CN106887823B - 传送直流电力的光伏串的断开 - Google Patents

传送直流电力的光伏串的断开 Download PDF

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CN106887823B
CN106887823B CN201610825612.3A CN201610825612A CN106887823B CN 106887823 B CN106887823 B CN 106887823B CN 201610825612 A CN201610825612 A CN 201610825612A CN 106887823 B CN106887823 B CN 106887823B
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利龙·哈尔-沙伊
阿龙·祖海尔
Y·戈林
M·阿德斯特
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Abstract

本申请涉及一种传送直流电力的光伏串的断开。一种直流(DC)电力合成器，其可操作以互连多个互连光伏串。该DC电力合成器可包括适用于将至少一个光伏串与多个互连的光伏串断开的装置，每个光伏串可通过第一和第二DC电源线连接。该装置可包括适用于通过比较第一和第二DC电源线中的各自的电流来测量差动电流的差动电流传感器。第一开关与第一DC电源线串联。控制模块可操作地连接到差动电流传感器和第一开关。控制模块可以是可操作的，以便当差动电流传感器测量到差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时打开第一开关，从而将第一DC电源线与DC电力合成器隔离并且将光伏串从互连的光伏串断开。

Description

传送直流电力的光伏串的断开
本申请是申请日为2011年12月8日，申请号为201110405188.4，发明名称为“传送直流电力的光伏串的断开”的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及互连在电力合成器的接线盒的输入上的、具有直流(DC)输出的多个光伏串，以及具体地涉及用于从电力合成器的接线盒的输入断开和或连接光伏串DC输出的系统和方法。
背景技术
在光伏发电系统和国家电气规范中，建议的做法(2001年3月，John Wiles，西南科技发展研究所，新墨西哥州立大学，1505Payne Street Las Cruces,NM 88003)：NEC的文章690-18要求一种被提供禁用PV阵列的一些部分或整个PV阵列的机械装置。(NationalElectrical (国家电气)和是国家防火协会公司，Quincy,Massachusetts 02269的注册商标)根据具体的设计，接地故障检测、中断以及阵列禁止装置可以完成以下活动：感测超过规定值的接地故障电流、中断或大幅减小故障电流、打开阵列与负载之间的电路、短路阵列或子阵列。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面，提供一种直流(DC)电力合成器，其可操作以互连多个互连的光伏串。DC电力合成器可以包括适用于将至少一个光伏串从多个互连的光伏串断开的装置，每个光伏串可用第一和第二DC电源线连接。该装置可以包括适用于通过比较第一和第二DC电源线中的各自的电流来测量差动电流的差动电流传感器。第一开关与第一DC电源线串联。控制模块可操作地连接到差动电流传感器和第一开关。控制模块可以是可操作的，以便当差动电流传感器测量到差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时打开第一开关，从而将第一DC电源线从DC电力合成器隔离并且将光伏串从互连的光伏串断开。
可以将第二开关并联到第一开关以形成第一单元。可以将第一单元与第一DC电源线串联。当第一开关闭合，差动电流传感器测量差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时，则控制模块可以打开第一开关并且随后可以打开第二开关。第一开关可以允许通过在第一DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较多的电流，并且第二开关可以允许通过在第一DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较少的电流。
可以将第三开关和第四开关并联以形成第二单元。可以将第二单元与第二DC电源线串联。第三开关可以是闭合的并且第四开关可以是闭合的，当差动电流传感器测量到差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时，则控制模块打开第三开关并且随后打开第四开关。第三开关可以允许通过在第二DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较多的电流，并且第四开关可以允许通过在第二DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较少的电流。
当光伏串开始产生DC电力时，第一开关可以是打开的并且第二开关可以是打开的，则控制模块闭合第二开关并且随后闭合第一开关。第三开关可以是打开的并且第四开关可以是打开的，则控制模块闭合第四开关并且随后闭合第三开关。
第二开关和第四开关分别可以是绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、具有集成二极管的IGBT、固态开关、金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)或场效应晶体管(FET)。第一开关和第三开关分别可以是继电器或断路器。
根据本发明的一个方面，提供一种用于提供接地故障保护的方法。该方法在可操作以互连多个光伏串的直流(DC)电力合成器中执行，其中每个光伏串可以用第一和第二DC电源线连接。该方法通过比较第一和第二DC电源线中的各自的电流来测量差动电流。当控制模块测量到差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时，第一开关被打开，从而将第一DC电源线从DC电力合成器隔离，以及将光伏串从互连的光伏串断开。可以将第一开关和第二开关并联以形成第一单元，以及可以将第一单元与第一DC电源线串联。可以将第三开关和第四开关并联以形成第二单元，以及可以将第二单元与第二DC电源线串联。第一单元可以与第二单元同时操作。
当测量差动电流并且发现差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时，第三开关可以被打开并且随后第四开关可以被打开，这就将第二DC电源线从DC电力合成器隔离。
在比较第一和第二DC电源线中的各自的电流之前，当光伏串开始产生DC电力，且第一开关和第二开关都是打开的。则第二开关被闭合并且随后第一开关被闭合，从而将第一DC电源线连接到DC电力合成器。
在比较第一和第二DC电源线中的各自的电流之前，当光伏串开始产生DC电力，且第三开关和第四开关都是打开的。则第四开关被闭合并且随后第三开关被闭合，从而将第二DC电源线连接到DC电力合成器。第一开关和第三开关可以被同时操作。第二开关和第四开关也可以被同时操作。
差动电流可以指示第一DC电源线与地之间的电流。差动电流还可以指示第二DC电源线与地之间的电流。在测量差动电流之后可以通知串的故障。
通过在测量之前和测量过程中向第一DC电源线中注入电流可以开始测量差动电流的测试。通过在测量之前和测量过程中向第二DC电源线中注入电流也可以开始测量差动电流的测试。
本发明的这些、附加的和/或其他的方面和/或优点在以下详细描述中阐明，可能从详细的描述中推理得出，和/或可从本发明的实践中习得。
本申请还提供以下内容：
项目1.一种直流(DC)电力合成器，其能够操作以互连多个互连的光伏串，所述DC电力合成器包括：适用于将至少一个光伏串与所述多个互连的光伏串断开的装置，每个光伏串能通过第一DC电源线和第二DC电源线连接，所述装置包括：差动电流传感器，其适用于通过比较所述第一DC电源线和第二DC电源线中的各自的电流来测量差动电流；第一开关，所述第一开关与所述第一DC电源线串联；控制模块，所述控制模块被能够操作地连接到所述差动电流传感器和所述第一开关；其中，所述控制模块能够操作以便当所述差动电流传感器测量到所述差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时打开所述第一开关，从而将所述第一DC电源线与所述DC电力合成器隔离，并且将所述光伏串与所述互连的光伏串断开。
项目2.根据项目1所述的DC电力合成器，还包括并联到所述第一开关以形成第一单元的第二开关，其中所述第一单元与所述第一DC电源线串联。
项目3.根据项目2所述的DC电力合成器，当所述第一开关闭合，所述差动电流传感器测量到所述差动电流大于最大的允许电流差动时，则所述控制模块打开所述第一开关并且随后打开所述第二开关。
项目4.根据项目2所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述第一开关允许通过在所述第一DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较多的电流，并且所述第二开关允许通过在所述第一DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较少的电流。
项目5.根据项目1所述的DC电力合成器，还包括：第三开关和第四开关，所述第三开关和所述第四开关被并联以形成第二单元，其中所述第二单元与所述第二DC电源线串联；以及其中，所述第三开关是闭合的并且所述第四开关是闭合的，当所述差动电流传感器测量到所述差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时，则所述控制模块打开所述第三开关并且随后打开所述第四开关。
项目6.根据项目5所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述第三开关允许通过在所述第二DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较多的电流，并且所述第四开关允许通过在所述第二DC电源线中流动的电流中的实质上较少的电流。
项目7.根据项目2所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述光伏串开始产生DC电力时，所述第一开关是打开的并且所述第二开关是打开的，所述控制模块闭合所述第二开关并且随后闭合所述第一开关。
项目8.根据项目5所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述第三开关是打开的并且所述第四开关是打开的，所述控制模块闭合所述第四开关并且随后闭合所述第三开关。
项目9.根据项目2所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述第二开关从包括了绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、具有集成二极管的IGBT、固态开关、金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)、场效应晶体管(FET)的组中选出。
项目10.根据项目5所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述第四开关从包括了绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、具有集成二极管的IGBT、固态开关、金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)、场效应晶体管(FET)的组中选出。
项目11.根据项目1所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述第一开关从包括了继电器、断路器的组中选出。
项目12.根据项目5所述的DC电力合成器，其中所述第三开关从包括了继电器、断路器的组中选出。
项目13.一种用于提供接地故障保护的方法，所述方法在能够操作以互连多个光伏串的直流(DC)电力合成器中执行，其中每个光伏串能够通过第一DC电源线和第二DC电源线连接，所述方法包括以下步骤：通过比较所述第一DC电源线和所述第二DC电源线中的各自的电流来测量差动电流；以及一旦控制模块测量到所述差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时，打开第一开关，从而将所述第一DC电源线与所述DC电力合成器隔离，并且将所述光伏串与所互连的光伏串断开。
项目14.根据项目13所述的方法，还包括：并联所述第一开关和第二开关以形成第一单元，以及串联所述第一单元与所述第一DC电源线。
项目15.根据项目13所述的方法，还包括：并联第三开关和第四开关以形成第二单元，以及串联所述第二单元与所述第二DC电源线；以及一旦测量到所述差动电流大于最大的允许电流差时，打开所述第三开关并且随后打开所述第四开关，从而将所述第二DC电源线与所述DC电力合成器隔离。
项目16.根据项目14所述的方法，其中在所述比较之前，当所述光伏串开始产生DC电力并且所述第一开关和所述第二开关都是打开的，则闭合所述第二开关并且随后闭合所述第一开关，从而将所述第一DC电源线连接到所述DC电力合成器。
项目17.根据项目13所述的方法，其中在所述比较之前，当所述光伏串开始产生DC电力并且所述第三开关和所述第四开关都是打开的，则闭合所述第四开关并且随后闭合所述第三开关，从而将所述第二DC电源线连接到所述DC电力合成器。
项目18.根据项目13所述的方法，其中所述差动电流指示所述第一DC电源线与地之间的电流。
项目19.根据项目13所述的方法，其中所述差动电流指示所述第二DC电源线与地之间的电流。
项目20.根据项目13所述的方法，还包括：在所述测量之后通知所述光伏串的故障
项目21.根据项目13所述的方法，还包括：通过在所述测量之前和所述测量过程中在所述第一DC电源线中注入电流来开始所述测量的测试。
项目22.根据项目13所述的方法，还包括：通过在所述测量之前和所述测量过程中在所述第二DC电源线中注入电流来开始所述测量的测试。
项目23.根据项目15所述的方法，其中同时操作所述第一开关和所述第三开关。
项目24.根据项目15所述的方法，其中同时操作所述第二开关和所述第四开关。
附图说明
参照附图，仅通过举例的方式在本文中描述本发明，其中：
图1示出了根据本发明的一个方面的电力合成器盒。
图2示出了根据本发明的一个方面的隔离器和传感单元的进一步的细节。
图3示出了根据本发明的一个方面的数字控制器的更多细节。
图4示出了根据本发明的一个方面的用于通过使用隔离和测试单元将一个串从多个并联的串断开的方法。
当结合附图考虑时，根据以下详细的描述，以上方面和/或其他方面将变得明显。
具体实施方式
现将对本发明的一些方面做出参考，在附图中示出了其实例，其中在所有图示中相同的参考标记指的是相同的元件。以下通过参考图示来描述这些方面以解释本发明。
在详细解释本发明的一些方面之前，要理解的是本发明不将其申请限制于以下描述中说明的或图示中所示出的组件的设计和排列的细节。本发明能够是其他方面，或者能够通过不同方式实践或执行。此外，要理解的是本文中采用的用语和术语是用于描述的目的以及不应被理解为是限制性的。
通过介绍，本发明的方面可以是针对在将直流(DC)串与多个互连DC串断开或连接时减少电弧。电弧可对电力分配系统和电子设备具有不利影响。电弧可发生在开关、断路器、继电器触点、保险丝和不良电缆终端中。例如，当电路被断开或者在连接器中发生不良连接时，在继电器的触点上可形成电弧放电。电弧放电是气体的电击穿，其产生持续的等离子体放电，由流过通常是非导电的介质比如空气的电流所导致。在刚刚断开时，两触点之间的间隔距离可以非常小。因此，触点之间的空气缝隙两端的电压产生以伏特/毫米为单位的非常大的电场。这种大电场导致在断开的两侧之间的电弧点火。如果电路具有足够的电流和电压来维持电弧时，则电弧可导致对装置的破坏，比如导体融化、绝缘体破坏和火灾。交流(AC)电力系统的零交叉可能导致电弧不会重新点火。然而，具有DC串的直流系统比AC系统更容易产生电弧，这是因为在DC电力系统中不存在零交叉。第US2006/0237058号美国专利申请公开没有解决由于DC串的断开所导致的电弧的问题。
根据本发明的一个方面，现参考示出了电力合成器盒19的图1。电力合成器盒19包括多个合成器电路板12、多个数字控制器10、多个隔离和测试单元4、多个光伏串输入8、多个汇流条17和13、用户接口16和供电单元(PSU)18。
每个合成器电路板12具有机械安装到板12的多个单元4a-4n。单元4通常接收来自光伏串8或其他DC电源比如电池、电动燃料电池或直流发电机的直流(DC)输出。优选地，可以使用汇流条17将单元4a-4n的输出9并联。可选地，可以首先将单元4a-4n的输出9连接到DC-DC转换器的输入。然后，可以将DC-DC转换器的输出连接到汇流条17。可以使用汇流条13进一步地将多个汇流条17并联。从而，汇流条13给出了电力合成器19的合成DC电力输出。可以通过雷电抑制器192(例如压敏电阻型)来保护电力合成器19，并且还可以使用DC断开器194来隔离电力合成器19。数字控制器10可经由通信和控制线路11被可操作地连接到单元4a-4n。通信和控制线路11通常将控制信号传输到单元4，例如用于接通或断开单元4，或接收表示例如位于单元4中的传感器所测量的电流或电压的信号。
用户接口16可经由双向通信线路3被可操作地连接到数字控制器10。例如，通信线路3通常是双RS-485总线。用户接口16使用来自电源18的DC电力进行供电，电源18将电源交流(AC)电力转换为DC电力。直流电力还可以被用于为电路板12、控制器10和单元电路4供电。可选地，电路板12、控制器10和单元电路4可以由从串8获得输入的DC-DC转换器或者由来自PSU 18的DC供电。
现参考根据本发明的一个方面示出了单元4的进一步的细节的图2。光伏串8具有连接到节点X的负线和连接到保险丝404的一端的正线。保险丝404的另一端连接到节点A。跨节点A和X可以是雷电抑制器402。抑制器402还可以额外电接地。
跨节点A和B连接的可以是提供输出406的电压传感器V1。电压传感器V1通常可以测量节点A或节点B的电压，或者在节点A与节点B之间的电压差。输出406可经由控制和通信线路11(未示出)被可操作地连接到控制器10。绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)Q1的集电极连接到节点A。Q1的发射极连接到IGBT Q2的发射极。Q2的集电极连接到节点B。Q1和Q2的发射极还连接到两个二极管D1和D2的阳极。D1的阴极连接节点A并且D2的阴极连接到节点B。Q1的基极被连接到Q2的基极。驱动电路400的一个输出连接到Q1和Q2的基极，并且另一个输出连接到二极管D1和D2的阳极。继电器RR1的接触开关S1的一侧连接到节点A。接触开关S1的另一侧连接到继电器RR2的接触开关S2的一侧。接触开关S2的另一侧连接到节点B。
跨节点X和Y连接的是提供输出408的电压传感器V2。电压传感器V2通常可以测量节点X或节点Y的电压，或者在节点X与节点Y之间的电压差。输出408可经由控制和通信线路11被可操作地连接到控制器10。绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)Q3的集电极连接到节点X。Q3的发射极连接到IGBT Q4的发射极。Q4的集电极连接到节点Y。Q3和Q4的发射极还连接到两个二极管D3和D4的阳极。D3的阴极连接节点X，并且D4的阴极连接到节点Y。Q3的基极被连接到Q4的基极。驱动电路400的一个输出连接到Q3和Q4的基极，并且另一个输出连接到二极管D3和D4的阳极。继电器RR3的接触开关S3的一侧连接到节点X。接触开关S3的另一侧连接到继电器RR4的接触开关S4的一侧。接触开关S4的另一侧连接到节点Y。继电器RR1、RR2、RR3和RR4通常具有额定的、关于开关触头S1、S2、S3、S4的700伏特的击穿DC电压。继电器RR1、RR2、RR3和RR4通常是额定值约1000伏特的AC继电器或DC继电器。在串8和合成器盒19的常规操作中，继电器RR1、RR2、RR3和RR4可以是接通的，即开关触头S1、S2、S3、S4可以是闭合的并且IGBT Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4也可以是接通的。相对于开关触头S1、S2、S3、S4两端基本上零电压，IGBT的典型的集电极发射极电压(VCE)约为2伏特。因此，串电流(I串)绝大部分流过开关触头S1和S2(正线中)以及流过开关触头S3和S4(负线中)。
节点B连接到剩余电流装置RCD1的正极输入，并且节点Y连接到剩余电流装置RCD1的负极输入。剩余电流装置RCD1提供正线输出以及经由负线输出中串联的电流传感器R2提供负线输出。可选地，可以将剩余电流装置RCD1布置在串8的正输出和负输出之间，以及节点A和X之间。剩余电流装置RCD1通常是霍尔效应的剩余电流装置(RCD)。可操作地连接到RCD1的可以是经由电感器L2的测试电路414。RCD1可经由霍尔效应被可操作地连接到测试电路414。可以将电感器L2与电池B1或来自PSU 18的DC电源、电阻器R1和开关Q5串联。开关Q5的栅极可经由控制和通信线路11被可操作地连接到控制器10。剩余电流装置RCD1提供对DC输出9的正线与DC输出9的负线中的电流之间的差动电流的测量。可选地，差动电流阈值可以是约20毫安。此外，剩余电流装置RCD1提供DC输出9的负线与正线之间的差分电压的测量。差动电流和差分电压可以被用于计算串8的电力。可以经由输出410为控制器10提供差动电流的测量。输出410可以被可操作地经由控制和通信线路11连接到控制器10。可以从放大器A1的输出提供输出410，放大器A1的输入之间跨有电感器L1。电感器L1可操作地将放大器A1连接到RCD1。可选地，表示电流泄露的差动电流的阈值可以是约为20毫安的值。高于20毫安的值的差动电流通常可以表示光伏串8中的电流泄露。通常，串8的正极和负极可以与电接地隔离。电流泄露可在负极与电接地之间或者在正极与电接地之间。大于20毫安的差动电流还发生在例如使用测试电路414将其他电流施加到节点B和/或节点Y的正极时。
还可以根据放大器A2的输出412提供对串8电流的测量。输出412可经由控制和通信线路11被可操作地连接到控制器10。输出412与电压传感器408和406一起可以提供对串8生成的电力的测量。可以将电流传感器R2经由串联电阻器R3和R4连接到放大器A2的输入。电流传感器R2可以位于正DC电源线或负电源线中。
现参考根据本发明的一个方面的、示出了数字控制器10的更多细节的图3。数字控制器10包括多路复用器106a、106b/108a、108b，数字信号处理器(DSP)100a/100b，模拟数字(AD)转换器104a/104b，用户接口16，供电单元18和复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)102。用户接口16可以用来自PSU 18的直流(DC)电源供电。用户接口16可使用双向总线3被可操作地连接到DSP 100a和DSP 100b，总线3可以是双RS-485总线。使用16个光伏串8作为例子，优选地，DSP 100a和多路复用器106a和108a可以负责光伏串8中的8个，而DSP 100b和多路复用器106b和108b可以负责剩余8个光伏串8。控制线路120a可以从DSP 100a供给以控制多路复用器106a，而控制线路120b可以从DSP 100b供给以控制多路复用器106b。使用该实例，多路复用器106a接收8个串8的输出406、408和412。DSP 100a可以经由控制线路120a控制多路复用器106a以选择8个串8中的哪一个串8可以被用于向模拟数字(AD)转换器104a提供输出406、408和412。(与多路复用器106a)类似的是，多路复用器106b接收其他8个串8的输出406、408和412。多路复用器108a接收8个串8的输出410。DSP 100a可以经由控制线路130a控制多路复用器108a以选择8个串8中的哪一个串8可以被用于向模拟数字(AD)转换器104a提供输出410。(与多路复用器108a)类似的是，多路复用器108b接收其他8个串8的输出410。DSP 100a与DSP 100b之间的同步可以通过使用双向同步控制线路132。复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)102提供输出以控制为每个串8使用的每个单元4中的测试电路414、驱动电路400和继电器RR1-RR4。还可以通过分别使用监控双向控制线路WDb和WDa由CPLD 102验证DSP110b和DSP 100a的工作操作。根据本发明的另一方面，可使用仅一个DSP100和多路复用器106和108来实现用于大量光伏串8的控制器10。
现参考图4，其示出了根据本发明的一个方面的、用于通过使用隔离和测试单元4将一个串8从多个并联的串8断开的方法401。再次参照图2，可以在节点A和B之间形成隔离器(步骤403)，以便将隔离器与串8的正电源线串联(步骤405)。类似地，可以在节点X与Y之间形成第二隔离器，以便将第二隔离器与串8的负DC电源线串联。隔离器与第二隔离器可以是相同的电路，并且通常可以被驱动电路400同时激活。通常，可以不将串8的负电源线连接到电接地。因此，在由于串8中的故障导致电流泄露到地的情况下，隔离器和第二隔离器这两者断开串8的操作防止了电流从其他并联的串8泄露到电接地。
步骤403中在节点A与B之间形成隔离器包括第一开关和第二开关。隔离器将串8与输出9连接和断开。可以将第一开关与第二开关并联以形成并联连接。然后，该并联连接可以在节点A和B之间串联。可以通过分别串联继电器RR1和RR2的开关S1和S2来形成第一开关。第二开关包括连接到节点A的Q1的集电极以及连接到节点B的Q2的集电极。可以将Q1和Q2的发射极连接在一起。还可以将Q1和Q2的发射极连接在一起的位置连接到二极管D1和D2的阳极。D1的阴极连接节点A，并且D2的阴极连接到节点B。可以将Q1和Q2的基极连接在一起，并且在可以将Q1和Q2的基极连接在一起的位置处可实现到达驱动电路400的连接。在可以将Q1和Q2的发射极连接在一起的位置处可实现到达驱动电路400的第二连接。
可以将剩余电流装置RCD1的输入连接在节点B和Y两端。RCD1提供了对在串8的正线中流动的电流与在串8的负线中流动的电流之间的差动电流的值的测量(步骤407)。可能大于预定值的差动电流通常表示由于串8或者连接到串8的电源线中的故障所导致的电流泄漏到电接地。此外，可能大于预定值的差动电流可以由测试电路414提供以便保证测量步骤407作为周期性测试功能的一部分正确地工作。在正常操作模式中，当节点A和B/X和Y之间的隔离可以接通时，可以测量差动电流的水平。在正常操作模式过程中，正线中的电流可以是流过开关触点S1、S2的电流与流过Q1和D1以及Q2和D2的电流之和。在正常操作模式过程中，负线中的电流可以是流过开关触点S3、S4的电流与流过Q3和D3以及Q4和D4的电流之和。开关S1-S4较低的接通电阻意味着流过开关S1-S4的电流远大于流过IGBT Q1-Q2和二极管D1-D2的电流。在正常操作模式过程中，串8的正线中流动的电流和串8的负线中流动的电流之间的差动电流的水平可能实质上为零和/或小于20毫安。在判定框409中，如果差动电流的水平的模实质上为零和/或小于20毫安，则继续以步骤407监视差动电流。在判定框409中，如果差动电流的水平的模可能大于预定值(通常大于20毫安)，则继电器RR1-RR4可被断开(步骤411)从而打开开关S1-S4。开关S1-S4的打开实质上增加了仍处于接通状态的IGBTQ1-Q4和二极管D1-D4中的电流。流过IGBT Q1-Q4和二极管D1-D4的电流的大幅增加意味着在步骤411中开关S1-S4的打开允许最小化开关S1-S4的电弧。当开关S1-S4可打开之后，IGBT Q1-Q4可被断开(步骤413)。
在判定415处，通过测量节点A、B和节点X、Y两端的电压进行检查，以查看IGBT Q1-Q4和开关S1-S4是否确实被关断。通过电压传感器V1和电压传感器V2可以分别测量节点A、B和节点X、Y两端的电压。电压传感器V1提供输出406，并且电压传感器V2提供输出408。此外，从输出410、412和RCD1传感的电流和电压可以被用于查看IGBT Q1-Q4和开关S1-S4是否确实被关断。如果IGBT Q1-Q4和开关S1-S4确实被关断，则可开始关于串的断开状态(步骤419)，否则在步骤417中执行故障的警报或指示。
例如，当多个串8开始生成DC电力时，串8的连接具有最初被断开的IGBT Q1-Q4和开关S1-S4。首先，接通IGBT Q1-Q4，之后闭合开关S1-S4。在闭合开关S1-S4之前首先接通IGBT Q1-Q4防止了开关S1-S4的电弧。在串8的正常操作过程中，开关S1-S4的较低接通电阻意味着流过开关S1-S4的电流远大于流过IGBT Q1-Q2和二极管D1-D2的电流。
本文中使用的术语“包括(comprising)”指的是开放式的元件组，例如包括元件A和元件B的意思是包括一个或多个元件A和一个或多个元件B，并且可包括不同于元件A和元件B的其他元件。
本文中使用的术语“感测”和“测量”是可互换的。
本文中使用的不定冠词“一(a)”、“一(an)”，比如“一串”、“一开关”具有“一个或多个”的意思，即“一个或多个串”或“一个或多个开关”。
已经提供了不同的特征/方面/组件/操作的实例以便于理解本发明的公开的方面。此外，已经讨论了不同的优先选择以便于理解本发明的公开的方面。要理解的是本文中公开的所有实例和优先选择旨在是非限制性的。
虽然已经分别示出并描述了本发明的所选方面，要理解的是所述方面中的至少一些方面可被合并。此外，虽然已经示出并描述了本发明的所选方面，要理解的是本发明不限于所述方面。相反地，要理解的是可以在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些方面作出修改，本发明的原理和精神的范围由权利要求和其等价物来界定。

Claims (31)

1.一种用于DC电力合成器中的装置，包括：
差动电流传感器，所述差动电流传感器被配置为通过比较光伏串的第一DC电源线和所述光伏串的第二DC电源线中的各自的电流来测量所述第一DC电源线和所述第二DC电源线的差动电流；
第一开关，所述第一开关与所述第一DC电源线串联；
第二开关，所述第二开关与所述第一DC电源线串联并且与所述第一开关并联，其中所述第一开关被配置为相较于所述第二开关允许电流中的更多电流流动；以及
控制器，所述控制器被配置为响应于来自所述差动电流传感器的所述差动电流的测量结果而操作所述第一开关和/或所述第二开关。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述控制器被配置为将所述差动电流的所述测量结果与预定的值进行比较。
3.根据权利要求2所述的装置，其中所述第一开关和所述第二开关正常下是闭合的，并且所述控制器被配置为：响应于所述差动电流的所述测量结果比所述预定的值更高，打开所述第一开关并且随后打开所述第二开关。
4.根据权利要求3所述的装置，还包括：
第三开关，所述第三开关与所述第二DC电源线串联；以及
第四开关，所述第四开关与所述第二DC电源线串联并且与所述第三开关并联,
其中所述控制器被配置为：响应于所述差动电流的所述测量结果比所述预定的值更高，打开所述第三开关并且随后打开所述第四开关。
5.根据权利要求4所述的装置，其中所述控制器被配置为同时操作所述第一开关和所述第三开关并且同时操作所述第二开关和所述第四开关。
6.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述第一开关是机电开关并且所述第二开关是半导体开关。
7.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述第二开关包括下列项中的一个或多个：绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、集成二极管、固态开关或者场效应晶体管(FET)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置，其中所述场效应晶体管(FET)是金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)。
9.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述第一开关包括继电器或断路器中的一个或多个。
10.一种用于提供接地故障保护的方法，包括：
通过比较在第一DC电源线中的电流与在第二DC电源线中的电流来测量差动电流，所述第一DC电源线和所述第二DC电源线将至少一个光伏串连接到多个光伏串；以及
响应于所述测量，打开第一开关并且随后打开第二开关，所述第一开关与所述第一DC电源线串联以及所述第二开关与所述第一DC电源线串联并且与所述第一开关并联，其中所述第一开关被配置为当所述第一开关和所述第二开关闭合时相较于所述第二开关允许电流中的更多电流流动。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
在所述第一开关和所述第二开关闭合的同时，确定所测量的差动电流是否高于最大的允许电流差。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，还包括：
响应于所述差动电流比所述最大的允许电流差更高，打开第三开关并且随后打开第四开关，所述第三开关与所述第二DC电源线串联以及所述第四开关与所述第二DC电源线串联并且与所述第三开关并联。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法，其中同时操作所述第一开关和所述第三开关并且同时操作所述第二开关和所述第四开关。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法，还包括：
响应于所述第一开关、所述第二开关、所述第三开关或所述第四开关中的至少一个被闭合而发送通知。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述差动电流指示所述第一DC电源线和地之间的电流。
16.根据权利要求10所述的方法，还包括：
开始测试，其中所述测试包括在测量所述第一DC电源线和所述第二DC电源线之前和在测量所述第一DC电源线和所述第二DC电源线期间向所述第一DC电源线或所述第二DC电源线中的一个或多个注入电流来确定所述差动电流。
17.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中所述第一开关包括继电器或断路器中的一个或多个。
18.一种用于DC电力合成器中的装置，包括：
光伏串的第一DC电源线和所述光伏串的第二DC电源线；
第一开关，所述第一开关与所述第一DC电源线串联；
第二开关，所述第二开关与所述第一DC电源线串联并且与所述第一开关并联，其中所述第一开关被配置为在正常操作期间当所述第一开关和所述第二开关闭合时相较于所述第二开关允许电流中的更多电流流动；以及
控制模块，所述控制模块被配置为响应于所述光伏串开始产生电力而闭合所述第二开关并且随后闭合所述第一开关。
19.根据权利要求18所述的装置，还包括：
第三开关，所述第三开关与所述第二DC电源线串联；以及
第四开关，所述第四开关与所述第二DC电源线串联并且与所述第三开关并联,其中所述第三开关被配置为当所述第三开关和所述第四开关闭合时相较于所述第四开关允许电流中的更多电流流动；以及
其中所述控制模块被配置为响应于所述光伏串开始产生电力而闭合所述第四开关并且随后闭合所述第三开关。
20.根据权利要求19所述的装置，其中所述控制模块被配置为同时操作所述第一开关和所述第三开关并且同时操作所述第二开关和所述第四开关。
21.根据权利要求18所述的装置，其中所述第一开关是机电开关并且所述第二开关是半导体开关。
22.根据权利要求18所述的装置，其中所述第二开关包括下列项中的一个或多个：绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、集成二极管、固态开关或者场效应晶体管(FET)。
23.根据权利要求22所述的装置，其中所述场效应晶体管(FET)是金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)。
24.根据权利要求18所述的装置，其中所述第一开关包括继电器或断路器中的一个或多个。
25.一种通过控制模块执行的方法，所述方法包括：
确定光伏串开始产生DC电力；以及
响应于所述光伏串开始产生电力，闭合第二开关并且随后闭合第一开关，其中所述第一开关与第一DC电源线串联，其中所述第二开关与所述第一DC电源线串联并且与所述第一开关并联，其中所述第一开关被配置为当所述第一开关和所述第二开关闭合时相较于所述第二开关允许电流中的更多电流流动。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法，还包括：
响应于所述光伏串开始产生电力，闭合第四开关并且随后闭合第三开关，其中所述第三开关与第二DC电源线串联以及所述第四开关与所述第二DC电源线串联并且与所述第三开关并联，其中所述第三开关被配置为当所述第三开关和所述第四开关闭合时相较于所述第四开关允许电流中的更多电流流动。
27.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其中所述控制模块被配置为同时闭合所述第一开关和所述第三开关并且同时闭合所述第二开关和所述第四开关。
28.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中所述第一开关是机电开关并且所述第二开关是半导体开关。
29.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中所述第二开关包括下列项中的一个或多个：绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)、集成二极管、固态开关或者场效应晶体管(FET)。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法，其中所述场效应晶体管(FET)是金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)。
31.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中所述第一开关包括继电器或断路器中的一个或多个。
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