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  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
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  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
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  • C07C259/00—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C259/04—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • C07C259/06—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids having carbon atoms of hydroxamic groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
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  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/14—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical
  • C07D209/16—Tryptamines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/64—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. histidine
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D295/155—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
  • C07D307/79—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D307/81—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to hydroxamate compounds which are inhibitors of histone deacetylase.
• the inventive compounds are useful as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of proliferative diseases.
• HDA histone deacetylase
• histone acetyltrasferase together control the level of acetylation of histones to maintain a balance. Inhibition of HDA results in the accumulation of hyperacetylated histones, which results in a variety of cellular responses.
• Inhibitors of HDA have been studied for their therapeutic effects on cancer cells.
• butyric acid and its derivatives including sodium phenylbutyrate, have been reported to induce apoptosis in vitro in human colon carcinoma, leukemia and retinoblastoma cell lines.
• butyric acid and its derivatives are not useful pharmacological agents because they tend to be metabolized rapidly and have a very short half-life in vivo.
• Other inhibitors of HDA that have been widely studied for their anti-cancer activities are trichostatin A and trapoxin.
• Trichostatin A is an antifungal and antibiotic and is a reversible inhibitor of mammalian HDA.
• Trapoxin is a cyclic tetrapeptide, which is an irreversible inhibitor of mammalian HDA. Although trichostatin and trapoxin have been studied for their anti-cancer activities, the in vivo instability of the compounds makes them less suitable as anti-cancer drugs. There remains a need for an active compound that is suitable for treating tumors, including cancerous tumors, that is highly efficacious and stable.
• the present invention provides efficacious deacetylase inhibitor compounds that are useful as pharmaceutical agents having the formula I wherein
• the compounds of the present invention are suitable as active agents in pharmaceutical compositions that are efficacious particularly for treating cellular proliferative ailments.
• the pharmaceutical composition has a pharmaceutically effective amount of the present active agent along with other pharmaceutically acceptable exipients, carriers, fillers, diluents and the like.
• pharmaceutically effective amount as used herein indicates an amount necessary to administer to a host to achieve a therapeutic result, especially an anti-tumor effect, e.g., inhibition of proliferation of malignant cancer cells, benign tumor cells or other proliferative cells.
• the present invention provides hydroxamate compounds, e.g., hydroxamic acids, that are inhibitors of deacetylases, preferably inhibitors of histone deacetylases.
• the hydroxamate compounds are highly suitable for treating tumors, including cancerous tumors.
• the hydroxamate compounds of the present invention have the following structure I wherein
• unsubstituted means that there is no substituent or that the only substituents are hydrogen.
• Halo substituents are selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo, preferably fluoro or chloro.
• Alkyl substituents include straight and branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl, unless otherwise noted.
• suitable straight and branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituents include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, and the like.
• the alkyl substituents include both unsubstituted alkyl groups and alkyl groups that are substituted by one or more suitable substituents, including unsaturation (i.e.
• alkyl groups there are one or more double or triple C-C bonds), acyl, cycloalkyl, halo, oxyalkyl, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, acylamino and OR 15 , for example, alkoxy.
• Preferred substituents for alkyl groups include halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, oxyalkyl, alkylamino, and aminoalkyl.
• Cycloalkyl substituents include C 3 -C 9 cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like, unless otherwise specified.
• cycloalkyl substituents include both unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups that are substituted by one or more suitable substituents, including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, halo, hydroxy, aminoalkyl, oxyalkyl, alkylamino, and OR 15 , such as alkoxy.
• Preferred substituents for cycloalkyl groups include halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, oxyalkyl, alkylamino and aminoalkyl.
• alkyl and cycloalkyl substituents also applies to the alkyl portions of other substituents, such as without limitation, alkoxy, alkyl amines, alkyl ketones, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkylsulfonyl and alkyl ester substituents and the like.
• Heterocycloalkyl substituents include 3 to 9 membered aliphatic rings, such as 4 to 7 membered aliphatic rings, containing from one to three heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• suitable heterocycloalkyl substituents include pyrrolidyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, piperidyl, piperazyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morphilino, 1,3-diazapane, 1,4-diazapane, 1,4-oxazepane, and 1,4-oxathiapane.
• the rings are unsubstituted or substuted on the carbon atoms by one or more suitable substituents, including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 4 -C 9 cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl (e.g., benzyl), and heteroarylalkyl (e.g., pyridylmethyl), halo, amino, alkyl amino and OR 15 , for example alkoxy.
• suitable substituents including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 4 -C 9 cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl (e.g., benzyl), and heteroarylalkyl (e.g., pyridylmethyl), halo, amino, alkyl amino and OR 15 , for example alkoxy.
• nitrogen heteroatoms are unsubstituted or substituted by H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, arylalkyl (e.g., benzyl), and heteroarylalkyl (e.g., pyridylmethyl), acyl, aminoacyl, alkylsulfonyl, and arylsulfonyl.
• Cycloalkylalkyl substituents include compounds of the formula -(CH 2 ) n5 -cycloalkyl wherein n5 is a number from 1-6.
• Suitable cycloalkylalkyl substituents include cyclopentylmethyl-, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylmethyl and the like. Such substituents are unsubstituted or substituted in the alkyl portion or in the cycloalkyl portion by a suitable substituent, including those listed above for alkyl and cycloalkyl.
• Aryl substituents include unsubstituted phenyl and phenyl substituted by one or more suitable substituents, including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cycloalkylalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), O(CO)alkyl, oxyalkyl, halo, nitro, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkyl ketones, nitrile, carboxyalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, and OR 15 , such as alkoxy.
• suitable substituents including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cycloalkylalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), O(CO)alkyl, oxyalkyl, halo, nitro, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkyl ketones, nitrile, carboxyalkyl, alkylsulfon
• Preferred substituents include including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), alkoxy, oxyalkyl, halo, nitro, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkyl ketones, nitrile, carboxyalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, and aminosulfonyl.
• Suitable aryl groups include C 1 -C 4 alkylphenyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxyphenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, methoxyphenyl, hydroxyethylphenyl, dimethylaminophenyl, aminopropylphenyl, carbethoxyphenyl, methanesulfonylphenyl and tolylsulfonylphenyl.
• Aromatic polycycles include naphthyl, and naphthyl substituted by one or more suitable substituents, including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cycloalkylalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), oxyalkyl, halo, nitro, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkyl ketones, nitrile, carboxyalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl and OR 15 , such as alkoxy.
• suitable substituents including C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cycloalkylalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), oxyalkyl, halo, nitro, amino, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkyl ketones, nitrile, carboxyalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl
• Heteroaryl substituents include compounds with a 5 to 7 member aromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms, for example from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from N, O and S.
• Typical heteroaryl substituents include furyl, thienyl, pyrrole, pyrazole, triazole, thiazole, oxazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, isoxazolyl, pyrazine and the like.
• heteroaryl substituents are unsubstituted or substituted on a carbon atom by one or more suitable substituents, including alkyl, the alkyl substituents identified above, and another heteroaryl substituent.
• Nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted, for example by R 13 ; especially useful N substituents include H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, acyl, aminoacyl, and sulfonyl.
• Arylalkyl substituents include groups of the formula -(CH 2 ) n5 -aryl, -(CH 2 ) n5-1 -(CHaryl)-(CH 2 ) n5 -aryl or -(CH 2 ) n5-1 CH(aryl)(aryl) wherein aryl and n5 are as defined above.
• Such arylalkyl substituents include benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1-phenylethyl, tolyl-3-propyl, 2-phenylpropyl, diphenylmethyl, 2-diphenylethyl, 5,5-dimethyl-3-phenylpentyl and the like.
• Arylalkyl substituents are unsubstituted or substituted in the alkyl moiety or the aryl moiety or both as described above for alkyl and aryl substituents.
• Heteroarylalkyl substituents include groups of the formula -(CH 2 ) n5 -heteroaryl wherein heteroaryl and n5 are as defined above and the bridging group is linked to a carbon or a nitrogen of the heteroaryl portion, such as 2-, 3- or 4-pyridylmethyl, imidazolylmethyl, quinolylethyl, and pyrrolylbutyl. Heteroaryl substituents are unsubstituted or substituted as discussed above for heteroaryl and alkyl substituents.
• Amino acyl substituents include groups of the formula -C(O)-(CH 2 ) n -C(H)(NR 13 R 14 )-(CH 2 ) n -R 5 wherein n, R 13 , R 14 and R 5 are described above.
• Suitable aminoacyl substituents include natural and non-natural amino acids such as glycinyl, D-tryptophanyl, L-lysinyl, D- or L-homoserinyl, 4-aminobutryic acyl, ⁇ -3-amin-4-hexenoyl.
• Non-aromatic polycycle substituents include bicyclic and tricyclic fused ring systems where each ring can be 4-9 membered and each ring can contain zero, 1 or more double and/or triple bonds.
• Suitable examples of non-aromatic polycycles include decalin, octahydroindene, perhydrobenzocycloheptene, perhydrobenzo-[ f ]-azulene.
• Such substituents are unsubstituted or substituted as described above for cycloalkyl groups.
• Mixed aryl and non-aryl polycycle substituents include bicyclic and tricyclic fused ring systems where each ring can be 4 - 9 membered and at least one ring is aromatic.
• Suitable examples of mixed aryl and non-aryl polycycles include methylenedioxyphenyl, bis- methylenedioxyphenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, dibenzosuberane, dihdydroanthracene, 9H-fluorene.
• substituents are unsubstituted or substituted by nitro or as described above for cycloalkyl groups.
• Polyheteroaryl substituents include bicyclic and tricyclic fused ring systems where each ring can independently be 5 or 6 membered and contain one or more heteroatom, for example, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms, chosen from O, N or S such that the fused ring system is aromatic.
• Suitable examples of polyheteroaryl ring systems include quinoline, isoquinoline, pyridopyrazine, pyrrolopyridine, furopyridine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiofuran, benzindole, benzoxazole, pyrroloquinoline, and the like.
• Nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted, for example by R 13 ; especially useful N substituents include H, C 1 - C 4 alkyl, acyl, aminoacyl, and sulfonyl.
• Non-aromatic polyheterocyclic substituents include bicyclic and tricyclic fused ring systems where each ring can be 4- 9 membered, contain one or more heteroatom, for example, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms, chosen from O, N or S and contain zero or one or more C-C double or triple bonds.
• non-aromatic polyheterocycles include hexitol, cis-perhydro-cyclohepta[b]pyridinyl, decahydro-benzo[f][1,4]oxazepinyl, 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane, hexahydro-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, perhydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, perhydronaphthyridine, perhydro-1H-dicyclopenta[b,e]pyran.
• non-aromatic polyheterocyclic substituents are unsubstituted or substituted on a carbon atom by one or more substituents, including alkyl and the alkyl substituents identified above.
• Nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted, for example, by R 13 ; especially useful N substituents include H, C 1 - C 4 alkyl, acyl, aminoacyl, and sulfonyl.
• Mixed aryl and non-aryl polyheterocycles substituents include bicyclic and tricyclic fused ring systems where each ring can be 4 - 9 membered, contain one or more heteroatom chosen from O, N or S, and at least one of the rings must be aromatic.
• Suitable examples of mixed aryl and non-aryl polyheterocycles include 2,3-dihydroindole, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 5,11-dihydro-10H-dibenz[b,e][1,4]diazepine, 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine, 1,2-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b][1,5]benzodiazepine, 1,5-dihydropyrido[2,3-b][1,4]diazepin-4-one, 1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-benzo[b]pyrido[2,3-e][1,4]diazepin-5-one.
• Nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted, for example, by R 13 ; especially useful N substituents include H, C 1 - C 4 alkyl, acyl, aminoacyl, and sulfonyl.
• Amino substituents include primary, secondary and tertiary amines and in salt form, quaternary amines.
• Examples of amino substituents include mono- and di-alkylamino, mono- and di-aryl amino, mono- and di-arylalkyl amino, aryl-arylalkylamino, alkyl-arylamino, alkyl-arylalkylamino and the like.
• Sulfonyl substituents include alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl, for example methane sulfonyl, benzene sulfonyl, tosyl and the like.
• Acyl substituents include groups of the formula -C(O)-W, -OC(O)-W, -C(O)-O-W and -C(O)NR 13 R 14 , where W is R 16 , H or cycloalkylalkyl.
• Acylamino substituents include groups of the formula -N(R 12 )C(O)-W, -N(R 12 )C(O)-O-W, and -N(R 12 )C(O)-NHOH and R 12 and W are as defined above.
• Useful compounds of the formula I include those wherein each of R 1 , X, Y, R 3 , and R 4 is H, including those wherein one of n 2 and n 3 is zero and the other is 1, especially those wherein R 2 is H or -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH.
• hydroxamate compounds are those of formula la wherein
• R 2 ' is selected from H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), -(CH 2 ) 2-4 OR 21 where R 21 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and i -propyl, and R 5 " is unsubstituted 1 H -indol-3-yl, benzofuran-3-yl or quinolin-3-yl, or substituted 1 H -indol-3-yl, such as 5-fluoro-1 H -indol-3-yl or 5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl, benzofuran-3-yl or quinolin-3-yl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another interesting genus of hydroxamate compounds are the compounds of formula Ic wherein the ring containing Z 1 is aromatic or non-aromatic, which non-aromatic rings are saturated or unsaturated, Z 1 is O, S or N-R 20 , R 18 is H, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl (methyl, ethyl, t-butyl), C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, aryl, for example unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted by 4-OCH 3 or 4-CF 3 , or heteroaryl, such as 2-furanyl, 2-thiophenyl or 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl; R 20 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 9 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl (e.g., benzyl), heteroarylal
• R 2 is selected from H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 4 - C 9 cycloalkyl, C 4 - C 9 heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, -(CH 2 ) n C(O)R 6 , amino acyl and -(CH 2 ) n R 7 ;
• v is 0, 1 or 2
• p is 0-3, and q is 1-5 and r is 0 or q is 0 and r is 1-5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the other variable substituents are as defined above.
• Especially useful compounds of formula Ic are those wherein R 2 is H, or -(CH 2 ) p CH 2 OH, wherein p is 1-3, especially those wherein R 1 is H; such as those wherein R 1 is H and X and Y are each H, and wherein q is 1-3 and r is 0 or wherein q is 0 and r is 1-3, especially those wherein Z 1 is N-R 20 .
• R 2 is preferably H or -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH and the sum of q and r is preferably 1.
• hydroxamate compounds are the compounds of formula Id wherein Z 1 is O, S or N-R 20 , R 18 is H, halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl (methyl, ethyl, t-butyl), C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, aryl, for example, unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl substituted by 4-OCH 3 or 4-CF 3 , or heteroaryl, R 20 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 9 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropylmethyl), aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl (e.g., benzyl), heteroarylalkyl (e.g., pyridylmethyl), acyl (acetyl, propionyl, benzoyl) or sulfonyl (methanesulfonyl,
• Especially useful compounds of formula ld are those wherein R 2 is H, or -(CH 2 ) p CH 2 OH, wherein p is 1-3, especially those wherein R 1 is H; such as those wherein R 1 is H and X and Y are each H, and wherein q is 1-3 and r is 0 or wherein q is 0 and r is 1-3.
• R 2 is preferably H or -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH and the sum of q and r is preferably 1.
• the present invention further relates to compounds of the formula le or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the variable substituents are as defined above.
• Especially useful compounds of formula le are those wherein R 18 is H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl group, unsubstituted phenyl, phenyl substituted in the para position, or a heteroaryl (e.g., pyridyl) ring.
• R 18 is H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a substituted C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, a C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl group, unsubstituted phenyl, phenyl substituted in the para position, or a heteroaryl (e.g., pyridyl) ring.
• R 2 is H, or -(CH 2 ) p CH 2 OH, wherein p is 1-3, especially those wherein R 1 is H; such as those wherein R 1 is H and X and Y are each H, and wherein q is 1-3 and r is 0 or wherein q is 0 and r is 1-3.
• R 2 is preferably H or -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH and the sum of q and r is preferably 1.
• R 18 is H, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-furanyl, 2-thiophenyl, or 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl wherein the 2-furanyl, 2-thiophenyl and 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl substituents are unsubstituted or substituted as described above for heteroaryl rings;
• R 2 is H, or -(CH 2 ) p CH 2 OH, wherein p is 1-3; especially those wherein R 1 is H and X and Y are each H, and wherein q is 1-3 and r is 0 or wherein q is 0 and r is 1-3.
• R 2 is preferably H or -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH and the sum of q and r is preferably 1.
• the present invention further relates to the compounds of the formula If or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the variable substituents are as defined above.
• Useful compounds of formula If are those wherein R 2 is H, or -(CH 2 ) p CH 2 OH, wherein p is 1-3, especially those wherein R 1 is H; such as those wherein R 1 is H and X and Y are each H, and wherein q is 1-3 and r is 0 or wherein q is 0 and r is 1-3.
• R 2 is preferably H or -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH and the sum of q and r is preferably 1.
• N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(benzofur-3-yl)-ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is an important compound of formula If.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts and acid addition salts, for example, metal salts, such as alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts, organic amine addition salts, and amino acid addition salts, and sulfonate salts.
• Acid addition salts include inorganic acid addition salts such as hydrochloride, sulfate and phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as alkyl sulfonate, arylsulfonate, acetate, maleate, fumarate, tartrate, citrate and lactate.
• metal salts are alkali metal salts, such as lithium salt, sodium salt and potassium salt, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium salt and calcium salt, aluminum salt, and zinc salt.
• ammonium salts are ammonium salt and tetramethylammonium salt.
• organic amine addition salts are salts with morpholine and piperidine.
• amino acid addition salts are salts with glycine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid and lysine.
• Sulfonate salts include mesylate, tosylate and benzene sulfonic acid salts.
• the many of the deacetylase inhibitor compounds of the present invention contain asymmetric carbon atoms. It should be understood, therefore, that the individual stereoisomers are contemplated as being included within the scope of this invention.
• the hydroxamate compounds of the present invention can be produced by known organic synthesis methods.
• the hydroxamate compounds can be produced by reacting methyl 4-formyl cinnamate with tryptamine and then converting the reactant to the hydroxamate compounds.
• methyl 4-formyl cinnamate 2 is prepared by acid catalyzed esterification of 4-formylcinnamic acid 3 ( Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1995; 68:2355-2362 ).
• An alternate preparation of methyl 4-formyl cinnamate 2 is by a Pd-catalyzed coupling of methyl acrylate 4 with 4-bromobenzaldehyde 5.
• Additional starting materials can be prepared from 4-carboxybenzaldehyde 6, and an exemplary method is illustrated for the preparation of aldehyde 9, shown below.
• the carboxylic acid in 4-carboxybenzaldehyde 6 can be protected as a silyl ester (e.g., the t- butyldimethylsilyl ester) by treatment with a silyl chloride (e.g., t -butyldimethylsilyl chloride) and a base (e.g. triethylamine) in an appropriate solvent (e.g., dichloromethane).
• silyl ester e.g., the t- butyldimethylsilyl ester
• a base e.g. triethylamine
• the resulting silyl ester 7 can undergo an olefination reaction (e.g., a Horner-Emmons olefination) with a phosphonate ester (e.g., triethyl 2-phosphonopropionate) in the presence of a base (e.g., sodium hydride) in an appropriate solvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran (THF)).
• a base e.g., sodium hydride
• an appropriate solvent e.g., tetrahydrofuran (THF)
• acid e.g., aqueous hydrochloric acid
• the aldehyde starting materials 2 or 9 can be reductively aminated to provide secondary or tertiary amines. This is illustrated by the reaction of methyl 4-formyl cinnamate 2 with tryptamine 10 using sodium triacetoxyborohydride (NaBH(OAc) 3 ) as the reducing agent in dichloroethane (DCE) as solvent to provide amine 11.
• NaBH(OAc) 3 sodium triacetoxyborohydride
• DCE dichloroethane
• Other reducing agents can be used, e.g., sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) and sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH 3 CN), in other solvents or solvent mixtures in the presence or absence of acid catalysts (e.g., acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid).
• Amine 11 can be converted directly to hydroxamic acid 12 by treatment with 50% aqueous hydroxylamine in a suitable solvent (e.g., THF in the presence of a base, e.g., NaOH).
• a suitable solvent e.g., THF
• a base e.g., NaOH
• Other methods of hydroxamate formation include reaction of an ester with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and a base (e.g., sodium hydroxide or sodium methoxide) in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture (e.g., methanol, ethanol or methanol/THF).
• Aldehyde 2 can be reductively aminated with a variety of amines, exemplified by, but not limited to, those illustrated in Table 1. The resulting esters can be converted to target hydroxamates by the methods listed.
• Table 1 Amine Reducing Conditions Hydroxamate Conditions R NaBH(OAc) 3 HOAc, DCE 2 M HONH 2 in MeOH " " " " " “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ “ Ph(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 NaBH 3 CN/MeOH/ HOAc Ph(CH 2 ) 3
• the carboxylic acid can be coupled with a protected hydroxylamine (e.g., O -trityl hydroxylamine) using a dehydrating agent (e.g., 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI)) and a catalyst (e.g., 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBT)) in a suitable solvent (e.g., DMF) to produce 16.
• a strong acid e.g., trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• Tertiary amine compounds can be prepared by a number of methods. Reductive amination of 30 with nicotinaldehyde 32 using NaBH 3 CN as the reducing agent in dichloroethane and HOAc as a catalyst provides ester 34. Other reducing agents can be used (e.g., NaBH 4 and NaBH(OAc) 3 ) in other solvents or solvent mixtures in the presence or absence of acid catalysts (e.g., acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like). Reaction of ester 34 with HONH 2 •HCl, NaOH in MeOH provides hydroxamate 36.
• acid catalysts e.g., acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and the like
• An alternate method for preparing tertiary amines is by reacting a secondary amine with an alkylating agent in a suitable solvent in the presence of a base. For example, heating a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution of amine 11 and bromide 40 in the presence of ( i- Pr) 2 NEt yielded tertiary amine 42. Reaction of the tertiary amine 42 with HONH 2 -HCI, NaOH in MeOH provides hydroxamate 43. The silyl group can be removed by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, the hydroxamate 43 can be treated with an acid, e.g., trifluoroacetic acid, or fluoride to produce hydroxyethyl compound 44.
• an acid e.g., trifluoroacetic acid, or fluoride
• the hydroxamate compound, or salt thereof is suitable for preparing pharmaceutical compositions, especially pharmaceutical compositions having deacetylase, especially histone deacetylase, inhibiting properties.
• hydroxamate compound causes HDA inhibition and increased histone acetylation in vivo, which triggers changes in gene expression that correlate with tumor growth inhibition.
• the present invention further includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more of the above-described compounds as active ingredient.
• Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are suitable for enteral, such as oral or rectal, and parenteral administration to mammals, including man, for the treatment of tumors, alone or in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• the hydroxamate compound is useful in the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions having an effective amount the compound in conjunction or admixture with excipients or carriers suitable for either enteral or parenteral application.
• Preferred are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with (a) diluents; (b) lubricants, (c) binders (tablets); if desired, (d) disintegrants; and/or (e) absorbents, colorants, flavors and sweeteners.
• Injectable compositions are preferably aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories are advantageously prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions.
• compositions may be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers.
• adjuvants such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers.
• the compositions may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances.
• the compositions are prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and contain preferably about 1 to 50% of the active ingredient.
• Suitable formulations also include formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
• a proliferative disease is mainly a tumor disease (or cancer) (and/or any metastases).
• the inventive compounds are particularly useful for treating a tumor which is a breast cancer, genitourinary cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, epidermoid cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreas cancer, neuroblastoma, head and/or neck cancer or bladder cancer, or in a broader sense renal, brain or gastric cancer; in particular (i) a breast tumor; an epidermoid tumor, such as an epidermoid head and/or neck tumor or a mouth tumor; a lung tumor, for example a small cell or non-small cell lung tumor; a gastrointestinal tumor, for example, a colorectal tumor; or a genitourinary tumor, for example, a prostate tumor (especially a hormone-refractory prostate tumor); or (ii) a proliferative disease that is refractory to the
• a proliferative disease may furthermore be a hyperproliferative condition such as leukemias, hyperplasias, fibrosis (especially pulmonary, but also other types of fibrosis, such as renal fibrosis), angiogenesis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis and smooth muscle proliferation in the blood vessels, such as stenosis or restenosis following angioplasty.
• a hyperproliferative condition such as leukemias, hyperplasias, fibrosis (especially pulmonary, but also other types of fibrosis, such as renal fibrosis), angiogenesis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis and smooth muscle proliferation in the blood vessels, such as stenosis or restenosis following angioplasty.
• metastasis in the original organ or tissue and/or in any other location are implied alternatively or in addition, whatever the location of the tumor and/or metastasis.
• the compound is selectively toxic or more toxic to rapidly proliferating cells than to normal cells, particularly in human cancer cells, e.g., cancerous tumors, the compound has significant antiproliferative effects and promotes differentiation, e.g., cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
• the hydroxamate compound induces p21, cyclin-CDK interacting protein, which induces either apoptosis or G1 arrest in a variety of cell lines.
• 4-formylcinnamic acid methylester is produced by adding 4-formylcinnamic acid (25 g, 0.143 mol) in MeOH and HCI (6.7 g, 0.18 mol). The resulting suspension is heated to reflux for 3 hours, cooled and evaporated to dryness. The resulting yellow solid is dissolved in EtOAc, the solution washed with saturated NaHCO 3 , dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated to give a pale yellow solid which is used without further purification (25.0 g, 92%).
• the hydroxamic acid (5.0 g, 13.3 mmol) is then dissolved in 95% TFA/H 2 O (59 mL) and heated to 40 - 50 °C for 4 hours. The mixture is evaporated and the residue purified by reverse phase HPLC to produce N -Hydroxy-3-[4-[[(2-hydroxyethyl)[2-(1 H -indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2 E -2-propenamide as the trifluoroacetate salt (m/z 380 [MH + ]).
• Methyl 4-formylcinnamate (16.9 g, 88.8 mmol) is added to the solution, followed by NaBH 3 CN (8.4 g) and AcOH (1 equiv.). After 1h the reaction is diluted with NaHCO 3 (aq.) and extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts are dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and evaporated. The residue is purified by chromatography to give 3-(4- ⁇ [2-(2-methyl-1 H -indol-3-yl)-ethylamino]-methyl ⁇ -phenyl)-( 2E )-2-propenoic acid methyl ester.
• the compounds of Examples 1-265 show an HDA enzyme IC 50 in the range from about 0.005 to about 0.5 ⁇ M).
• Cell lines H1299 (human lung carcinoma cell) and HCT116 (colon tumor cell) are obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD.
• the cell lines are free of Mycoplasma contamination (Rapid Detection System by Gen-Probe, Inc., San Diego, CA) and viral contamination (MAP testing by MA BioServices, Inc., Rockville, MD).
• the cell lines are propagated and expanded in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY).
• Cell expansions for implantation are performed in cell factories (NUNC, purchased from Fisher Scientific, Springfield, NJ). Cells are harvested at 50-90% confluency, washed once with HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) containing 10% FBS, and suspended in 100% HBSS.
• Cell proliferation is measured with a commercial MTS kit (Promega, Madision, Wis.) assay using an adaptation of published procedures, for example, that disclosed in Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay, Alley MC, et al., Cancer Res. 1988; 48:589-601 .
• Cells are plated in 96-well tissue culture dishes, with top and bottom rows left empty.
• H1299 and HCT116 cells are suspended in complete media at a density of 5.3 x 10 3 and 3.6 x 10 3 cell/mL, respectively, and 190 ⁇ l are added per well. Each cell line is added to one half of the plate. Complete medium (200 ⁇ L) is added to the top and bottom rows.
• hydroxamate compounds of the present invention are highly active in inhibition of tumor cell growth.
• the compounds selectively inhibited tumor cells while showing minimal inhibition activities in non-tumorous cells.
• the cells treated with the hydroxamate compounds are also tested for the induction of p21 promoter, which is a key mediator of G1 arrest and differentiation.
• the hydroxamate compounds activate the p21 promoter to a readily detectable level at a concentration within two-fold of their respective IC 50 for monolayer cell growth inhibition in H1299. Without being bound by any particular theory, the correlation appears to demonstrate that HDA inhibition leads to transcriptional activation of genes that inhibit tumor cell proliferation.
• HDA is partially purified from H1299, human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (obtained from American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA). Cells are grown to 70-80% confluence in RPMI media in the presence of 10% FCS, harvested and lysed by sonication.
• the lysate is centrifuged at 23, 420g for 10-15 min, the supernatant is applied to a Hiload 26/10 High performance Q-sepharose column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and equilibrated with a buffer containing 20 mM Tris pH8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM NH 4 Cl 2 , 1 mM ⁇ -Mercaptoethanol, 5% glycerol, 2 ⁇ g/mL aprotinin, 1 ⁇ g/mL leupeptin, and 400 mM PMSF.
• Proteins are eluted in 4mL aliquotes with a linear gradient from 0-500 mM NaCl in the above buffer at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. Each preparation of partially purified HDA enzyme is titrated to determine the optimal amount needed to obtain a signal to noise ratio of at least 5 to 1. Generally, 20-30 ⁇ l of partially purified HDA (5-10 mg protein/mL) is mixed with 2 ⁇ L of compound solution in DMSO in a deep well titer plate (Beckman). The compounds are serially diluted in DMSO to generate stocks at 20-fold of the assay concentrations.
• Final concentrations of compounds in the assay are 10 ⁇ M , 2 ⁇ M, 400 nM, 80 nM, and 16 nM with the final percentage of DMSO in each enzyme reaction equaling 0.1 %. Each concentration of compound is assayed in duplicate.
• the substrate used in the reaction is a peptide of amino acid sequence, SGRGKGGKGLGKGGAKRHRKVLRD, corresponding to the twenty-four N-terminal amino acids of human histone H4, biotinylated at the N-terminus and penta-acetylated, at each lysine residue with 3 H-acetate.
• the substrate is diluted in 10 ⁇ L of Buffer A (100 mM Tris pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA), added to the enzyme mixture and collected at the bottom of the deep well plate by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 1500 rpm. Following centrifugation, the mixture is incubated at 37 °C for 1.5 hr. The reaction is stopped by the addition of 20 ⁇ L of the Stop Buffer (0.5N HCI, 0.08M Acetic Acid). At this point, the assay proceeds to the robotic extraction phase or is frozen for several days at -80 °C.
• Buffer A 100 mM Tris pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA
• the extraction of enzymatically cleaved 3 H-acetate groups from the reaction mixture is achieved with the solvent TBME (t-butyl methyl ether) using the Tomtec Quadra 96 workstation.
• a program is written to add 200 ⁇ L of TBME to a 96 "deep well" plate.
• the workstation is programmed to aspirate 50 ⁇ L of air followed by 200 ⁇ L of TBME and finally another 25 ⁇ L of air, which is dispensed into the each well of the plate.
• the contents of the deep well were mixed thoroughly by pipetting 160 ⁇ L up and down 10 times.
• the solutions are mixed by pipetting and expelling 50 ⁇ L, five times, within the same well.
• the Trilux plate is covered with clear film and read on a 1450 MicroBeta Trilux liquid scintillation and luminescence counter (Wallac) with a color/chemical quench and dpm correction.
• the A549 non-small cell lung human tumor cell line is purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD.
• the cell line is free of Mycoplasma contamination (Rapid Detection System by Gen-Probe, Inc., San Diego, CA) and viral contamination (MAP testing by MA BioServices, Inc., Rockville, MD).
• the cell line is propagated and expanded in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Cell expansions for implantation are performed in cell factories (NUNC, purchased from Fisher Scientific, Springfield, NJ). Cells are harvested at 50-90% confluency, washed once with HBSS containing 10% FBS, and suspended in 100% HBSS.
• Antitumor activity is expressed as % T/C, comparing differences in tumor volumes for treatment group (T) to vehicle control group (C). Regressions are calculated using the formula: (1-T/T 0 ) x 100%, where T is the tumor volume for the treatment group at the end of the experiment, and T 0 is the tumor volume at the beginning of the experiment.
• CMD1 is administered intravenously, once daily 5x/week for three weeks, at doses of 10, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg.
• the final DMSO concentration is 10%.
• Each test group has eight mice. Tumors are measured, and individual animal body weights recorded. Table B3 shows the results on the 41 st day.
• Example B3 repeated except CMD2 is used.
• Table B4 shows the results.
• Table B4 ⁇ MEAN ⁇ % DOSE TUMOR VOLUME BODY WEIGHT COMPOUND (mg/kg) (mm 3 ⁇ SEM) % T/C (% ⁇ SEM) 10% DMSO/D5W - 135 ⁇ 43 - + 6.7 ⁇ 1.1 CMD2 25 37 ⁇ 16 27 - 4.2 ⁇ 2.5 CMD2 50 29 ⁇ 15 21 - 2.9 ⁇ 1.5
• Example B3 is repeated except the HCT116 colon tumor cell line is used in place of the A549 cell line.
• the HCT116 cell line is also obtained from American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, and the cell line is free of Mycoplasma contamination and viral contamination. The results are recorded on the 34 th day and are shown in Table B5.
• Example B4 is repeated except the HCT116 colon tumor cell line is used in place of the A549 cell line.
• the HCT116 is also obtained from American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD, and the cell line is free of Mycoplasma contamination and viral contamination. The results are recorded on the 34 th day and are shown in Table B6.
• Annexin V binding was used as a marker for the early stages of apoptosis.
• A549, HCT116 and Normal Dermal Human Fibroblasts (NDHF) cells are treated separately with four compounds (CMD1, CMD2, CMD3 and CMD4) for 24 or 48 hours, stained with annexin V and compared to cells treated similarly with vehicle (DMSO).
• DMSO vehicle
• Cells are examined by fluorescence microscopy. Those undergoing apoptosis exhibit green fluorescent membrane staining. Viability is assessed by the counterstain, propidium iodide. Cells detected by red fluorescence are not viable.
• a small percentage of A549 and the majority of HCT116 cells exhibit cell surface staining with annexin V after 24 hour exposure to each of the four compounds.
• NDHF cells do not show noticeable annexin V staining after 24 hour exposure and limited annexin V staining with CMD3 after 48 hour. These data show that NDHF cells predominantly underwent non-lethal growth arrest upon compound treatment, consistent with the cell cycle profile.
• the staining results demonstrate that the hydroxamate compounds of the present invention cause tumor cells to die by apoptosis, while causing normal fibroblast to predominantly undergo cell cycle arrest, clearly demonstrating the selective efficacy of the present compounds.

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