AU2014246616A1 - Chemical reactors with annularly positioned delivery and removal devices, and associated systems and methods - Google Patents

Abstract

A chemical reactor, comprising: a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone; a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel; a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system, wherein the product removal system includes a rotatable screw having an outwardly-extending helical thread positioned to convey products from the reaction zone; and a solar concentrator positioned to direct solar radiation through the light transmissible surface to the reaction zone. Document - 10/10/14 WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 101 103 193 p111 170b 171 192Fi. 170a 170c 170d Fig. 1

Description

H:\mka\Interwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\68731761 .doc-10/10/2014 CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH ANNULARLY POSITIONED DELIVERY AND REMOVAL DEVICES, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS 5 [0001] This is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No. 2013200879 (which is a divisional application of Australian Patent Application No. 2011216234), the originally filed specifications of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 10 CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001A] The present application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 61/304,403, filed on February 13, 2010 and titled FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RESOURCE INDEPENDENCE, which is incorporated herein by reference in 15 its entirety. To the extent the foregoing application and/or any other materials incorporated herein by reference conflict with the disclosure presented herein, the disclosure herein controls. TECHNICAL FIELD 20 [0002] The present technology relates generally to chemical reactors with annularly positioned reactant delivery devices and product removal devices, and associated systems and methods. In particular embodiments, reactor systems with these devices can be used to produce clean-burning, hydrogen-based fuels from a wide variety of feedstocks with enhanced energy efficiency, and can produce structural building blocks 25 from carbon and/or other elements that are released when forming the hydrogen based fuels. BACKGROUND [0003] Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, wave, falling water, and 30 biomass-based sources have tremendous potential as significant energy sources, but currently suffer from a variety of problems that prohibit widespread adoption. For example, using renewable energy sources in the production of electricity is dependent on the availability of the sources, which can be intermittent. Solar energy is limited by the sun's availability (i.e., daytime only), wind energy is limited by the variability of 35 wind, falling water energy is limited by droughts, and biomass energy is limited by seasonal variances, WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 among other things. As a result of these and other factors, much of the energy from renewable sources, captured or not captured, tends to be wasted. [0004] The foregoing inefficiencies associated with capturing and saving energy limit the growth of renewable energy sources into viable energy providers for many regions of the world, because they often lead to high costs of producing energy. Thus, the world continues to rely on oil and other fossil fuels as major energy sources because, at least in part, government subsidies and other programs supporting technology developments associated with fossil fuels make it deceptively convenient and seemingly inexpensive to use such fuels. At the same time, the replacement cost for the expended resources, and the costs of environment degradation, health impacts, and other by-products of fossil fuel use are not included in the purchase price of the energy resulting from these fuels. [0005] In light of the foregoing and other drawbacks currently associated with sustainably producing renewable resources, there remains a need for improving the efficiencies and commercial viabilities of producing products and fuels with such resources. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] Figure 1 is a partially schematic illustration of a system having a solar concentrator that directs heat to a reactor vessel in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technology. [0007] Figure 2 is a partially schematic, enlarged illustration of a portion of a reactor vessel, including additional features for controlling the delivery of solar energy to the reaction zone in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technology. [0008] Figure 3 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of an embodiment of a reactor vessel having annularly positioned product removal and reactant delivery systems in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. -2- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 [0009] Figure 4 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a reactant delivery system having radially tapered screw threads in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technology. [0010] Figure 5 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a reactor vessel having a reactant delivery system with screw thread channels that narrow in an axial direction in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosed technology. [0011] Figure 6 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a reactor vessel having a reactant delivery system that includes an annularly positioned piston within a cylinder having tapered walls, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the disclosed technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION 1. Overview [0012] Several examples of devices, systems and methods for handling reactants and products in a chemical reactor are described below. In particular embodiments, these devices can improve the efficiency with which reactants are compacted and heated so as to improve the overall efficiency of the reaction. Reactors that include these devices can be used to produce hydrogen fuels and/or other useful end products from biomass and/or other waste streams. Accordingly, the reactors can produce clean-burning fuel and can re-purpose carbon and/or other constituents for use in durable goods, including polymers and carbon composites. Although the following description provides many specific details of the following examples in a manner sufficient to enable a person skilled in the relevant art to practice, make and use them, several of the details and advantages described below may not be necessary to practice certain examples of the technology. Additionally, the technology may include other examples that are within the scope of the claims but are not described here in detail. [0013] References throughout this specification to "one example," "an example," "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, process -3- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one example of the present technology. Thus, the occurrences of the phrases "in one example," "in an example," "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, routines, steps or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more examples of the technology. The headings provided herein are for convenience only and are not intended to limit or interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed technology. [0014] Certain embodiments of the technology described below may take the form of computer-executable instructions, including routines executed by a programmable computer or controller. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that the technology can be practiced on computer or controller systems other than those shown and described below. The technology can be embodied in a special-purpose computer, controller, or data processor that is specifically programmed, configured or constructed to perform one or more of the computer-executable instructions described below. Accordingly, the terms "computer" and "controller" as generally used herein refer to any data processor and can include internet appliances, hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, programmable consumer electronics, network computers, mini-computers, and the like. The technology can also be practiced in distributed environments where tasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. Aspects of the technology described below may be stored or distributed on computer-readable media, including magnetic or optically readable or removable computer discs as well as media distributed electronically over networks. In particular embodiments, data structures and transmissions of data particular to aspects of the technology are also encompassed within the scope of the present technology. The present technology encompasses both methods of programming computer-readable media to perform particular steps, as well as executing the steps. [0015] A chemical reactor in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone. The -4- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 reactor can further include a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel, and a product removal system positioned within the vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system. The solar concentrator is positioned to direct solar radiation through the light-transmissible surface to the reaction zone. The annular relationship between the reactant delivery system and product withdrawal system can enhance heat transfer between outgoing products and incoming reactants, and can facilitate compressing the incoming reactants prior to entering the reactor. [0016] A method in accordance with a particular embodiment of the technology includes concentrating solar radiation and directing the concentrated solar radiation through a light-transmissive surface of a reaction vessel and to a reaction zone within the reaction vessel. A reactant delivery system is actuated to direct a reactant to the reaction zone. The method can further include performing an endothermic reaction at the reaction zone to produce a product, and actuating a product removal system position annularly inwardly or outwardly from the reactant delivery system to remove a product from the reaction zone. 2. Representative Reactors and Associated Methodologies [0017] Figure 1 is a partially schematic illustration of a system 100 including a reactor vessel 110 having a reaction zone 111. The system 100 further includes a solar collector 101 that directs solar energy 103 to the reaction zone 111. The solar collector 103 can include a dish, trough, heliostat arrangement, fresnel lens and/or other radiation-focusing element. The reactor vessel 110 and the solar collector 101 can be mounted to a pedestal 102 that allows the solar collector 101 to rotate about at least two orthogonal axes in order to continue efficiently focusing the solar energy 103 as the earth rotates. The system 100 can further include multiple reactant/product vessels 170, including first and second reactant vessels 170a, 170b, and first and second product vessels, 170c, 170d. In particular embodiments, the first reactant vessel 170a can provide a reactant that contains hydrogen and carbon, such as methane, which is processed at the reaction zone 111 in an endothermic reaction to produce hydrogen and carbon which is provided to -5- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 the first and second product vessels 170c, 170d, respectively. In other embodiments, other reactants, for example, municipal solid waste streams, biomass reactants, and/or other waste streams can be provided at a hopper 171 forming a portion of the second reactant vessel 170b. In any of these embodiments, an internal reactant delivery system and product removal system provide the reactants to the reaction zone 111 and remove the products from the reaction zone 111, as will be described in further detail later with reference to Figures 3-6. [0018] The system 100 can further include a supplemental heat source 180 that provides heat to the reaction zone 111 when the available solar energy 103 is insufficient to sustain the endothermic reaction at the reaction zone 111. In a particular embodiment, the supplemental heat source 180 can include an inductive heater 181 that is positioned away from the reaction zone 111 during the day to allow the concentrated solar energy 103 to enter the reaction zone 111, and can slide over the reaction zone 111 at night to provide heat to the reaction zone 111. The inductive heater 181 can be powered by a renewable clean energy source, for example, hydrogen produced by the reactor vessel 110 during the day, or falling water, geothermal energy, wind energy, or other suitable sources. [0019] In any of the foregoing embodiments, the system 100 can further include a controller 190 that receives input signals 191 and directs the operation of the devices making up the system 100 via control signals or other outputs 192. For example, the controller 190 can receive a signal from a radiation sensor 193 indicating when the incident solar radiation is insufficient to sustain the reaction at the reaction zone 111. In response, the controller 190 can issue a command to activate the supplemental heat source 180. The controller 190 can also direct the reactant delivery and product removal systems, described further below with reference to Figures 3-6. [0020] Figure 2 is a partially schematic illustration of an embodiment of the reactor vessel 110 shown in Figure 1, illustrating a transmissive component 112 positioned to allow the incident solar energy 103 to enter the reaction zone 111. In a particular embodiment, the transmissive component 112 can include a glass or other suitably -6- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 transparent, high temperature material that is easily transmissible to solar radiation, and configured to withstand the high temperatures in the reaction zone 111. For example, temperatures at the reaction zone 111 are in some embodiments expected to reach 4000 0 F, and can be higher for the reactants and/or products. [0021] In other embodiments, the transmissive component 112 can include one or more elements that absorb radiation at one wavelength and re-radiate it at another. For example, the transmissive component 112 can include a first surface 113a that receives incident solar energy at one wavelength and a second surface 113b that re-radiates the energy at another wavelength into the reaction zone 111. In this manner, the energy provided to the reaction zone 111 can be specifically tailored to match or approximate the absorption characteristics of the reactants and/or products placed within the reaction zone 111. Further details of representative re-radiation devices are described in co-pending U.S. Application No. titled, "CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH RE RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS" (Attorney Docket No. 69545.8603US) filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference. [0022] In other embodiments, the reactor vessel 110 can include other structures that perform related functions. For example, the reactor vessel 110 can include a Venetian blind arrangement 114 having first and second surfaces 113a, 113b that can be pivoted to present one surface or the other depending upon external conditions, e.g., the level of incident solar energy 103. In a particular aspect of this embodiment, the first surface 113a can have a relatively high absorptivity and a relatively low emissivity. This surface can accordingly readily absorb radiation during the day. The second surface 113b can have a relatively low absorptivity and a relatively high emissivity and can accordingly operate to cool the reaction zone 111 (or another component of the reactor 110), e.g., at night. A representative application of this arrangement is a reactor that conducts both endothermic and exothermic reactions, as is described further in co-pending U.S. Application No. titled "REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSURE AND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL -7- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 ELEMENTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS" (Attorney Docket No. 69545.8616US). Further details of other arrangements for operating the solar collector 101 (Figure 1) in a cooling mode are described in co-pending U.S. Application No. titled "REACTORS FOR CONDUCTING THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH SOLAR HEAT INPUT, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS" (Attorney Docket No. 69545.8606US), filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference. [0023] In still further embodiments, the reactor 110 can include features that redirect radiation that "spills" (e.g., is not precisely focused on the transmissive component 112) due to collector surface aberrations, environmental defects, non-parallel radiation, wind and/or other disturbances or distortions. These features can include additional Venetian blinds 114a that can be positioned and/or adjusted to redirect radiation (with or without wavelength shifting) into the reaction zone 111. [0024] Figure 3 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a portion of a reactor vessel 110 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In one aspect of this embodiment, the reactor 110 includes a reactant delivery system 130 that is positioned within a generally cylindrical, barrel-shaped reactor vessel 110, and a product removal system 140 positioned annularly inwardly from the reactant delivery system 130. For example, the reactant delivery system 130 can include an outer screw 131, which in turn includes an outer screw shaft 132 and outwardly extending outer screw threads 133. The outer screw 131 has an axially extending first axial opening 135 in which the product removal system 140 is positioned. The outer screw 131 rotates about a central rotation axis 115, as indicated by arrow 0. As it does so, it carries at least one reactant 134 (e.g., a gaseous, liquid, and/or solid reactant) upwardly and to the right as shown in Figure 3, toward the reaction zone 111. As the reactant 134 is carried within the outer screw threads 133, it is also compacted, potentially releasing gases and/or liquids, which can escape through louvers and/or other openings 118 located annularly outwardly from the outer screw 131. As the reactant 134 becomes compacted in the outer screw threads 133, it forms a seal against an inner wall 119 of the vessel 110. This arrangement -8- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 can prevent losing the reactant 134, and can instead force the reactant 134 to move toward the reaction zone 111. The reactant delivery system 130 can include other features, in addition to the outer screw threads 133, to force the reactant 134 toward the reaction zone 111. For example, the inner wall 119 of the reactor vessel 110 can include one or more spiral rifle grooves 116 that tend to force the reactant 134 axially as the outer screw 131 rotates. In addition to, or in lieu of this feature, the entire outer screw 131 can reciprocate back and forth, as indicated by arrow R to prevent the reactant 134 from sticking to the inner wall 119, and/or to release reactant 134 that may stick to the inner wall 119. A barrel heater 117 placed near the inner wall 119 can also reduce reactant sticking, in addition to or in lieu of the foregoing features. In a least some embodiments, it is expected that the reactant 134 will be less likely to stick when warm. [0025] The reactant 134 can include a variety of suitable compositions, e.g., compositions that provide a hydrogen donor to the reaction zone 111. In representative embodiments, the reactant 134 can include biomass constituents, e.g., municipal solid waste, commercial waste, forest product waste or slash, cellulose, lignocellulose, hydrocarbon waste (e.g., tires), and/or others. After being compacted, these waste products can be highly subdivided, meaning that they can readily absorb incident radiation due to rough surface features and/or surface features that re-reflect and ultimately absorb incident radiation. This property can further improve the efficiency with which the reactant 134 heats up in the reaction zone 111. [0026] Once the reactant 134 has been delivered to the reaction zone 111, it receives heat from the incident solar energy 103 or another source, and undergoes an endothermic reaction. The reaction zone 111 can have an annular shape and can include insulation 120 to prevent heat from escaping from the vessel 110. In one embodiment, the endothermic reaction taking place at the reaction zone 111 includes dissociating methane, and reforming the carbon and hydrogen constituents into elemental carbon and diatomic hydrogen, or other carbon compounds (e.g., oxygenated carbon in the form of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide) and hydrogen compounds. The resulting product 146 can include gaseous portions (indicated by arrow G), which passed annularly inwardly from the -9- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 reaction zone 111 to be collected by the product removal system 140. Solid portions 144 (e.g., ash and/or other byproducts) of the product 146 are also collected by the product removal system 140. [0027] The product removal system 140 can include an inner screw 141 positioned in the first axial opening 135 within the outer screw 131. The inner screw 141 can include an inner screw shaft 142 and inner screw threads 143. The inner screw 141 can also rotate about the rotation axis 115, as indicated by arrow I, in the same direction as the outer screw 131 or in the opposite direction. The inner screw 141 includes a second axial passage 145 having openings that allow the gaseous product G to enter. The gaseous product G travels down the second axial opening 145 to be collected and, in at least some instances, further processed (e.g., to isolate the carbon produced in the reaction from the hydrogen produced in the reaction). In particular embodiments, the gaseous product G can exchange additional heat with the incoming reactant 134 via an additional heat exchanger (not shown in Figure 3) to cool the product G and heat the reactant 134. In other embodiments, the gaseous product G can be cooled by driving a Stirling engine or other device to generate mechanical and/or electric power. As the inner screw 141 rotates, it carries the solid portions 144 of the product 146 downwardly and to the left as shown in Figure 3. The solid products 144 (and the gaseous product G) can convey heat via conduction to the outer screw 130 to heat the incoming reactant 134, after which the solid portions 144 can be removed for use. For example, nitrogenous and/or sulfurous products from the reaction performed at the reaction zone 111 can be used in agricultural or industrial processes. The products and therefore the chemical and physical composition of the solid portions can depend on the characteristics of the incoming reactants, which can vary widely, e.g., from municipal solid waste to industrial waste to biomass. [0028] As discussed above with reference to Figures 1 and 2, the system 100 can include features that direct energy (e.g., heat) into the reaction zone 111 even when the available solar energy is insufficient to sustain the reaction. In an embodiment shown in Figure 3, the supplemental heat source 180 can include combustion reactants 182 (e.g., -10- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 an oxidizer and/or a hydrogen-containing combustible material) that is directed through a delivery tube 184 positioned in the second axial opening 145 to a combustor or combustor zone 183 that is in thermal communication with the reaction zone 111. During the night or other periods of time when the incident solar energy is low, the supplemental heat source 180 can provide additional heat to the reaction zone 111 to sustain the endothermic reaction taking place therein. [0029] One feature of an embodiment described above with reference to Figure 3 is that the incoming reactant 134 can be in close or intimate thermal communication with the solid product 144 leaving the reaction zone. In particular, the outer screw shaft 132 and outer screw threads 133 can be formed from a highly thermally conductive material, so as to receive heat from the solid product 144 carried by the inner screw 141, and deliver the heat to the incoming reactant 134. An advantage of this arrangement is that it is thermally efficient because it removes heat from products that would otherwise be cooled in a manner that wastes the heat, and at the same time heats the incoming reactants 134, thus reducing the amount of heat that must be produced by the solar concentrator 101 (Figure 1) and/or the supplemental heat source 180. By improving the efficiency with which hydrogen and/or carbon or other building blocks are produced in the reactor vessel 110, the reactor system 100 can increase the commercial viability of the renewable reactants and energy sources used to produce the products. [0030] Figure 4 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of an embodiment of the reactor vessel 110 having an outer screw 431 particularly configured to compact the reactant 134 that it carries. In this embodiment, the outer screw 431 includes a screw shaft 432 that tapers outwardly, thus reducing the radial width W of the screw threads 433 in an axial direction toward the reaction zone 111. This arrangement effectively reduces the volume between neighboring screw threads 433 in a direction toward the reaction zone 111, thus compacting the reactant 134. Over at least one portion of its length, the outer screw 431 can effectively remove air and moisture from the reactant 134, allowing the air and moisture to be withdrawn through the openings/louvers 118. These constituents might otherwise slow the rate of reaction at the reaction zone 111. As the reactant 134 is -11- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 further compacted, it also seals against the inner wall 119 of the reactor vessel 110 to prevent liquids and gases from escaping when they might otherwise participate in the reaction at the reaction zone 111. The heat produced when compacting the reactant 134 can reduce the amount of energy required to be produced by the solar concentrator 101 (Figure 1) or other energy source. [0031] In other embodiments, other mechanisms and devices can be used to compact the reactant 134 as it is directed to the reaction zone 111. For example, Figure 5 illustrates a reactor vessel 110 having an outer screw 531 with a shaft 532 carrying screw threads 533 that have a closer or smaller axial spacing (indicated by gap S) the closer the threads 533 are to the reaction zone 111. Accordingly, the pitch of the screw threads 533 can gradually decrease in an axial direction along the rotation axis 115. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the volume between neighboring threads is smaller proximate to the reaction zone 111 than it is distal from the reaction zone 111. [0032] In the embodiments described above with reference to Figures 3-5, the reactant 134 is delivered and compacted by a spiral screw. In other embodiments, the reactant 134 can be delivered and compacted via other mechanisms, for example, a piston. Figure 6 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional illustration of the reactor vessel 110 in which the reactant 134 is loaded on or ahead of a ring-shaped piston 150 that moves back and forth as indicated by arrow R within the reactor vessel 110. After the loading operation, the piston 150 drives toward the reaction zone 111, thus compacting the reactant 134 against an inwardly tapering vessel inner wall 119, which forms a tapered channel 121. [0033] In one mode of operation, the piston 150 drives the reactant 134 against the tapered vessel inner wall 119, and then is withdrawn to allow more reactant to be placed in the reactor vessel 110. The additional reactant 134 is then driven against the reactant 134 already present between the vessel inner walls 119, thus forcing the reactant 134 entirely through the tapered channel 121 and into the reaction zone 111. This process can be repeated to deliver the reactant 134 to the reaction zone 111 in a series of pulses or steps. -12- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 [0034] In another mode of operation, the piston 150 can be formed from a material that collapses or compresses in a radial direction R1, thus allowing the piston 150 to drive entirely through the tapered channel 121 to deliver the entire amount of reactant 134 within the tapered channel 121 in one stroke. In other embodiments, the reactor 110 can include other arrangements for compacting the incoming reactant 134, while allowing the hot, exiting product to preheat the reactant 134 and thus reduce the amount of thermal energy that must be provided at the reaction zone 111 via solar or other sources to sustain an endothermic reaction. [0035] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the technology. For example, reactions at the reaction zone 111 can be conducted on reactants other then methane. Such reactants can include other hydrocarbons, or other hydrogen donors that do not include carbon. Such hydrogen donors can include nitrogenous donors, and/or donors that include boron, silicon, or sulfur. Nitrogenous donors can include biomass constituents and/or other constituents. The solar collector can have a dish shaped arrangement, as shown in Figure 1, or other arrangements (e.g., a trough shape or a heliostat arrangement) in other embodiments. Embodiments of the supplemental heat source described above were described in the context of an inductive heater and a combustor. In other embodiments, the supplemental heat source can include other devices that provide energy to the reaction zone 111. Reactors in accordance with still further embodiments do not receive heat from solar energy and accordingly can rely on what (in some embodiments described above) is considered a supplemental heat source, as a primary heat source. [0036] Certain aspects of the technology described in the context of particular embodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. For example, the outer screw can include both a tapered screw shaft and varying spacing between adjacent threads to compact the reactant 134. In particular embodiments, the outer screw carries the reactant and the inner screw carries the solid products. In other embodiments, the -13- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 roles of the inner and outer screws can be reversed. The arrangement described above with reference to Figure 6 identified a piston positioned annularly outwardly from an inner threaded shaft. In other embodiments, an additional piston can replace the inner threaded shaft, or an inner piston can be used in conjunction with an outer threaded shaft. Further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein. [0037] To the extent not previously incorporated herein by reference, the present application incorporates by reference in their entirety the subject matter of each of the following materials: U.S. Patent Application No. 12/857,553, filed on August 16, 2010 and titled SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, MATERIALS RESOURCES, AND NUTRIENT REGIMES; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/857,553, filed on August 16, 2010 and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/857,554, filed on August 16, 2010 and titled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES USING SOLAR THERMAL; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/857,502, filed on August 16, 2010 and titled ENERGY SYSTEM FOR DWELLING SUPPORT; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8505.USOO, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled DELIVERY SYSTEMS WITH IN-LINE SELECTIVE EXTRACTION DEVICES AND ASSOCIATED METHODS OF OPERATION; U.S. Patent Application No. 61/401,699, filed on August 16, 2010 and titled COMPREHENSIVE COST MODELING OF AUTOGENOUS SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY, MATERIAL RESOURCES AND NUTRIENT REGIMES; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8601.USOO, filed -14- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 on February 14, 2011 and titled CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REACTORS FOR EFFICIENTLY PRODUCING HYDROGEN FUELS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8602.USOO, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled REACTOR VESSELS WITH TRANSMISSIVE SURFACES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8603.USOO, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled CHEMICAL REACTORS WITH RE-RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8604.USOO, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled THERMAL TRANSFER DEVICE AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8606.USOO, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled REACTORS FOR CONDUCTING THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES WITH SOLAR HEAT INPUT, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8608.USOO, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled INDUCTION FOR THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8611.US00, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled COUPLED THERMOCHEMICAL REACTORS AND ENGINES, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; U.S. Patent Application No. 61/385,508, filed on September 22, 2010 and titled REDUCING AND HARVESTING DRAG ENERGY ON MOBILE ENGINES USING THERMAL CHEMICAL REGENERATION; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8616.US00, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSURE AND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8701.US00, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCT HAVING FOR EXAMPLE A PLURALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS; U.S. Patent Application No. 12/806,634, filed on August 16, 2010 and titled METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR DETECTION OF PROPERTIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS; Attorney Docket No. 69545-8801.US01, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled METHODS, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROPERTIES OF TARGET SAMPLES; Attorney Docket No. 69545-9002.USOO, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled SYSTEM FOR -15- WO 2011/100689 PCT/US2011/024761 PROCESSING BIOMASS INTO HYDROCARBONS, ALCOHOL VAPORS, HYDROGEN, CARBON, ETC.; Attorney Docket No. 69545-9004.US00, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled CARBON RECYCLING AND REINVESTMENT USING THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION; Attorney Docket No. 69545-9006.US00, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled OXYGENATED FUEL; U.S. Patent Application No. 61/237,419, filed on August 27, 2009 and titled CARBON SEQUESTRATION; U.S. Patent Application No. 61/237,425, filed on August 27, 2009 and titled OXYGENATED FUEL PRODUCTION; Attorney Docket No. 69545-9102.US00, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled MULTI-PURPOSE RENEWABLE FUEL FOR ISOLATING CONTAMINANTS AND STORING ENERGY; U.S. Patent Application No. 61/421,189, filed on December 8, 2010 and titled LIQUID FUELS FROM HYDROGEN, OXIDES OF CARBON, AND/OR NITROGEN; AND PRODUCTION OF CARBON FOR MANUFACTURING DURABLE GOODS; and Attorney Docket No. 69545-9105.US00, filed on February 14, 2011 and titled ENGINEERED FUEL STORAGE, RESPECIATION AND TRANSPORT; -16-

Claims (61)

1. A chemical reactor, comprising: a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone; a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel; a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system, wherein the product removal system includes a rotatable screw having an outwardly-extending helical thread positioned to convey products from the reaction zone; and a solar concentrator positioned to direct solar radiation through the light transmissible surface to the reaction zone.

2. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the product removal system is positioned in close thermal communication with the reactant delivery system to transfer heat to the reactant delivery system.

3. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the screw is extended along and rotatable about a rotation axis, and wherein a pitch of the helical thread varies as a function of position along the rotation axis.

4. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the screw is extended along and rotatable about a rotation axis, and wherein a radial width of the helical thread varies as a function of position along the rotation axis.

5. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the product removal system includes a rotatable screw having an outwardly-extending helical thread positioned to convey products from the reaction zone.

6. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the reactant delivery system includes a piston that is incrementally movable toward the reaction zone.

7. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a combustor operatively coupled to the reaction zone to direct heat to the reaction zone; a sensor positioned to detect incident solar H:\nka\Interwoven\RPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 - 18 radiation; and a controller operatively coupled to the combustor and the sensor to activate the combustor when the incident solar radiation falls below a threshold level.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a source of solid reactants, and wherein the product delivery system extends between the source and the reaction zone.

9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a source of gaseous reactants, and wherein the product delivery system extends between the source and the reaction zone.

10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a source of hydrocarbon reactants, and wherein the product delivery system extends between the source and the reaction zone.

11. The system of claim 1, further comprising a source of reactants, and wherein the source includes nitrogen.

12. A chemical reactor, comprising: a cylindrical reactor vessel having a light transmissible surface proximate to and bounding a reaction zone positioned within the vessel; a reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel, the reactant delivery system including a first screw shaft having an outwardly extending first spiral thread and being rotatable about a rotation axis, the first screw shaft extending to the reaction zone and having a first axial opening extending along the rotation axis; a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel, the product removal system including a second screw shaft positioned concentrically within the first axial opening of the first screw shaft in close thermal communication with the first screw shaft, the second screw shaft having an outwardly extending second spiral thread and being rotatable about the rotation axis, the second screw shaft extending to the reaction zone and having a second axial opening extending along the rotation axis; and a solar concentrator positioned to direct solar radiation through the light transmissible surface to the reaction zone.

13. The reactor of claim 12 wherein a radial width of the first spiral thread decreases as a function of position along the rotation axis. H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 - 19

14. The reactor of claim 12 wherein a pitch of the first spiral thread decreases as a function of position along the rotation axis.

15. A chemical reactor, comprising: a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone; a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel, wherein the reactant delivery system includes a piston that is incrementally movable toward the reaction zone; a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system; and a solar concentrator positioned to direct solar radiation through the light transmissible surface to the reaction zone.

16. A chemical reactor, comprising: a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone; a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel; a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system; a solar concentrator positioned to direct solar radiation through the light transmissible surface to the reaction zone; a combustor operatively coupled to the reaction zone to direct heat to the reaction zone; a sensor positioned to detect incident solar radiation; and a controller operatively coupled to the combustor and the sensor to activate the combustor when the incident solar radiation falls below a threshold level.

17. A chemical reactor, comprising: a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone; a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel and actuatable to move a reactant along an axis, wherein the reaction zone is rotationally fixed relative to the axis; a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system; and a solar concentrator positioned to direct solar radiation through the light transmissible surface to the reaction zone.

18. The reactor of claim 17 wherein the reactant delivery system includes a rotatable screw H:\nka\Interwoven\RPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 -20 having an outwardly-extending helical thread positioned to convey the reactant to the reaction zone.

19. The reactor of claim 18 wherein the screw is extended along and rotatable about a rotation axis, and wherein a pitch of the helical thread varies as a function of position along the rotation axis.

20. The reactor of claim 18 wherein the screw is extended along and rotatable about a rotation axis, and wherein a radial width of the helical thread varies as a function of position along the rotation axis. H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 - 21

21. A reactor system for processing a reactant, comprising: a reactor having a reaction zone; a reactant source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone of the reactor; a solar concentrator having at least one concentrator surface positionable to direct solar energy to a focal area; an actuator coupled to the solar concentrator to move the solar concentrator relative to the sun; and a controller operatively coupled to the actuator, the controller being programmed with instructions that, when executed: direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to focus the solar energy on the reaction zone when the solar energy is above a threshold level; and direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to point to a location in the sky having relatively little radiant energy to cool an object positioned at the focal area when the solar energy is below the threshold level.

22. The system of claim 21, further comprising a heat exchanger carrying a heat exchanger fluid, and wherein the heat exchanger is positionable at the focal area when the solar energy is below the threshold level to discharge heat from the heat exchanger fluid via the solar concentrator.

23. The system of claim 22 wherein at least one of the heat exchanger and the solar concentrator is movable relative to the other between a first configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the reaction zone and a second configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the heat exchanger.

24. The system of claim 21 wherein the reaction zone is a first reaction zone and wherein the system further includes a second reaction zone, and wherein at least one of the solar concentrator, the first reaction zone and the second reaction zone is movable to form a first configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the first reaction zone and a second configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the second reaction zone.

25. The system of claim 21, further comprising a reactant carried by the reactant source, and wherein the reactant includes a hydrogen donor having at least one of carbon, boron, nitrogen, silicon, a transition metal, and sulfur as a constituent. H:\nka\Interwoven\RPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 -22

26. The system of claim 21 wherein the solar concentrator includes a dish-shaped concentrator.

27. The system of claim 21 wherein the solar concentrator includes a trough-shaped concentrator.

28. The system of claim 21 wherein the solar concentrator includes a Fresnel lens.

29. A reactor system for processing a reactant, comprising: a reactor having a reaction zone; a reactant source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone of the reactor; a solar concentrator having at least one concentrator surface positionable to direct solar energy to a focal area; a first actuator coupled to the solar concentrator to move the solar concentrator relative to the sun; a radiation control structure positioned between the concentrator surface and the focal area, the radiation control structure having a first surface and a second surface facing away from the first surface, the first surface having a first radiant energy absorptivity and a first radiant energy emissivity, the second surface having a second radiant energy absorptivity less than the first radiant energy absorptivity and a second radiant energy emissivity greater than the first radiant energy emissivity; and a second actuator coupled to the radiation control structure to change the structure from a first configuration in which the first surface faces toward the concentrator surface, and a second configuration in which the second surface faces toward the concentrator surface.

30. The system of claim 29, further comprising: a controller operatively coupled to the first and second actuators, the controller being programmed with instructions that, when executed: direct the first actuator to position the solar concentrator to focus the solar energy on the reaction zone when the solar energy is above a threshold level; direct the second actuator to position the radiation control structure in the first configuration when the solar energy is above the threshold level; direct the first actuator to position the solar concentrator to point to a location in the sky away from the sun and having relatively little radiant energy to cool an object positioned at the focal area when the solar energy is below the threshold level; and direct the second actuator to position the radiation control structure H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 - 23 in the second configuration when the solar energy is below the threshold level.

31. The system of claim 30 wherein the radiation control structure includes a plurality of pivotable elements, and wherein individual pivotable elements have a first surface and a second surface facing away from the first surface.

32. The system of claim 29, further comprising a redirection component positioned proximate to the solar concentrator and the reaction zone, the redirection component having at least one movable surface positioned to receive at least a portion of the solar energy directed by the solar concentrator and redirect the portion of energy into the reaction zone.

33. The system of claim 32 wherein the redirection component includes a plurality of movable surfaces.

34. The system of claim 33 wherein the movable surfaces include reflective surfaces.

35. The system of claim 33 wherein the movable surfaces include a re-radiation component positioned to receive radiation over a first spectrum having a first peak wavelength range and re-radiate the radiation into the reaction zone over a second spectrum having a second peak wavelength range different than the first.

36. The system of claim 29, further comprising a reactant carried by the reactant source, and wherein the reactant includes a hydrogen donor having at least one of carbon, boron, nitrogen, silicon, a transition metal, and sulfur as a constituent.

37. A reactor system for processing a hydrogen donor, comprising: a reactor vessel having a reaction zone; a hydrocarbon donor source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone of the reactor vessel and carrying a hydrocarbon donor; a first product collector coupled to the reaction zone to receive a hydrogen-based fuel produced by dissociating the hydrogen donor at the reaction zone; a second product collector coupled to H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 - 24 the reaction zone to receive at least one of carbon and a carbon compound produced by dissociating the hydrogen donor; a solar concentrator having at least one concentrator surface having a focal area and being positionable to direct solar energy toward the reaction zone; an actuator coupled to the solar concentrator to move the solar concentrator relative to the sun; and a controller operatively coupled to the actuator, the controller being programmed with instructions that, when executed: direct the solar concentrator to point toward the sun and focus the solar energy on the reaction zone during daylight hours; and direct the solar concentrator to point to a location in the sky having relatively little radiation energy to cool an object positioned at the focal area after daylight hours.

38. The system of claim 37, wherein the reaction zone includes a first reaction zone, the actuator includes a first actuator and wherein the system further includes a second reaction zone, and wherein the system further comprises: a heat exchanger carrying a heat exchanger fluid in fluid communication with the second reaction zone; and a second actuator coupled to at least one of the heat exchanger and the solar concentrator; and wherein the controller is programmed with further instructions that, when executed: direct the second actuator to align the focal area with the first reaction zone during daylight hours; and direct the second actuator to align the focal area with the heat exchanger after daylight hours. H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 - 25

39. A reactor system for processing a reactant, comprising: a reactor having a reaction zone; a reactant source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone of the reactor; a solar concentrator having at least one concentrator surface positionable to direct solar energy to a focal area; an actuator coupled to the solar concentrator to move the solar concentrator relative to the sun; and a controller operatively coupled to the actuator, the controller being programmed with instructions that, when executed: direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to focus the solar energy for delivery to the reaction zone during a first operational phase; and direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to point to a location in the sky having relatively little radiant energy to cool an object positioned at the focal area during a second operational phase.

40. The system of claim 39 wherein the instructions, when executed, direct the actuator to position the solar concentrator to point to a location in the sky away from the sun to direct radiation away from and cool the object during the second operational phase.

41. The system of claim 39, wherein the object includes a heat exchanger carrying a heat exchanger fluid, and wherein the heat exchanger is positionable at the focal area during the second operational phase to discharge heat from the heat exchanger fluid via the solar concentrator.

42. The system of claim 41 wherein at least one of the heat exchanger and the solar concentrator is movable relative to the other between a first configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the reaction zone and a second configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the heat exchanger.

43. The system of claim 39 wherein the reaction zone is a first reaction zone and wherein the system further includes a second reaction zone, and wherein at least one of the solar concentrator, the first reaction zone and the second reaction zone is movable to form a first configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the first reaction zone and a second configuration in which the focal area is aligned with the second reaction zone. H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 -26

44. The system of claim 39 wherein the solar concentrator includes a dish-shaped concentrator.

45. The system of claim 39 wherein the solar concentrator includes a trough-shaped concentrator.

46. The system of claim 39 wherein the solar concentrator includes a Fresnel lens.

47. The system of claim 39, further comprising a reactant carried by the reactant source, and wherein the reactant includes a hydrogen donor having at least one of carbon, boron, nitrogen, silicon, a transition metal, and sulfur as a constituent.

48. The reactor of claim 39 wherein the actuator is a first actuator, and wherein the system further comprises: a radiation control structure positioned between the concentrator surface and the focal area, the radiation control structure having a first surface and a second surface facing away from the first surface, the first surface having a first radiant energy absorptivity and a first radiant energy emissivity, the second surface having a second radiant energy absorptivity less than the first radiant energy absorptivity and a second radiant energy emissivity greater than the first radiant energy emissivity; and a second actuator coupled to the radiation control structure to change the structure from a first configuration in which the first surface faces toward the concentrator surface, and a second configuration in which the second surface faces toward the concentrator surface.

49. The system of claim 48 wherein the radiation control structure includes a plurality of pivotable elements, and wherein individual pivotable elements have a first surface and a second surface facing away from the first surface.

50. The system of claim 48, further comprising a redirection component positioned proximate to the solar concentrator and the reaction zone, the redirection component having at least one movable surface positioned to receive at least a portion of the solar energy directed by the solar concentrator and redirect the portion of energy into the H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 - 27 reaction zone.

51. The system of claim 50 wherein the redirection component includes a plurality of movable surfaces.

52. The system of claim 51 wherein the movable surfaces include reflective surfaces.

53. The system of claim 51 wherein the movable surfaces include a re-radiation component positioned to receive radiation over a first spectrum having a first peak wavelength range and re-radiate the radiation into the reaction zone over a second spectrum having a second peak wavelength range different than the first.

54. A reactor system for processing a hydrogen donor, comprising: a reactor vessel having a reaction zone; a hydrocarbon donor source coupled in fluid communication with the reaction zone of the reactor vessel and carrying a hydrocarbon donor; a first product collector coupled to the reaction zone to receive a hydrogen-based fuel produced by dissociating the hydrogen donor at the reaction zone; a second product collector coupled to the reaction zone to receive at least one of carbon and a carbon compound produced by dissociating the hydrogen donor; a solar concentrator having at least one concentrator surface having a focal area and being positionable to direct solar energy toward the reaction zone; an actuator coupled to the solar concentrator to move the solar concentrator relative to the sun; and a controller operatively coupled to the actuator, the controller being programmed with instructions that, when executed: direct the solar concentrator to point toward the sun and focus the solar energy on the reaction zone during a first operational phase; and direct the solar concentrator to point to a location in the sky away from the sun to direct radiation away from and cool an object positioned at the focal area during a second operational phase.

55. The system of claim 54, wherein: the reaction zone includes a first reaction zone; the actuator includes a first actuator; the system further includes a second reaction zone, and the object includes a heat exchanger carrying a heat exchanger fluid in fluid H:\mka\Intrwoven\NRPortbl\DCC\MKA\6873362 2.docx-10/10/2014 -28 communication with the second reaction zone; and wherein the system further comprises: a second actuator coupled to at least one of the heat exchanger and the solar concentrator; and wherein the controller is programmed with further instructions that, when executed: direct the second actuator to align the focal area with the first reaction zone during the first operational phase; and direct the second actuator to align the focal area with the heat exchanger during the second operational phase.

56. A method for processing a reactant, comprising: during a first operational phase: concentrating the solar energy at a focal area of a solar concentrator by pointing the solar concentrator toward the sun; directing the concentrated solar energy to the reaction zone; directing the reactant to the reaction zone; and performing an endothermic reaction with the reactant at the reaction zone; and during a second operational phase: dispersing heat at the focal area of the solar concentrator by pointing the solar concentrator away from the sun.

57. The method of claim 56, further comprising, from the dissociation products, providing at least one of: (a) a structural building block based on at least one of carbon, nitrogen, boron, silicon, a transition metal, and sulfur; and (b) a hydrogen-based fuel.

58. The method of claim 56 wherein dissociating the hydrogen donor includes performing an endothermic reaction at the reaction zone, and wherein dispersing heat includes dispersing heat from an exothermic reaction.

59. The method of claim 56 wherein dispersing heat includes liquefying methanol.

60. The method of claim 56 wherein dispersing heat includes liquefying carbon dioxide.

61. The method of claim 56 wherein dispersing heat includes dispersing heat from a heat exchanger carrying a heat exchanger fluid, by moving at least one of the heat exchanger and the solar concentrator relative to the other to align the heat exchanger with the focal area.