CN104645918A - 用于执行化学反应的方法 - Google Patents

用于执行化学反应的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104645918A
CN104645918A CN201410826059.6A CN201410826059A CN104645918A CN 104645918 A CN104645918 A CN 104645918A CN 201410826059 A CN201410826059 A CN 201410826059A CN 104645918 A CN104645918 A CN 104645918A
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reactant
reaction zone
product
spiral
reaction
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罗伊·E·麦卡利斯特
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McAlister Technologies LLC
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McAlister Technologies LLC
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Abstract

本发明公开一种用于执行化学反应的方法。根据特定实施例的执行方法包括：集中太阳辐射；将集中的太阳辐射通过反应容器的光透射表面引导至反应容器内的反应区；致动反应物输送系统以旋转螺旋的方式将反应物引导至反应区；在反应区执行吸热反应以产生产物；以及致动从反应物输送系统向内或向外环状地定位的产物移除系统，以从反应区移除产物。

Description

用于执行化学反应的方法
本申请是申请日为2011年2月14日的名称为“具有环状地定位的输送和移除装置的化学反应器及相关系统和方法”的中国专利申请NO.201180009282.6的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2010年2月13日提交的名称为“FULL SPECTRUMENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE”的美国专利申请No.61/304,403的优先权和受益权，该专利申请的全部内容通过参引并入本文。如果上述申请和/或通过参引并入本文的任何其他材料与本文中给出的公开内容相冲突，则以本文的公开内容为准。
技术领域
本技术大致涉及具有环状地定位的反应物输送装置和产物移除装置的化学反应器以及相关系统和方法。在特别的实施例中，具有这些装置的反应器系统可用于由具有提高的能量效率的各种各样的原料生产清洁燃烧的氢基燃料，以及能够由在形成氢基燃料时释放的碳和/或其他元素生产建筑结构块。
背景技术
比如为太阳、风、波、下落水以及基于生物质源的可再生能源作为重要能源具有巨大的潜势，但当前遭受阻止普遍采用的各种问题。例如，在电力生产中利用再生能源取决于可能间断的能源的可利用性。太阳能受限于太阳的可利用性(即，仅白天)，风能受限于风的可变性，下落水能受限于干旱，生物质能尤其受限于季节性变化。由于这些及其他因素，来自可再生能源的被捕获或未被捕获的能量中的许多趋于被浪费。
上述与捕获和节约能量有关的低效率限制了可再生能源对于世界上的许多区域向可行的能量提供者的演变，因为这种低效率通常导致生产能量的高成本。因此，世界上继续依赖油和其他化石燃料作为主要能源，因为政府补贴及与化石燃料有关的其他项目支撑技术开发至少部分地使得化石燃料迷惑性地便于使用并且看上去使用这种燃料是廉价的。同时，用于耗尽资源的重置成本、以及环境恶化和健康影响的成本以及化石燃料使用的其他副产物并未包括在由这些燃料所产生的能量的购买价格内。
根据当前与可持续地生产可再生资源有关的上述以及其他缺点，需要提高利用这些资源生产产品和燃料的效率和商业可行性。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的之一是提供一种具有环状地定位的输送和移除装置的化学反应器及相关系统和方法，以解决现有技术的上述问题中的至少之一。
根据本发明的一方面提供了一种化学反应器，包括：
反应器容器，所述反应器容器具有靠近反应区的光可透射表面；
可运动反应物输送系统，所述可运动反应物输送系统定位在所述反应器容器内；
产物移除系统，所述产物移除系统定位在所述反应器容器内并且从所述输送系统向内或向外环状地定位，其中，所述反应物输送系统包括可旋转螺旋，所述可旋转螺旋具有向外延伸的螺旋形螺纹，所述螺旋形螺纹定位成向所述反应区传送反应物；以及
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器定位成将太阳辐射通过所述光可透射表面引导至所述反应区。
优选地，所述产物移除系统定位成与所述反应物输送系统紧密地热连通，以向所述反应物输送系统传递热。
优选地，所述螺旋沿着旋转轴线延伸并能够围绕所述旋转轴线旋转，并且其中，所述螺旋形螺纹的节距沿着所述旋转轴线随着位置的变化而变化。
优选地，所述螺旋沿着旋转轴线延伸并能够围绕所述旋转轴线旋转，并且其中，所述螺旋形螺纹的径向宽度沿着所述旋转轴线随着位置的变化而变化。
优选地，所述产物移除系统包括可旋转螺旋，所述可旋转螺旋具有定位成从所述反应区传送产物的向外延伸的螺旋形螺纹。
优选地，所述反应物输送系统包括能够朝向所述反应区递增地运动的活塞。
根据本发明的另一方面提供了一种包括如上述所述的化学反应器的系统，还包括：
燃烧器，所述燃烧器操作地联接至所述反应区以向所述反应区引导热；
传感器，所述传感器定位成检测入射的太阳辐射；以及
控制器，所述控制器操作地联接至所述燃烧器和所述传感器，从而当所述入射的太阳辐射下降到阈值水平以下时激活所述燃烧器。
优选地，上述系统还包括固体反应物的来源，并且其中，所述产物输送系统在所述来源与所述反应区之间延伸。
优选地，上述系统还包括气体反应物的来源，并且其中，所述产物输送系统在所述来源与所述反应区之间延伸。
优选地，上述系统还包括碳氢化合物反应物的来源，并且其中，所述产物输送系统在所述来源与所述反应区之间延伸。
优选地，上述系统还包括反应物的来源，并且其中，所述来源包括氮。
根据本发明的一实施方式，提供了一种化学反应器，包括：
圆筒形反应器容器，所述圆筒形反应器容器具有光可透射表面，所述光可透射表面靠近并且限制定位在所述容器内的反应区；
反应物输送系统，所述反应物输送系统定位在所述反应器容器内，所述反应物输送系统包括第一螺旋轴，所述第一螺旋轴具有向外延伸的第一螺旋形螺纹并且能够围绕旋转轴线旋转，所述第一螺旋轴延伸至所述反应区并且具有沿着所述旋转轴线延伸的第一轴向开口；
产物移除系统，所述产物移除系统定位在所述反应器容器内，所述产物移除系统包括同心地定位在所述第一螺旋轴的所述第一轴向开口内的第二螺旋轴，所述第二螺旋轴与所述第一螺旋轴紧密地热连通，所述第二螺旋轴具有向外延伸的第二螺旋形螺纹并且能够围绕所述旋转轴线旋转，所述第二螺旋轴延伸至所述反应区并且具有沿着所述旋转轴线延伸的第二轴向开口；以及
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器定位成将太阳辐射通过所述光可透射表面引导至所述反应区。
优选地，所述第一螺旋形螺纹的径向宽度沿着所述旋转轴线随着位置的变化而减小。
优选地，所述第一螺旋形螺纹的节距沿着所述旋转轴线随着位置的变化而减小。
根据本发明的一实施方式，提供了一种化学反应器，包括：
反应器容器，所述反应器容器具有靠近反应区的光可透射表面；
可运动反应物输送系统，所述可运动反应物输送系统定位在所述反应器容器内，其中，所述反应物输送系统包括能够朝向所述反应区递增地运动的活塞；
产物移除系统，所述产物移除系统定位在所述反应器容器内并且从所述输送系统向内或向外环状地定位；以及
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器定位成将太阳辐射通过所述光可透射表面引导至所述反应区。
根据本发明的一实施方式，提供了一种化学反应器，包括：
反应器容器，所述反应器容器具有靠近反应区的光可透射表面；
可运动反应物输送系统，所述可运动反应物输送系统定位在所述反应器容器内；
产物移除系统，所述产物移除系统定位在所述反应器容器内并且从所述输送系统向内或向外环状地定位；
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器定位成将太阳辐射通过所述光可透射表面引导至所述反应区传感器；
燃烧器，所述燃烧器操作地联接至所述反应区以向所述反应区引导热；
传感器，所述传感器定位成检测入射的太阳辐射；以及
控制器，所述控制器操作地联接至所述燃烧器和所述传感器，从而当所述入射的太阳辐射下降到阈值水平以下时激活所述燃烧器。
根据本发明的一实施方式，提供了一种化学反应器，包括：
反应器容器，所述反应器容器具有靠近反应区的光可透射表面；
可运动反应物输送系统，所述可运动反应物输送系统定位在所述反应器容器内，并且可致动地沿着轴移动反应物，其中所述反应区相对于所述轴可旋转地固定；
产物移除系统，所述产物移除系统定位在所述反应器容器内并且从所述输送系统向内或向外环状地定位；
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器定位成将太阳辐射通过所述光可透射表面引导至所述反应区传感器；
其中，所述可运动反应物输送系统包括可旋转螺旋，所述可旋转螺旋具有向外延伸的螺旋形螺纹，所述螺旋形螺纹定位成向所述反应区传送所述反应物。
优选地，所述螺旋沿着旋转轴线延伸并能够围绕所述旋转轴线旋转，并且其中，所述螺旋形螺纹的节距沿着所述旋转轴线随着位置的变化而变化。
优选地，所述螺旋沿着旋转轴线延伸并能够围绕所述旋转轴线旋转，并且其中，所述螺旋形螺纹的径向宽度沿着所述旋转轴线随着位置的变化而变化。
根据本发明的另一方面提供了一种用于执行化学反应的方法，包括：
集中太阳辐射；
将所述集中的太阳辐射通过反应容器的光透射表面引导至所述反应容器内的反应区；
致动反应物输送系统，以旋转螺旋的方式将反应物引导至所述反应区；
在所述反应区执行吸热反应以产生产物；以及
致动从所述反应物输送系统向内或向外环状地定位的产物移除系统，以从所述反应区移除产物。
优选地，上述方法还包括在所述反应物接近所述反应区时压紧所述反应物。
优选地，上述方法还包括将来自离开所述反应区的所述产物的热传递至接近所述反应区的所述反应物。
优选地，所述反应物包括至少一个固体反应物。
优选地所述反应物包括至少一个气体反应物。
优选地，所述反应物包括生物质反应物，并且其中，压紧所述反应物包括从所述反应物去除水和空气。
根据本发明的另一实施方式，提供了一种用于执行化学反应的方法，包括：
在白昼时间期间集中太阳辐射；
将所述集中的太阳辐射通过反应容器的光透射表面引导至所述反应容器内的反应区；
通过第一外螺旋形螺旋旋转以将碳氢化合物反应物引导至所述反应区；
在所述反应区执行吸热反应，以将所述碳氢化合物分解成气态含氢成分和气态含碳成分并且产生固体产物；
从所述反应区去除所述气态含氢成分和所述气态含碳成分；
通过与所述第一外螺旋形螺旋相对的第二内螺旋形螺旋旋转以从所述反应区去除所述固体产物；
在白昼时间之后，将氧引导至所述反应区以支持燃烧过程；以及
将来自所述燃烧过程的热引导至所述反应区。
优选地，上述方法还包括在进行所述第一外螺旋形螺旋和/或第二内螺旋形螺旋时，将来自所述固体产物的热传递至进入的碳氢化合物反应物。
附图说明
图1是具有太阳能集中器的系统的局部示意图，太阳能集中器将热引导至根据所公开技术的实施例的反应器容器。
图2是反应器容器的一部分的示意性局部放大图示，包括用于控制太阳能向根据所公开的技术的实施例的反应区的输送的另外的特征。
图3是根据本公开的实施例的具有环状地定位的产物移除和反应物输送系统的反应器容器的实施例的示意性局部截面图示。
图4是根据所公开技术的实施例的具有径向锥形螺纹的反应物输送系统的示意性局部截面图示。
图5是根据本公开技术的实施例的具有反应物输送系统的反应器容器的示意性局部截面图示，其中，反应物输送系统具有沿轴向方向变细的螺纹通道。
图6是根据所公开技术的又一个实施例的具有反应物输送系统的反应器容器的示意性局部截面图示，其中，反应物输送系统包括在具有锥形壁的圆筒内环状地定位的活塞。
具体实施方式
1.概述
用于在化学反应器中处理反应物和产物的装置、系统和方法的多个示例描述如下。在特定的实施例中，这些装置能够提高反应物被压紧和加热的效率，从而提高反应的总效率。包括这些装置的反应器可用于由生物质和/或其他废物流生产氢燃料和/或其他有用的最终产物。因此，反应器能够生产清洁燃烧燃料并且能够重置碳和/或其他成分供耐用物品之用，包括聚合物和碳复合材料。尽管以下说明提供下述示例的许多特定细节，足以使得相关领域的技术人员能够实施、制造和使用这些示例，但如下所述的细节和优势中的多个对于实施本技术的某些示例未必是必须的。另外，本技术可以包括在权利要求的范围内但在此未详细描述的其他示例。
在整个说明书中所参照的“一个示例”、“示例”、“一个实施例”或“实施例”意思是结合示例描述的特定的特征、结构、过程或特性包括在本技术的至少一个示例中。因此，在整个本说明书中的不同位置中出现的词语“在一个示例中”、“在示例中”、“一个实施例”或“实施例”并不一定总是指代同一示例。此外，特定的特征、结构、程序、步骤或特性可以在本技术的一个或更多个示例中以任何适当的方式组合。本文提供的标题仅为了方便，而非旨在限制或解释所请求保护的技术的范围和意义。
如下所述的技术的某些实施例可以采取计算机可执行指令的形式，包括由可编程计算机或控制器执行的程序。相关领域的技术人员可以理解，本技术可以在除以下所示和所述之外的计算机或控制器系统上实施。该技术可以包含在专门目的的计算机、控制器或数据处理机中，专门目的的计算机、控制器或数据处理机特别地编程、配置或构造成执行如下所述的一个或更多个计算机可执行指令。因此，本文中通常使用的术语“计算机”和“控制器”指的是任何数据处理机并且可以包括因特网设备、手持装置、多处理器系统、可编程序用户电子设备、网络计算机、小型计算机以及类似设备。该技术还可以在由通过通信网络联接的远程处理装置执行的任务或模块的分布式环境中实施。如下所述的技术的各方面可被存储或分布在计算机可读介质上，包括磁或光学可读或可擦除计算机磁盘以及电子地分布在网络上的介质。在特定的实施例中，特别地对于该技术的各方面的数据结构和数据传输也包括在本技术的范围内。本技术包括编程计算机可读介质以执行特定步骤的方法以及执行上述步骤的方法。
根据特定实施例的化学反应器包括具有靠近反应区的光可透射表面的反应器容器。反应器还可以包括定位在反应器容器内的可运动反应物输送系统、定位在容器内并且从输送系统向内或向外环状地定位的产物移除系统。太阳能集中器定位成将太阳辐射通过光可透射表面引导至反应区。反应物输送系统与产物退出系统之间的环形关系能够增强输出产物与进入反应物之间的热传递，并且能够在进入反应器之前便于压缩进入的反应物。
根据该技术的特定实施例的方法包括集中太阳辐射并且将集中的太阳辐射通过反应容器的光透射表面引导至反应容器内的反应区。反应物输送系统被致动以将反应物引导至反应区。该方法还包括在反应区执行吸热反应以产生产物，并且致动从反应物输送系统向内或向外环状地定位的产物移除系统，以从反应区移除产物。
2.有代表性的反应器和相关方法
图1是包括具有反应区111的反应器容器110的系统100的局部示意图。系统100还包括将太阳能103引导至反应区111的太阳能收集器101。太阳能收集器103可以包括碟、槽、定日镜布置、菲涅耳透镜和/或其他辐射聚焦元件。反应器容器110和太阳能收集器101可以安装至使得太阳能收集器101能够围绕至少两个正交轴线旋转的支座102，以便随着地球的旋转继续有效地聚焦太阳能103。系统100还可以包括多个反应物/产物容器170，多个反应物/产物容器170包括第一和第二反应物容器170a、170b以及第一和第二产物容器170c、170d。在特定的实施例中，第一反应物容器170a可以提供包含氢和碳的反应物，例如甲烷，该反应物以吸热反应在反应区111处处理以产生氢和碳，氢和碳分别提供至第一和第二产物容器170c、170d。在其他实施例中，其他反应物，例如，城市固体废物流、生物质反应物和/或其他废物流可在形成第二反应物容器170b的一部分的漏斗171处提供。在这些实施例中的任一个中，内部反应物输送系统和产物移除系统向反应区111提供反应物并且从反应区111移除产物，如随后参照图3-6进一步详细描述的。
系统100还可以包括辅助热源180，当可用太阳能103不足以在反应区111处维持吸热反应时辅助热源180向反应区111提供热。在特定的实施例中，辅助热源180可以包括感应加热器181，感应加热器181定位成日间远离反应区111以使集中的太阳能103能够进入反应区111并且在夜间能够在反应区111之上滑动以向反应区111提供热。感应加热器181可以由可再生清洁能源提供动力，例如日间由反应器容器110产生的氢、或下落水、地热能、风能或其他适当的能源。
在上述实施例中的任一个中，系统100还可以包括控制器190，控制器190接收输入信号191并经由控制信号或其他输出192引导构成系统100的装置的操作。例如，控制器190可以接收来自辐射传感器193的信号，该信号指示入射的太阳辐射何时不足以维持反应区111处的反应。作为响应，控制器190能够发出激活辅助热源180的命令。控制器190还可以引导反应物输送和产物移除系统，以下参照图3-6进一步地说明。
图2是图1中所示反应器容器110的实施例的局部示意图，示出定位成使得入射的太阳能103能够进入反应区111的透射部件112。在特定的实施例中，透射部件112可以包括玻璃或其他适当地透明的高温材料，该材料对于太阳辐射可容易地透射并且构造成承受反应区111中的高温。例如，反应区111处的温度在一些实施例中预期达到4000℉，并且对于反应物和/或产物可以更高。
在其他实施例中，透射部件112可以包括以一个波长吸收辐射并且以另一个波长再将其辐射的一个或更多个元件。例如，透射部件112可以包括第一表面113a和第二表面113b，第一表面113a以一个波长接收入射的太阳能，第二表面113b以另一个波长将能量再辐射到反应区111内。这样，提供至反应区111的能量可被特别地定制成匹配或接近放置在反应区111内的反应物和/或产物的吸收特性。代表性的再辐射装置的进一步的细节在名称为“CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH RE-RADIATING SURFACESAND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”的待审美国申请No._________(代理档案号No.69545.8603US)中说明，该美国申请与此同时提交并且通过参引并入本文。
在其他实施例中，反应器容器110可以包括执行相关功能的其他结构。例如，反应器容器110可以包括具有第一和第二表面113a、113b的百叶窗布置114，百叶窗布置114可被枢转成根据例如为入射太阳能103的水平的外界条件而呈现一个表面或另一个表面。在本实施例的特定的方面中，第一表面113a可以具有相对高的吸收率和相对低的发射率。该表面因此可以在日间容易地吸收辐射。第二表面113b可以具有相对低的吸收率和相对高的发射率，并且因此可以操作为例如在晚上冷却反应区111(或反应器110的另一个部件)。该布置的代表性的应用是执行吸热和放热反应的反应器，如在名称为“REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSURE ANDHEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASEDFUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS,AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMSAND METHODS”的待审美国申请No._________(代理档案号No.69545.8616US)中进一步描述的。用于在冷却模式中操作太阳能收集器101(图1)的其他布置的进一步的细节在名称为“REACTORS FORCONDUCTING THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH SOLAR HEATINPUT,AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”的待审美国申请No._______(代理档案号No.69545.8606US)中描述，该美国申请与此同时提交并且通过参引并入本文。
在仍然进一步的实施例中，反应器110可以包括再引导由于收集器表面偏差、环境缺陷、非平行辐射、风和/或其他干扰或变形而导致“溢出”(例如，未准确地聚焦在透射部件112上)的辐射的特征。这些特征可以包括另外的百叶窗114a，百叶窗114a可被定位和/或调整为将辐射(有或没有波长偏移)再引导到反应区111内。
图3是根据本公开的实施例构造的反应器容器110的一部分的示意性局部截面图示。在该实施例的一个方面中，反应器110包括反应物输送系统130和产物移除系统140，反应物输送系统130定位在基本圆筒形的桶状反应器容器110内，产物移除系统140从反应物输送系统130向内环状地定位。例如，反应物输送系统130可以包括外螺旋131，外螺旋131接着包括外螺旋轴132和向外延伸的外螺旋螺纹133。外螺旋131具有轴向地延伸的第一轴向开口135，产物移除系统140定位在第一轴向开口135中。外螺旋131围绕中心旋转轴线115旋转，如通过箭头O所示。随着外螺旋131如上所述地旋转，外螺旋131向上运载至少一个反应物134(例如，气体、液体和/或固体反应物)，并且朝向反应区111运送至如图3所示的右侧。当反应物134在外螺旋螺纹133内运载时，其也是压紧的，潜在地释放气体和/或液体，气体和/或液体可以通过从外螺旋131向外环状地定位的气窗和/或其他开口118逸出。当反应物134在外螺旋螺纹133中变得紧实时，其形成相对于容器110的内壁119的密封。该布置能够防止损失反应物134，并且反而能够迫使反应物134朝向反应区111运动。反应物输送系统130可以包括除外螺旋螺纹133之外的其他特征，以朝向反应区111迫压反应物134。例如，反应器容器110的内壁119可以包括一个或更多个螺旋来复线槽116，当外螺旋131旋转时螺旋来复线槽116趋于轴向地迫压反应物134。除该特征之外或替代该特征地，整个外螺旋131可以来回往复运动，如由箭头R所示，以防止反应物134粘结到内壁119上，和/或以释放可以粘结至内壁119的反应物134。除上述特征之外或替代上述特征地，靠近内壁119设置的桶状加热器117也可以减少反应物粘结。在至少一些实施例中，可以预期在温暖时反应物134将很少会粘结。
反应物134可以包括各种适当的成分，例如，向反应区111提供供氢体的成分。在代表性的实施例中，反应物134可以包括生物质成分，例如，城市固体废物、商业废物、林产品废物或碎料、纤维质、木质纤维素、碳氢化合物废物(例如，轮胎)和/或其他成分。在被压紧之后，这些废产物可以被高度地细分，意味着其由于粗糙表面特征和/或再反射或最终吸收入射辐射的表面特征能够容易地吸收入射辐射。该性质能够进一步提高反应物134在反应区111中加热所具有的效率。
一旦反应物134已被输送至反应区111，其接收来自入射太阳能103或另一能源的热，并且经历吸热反应。反应区111可以具有环形形状并且可以包括绝缘体120以防止热从容器110散逸。在一个实施例中，在反应区111发生的吸热反应包括离解甲烷，以及将碳和氢成分重整为元素碳和双原子氢或者其他碳化合物(例如，一氧化碳或二氧化碳形式的氧化碳)和氢化合物。生成产物146可以包括气体部分(由箭头G指示)，气体部分从反应区111向内环状地通过以由产物移除系统140进行收集。产物146的固体部分144(例如，灰烬和/或其他副产物)也通过产物移除系统140收集。
产物移除系统140可以包括内螺旋141，内螺旋141在外螺旋131内定位在第一轴向开口135中。内螺旋141可以包括内螺旋轴142和内螺旋螺纹143。内螺旋141还可以围绕旋转轴线115沿与外螺旋131相同的方向或沿相反方向如箭头I所示地旋转。内螺旋141包括第二轴向通道145，第二轴向通道145具有使得气体产物G能够进入的开口。气体产物G沿第二轴向开口145向下运动以被收集，并且在至少一些情况中，还被进一步处理(例如，以隔离在反应中产生的碳与在反应中产生的氢)。在特定的实施例中，气体产物G可以经由另外的热交换器(图3中未示出)与进入的反应物134交换额外的热，以冷却产物G和加热反应物134。在其他实施例中，气体产物G可以通过驱动斯特林发动机或其他装置以产生机械和/或电动力来进行冷却。当内螺旋141旋转时，其如图3中所示地向下和向左运载产物146的固体部分144。固体产物144(和气体产物G)可以经由传导向外螺旋130传送热，以加热进入的反应物134，之后固体部分144可被移除以便应用。例如，来自在反应区111进行的反应的含氮和/或含硫产物可被用于农业或工业过程。产物以及由此的固体部分的化学和物理成分能够取决于进入的反应物的特性，进入的反应物的特性可以大范围地改变，例如，从城市固体废物至工业废物至生物质。
如以上参照图1和2所描述的，系统100可以包括即使当可用太阳能不足以维持反应时将能量(例如，热)引导到反应区111内的特征。在图3中示出的实施例中，辅助热源180可以包括燃烧反应物182(例如，氧化剂和/或含氢的易燃材料)，燃烧反应物182通过定位在第二轴向开口145中的输送管184被引导至与反应区111热连通的燃烧器或燃烧器区域183。在夜间或在当入射太阳能低时的其他时间段，辅助热源180可以向反应区111提供附加热以维持在其中发生的吸热反应。
如上参照图3所述的实施例的一个特征是进入的反应物134可以与离开反应区的固体产物144靠近地或紧密地热连通。特别地，外螺旋轴132和外螺旋螺纹133可以由高度导热材料形成，以便从由内螺旋141运载的固体产物144接收热，并将热输送至进入的反应物134。该布置的优点是其热有效性，因为其移除了来自否则将以浪费热的方式被冷却的产物的热，并且同时加热进入的反应物134，由此减少必须由太阳能集中器101(图1)和/或辅助热源180产生的热的量。通过提高氢和/或碳或其他建筑块在反应器容器110中的产生效率，反应器系统100可以提高用于产生产物的可再生反应物和能源的商业可行性。
图4是具有特别地构造成压紧其运载的反应物134的外螺旋431的反应器容器110的实施例的示意性局部截面图示。在该实施例中，外螺旋431包括向外成锥形的螺旋轴432，由此沿朝向反应区111的轴向方向减小螺旋螺纹433的径向宽度W。该布置沿朝向反应区111的方向有效地减小相邻的螺旋螺纹433之间的容积，由此压紧反应物134。在外螺旋431的长度的至少一部分上，外螺旋431能够有效地从反应物134去除空气和湿气，使得空气和湿气能够通过开口/气窗118排出。这些成分否则可能减慢反应区111处的反应速率。随着反应物134的进一步压紧，其还相对于反应器容器110的内壁119密封，以防止液体和气体在可能另外地参与反应区111处的反应时逸出。当压紧反应物134时产生的热能够减少需要由太阳能集中器101(图1)或其他能源产生的能量的量。
在其他实施例中，其他机构和装置可用于当反应物134被引导至反应区111时压紧反应物134。例如，图5示出具有外螺旋531的反应器容器110，外螺旋531具有承载螺旋螺纹533的轴532，螺纹533越靠近反应区111，则螺纹533具有越靠近或越小的轴向间距(由间隙S指示)。因此，螺旋螺纹533的节距可以在轴向方向上沿着旋转轴线115逐渐地减小。在上述实施例中的任一个中，相比于远离反应区111，接近反应区111的相邻螺纹之间的容积更小。
在如上参照图3-5所述的实施例中，反应物134通过螺旋被输送和压紧。在其他实施例中，反应物134可以经由例如为活塞的其他机构输送和压紧。图6是反应器容器110的示意性局部截面图示，其中，反应物134被加载在环形活塞150上或在环形活塞150的前部，环形活塞150在反应器容器110内如箭头R所示地来回运动。在加载操作之后，活塞150朝向反应区111驱动，因此相对于形成锥形通道121的向内渐细的容器内壁119压紧反应物134。
在一个操作模式中，活塞150相对于锥形容器内壁119驱动反应物134，然后退回以使得更多反应物能够被放置在反应器容器110中。然后，另外的反应物134被驱动抵靠已经存在于容器内壁119之间的反应物134，由此迫使反应物134完全地通过锥形通道121并进入反应区111内。该过程可被重复以在一系列脉动或步骤中将反应物134输送至反应区111。
在另一种操作模式中，活塞150可以由沿径向方向R1坍塌或压缩的材料形成，由此使得活塞150能够完全地驱动通过锥形通道121，从而在一次行程中输送锥形通道121内的反应物134的全部量。在其他实施例中，反应器110可以包括用于压紧进入的反应物134的其他布置，同时使得热的排出产物预加热反应物134，并由此减少必须经由太阳或其他来源在反应区111处提供以维持吸热反应的热能的量。
从上述中可以理解，本文中已描述的本技术的特定实施例用于例示目的，但在不脱离本技术的情况下可以作出各种改进。例如，反应区111处的反应可以在除甲烷之外的反应物上进行。这些反应物可以包括其他碳氢化合物或不包括碳的其他供氢体。这些供氢体可以包括供氮体和/或包括硼、硅或硫的供体。供氮体可以包括生物质成分和/或其他成分。太阳能收集器可以具有如图1所示的圆盘状布置或其他实施例中的其他布置(例如，槽形或定日镜布置)。如上所述的辅助热源的实施例在感应加热器和燃烧器的上下文中描述。在其他实施例中，辅助热源可以包括向反应区111提供能量的其他装置。根据仍然进一步的实施例的反应器不从太阳能接收热，因此可以依靠被认为是作为主要热源的辅助热源(在如上所述的一些实施例中)。
在特定实施例的上下文中描述的技术的某些方面可被组合或在其他实施例中消除。例如，外螺旋可以包括锥形螺旋轴和在相邻螺纹之间变化以压紧反应物134的间距。在特定的实施例中，外螺旋运载反应物，内螺旋运载固体产物。在其他实施例中，内螺旋和外螺旋的作用可以相反。如上参照图6所述的布置标示从内螺纹轴环状地向外定位的活塞。在其他实施例中，另外的活塞可以替换内螺纹轴，或者内活塞可以与外螺纹轴结合使用。另外，虽然在某些实施例的上下文中已经描述了与本技术的这些实施例有关的各种优势，但是其他实施例也可以展现这些优势，而非所有实施例均必须展现这些优势以落入本公开的范围内。因此，本公开及相关技术可以包括本文中未明确地示出或描述的其他实施例。
关于未通过参引在前并入本文的范围，本申请通过参引将以下材料中的每一个的主题的全部内容并入：2010年8月16日提交的名称为“SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHINTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY,MATERIALSRESOURCES,AND NUTRIENT REGIMES”的美国专利申请No.12/857,553；2010年8月16日提交的名称为“SYSTEMS AND METHODSFOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHINTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLEENERGY”的美国专利申请No.12/857,553；2010年8月16日提交的名称为“SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUMPRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES USINGSOLAR THERMAL”的美国专利申请No.12/857,554；2010年8月16日提交的名称为“ENERGY SYSTEM FOR DWELLING SUPPORT”的美国专利申请No.12/857,502；代理档案号为No.69545-8505.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITH IN-LINESELECTIVE EXTRACTION DEVICES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OFOPERATION”；2010年8月16日提交的名称为“COMPREHENSIVE COSTMODELING OF AUTOGENOUS SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR THEPRODUCTION OF ENERGY,MATERIAL RESOURCES AND NUTRIENTREGIMES”的美国专利申请No.61/401,699；代理档案号为No.69545-8601.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“CHEMICALPROCESSES AND REACTORS FOR EFFICIENTLY PRODUCINGHYDROGEN FUELS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS,ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”；代理档案号为No.69545-8602.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“REACTOR VESSELSWITH TRANSMISSIVE SURFACES FOR PRODUCINGHYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS,ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”；代理档案号为No.69545-8603.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“CHEMICALREACTORS WITH RE-RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATEDSYSTEMS AND METHODS”；代理档案号为No.69545-8604.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“THERMAL TRANSFER DEVICE ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”；代理档案号为No.69545-8606.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“REACTORS FORCONDUCTING THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH SOLAR HEATINPUT,AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”；代理档案号为No.69545-8608.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“INDUCTION FORTHERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS,AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS”；代理档案号为No.69545-8611.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“COUPLED THERMOCHEMICAL REACTORS ANDENGINES,AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS”；2010年9月22日提交的名称为“REDUCING AND HARVESTING DRAG ENERGY ONMOBILE ENGINES USING THERMAL CHEMICAL REGENERATION”的美国专利申请No.61/385,508；代理档案号为No.69545-8616.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSURE ANDHEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASEDFUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS,AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMSAND METHODS”；代理档案号为No.69545-8701.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCT HAVING FOREXAMPLE A PLURALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS”；2010年8月16日提交的名称为“METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR DETECTIONOF PROPERTIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS”的美国专利申请No.12/806,634；代理档案号为No.69545-8801.US01，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“METHODS,DEVICES,AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTINGPROPERTIES OF TARGET SAMPLES”；代理档案号为No.69545-9002.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“SYSTEM FORPROCESSING BIOMASS INTO HYDROCARBONS,ALCOHOL VAPORS,HYDROGEN,CARBON,ETC.”；代理档案号为No.69545-9004.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“CARBON RECYCLING ANDREINVESTMENT USING THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION”；代理档案号为No.69545-9006.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“OXYGENATED FUEL”；2009年8月27日提交的名称为“CARBONSEQUESTRATION”的美国专利申请No.61/237,419；2009年8月27日提交的名称为“OXYGENATED FUEL PRODUCTION”的美国专利申请No.61/237,425；代理档案号为No.69545-9102.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“MULTI-PURPOSE RENEWABLE FUEL FOR ISOLATINGCONTAMINANTS AND STORING ENERGY”；2010年12月8日提交的名称为“LIQUID FUELS FROM HYDROGEN,OXIDES OF CARBON,AND/OR NITROGEN；AND PRODUCTION OF CARBON FORMANUFACTURING DURABLE GOODS”的美国专利申请No.61/421,189；以及代理档案号为No.69545-9105.US00，于2011年2月14日提交，名称为“ENGINEERED FUEL STORAGE,RESPECIATION ANDTRANSPORT”。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于执行化学反应的方法，包括：
集中太阳辐射；
将所述集中的太阳辐射通过反应容器的光透射表面引导至所述反应容器内的反应区；
致动反应物输送系统，以旋转螺旋的方式将反应物引导至所述反应区；
在所述反应区执行吸热反应以产生产物；以及
致动从所述反应物输送系统向内或向外环状地定位的产物移除系统，以从所述反应区移除产物。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括在所述反应物接近所述反应区时压紧所述反应物。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，还包括将来自离开所述反应区的所述产物的热传递至接近所述反应区的所述反应物。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述反应物包括至少一个固体反应物。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述反应物包括至少一个气体反应物。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述反应物包括生物质反应物，并且其中，压紧所述反应物包括从所述反应物去除水和空气。
7.一种用于执行化学反应的方法，包括：
在白昼时间期间集中太阳辐射；
将所述集中的太阳辐射通过反应容器的光透射表面引导至所述反应容器内的反应区；
通过第一外螺旋形螺旋旋转以将碳氢化合物反应物引导至所述反应区；
在所述反应区执行吸热反应，以将所述碳氢化合物分解成气态含氢成分和气态含碳成分并且产生固体产物；
从所述反应区去除所述气态含氢成分和所述气态含碳成分；
通过与所述第一外螺旋形螺旋相对的第二内螺旋形螺旋旋转以从所述反应区去除所述固体产物；
在白昼时间之后，将氧引导至所述反应区以支持燃烧过程；以及
将来自所述燃烧过程的热引导至所述反应区。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法，还包括：在进行所述第一外螺旋形螺旋和/或第二内螺旋形螺旋时，将来自所述固体产物的热传递至进入的碳氢化合物反应物。
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