センサー記録図のy軸に沿って時間について表示される。バイオセンサーマトリックスへのビオチニル化rhTNFαの固定化を促すため、初めに100mMのN−ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(NHS)および400mMの塩酸N−エチル−N’−(3−ジエチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド(EDC)によるマトリックス上のカルボキシル基の活性化によって、ストレプトアビジンを、遊離アミノ基を介してデキストランマトリックスに共有結合させる。次いで、活性化されたマトリックス越しにストレプトアビジンを注入する。酢酸ナトリウム、pH4.5に希釈したストレプトアビジン35μl(25μg/ml)を、活性化されたバイオセンサー越しに注入し、タンパク質上の遊離アミンを、活性化されたカルボキシル基に直接結合させる。1Mのエタノールアミンの注入によって、未反応のマトリックスEDC−エステルを失活させる。ストレプトアビジンと結合したバイオセンサーのチップは、商業的に入手可能でもある(Pharmacia BR-1000-16、Pharmacia Biosensor,Piscataway,NJ)。
標準的方法を用い、D2E7VLおよびD2E7VH領域のCDRドメイン沿いに、一連のアラニン単一突然変異を導入した。L鎖の突然変異を図1Bに示す(LD2E7*.A1、LD2E7*.A3、LD2E7*.A4、LD2E7*.A5、LD2E7*.A7およびLD2E7*.A8:D2E7VLCDR3ドメインの、それぞれ第1、3、4、5、7または8位でのアラニン突然変異を有する)。H鎖の突然変異を図2Bに示す(HD2E7*.A1、HD2E7*.A2、HD2E7*.A3、HD2E7*.A4、HD2E7*.A5、HD2E7*.A6、HD2E7*.A7、HD2E7*.A8およびHD2E7*.A9:D2E7VHCDR3ドメインの、それぞれ第2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10または11位でのアラニン突然変異を有する)。野生型D2E7VLおよびVHで構成される抗体とのrhTNFαの相互作用の速度論を、(1)アラニン置換D2E7VHと対合させた野生型D2E7VL;(2)アラニン置換D2E7VLと対合させた野生型D2E7VH;または(3)アラニン置換D2E7VHと対合させたアラニン置換D2E7VLで構成される抗体とのそれと比較した。すべての抗体は、完全長IgG4分子として試験した。
D2E7に順次関連する一連の抗体を、実施例1に記載のとおりの表面プラスモン共鳴によって、rhTNFαとのそれらの結合について分析した。試験したVL領域のアミノ酸配列を図1Aおよび1Bに示す。試験したVH領域のアミノ酸配列を図2Aおよび2Bに示す。(完全長IgG1もしくはIgG4抗体、またはscFvのいずれかとして示されたフォーマットでの)様々なVH/VL対についてのKoff速度を、下記の表6に要約する:
D2E7の機能的活性を調べるために、該抗体がhTNFα活性をin vitroまたはin vivoのいずれでも阻害できる能力を測定するいくつかの検定で、該抗体を用いた。
ヒト組換えTNFα(rhTNFα)は、18〜24時間のインキュベーション期間後にマウスL929細胞に細胞毒性を生起する。ヒト抗hTNFα抗体を、下記のような、rhTNFαおよび細胞との抗体の同時インキュベーションによるL929の検定で評価した。抗hTNFαAb100μlを含む96穴微量滴定プレートを、10%ウシ胎児血清(FBS)を含有するRPMI培地を用いて、二重にしたプレート伝いに1/3に系統希釈した。rhTNFα50μlを加えて、各試料のウェル中で500pg/mlの最終濃度とした。次いで、プレートを室温で30分間インキュベートした。次に、TNFα感受性であるL929マウス線維芽細胞50μlを加えて、1μg/mlのアクチノマイシンDを含む1ウェルあたり、5×104の細胞の最終濃度とした。対照は、培地に細胞を加えたものと、rhTNFαに細胞を加えたものとを含んだ。これらの対照、および2ng/ml〜8.2pg/mlにわたるTNFαの標準曲線を用いて、検定の質を決定し、中和の窓口を与えた。次いで、プレートを5%CO2中で37℃で終夜(18〜24時間)インキュベートした。
ヒト抗hTNFα抗体が、細胞の表面でhTNFα受容体とのhTNFαの結合を阻害できる能力を、hTNFα受容体を発現するヒト組織球細胞系統であるU−937細胞系統(ATCC第CRL1593)を用いて調べた。U−937細胞を、10%ウシ胎児血清(Hyclone A-1111、Hyclone Laboratories,Logan,UT)、L−グルタミン(4nM)、HEPES緩衝液(10mM)、ペニシリン(100μg/ml)およびストレプトマイシン(100μg/ml)で強化したRPMI1640培地で増殖させた。完全長IgG抗体の活性を調べるために、1mg/mlのヒトIgG(Sigma I-4506、Sigma Chemical Co.,St.Louis,MO)で強化したPBSとともにU−937細胞を氷上で45分間前インキュベートし、次いで、細胞を結合用緩衝液で3回洗浄した。受容体結合検定のためには、U−937細胞(5×106細胞/ウェル)を、96穴微量滴定プレート(Costar3799、CostarCorp.,Cambridge,MA)内で結合用緩衝液中で、125I標識化rhTNFα(3×10-10M;25μCi/ml;より入手)とともに、抗hTNFαを加えるか、または加えずに、0.2mlの総量でインキュベートした。プレートを氷上で1.5時間インキュベートした。次いで、各試料75μlを、ジブチルフタル酸塩(Sigma D-2270、Sigma Chemical Co.,St.Louis,MO)およびジノニルフタル酸塩(ICN210733、ICN,Irvine,CA)を含む1.0ml入り試験管(Sarstedt 72.700、Sarstedt Corp.,Princeton,NJ)に移した。試験管は、ジブチルフタル酸塩およびジノニルフタル酸塩のそれぞれ2:1の体積比の混合物300mlを含んだ。遊離(すなわち未結合)125I標識化rhTNFαを、5分間の微量遠心分離によって除去した。次いで、細胞のペレットを含む各試験管端を、微小管鋏(Bel-Art210180001、Bel-Art Products,Pequannock,NJ)を援用して切断した。細胞ペレットは、p60またはp80TNFα受容体と125I標識化rhTNFαを含むが、油混合物の上の水相は、過剰な遊離125I標識化rhTNFαを含む。すべての細胞ペレットを計数管(Falcon2052、Becton DickinsonLabware,Lincoln Park,NJ)内に捕集し、シンチレーションカウンターで計数した。
ヒト臍静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)は、rhTNFαの投与によって、それらの細胞表面で内皮細胞白血球付着分子1(ELAM−1)を発現するよう誘導することができ、これは、rhTNFα投与HUVECをマウス抗ヒトELAM−1抗体と反応させることによって検出できる。ヒト抗hTNFα抗体がHUVECでのELAM−1のこのTNFαに誘導された発現を阻害できる能力を、下記のとおり調べた:HUVEC(ATCC第CRL 1730号)を96穴プレートに接種し(5×104細胞/ウェル)、37℃で終夜インキュベートした。翌日、ヒト抗hTNFα抗体の系統希釈(1:10)を、20〜100μg/mlの抗体で開始して、微量滴定プレート中に調製した。rhTNFαの原液を4.5ng/mlで調製し、rhTNFαのアリコートを、抗体を含む各ウェルに加え、内容を充分混合した。対照は、培地のみ、培地プラス抗hTNFα抗体、および培地プラスrhTNFαを包含した。HUVECのプレートを、その37℃での終夜インキュベーションから取り出し、培地を各ウェルから静かに吸引した。抗体−rhTNFα混合物200μlをHUVECプレートの各ウェルに移した。次いで、HUVECプレートを37℃で更に4時間インキュベートした。次に、マウス抗ELAM−1抗体の原液をRPMIで1:1,000に希釈した。HUVECプレートの各ウェルの培地を静かに吸引し、50μl/ウェルの抗ELAM−1抗体液を加え、HUVECプレートを室温で60分インキュベートした。125I標識化抗マウスIg抗体液をRPMI中に調製した(50μl中約50,000cpm)。HUVECプレートの各ウェルの培地を静かに吸引し、ウェルをRPMIで2回洗浄し、125I標識化抗マウスIg液50μlを各ウェルに加えた。プレートを室温で1時間インキュベートし、次いで、各ウェルをRPMIで3回洗浄した。5%SDS180μlを各ウェルに加えて、細胞を溶解させた。次いで、各ウェルからの細胞溶解液を管に移し、シンチレーションカウンターで計数した。
3種類のin vivo系を用いて、D2E7がin vivoでhTNFα活性の阻害に有効であることを立証した。
D−ガラクトサミンで感作したマウスへの組換えヒトTNFα(rhTNFα)の注入は、24時間以内に致死性を生じる。このモデルでヒト抗hTNFα抗体がhTNFαをin vivoで中和できることを調べるため、PBS中の様々な濃度のD2E7−IgG1または対照タンパク質を、C57Bl/6マウスに腹腔内(i.p.)注射した。30分後、PBS中のrhTNFα1μg、およびD−ガラクトサミン20mg、i.p.にマウスを挑戦させ、24時間後に観察した。rhTNFαおよびD−ガラクトサミンのこれらの量は、80〜90%の致死率を達成するよう予め決定した。
ウサギでのrhTNFで誘導される発熱応答の阻害におけるD2E7の薬効を調べた。体重約2.5kgのNZW系雌ウサギ3匹の群に、それぞれ、D2E7、rhTNF、およびD2E7とrhTNFとの免疫複合体を静脈内注射した。Kaye熱記録装置に接続したサーミスタのプローブによって、直腸温を1分ごとに約4時間測定した。5μg/kgとして注入した、生理食塩水中の組換えヒトTNFは、0.4℃を超える温度の上昇を注射の約45分後に誘発した。生理食塩水中に138μg/kgの用量での抗体製剤自体は、投与の140分後までウサギに温度上昇を全く誘発しなかった。以後のすべての実験では、D2E7または対照試薬(ヒトIgG1または生理食塩水担体)をウサギに静脈内注射した後、15分後に、生理食塩水中のrhTNFを5μg/kgとして静脈内注射した。いくつかの実験の代表的な結果を、下記の表14に要約する。
疾病の発症に対するD2E7の効果を、関節炎のトランスジェニックマウスのモデルで調査した。ヒト野生型TNFを発現する(コーディング配列を越えた3’領域が修飾されている)トランスジェニックマウス(Tg197)を生成し、これらのマウスは、生後4〜7週に100%の発生率で慢性多発性関節炎を発症する[多発性Tg197モデルのこれ以上の説明についてはEMBO J.(1991)10:4025-4031を参照されたい]。
D2E7の結合特異性を、L929細胞毒性検定(上記の実施例4、サブセクションAで記載したとおり)を用い、様々な霊長類の種およびマウスからの腫瘍壊死因子を中和できるその能力によって調べた。結果を、下記の表16に要約する:
この実施例では、D2E7がそれ自体で、正常なヒトの血球を、サイトカインを分泌し、細胞表面の分子を脱落させるよう誘導できることを調べた。異なる3種類の正常な供与体からの、様々な濃度に希釈した全血とともに、D2E7を24時間インキュベートした。同時に、LPSの正の対照を、免疫担当血球を刺激してサイトカインを分泌させるよう予め決定した濃度で行動させた。上清を採集し、一連の10種類のサイトカイン、受容体および付着分子のELISAキット:すなわちIL−1α、IL−1β、IL−1受容体作用薬、IL−6、IL−8、TNFα、可溶性TNF受容体I、可溶性TNF受容体II、可溶性ICAM−1および可溶性E−セレクチン中で試験した。343μg/mlまでの濃度でのD2E7抗体との同時インキュベーションの結果として測定された、有意量のサイトカイン、または脱落した細胞表面分子は皆無であった。抗体の添加なしの対照培養体も、何ら測定可能量のサイトカインを生産しなかったのに対して、LPSと同時培養の対照は、高いpgないし低いngの範囲の増大した値を生じた。これらの結果は、D2E7が、生体外での培養体で全血球を、正常レベルを超えてサイトカインを分泌するか、または細胞表面タンパク質を脱落させるよう誘導しなかったことを示す。
Claims (6)
- SEQ ID NO:7のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR1ドメイン、SEQ ID NO:5のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR2ドメイン、及びSEQ ID NO:3のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR3ドメインを含む、軽鎖可変領域、並びに
SEQ ID NO:8のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR1ドメイン、SEQ ID NO:6のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR2ドメイン、及びSEQ ID NO:4のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR3ドメインを含む、重鎖可変領域
を含む、単離されたヒト抗体であって、
ヒトTNFαから、1×10-8M以下のKd及び1×10-3s-1以下のKoff速度定数で解離し、この両者は表面プラズモン共鳴により測定されたものであり、且つ、ヒトの臍静脈内皮細胞でのELAM−1のヒトTNFα誘導発現を阻害する、単離されたヒト抗体。 - ヒトTNFαから、5×10-4s-1以下のKoff速度定数で解離する、請求項1に記載の単離されたヒト抗体。
- ヒトTNFαから、1×10-4s-1以下のKoff速度定数で解離する、単離されたヒト抗体。
- ヒトTNFαの細胞障害性を、標準的イン・ビトロL929アッセイで1×10-8M以下のIC50で中和する、請求項1に記載の単離されたヒト抗体。
- ヒトTNFαの細胞障害性を、標準的イン・ビトロL929アッセイで1×10-9M以下のIC50で中和する、単離されたヒト抗体。
- ヒトTNFαの細胞障害性を、標準的イン・ビトロL929アッセイで1×10-10M以下のIC50で中和する、請求項1に記載の単離されたヒト抗体。
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