CN102892493A - 用太阳能热输入进行热化学过程的反应器以及相关系统和方法 - Google Patents

用太阳能热输入进行热化学过程的反应器以及相关系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN102892493A
CN102892493A CN2011800092756A CN201180009275A CN102892493A CN 102892493 A CN102892493 A CN 102892493A CN 2011800092756 A CN2011800092756 A CN 2011800092756A CN 201180009275 A CN201180009275 A CN 201180009275A CN 102892493 A CN102892493 A CN 102892493A
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reaction zone
solar
concentrator
actuator
solar concentrator
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罗伊·E·麦卡利斯特
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McAlister Technologies LLC
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Abstract

本发明提供一种用太阳能热输入进行热化学过程的反应器以及相关系统和方法。根据特定实施例的系统包括：反应器，该反应器具有反应区；反应物源，该反应物源与反应区流体连通地联接；以及太阳能集中器，该太阳能集中器具有可定位成将太阳能引导到焦点区域的至少一个集中器表面。该系统还可以包括：致动器，该致动器联接到太阳能集中器以相对于太阳移动太阳能集中器；以及控制器，该控制器可操作地联接到致动器。控制器可以用指令进行编程，当执行指令时，当太阳能在阈值水平之上时，指令指导致动器定位太阳能集中器以将太阳能聚焦在反应区上，并且当太阳能在阈值水平之下时，指令指导致动器定位太阳能集中器以指向具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置，以冷却定位在焦点区域处的对象。

Description

用太阳能热输入进行热化学过程的反应器以及相关系统和方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2010年2月13日提交的、通过引用合并于本文中的未决美国临时申请61/304,403的优先权。在前述申请和/或通过引用合并于本文中的任何其它材料与本文中提出的公开内容矛盾的情况下，本文中的公开内容占主导。
技术领域
本技术总体上涉及用太阳能热输入进行热化学过程的反应器以及相关系统和方法。在特定实施例中，这样的反应器可以用于从多种多样的原料产生清洁燃烧、氢基燃料，并且可以从当形成氢基燃料时释放的碳和/或其它元素产生结构构建块。
背景技术
诸如太阳、风、波浪、落水和基于生物质能源的可再生能源具有作为重要能源的巨大潜力，但是目前受制于阻止广泛采用的各种问题。例如，在发电中使用可再生能源取决于可以是间歇的能源的可用性。太阳能受到太阳的可用性限制(即，仅仅在白天)，风能受到风的可用性限制，落水能受到干旱限制，并且生物质能受到季节变化限制，等等。由于这些和其它因素，来自可再生能源的许多俘获或未俘获能量往往被浪费。
与俘获和节约能量相关的前述低效率限制了可再生能源在世界上许多地区发展成可行的能量提供来源，原因是它们常常导致产生能量的高成本。因此，世界继续依赖于石油和其它化石燃料作为主要能源，原因至少部分是与石油燃料相关的政府津贴和其它项目支持技术开发使得使用这样的燃料表面上方便并且表面上便宜。同时，消耗资源的更换成本以及环境恶化、健康影响和化石燃料使用的其它副产品的成本未包括在由这些燃料产生的能量的购买价格中。
考虑到目前与可持续生产可再生资源相关的前述和其它缺陷，仍然需要改善用这样的资源生产产品和燃料的效率和商业可行性。
附图说明
图1是根据本技术的实施例配置的具有太阳能集中器的系统的部分示意、部分横截面图。
图2是根据本公开的实施例的图1中所示的系统的实施例的部分示意、部分横截面图，其中太阳能集中器被配置成在冷却过程中发射能量。
图3是根据本公开的实施例的具有可移动太阳能集中器碟的系统的部分示意、部分横截面图。
图4是根据本公开的实施例的具有槽形太阳能集中器的系统的部分示意、等轴测图。
图5是根据本公开的实施例的具有菲涅耳透镜集中器的系统的部分示意图。
图6是根据本技术的实施例配置的具有辐射控制结构和重定向部件的反应器的部分示意图。
具体实施方式
1.概述
下面描述了用于进行由太阳能驱动的反应的装置、系统和方法的若干例子。根据特定实施例的反应器可以在一个操作阶段期间收集太阳能并且在另一个操作阶段期间使用收集装置排出热。这样的反应器可以用于生产氢燃料和/或其它有用的最终产物。因此，反应器可以生产清洁燃烧燃料并且可以再利用用于耐用品中的碳和/或其它成分，包括聚合物和碳复合材料。尽管以下描述以足以使相关领域的技术人员实施、制造并且使用它们的方式提供了以下例子的许多具体细节，但是下面所述的细节和优点中的一些对于实施该技术的某些例子可能不是必要的。另外，该技术可以包括在权利要求的范围内、但是未在这里详细描述的其它例子。
在该说明书中各处提到“一个例子”、“例子”、“一个实施例”或“实施例”表示结合该例子描述的特定特征、结构、过程或特性包括在本技术的至少一个例子中。因此，在该说明书中各处的短语“在一个例子中”、“在例子中”、“一个实施例”或“实施例”的出现不必都表示相同例子。此外，特定特征、结构、例程、步骤或特性可以以任何合适的方式在该技术的一个或多个例子中组合。在本文中提供的标题仅仅是为了方便而不是旨在限制或解释该要求保护的技术的范围或含义。
下面所述的该技术的某些实施例可以采用计算机可执行指令的形式，包括由可编程计算机或控制器执行的例程。相关领域的技术人员将领会该技术可以在除了下面所示和所述的以外的计算机或控制系统上实施。该技术可以体现在进行特定编程、配置或构造以执行下面所述的一个或多个计算机可执行指令的专用计算机、控制器或数据处理器中。因此，当在本文中一般使用时术语“计算机”和“控制器”表示任何数据处理器并且可以包括互联网装置、手持式装置、多处理器系统、可编程电子消费品、网络计算机、微型计算机等。该技术也可以在分布式环境中实施，其中任务或模块由通过通信网络链接的远程处理装置执行。下面所述的技术的方面可以存储或分布在计算机可读介质上，所述计算机可读介质包括磁性或光学可读或移动式计算机磁盘以及电子地分布在网络上的介质。在特定实施例中，该技术的方面特有的数据结构和数据传输也包含在本技术的范围内。本技术包含将计算机可读介质编程为执行特定步骤以及执行步骤的方法。
根据特定实施例的反应器系统包括：反应器，所述反应器具有反应区；反应物源，所述反应物源与反应区流体连通地联接；以及太阳能收集器，所述太阳能收集器具有可定位成将太阳能引导到焦点区域的至少一个集中器表面。该系统还可以包括：致动器，所述致动器联接到太阳能集中器以相对于太阳移动太阳能集中器；以及控制器，所述控制器可操作地联接到致动器以控制其操作。控制器可以用指令进行编程，当执行指令时，当太阳能在阈值水平之上时(例如，在白天期间)，指令指导致动器定位太阳能集中器以将太阳能聚焦在反应区上。当太阳能在阈值水平之下时，控制器可以指导致动器定位太阳能集中器，以指向具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置，从而冷却定位在焦点区域处的对象。
根据该技术的另一个实施例的系统包括反应器、反应物源、太阳能集中器和第一致动器，所述第一致动器联接到太阳能集中器以相对于太阳移动太阳能集中器。该系统还可以包括辐射控制结构，所述辐射控制结构定位在太阳能集中器的集中器表面和它的相关焦点区域之间。辐射控制结构具有第一表面和背离该第一表面的第二表面，每个表面具有不同的吸收率和发射率。特别地，第一表面可以具有第一辐射能吸收率和第一辐射能发射率，并且所述第二表面可以具有小于第一辐射能吸收率的第二辐射能吸收率，和大于第一辐射能发射率的第二辐射能发射率。该系统还可以包括第二致动器，第二致动器联接到辐射控制结构，以将该结构从第一配置改变到第二配置，在第一配置中第一表面面对集中器表面，在第二配置中第二表面面对集中器表面。在特定实施例中，该系统还可以进一步包括控制器，控制器取决于由太阳能集中器引导的太阳能的水平指导辐射控制结构的操作。
根据该技术的特定实施例的方法包括：用太阳能集中器集中太阳能；将经集中的太阳能引导到定位在太阳能集中器的焦点区域处的反应区；以及在反应区，经由经集中的太阳能将氢供体离解成离解产物。该方法还可以包括从离解产物提供结构构建块(基于碳、氮、硼、硅、硫和过渡金属中的至少一种)和氢基燃料中的至少一种。在另外的特定实施例中，该方法还可以包括取决于太阳能在阈值水平之上还是之下采取不同的措施。例如，当太阳能在阈值水平之上时，它可以被引导到反应区，并且当它在阈值水平之下时，太阳能集中器可以背离太阳指向具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置以冷却结构构建块和/或氢基燃料。
2.典型反应器和相关方法
图1是根据该技术的特定实施例的具有联接到太阳能集中器120的反应器110的系统100的部分示意、部分横截面图。在该实施例的一个方面中，太阳能集中器120包括安装到基座122的碟121。碟121可以包括集中器表面123，该集中器表面接收入射太阳能126，并且朝着焦点区域124引导作为聚焦太阳能127的太阳能。碟121可以联接到集中器致动器125，当地球旋转时该集中器致动器使碟121围绕至少两个正交轴移动以便有效地聚焦太阳能126。如下面将进一步详细地描述，集中器致动器125也可以被配置成在冷却操作期间将碟121有意地定位成背离太阳。
反应器110可以包括一个或多个反应区111，该反应区在图1中显示为第一反应区111a和第二反应区111b。在特定实施例中，第一反应区111a定位在焦点区域124以接收聚焦太阳能127并且便于离解反应或其它吸热反应。因此，系统100还可以包括分配/收集系统140，该分配/收集系统将反应物提供给反应器110并且收集从反应器110接收的产物。在该实施例的一个方面中，分配/收集系统140包括将反应物引导到第一反应区111a的反应物源141、以及收集来自反应器110的产物的一个或多个产物收集器142(两个在图1中显示为第一产物收集器142a和第二产物收集器142b)。当反应器110包括单反应区(例如第一反应区111a)时，产物收集器142a、142b可以收集直接来自第一反应区111a的产物。在另一个实施例中，在第一反应区111a产生的中间产物被引导到第二反应区111b。在第二反应区111b，中间产物可以经历放热反应，并且最终产物然后沿着产物流动路径154输送到产物收集器142a、142b。例如，在典型实施例中，反应物源141可以包括甲烷和二氧化碳，甲烷和二氧化碳被提供给第一反应区111a(例如以单独控制方式)并且被加热以产生一氧化碳和氢。一氧化碳和氢然后被提供给第二反应区111b以在放热反应中产生甲醇。该布置以及第一反应区111a和第二反应区111b之间的相关热传递过程的更多细节在名称为“用于生产氢基燃料和结构元件的具有压力和热传递特征的反应器容器以及相关系统和方法(REACTOR VESSELS WITH PRESSUREAND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCINGHYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS，ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”的共同未决美国申请第号(代理人档案号为69545.8616US)中更详细地进行了描述，上述申请与本申请同时提交并且通过引用被合并于本文中。
在至少一些情况下，除了上述的太阳能加热以外，期望将冷却提供给反应器110。例如，冷却可以用于去除由正在第二反应区111b进行的放热反应产生的热并且因此允许反应继续。当在第二反应区111b产生的产物包括甲醇时，可能期望将甲醇进一步冷却到液体以提供方便的储存和运输。因此，系统100可以包括便于使用集中器表面123来冷却反应器110处的组分或成分的特征。在特定实施例中，系统100包括可操作地联接到热交换器致动器151b的第一热交换器150a，所述热交换器致动器使第一热交换器150a相对于焦点区域124移动。第一热交换器150a可以包括热交换器流体，该热交换器流体与反应器110中的成分热连通，但是与这些成分流体隔离以避免污染成分和/或干扰发生在反应器110中的反应。热交换器流体在从第一热交换器150a至第二热交换器150b并且返回的回路中围绕热交换器流体流动路径153行进。在第二热交换器150b处，当由反应器110产生的产物(例如甲醇)从第二反应区111b前进到分配/收集系统140时，热交换器流体接收来自该产物的热。热交换器流体流动路径153将经加热的热交换器流体输送回第一热交换器150a进行冷却。热交换器流体流动路径153(例如盘绕管道)中的一个或多个应变消除特征152便于第一热交换器150a的运动。系统100也可以包括控制器190，该控制器接收来自各种传感器、换能器和/或系统100的其它元件中的任何一个的输入信号191，并且响应于从这些元件接收的信息，输送控制信号192以调节系统100的操作参数。
图2示出了对提供给第一热交换器150a的热交换器流体进行冷却的一个机构。在该实施例中，控制器190指导热交换器致动器151将第一热交换器150a从图1中所示的位置驱动到焦点区域124，如箭头A所示。另外，控制器190可以指导集中器致动器125将碟121定位成使得集中器表面123背离太阳并且指向具有很小辐射能量的天空的区域。一般而言，该过程可以在夜晚完成，这时更容易避免太阳和局部环境的辐射能量，但是在至少一些实施例中，该过程也可以在白天期间进行。联接到控制器190的辐射能量传感器193可以检测入射太阳辐射何时降到低于阈值水平，指示用于将第一热交换器150a定位在图2中所示的位置的合适时间。
当第一热交换器150a处于图2中所示的位置时，热交换器150a中的热的热传递流体辐射发射能量128，该发射能量在集中器表面123处由碟121收集并且经向外重定向而作为定向发射能量129。邻近焦点区域124定位的绝热体130可以防止辐射能量在除了朝着集中器表面123以外的方向上发射。通过将集中器表面123定位成指向具有很小辐射能量的空间中的区域，该空间中的区域可以用作散热器，并且因此可以接收由第一热交换器150a排出的定向发射能量129。在第一热交换器150a处冷却之后，热交换器流体返回到第二热交换器150b以从沿着产物流动路径154流动的产物吸收更多的热。因此，集中器表面123可以用于冷却以及加热反应器110的元件。
在特定实施例中，第一热交换器150a在白天期间如图1中所示定位，并且在夜晚期间如图2中所示定位。在其它实施例中，多个系统100可以联接在一起，一些具有如图1中所示定位的相应第一热交换器150a，并且其它具有如图2中所示定位的第一热交换器150a，从而提供同时加热和冷却。在这些实施例的任何一个中，冷却过程可以用于液化甲醇和/或提供其它功能。这样的功能可以包括液化或凝固其它物质，例如二氧化碳、乙醇、丁醇或氢。
在特定实施例中，选择输送到反应器110的反应物，以包括从反应物的其它元素(例如碳、氮、硼、硅、过渡金属和/或硫)离解以产生氢基燃料(例如二元氢)的氢和可以进一步处理以产生耐用品的结构构建块。这样的耐用品包括可以从碳结构构建块产生的石墨、石墨烯和/或聚合物，以及从含氢或其它结构构建块形成的其它合适的化合物。在以下共同未决美国专利申请中公开了合适的过程和产物的更多细节：名称为“用于有效地产生氢燃料和结构材料的化学过程和反应器以及相关系统和方法(CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REACTORS FOR EFFICIENTLY0PRODUCING HYDROGEN FUELS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”的__________(代理人档案号为69545.8601US)；名称为“例如具有多个建筑晶体的建筑结构(ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCT HAVING FOR EXAMPLE APLURALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS)”的__________(代理人档案号为69545.8701US)；以及名称为“来自生物质废物离解的碳基耐用品和可再生燃料(CARBON-BASED DURABLE GOODS AND RENEWABLEFUEL FROM BIOMASS WASTE DISSOCIATION)”的_________(代理人档案号为69545.9002US)，上述所有申请与本申请同时提交并且通过引用被合并于本文中。
图3示出了根据所公开的技术的另一个实施例配置的具有反应器310的系统300，反应器310带有可移动碟321。在该实施例的特定方面中，反应器310包括第一反应区311a和第二反应区311b，当碟321具有图3中的实线所示的第一位置时第一反应区311a接收聚焦太阳能127。碟321联接到碟致动器331，该碟致动器使碟321相对于反应区311a、311b移动。因此，在第二操作阶段期间，控制器190指导碟致动器331以将碟321移动到图3中的虚线所示的第二位置。在一个实施例中，当碟321处于第二位置时该布置可以用于将热提供给第二反应区311b。在另一个实施例中，该布置可以用于冷却第二反应区311b。因此，控制器190可以指导集中器致动器125以将碟321指向具有很少或者没有辐射能量的天空中的位置，因此允许第二反应区311b以大体上类似于上面参考图1和2所述的方式将热排出到碟321并且最终排出到空间。
在其它实施例中，系统可以包括太阳能收集器，该太阳能收集器的布置不同于碟布置。例如，图4示出了具有反应器410的系统400，该反应器联接到呈槽421的形式的太阳能集中器420。槽421由一个或多个槽致动器431旋转，并且包括集中器表面423，该集中器表面朝着反应器410引导入射太阳能126进行加热。在图4所示的特定实施例中，反应器410可以包括第一反应区411a和第二反应区411b，可以以大体上类似于上面参考图1和2所述的方式操作第一反应区411a和第二反应区411b。系统400还可以包括第一热交换器450a，该第一热交换器可以朝着或背离在反应器410的下侧由槽421提供的焦点区域424移动。因此，当入射太阳能126被引导到第一反应区411a进行加热时，第一热交换器450a可以如图4中所示定位，并且可以以大体上类似于上面关于图1和2所述的方式在焦点区域424上移动(如箭头A所示)以排出热。反应器410可以包括绝热体430，该绝热体被定位成在加热期间防止来自反应器410的热损失。绝热体430也可以以大体上类似于上述的方式除了沿着发射能量路径128之外防止热离开反应器410。
图5是包括具有菲涅耳透镜521的太阳能集中器520的系统500的部分示意图，所述菲涅耳透镜被定位成接收入射太阳能126并且将聚焦太阳能127输送到反应器510。该布置可以与上述系统和部件中的任何一个结合使用，以用于加热和/或冷却反应器510的成分和/或组分。
图6是根据所公开的技术的更进一步实施例的具有接收辐射的反应器610的系统600的部分示意图。在这些实施例的一个方面中，反应器610可以具有大体上类似于上面参考图1和2所述的总体设计。在其它实施例中，反应器可以被配置成类似于图3-5中的任何一个图所示的反应器，下述的部件以大体上类似的方式操作。
反应器610可以包括允许聚焦太阳能127进入第一反应区611a的透射部件612。在一个实施例中，透射部件112包括玻璃或对太阳辐射高度透明的另一种材料。在另一个实施例中，透射部件612可以包括以一个波长吸收能量(例如辐射能量)并且以另一个波长再辐射能量的一个或多个元件。例如，透射部件612可以包括以一个波长接收入射太阳能的第一表面613a和以另一个波长将能量再辐射到第一反应区611a中的第二表面613b。以该方式，提供给第一反应区611a的能量可以特别地适合于匹配或接近放置于第一反应区611a内的反应物和/或产物的吸收特性。例如，第一和第二表面613a、613b可以被配置成在具有第一峰值波长范围的第一波谱上接收辐射并且在具有不同于第一峰值波长范围的第二峰值波长范围的第二波谱上将该辐射再辐射到第一反应区611a中。第二峰值波长范围在特定实施例中可以比第一峰值波长范围更接近第一反应区611a中的反应物或产物的峰值吸收。典型再辐射装置的更多细节在名称为“具有再辐射表面的化学反应器以及相关系统和方法(CHEMICAL REACTORSWITH RE-RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS)”的共同未决美国专利申请第__________号(代理人档案号为69545.8603US)中进行了描述，上述申请与本申请同时提交并且通过引用被合并于本文中。
在特定实施例中，系统也可以包括由控制结构致动器661提供动力的辐射控制结构660。辐射控制结构660可以包括多个可移动元件662，例如以软百叶帘的方式围绕相应的枢轴接头664枢转的面板。为了举例说明的目的在图6中显示了一组元件662，一般而言，该组元件周向地围绕反应器610的辐射接收表面重复。每个可移动元件662可以具有第一表面663a和第二表面663b。因此，辐射控制结构660可以取决于外部条件(例如聚焦太阳能127的水平)和/或反应器610正在加热模式下还是正在冷却模式下使用而将一个表面或另一个表面定位成面朝外。在该实施例的特定方面中，第一表面663a可以具有较高吸收率和较低发射率。因此在白天期间和/或当聚焦太阳能127高于阈值水平时该表面可以容易地吸收辐射，并且可以将吸收能量传递(例如通过传导)到第二表面663b。第二表面663b可以具有较低吸收率和较高发射率，因此可以发射由第一表面663a传导到它的能量。在一个取向上，该效应可操作地加热第一反应区611a，并且在相反取向上，例如在夜晚，该效应可操作地冷却第一反应区611a(或反应器110的另一个部件，例如上述的第一热交换器150a)。因此，辐射控制结构660可以增强将辐射输送到第一反应区611a的方式，和从反应器610去除热的方式。
在更进一步的实施例中，反应器610可以包括重定向部件670，该重定向部件联接到重定向致动器671以重定向由于收集器表面偏离、环境缺陷、不平行辐射、风和/或其它扰动或变形而“溢散”(例如未精确地聚焦在透射部件612上)的辐射。在特定实施例中，重定向部件670可以包括可移动元件672，所述可移动元件在大体上类似于上述的软百叶帘布置中围绕相应枢轴接头674枢转。因此，这些元件672可以周向地围绕反应器610的辐射接收表面定位。在该实施例的一个方面中，可移动元件672的表面是反射的以便简单地将辐射重定向到第一反应区611a中。在其它实施例中，表面可以包括上述的和在先前通过引用被合并的名称为“具有再辐射表面的化学反应器以及相关系统和方法(CHEMICAL REACTORSWITH RE-RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS)”的共同未决美国专利申请第________号(代理人档案号为69545.8603)中所述的波长偏移特性。
上面参考图1-6所述的系统和过程的实施例的一个特征在于它们可以使用太阳能收集器或集中器表面来提供冷却，以及实际上相反地操作集中器表面来提供加热。该布置可以提供用于冷却由反应器产生的产物和/或其它成分的有用热传递过程，同时减小或消除需要独立元件(例如制冷系统)来提供这些功能。
前述实施例中的至少一些的另一个特征在于它们可以包括特别地适合于增强进入系统或由系统排出的辐射的吸收和/或发射的表面。这些元件可以提供更大的热动力学效率并且因此减小生产上述反应物的成本。
在特定实施例的背景下描述的该技术的某些方面可以在其它实施例中组合或消除。例如，上面在具有两个反应区的反应器的背景下描述了特定实施例。在其它实施例中，用于排出热的类似布置可以应用于具有单反应区或两个以上反应区的反应器。在其它实施例中，反应区(一个或多个)可以用于处理不同于上述的成分。在其它实施例中，上述的太阳能集中器可以用于其它冷却过程。在其它实施例中，太阳能集中器可以具有其它配置(例如定日镜配置)。在至少一些实施例中，作为太阳能集中器相对于反应区(一个或多个)移动的附加或替代，反应区(一个或多个)可以相对于太阳能集中器移动。上述的重定向部件和辐射控制结构可以单独使用、彼此组合使用、和/或与上面关于图1-5所述的布置中的任何一种布置组合使用。
此外，尽管已在那些实施例的背景下描述了与该技术的某些实施例相关的优点，但是其它实施例也可以展现这样的优点，并且不是所有实施例必然需要展现这样的优点以属于本公开的范围内。因此，本公开和相关技术可以包含未在本文中明确显示或描述的其它实施例。
在先前未通过引用被合并的范围内，本申请通过引用完整地合并以下材料的每一个的主题：于2010年8月16日提交的并且名称为“通过可再生能量、物力资源和养分状况的一体化生产的可持续发展经济(SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGHINTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY，MATERIALSRESOURCES，AND NUTRIENT REGIMES)”的美国专利申请第12/857,553号；于2010年8月16日提交的并且名称为“通过可再生能量的一体化全系列生产可持续发展经济的系统和方法(SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORSUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATEDFULL SPECTRUM PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY)”的美国专利申请第12/857,553号；于2010年8月16日提交的并且名称为“通过使用太阳热的可再生物力资源的一体化全系列生产可持续发展经济的系统和方法(SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT THROUGH INTEGRATED FULL SPECTRUMPRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES USINGSOLAR THERMAL)”的美国专利申请第12/857,554号；于2010年8月16日提交的并且名称为“用于居住支持的能量系统(ENERGY SYSTEMFOR DWELLING SUPPORT)”的美国专利申请第12/857,502号；代理人档案号为69545-8505.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“具有在线选择提取装置的输送系统和相关操作方法(DELIVERY SYSTEMSWITH IN-LINE SELECTIVE EXTRACTION DEVICES AND ASSOCIATEDMETHODS OF OPERATION)”；于2010年8月16日提交的并且名称为“用于生产能量、物力资源和养分状况的自发系统和过程的综合成本建模(COMPREHENSIVE COST MODELING OF AUTOGENOUS SYSTEMSAND PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY，MATERIALRESOURCES AND NUTRIENT REGIMES)”的美国专利申请第61/401,699号；代理人档案号为69545-8601.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“用于有效地产生氢燃料和结构材料的化学过程和反应器以及相关系统和方法(CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REACTORS FOR EFFICIENTLYPRODUCING HYDROGEN FUELS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”；代理人档案号为69545-8602.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“用于生产氢基燃料和结构元件的具有透射表面的反应器容器以及相关系统和方法(REACTOR VESSELS WITH TRANSMISSIVE SURFACES FORPRODUCING HYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURALELEMENTS，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”；代理人档案号为69545-8603.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“具有再辐射表面的化学反应器以及相关系统和方法(CHEMICAL REACTORSWITH RE-RADIATING SURFACES AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS)”；代理人档案号为69545-8604.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“热传递装置以及相关系统和方法(THERMAL TRANSFERDEVICE AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”；代理人档案号为69545-8605.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“具有环形定位输送和去除装置的化学反应器以及相关系统和方法(CHEMICALREACTORS WITH ANNULARLY POSITIONED DELIVERY ANDREMOVAL DEVICES，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”；代理人档案号为69545-8608.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“热化学过程的诱导以及相关系统和方法(INDUCTION FORTHERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS，AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS ANDMETHODS)”；代理人档案号为69545-8611.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“耦合热化学反应器和发动机以及相关系统和方法(COUPLED THERMOCHEMICAL REACTORS AND ENGINES，ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”；于2010年9月22日提交的并且名称为“使用热化学再生减小并且收获机动发动机上的阻力能(REDUCING AND HARVESTING DRAG ENERGY ON MOBILEENGINES USING THERMAL CHEMICAL REGENERATION)”的美国专利申请第61/385,508号；代理人档案号为69545-8616.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“用于生产氢基燃料和结构元件的具有压力和热传递特征的反应器容器以及相关系统和方法(REACTOR VESSELS WITHPRESSURE AND HEAT TRANSFER FEATURES FOR PRODUCINGHYDROGEN-BASED FUELS AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS，ANDASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS)”；  代理人档案号为69545-8701.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“例如具有多个建筑晶体的建筑结构(ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCT HAVING FOREXAMPLE A PLURALITY OF ARCHITECTURAL CRYSTALS)”；于2010年8月16日提交的并且名称为“用于检测流体输送系统的性质的方法和装置(METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR DETECTION OFPROPERTIES OF FLUID CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS)”的美国专利申请第12/806,634号；代理人档案号为69545-8801.US01，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“用于检测目标样本的性质的方法、装置和系统(METHODS，DEVICES，AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROPERTIES OF TARGETSAMPLES)”；代理人档案号为69545-9002.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“用于将生物质处理成烃、酒精蒸汽、氢、碳等的系统(SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING BIOMASS INTO HYDROCARBONS，ALCOHOL VAPORS，HYDROGEN，CARBON，ETC.)”；代理人档案号为69545-9004.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“使用热化学再生的碳回收和再投资  (CARBON RECYCLING AND REINVESTMENTUSING THERMOCHEMICAL REGENERATION)”；代理人档案号为69545-9006.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“含氧燃料(OXYGENATED FUEL)”；于2009年8月27日提交的并且名称为“碳封存(CARBON SEQUESTRATION)”的美国专利申请第61/237,419号；于2009年8月27日提交的并且名称为“含氧燃料生产(OXYGENATEDFUEL PRODUCTION)”的美国专利申请第61/237,425号；代理人档案号为69545-9102.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“用于隔离污染物并且储存能量的多用途可再生燃料(MULTI-PURPOSE RENEWABLEFUEL FOR ISOLATING CONTAMINANTS AND STORING ENERGY)”；于2010年12月8日提交的并且名称为“来自氢、碳的氧化物和/或氮的液体燃料以及用于制造耐用品的碳的生产(LIQUID FUELS FROMHYDROGEN，OXIDES OF CARBON，AND/OR NITROGEN；ANDPRODUCTION OF CARBON FOR MANUFACTURING DURABLEGOODS)”的美国专利申请第61/421,189号；以及代理人档案号为69545-9105.US00，于2011年2月14日提交并且名称为“工程燃料储存、形态再形成和运输(ENGINEERED FUEL STORAGE，RESPECIATIONAND TR ANSPORT)”。

Claims (31)

1.一种用于处理反应物的反应器系统，其包括：
反应器，所述反应器具有反应区；
反应物源，所述反应物源与所述反应器的所述反应区流体连通地联接；
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器具有可定位成将太阳能引导到焦点区域的至少一个集中器表面；
致动器，所述致动器联接到所述太阳能集中器以相对于太阳移动所述太阳能集中器；以及
控制器，所述控制器可操作地联接到所述致动器，所述控制器用指令进行编程，当执行所述指令时：
当太阳能在阈值水平之上时，所述指令指导所述致动器定位所述太阳能集中器以将太阳能聚焦在所述反应区上；以及
当太阳能在阈值水平之下时，所述指令指导所述致动器定位所述太阳能集中器以指向具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置，以冷却定位在所述焦点区域处的对象。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其还包括承载热交换器流体的热交换器，并且其中当太阳能在阈值水平之下时，所述热交换器可定位在所述焦点区域处，以经由所述太阳能集中器从所述热交换器流体排出热。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述热交换器和所述太阳能集中器中的至少一个相对于另一个在第一配置和第二配置之间可移动，在所述第一配置中所述焦点区域与所述反应区对准，在所述第二配置中所述焦点区域与所述热交换器对准。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述反应区是第一反应区，并且其中所述系统还包括第二反应区，并且其中所述太阳能集中器、所述第一反应区和所述第二反应区中的至少一个可移动以形成第一配置和第二配置，在所述第一配置中所述焦点区域与所述第一反应区对准，在所述第二配置中所述焦点区域与所述第二反应区对准。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述太阳能集中器包括碟形集中器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述太阳能集中器包括槽形集中器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述太阳能集中器包括菲涅耳透镜。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其还包括由所述反应物源承载的反应物，并且其中所述反应物包括具有碳、硼、氮、硅、过渡金属和硫中的至少一种作为成分的氢供体。
9.一种用于处理反应物的反应器系统，其包括：
反应器，所述反应器具有反应区；
反应物源，所述反应物源与所述反应器的所述反应区流体连通地联接；
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器具有可定位成将太阳能引导到焦点区域的至少一个集中器表面；
第一致动器，所述第一致动器联接到所述太阳能集中器以相对于太阳移动所述太阳能集中器；
辐射控制结构，所述辐射控制结构定位在所述集中器表面和所述焦点区域之间，所述辐射控制结构具有第一表面和背离所述第一表面的第二表面，所述第一表面具有第一辐射能吸收率和第一辐射能发射率，所述第二表面具有小于所述第一辐射能吸收率的第二辐射能吸收率、和大于所述第一辐射能发射率的第二辐射能发射率；以及
第二致动器，所述第二致动器联接到所述辐射控制结构以将所述结构从第一配置改变到第二配置，在所述第一配置中所述第一表面面对所述集中器表面，在所述第二配置中所述第二表面面对所述集中器表面。
10.根据权利要求9所述的系统，其还包括：
控制器，所述控制器可操作地联接到所述第一致动器和所述第二致动器，所述控制器用指令进行编程，当执行所述指令时：
当太阳能在阈值水平之上时，所述指令指导所述第一致动器定位所述太阳能集中器以将太阳能聚焦在所述反应区上；
当太阳能在阈值水平之上时，所述指令指导所述第二致动器将所述辐射控制结构定位在所述第一配置中；
当太阳能在阈值水平之下时，所述指令指导所述第一致动器定位所述太阳能集中器以指向背离太阳并且具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置，以冷却定位在所述焦点区域的对象；以及
当太阳能在阈值水平之下时，所述指令指导所述第二致动器将所述辐射控制结构定位在所述第二配置中。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统，其中所述辐射控制结构包括多个可枢转元件，并且其中单独的可枢转元件具有第一表面和背离所述第一表面的第二表面。
12.根据权利要求9所述的系统，其还包括邻近所述太阳能集中器和所述反应区定位的重定向部件，所述重定向部件具有至少一个可移动表面，所述至少一个可移动表面被定位成接收由所述太阳能集中器引导的太阳能的至少一部分并且将该部分能量重定向到所述反应区中。
13.根据权利要求12所述的系统，其中所述重定向部件包括多个可移动表面。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述可移动表面包括反射表面。
15.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中所述可移动表面包括再辐射部件，所述再辐射部件被定位成在具有第一峰值波长范围的第一波谱上接收辐射并且在具有不同于所述第一峰值波长范围的第二峰值波长范围的第二波谱上将该辐射再辐射到所述反应区中。
16.根据权利要求9所述的系统，其还包括由所述反应物源承载的反应物，并且其中所述反应物包括具有碳、硼、氮、硅、过渡金属和硫中的至少一种作为成分的氢供体。
17.一种用于处理氢供体的反应器系统，其包括：
反应器容器，所述反应器容器具有反应区；
氢供体源，所述氢供体源与所述反应器容器的所述反应区流体连通地联接并且承载氢供体；
第一产物收集器，所述第一产物收集器联接到所述反应区以接收通过离解所述反应区处的所述氢供体产生的氢基燃料；
第二产物收集器，所述第二产物收集器联接到所述反应区以接收通过离解所述氢供体产生的碳和碳化合物中的至少一种；
太阳能集中器，所述太阳能集中器具有至少一个集中器表面，所述至少一个集中器表面具有焦点区域并且可定位成朝着所述反应区引导太阳能；
致动器，所述致动器联接到所述太阳能集中器以相对于太阳移动所述太阳能集中器；以及
控制器，所述控制器可操作地联接到所述致动器，所述控制器用指令进行编程，当执行所述指令时：
在白天期间，所述指令指导所述太阳能集中器指向太阳并且将太阳能聚焦在所述反应区上；以及
在夜晚期间，所述指令指导所述太阳能集中器指向具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置以冷却定位在所述焦点区域处的对象。
18.根据权利要求17所述的系统，其中所述反应区包括第一反应区，所述致动器包括第一致动器，并且其中所述系统还包括第二反应区，并且其中所述系统还包括：
热交换器，所述热交换器承载与所述第二反应区流体连通的热交换器流体；以及
第二致动器，所述第二致动器联接到所述热交换器和所述太阳能集中器中的至少一个；并且其中所述控制器用另外的指令进行编程，当执行所述另外的指令时：
在白天期间，所述另外的指令指导所述第二致动器以使所述焦点区域与所述第一反应区对准；以及
在夜晚期间，所述另外的指令指导所述第二致动器以使所述焦点区域与所述热交换器对准。
19.一种用于处理氢供体的方法，其包括：
用太阳能集中器集中太阳能；
将经集中的太阳能引导到定位在所述太阳能集中器的焦点区域处的反应区；
在所述反应区，经由所述经集中的太阳能将氢供体离解成离解产物；以及
从所述离解产物提供下列的至少一种：
(a)基于碳、氮、硼、硅、过渡金属和硫中的至少一种的结构构建块；以及
(b)氢基燃料。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中所述氢供体包括甲烷，并且其中提供包括提供碳、二氧化碳和一氧化碳中的至少一种以及氢。
21.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中所述氢供体包括烃。
22.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其中所述氢供体包括含氮化合物。
23.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其还包括通过以下方式操作定位在所述太阳能集中器和所述焦点区域之间的辐射控制结构：
当太阳能在阈值之上时，将所述辐射控制结构的第一表面定位成面对所述太阳能集中器，所述第一表面具有第一辐射能吸收率和第一辐射能发射率；以及
当太阳能在阈值之下时，将所述辐射控制结构的第二表面定位成面对所述焦点区域，所述第二表面具有小于所述第一辐射能吸收率的第二辐射能吸收率和大于所述第一辐射能发射率的第二辐射能发射率。
24.根据权利要求19所述的方法，其还包括：
当太阳能在阈值水平之上时：
将所述太阳能集中器指向太阳；并且
将经集中的太阳能引导到所述反应区；以及
当太阳能在阈值水平之下时：
将所述结构构建块和所述氢基燃料中的至少一种放置成与所述焦点区域热连通；并且
通过将所述太阳能集中器背离太阳并且指向具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置在所述焦点区域处分散热，以冷却所述结构构建块和所述氢基燃料中的所述至少一种。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法，其中将所述结构构建块和所述氢基燃料中的至少一种放置成与所述焦点区域热连通包括：
使热交换器与所述焦点区域对准；以及
将来自所述热交换器的热交换器流体引导到所述结构构建块和所述氢基燃料中的所述至少一种。
26.一种用于处理反应物的方法，其包括：
当接近反应器的太阳能在阈值水平之上时：
通过使太阳能集中器指向太阳将太阳能集中在所述太阳能集中器的焦点区域；
将经集中的太阳能引导到反应区；
将所述反应物引导到所述反应区；并且
在所述反应区执行与所述反应物的吸热反应；以及
当接近反应器的太阳能在阈值水平之下时：
通过将所述太阳能集中器背离太阳并且指向具有较小辐射能量的天空中的位置，分散在所述太阳能集中器的所述焦点区域处的热。
27.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其包括从离解产物提供下列的至少一种：
(a)基于碳、氮、硼、硅、过渡金属和硫中的至少一种的结构构建块；以及
(b)氢基燃料。
28.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其中离解氢供体包括在所述反应区执行吸热反应，并且其中分散热包括从放热反应分散热。
29.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其中分散热包括液化甲烷。
30.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其中分散热包括液化二氧化碳。
31.根据权利要求26所述的方法，其中分散热包括：通过使热交换器和所述太阳能集中器中的至少一个相对于另一个移动以使所述热交换器与所述焦点区域对准而从承载热交换器流体的所述热交换器分散热。
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