WO2004019441A1 - 色素増感型光電変換装置及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
色素増感型光電変換装置及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004019441A1 WO2004019441A1 PCT/JP2003/010454 JP0310454W WO2004019441A1 WO 2004019441 A1 WO2004019441 A1 WO 2004019441A1 JP 0310454 W JP0310454 W JP 0310454W WO 2004019441 A1 WO2004019441 A1 WO 2004019441A1
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- Prior art keywords
- dye
- semiconductor layer
- photoelectric conversion
- conversion device
- sensitized photoelectric
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
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- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 title abstract 3
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
- H01M14/005—Photoelectrochemical storage cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device applicable to solar cells and the like, and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Solar cells are a type of photoelectric conversion device that converts light energy into electric energy.
- Solar cells that use semiconductor pn junctions are currently the most widespread, but require a process of manufacturing high-purity semiconductor materials and a process of forming pn junctions, and are economical and energy cost in the manufacturing process. Is high.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a conventional typical dye-sensitized photochemical cell.
- This dye-sensitized photochemical cell mainly has a transparent substrate 1 such as glass, a transparent electrode (negative electrode) 2 made of a transparent conductive film such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) 2, a semiconductor layer 3, and a semiconductor layer 3.
- Photosensitizing dye 4, vs. It comprises a counter electrode (positive electrode) 6, an electrolyte layer 5 sandwiched between the semiconductor layer 3 and the counter electrode 6, another substrate 7, a sealing material 8, and the like.
- the semiconductor layer 3 As the semiconductor layer 3, as the titanium oxide T i 0 2 of the fine particles of porous by sintering is often used.
- the photosensitizing dye 4 is adsorbed on the surface of the semiconductor layer 3 on the electrolyte layer 5 side.
- a substance having an absorption spectrum near a visible light region such as a ruthenium complex, is used.
- the 5 electrolytic electrolyte layer, I- / I 2 (however, in practice, 1 2 exist as I 3 tied to I-) electrolyte solvent solution thereof containing a redox system (redox pair) such as Can be
- the device of FIG. 6 operates as a battery having the opposite electrode 6 as a positive electrode and the transparent electrode 2 as a negative electrode when light enters.
- the principle is as follows.
- the photosensitizing dye 4 When the photosensitizing dye 4 absorbs the photons transmitted through the semiconductor layer 3, the electrons in the photosensitizing dye 4 are excited from the ground state to the excited state. The electrons in the excited state are immediately extracted to the conduction band of the semiconductor layer 3 through the electrical coupling between the photosensitizing dye 4 and the semiconductor layer 3 and reach the transparent electrode 2 through the inside of the semiconductor layer 3. I do.
- the photosensitizing dye 4 oxidized by losing electrons receives electrons from a reducing agent (for example, I—) in the electrolyte layer 5 and is reduced.
- the reducing agent that has lost the electrons eg, I 2
- the most important points in operating a photoelectric conversion element effectively are that it absorbs light efficiently and efficiently generates and separates charge carriers (such as electrons) from the excited state generated by absorbing light energy. And to take out the separated charge carrier immediately as a current.
- charge carriers such as electrons
- the generation and separation of the charge carrier from the excited state is performed at the interface between the photosensitizing dye 4 and the semiconductor layer 3.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device having improved energy conversion efficiency and a method for manufacturing the same. Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention provides a dye sensitizer having a semiconductor layer having a photosensitizing dye, wherein a charge carrier generated by light incident on the photosensitizing dye is taken out through the semiconductor layer.
- the semiconductor layer is formed by a plurality of regions having different energy levels of a path for moving the charge carrier, and the energy level in the semiconductor layer is determined by a direction in which the charge carrier is taken out.
- the present invention relates to a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device having a stepwise and Z or continuously decreasing region.
- the dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device has a semiconductor layer having a photosensitizing dye, and is configured such that a charge carrier generated by light incident on the photosensitizing dye is taken out through the semiconductor layer.
- the semiconductor layer is constituted by a plurality of regions having different energy levels of a passage for moving the charge carrier, and the plurality of regions are arranged such that the energy levels are stepwise in a direction in which the charge carrier is taken out.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device, comprising a step of arranging the dyes so as to decrease the target and z or continuously.
- At least a part of the semiconductor layer which is a path of the charge carrier from the interface between the semiconductor layer and the photosensitizing dye to the charge carrier extraction electrode, includes a path for moving the charge carrier. Since a region where the energy level decreases in the charge carrier take-out direction is formed, the charge carrier receives a force in the charge carrier take-out direction in this region, and the movement of the charge carrier is: It is oriented in the carrier take-out direction.
- 1A to 1B are a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a dye-sensitized photochemical cell based on Embodiment 1, and an enlarged cross-sectional view of a main part.
- Fig. 2 shows LUMO and HOMO of various semiconductor materials in order from the one with the highest LUMO.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a main part of a dye-sensitized photochemical cell according to the second embodiment.
- FIGS. 4A to 4G are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a manufacturing process of a semiconductor layer formed of a composite of a titanium oxide thin film and a titanium oxide fine particle having an electron drift region built therein according to Embodiment 3, and FIGS.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining a manufacturing process of a semiconductor layer formed of a composite of a titanium oxide thin film and titanium oxide fine particles having a drift region built therein.
- 5A to 5B are a schematic cross-sectional view and an enlarged cross-sectional view of a principal part showing a semiconductor layer made of a composite of a titanium oxide thin film and a titanium oxide fine particle having an electron drift region built therein according to the fourth embodiment. is there.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view showing an example of a conventional typical dye-sensitized photochemical cell.
- the semiconductor layer is formed by a plurality of layers having different minimum energy levels of a conduction band, and the energy level is reduced stepwise and / or continuously in a direction in which the charge carrier is taken out. Is good.
- the plurality of regions are formed of a plurality of semiconductor materials having different constituent elements. Or a semiconductor material composed of the same constituent elements, and the ratio of the constituent elements may be changed stepwise and Z or continuously in the direction in which the charge carrier is taken out.
- the plurality of regions are made of a material obtained by doping the same dopant with a semiconductor material having the same elemental composition. May be configured to change stepwise and / or continuously in the charge carrier extraction direction.
- the second semiconductor layer may be bonded to the irregularities to form the semiconductor layer.
- the semiconductor layer having the photosensitizing dye and an electrolyte layer are laminated between a pair of electrodes, and that the semiconductor layer is configured as a dye-sensitized photochemical cell. Good.
- the semiconductor layer is constituted by a plurality of layers having different minimum energy levels of the conduction band, and the energy level is decreased stepwise and Z or continuously in the direction of taking out the charge carrier. Good.
- the plurality of regions may be formed by laminating a plurality of semiconductor materials having different constituent elements from each other, or may be a semiconductor material including the same constituent elements, and the ratio of the constituent elements may be varied in a direction in which the charge carrier is taken out. It is preferable that a plurality of semiconductor materials which change in a target and / or a continuous manner be stacked.
- the step of sintering, fusing, or adhering the ultrafine particles is preferably repeated for the plurality of semiconductor materials.
- a dopant having a large effect of lowering the energy level is ion-implanted into a deep portion using a larger acceleration voltage.
- the plurality of regions are preferably formed.
- ion implantation with a large acceleration voltage is performed at a high dose
- ion implantation with a small acceleration voltage is performed at a low dose. It is preferable to form the plurality of regions as described above.
- oxygen ions be implanted into the semiconductor layer to change the energy level.
- the doping is performed in the order of decreasing the energy level. Then, the plurality of regions are preferably formed.
- the concentration of the dopant-containing gas is reduced. It is preferable to form a plurality of regions.
- the photosensitizing dye is preferably attached to the surface of the semiconductor layer or impregnated inside.
- Embodiment 1 A case where semiconductor thin films having different band structures are stacked
- FIG. 1A and 1B show an example of a dye-sensitized photochemical cell according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view shown, and an enlarged cross-sectional view of a main part indicated by a broken line in the schematic cross-sectional view.
- the transparent substrate 11 is made of a material and in a shape easily transmitting light, for example, a transparent glass plate, or a transparent plastic plate such as polyethylene terephthalate-polypropylene. Since the other substrate 17 does not need to transmit light, an opaque glass plate, a plastic plate, a ceramic plate, or a metal plate may be used.
- a transparent electrode 12 is formed as an electron extraction electrode (negative electrode).
- the material of the transparent electrode 12 is tin oxide doped with antimony or fluorine, or indium oxide doped with tin.
- These transparent electrodes 12 are formed by a sputtering method, a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, a sol-gel method, a vacuum evaporation method, a coating method, or the like.
- the semiconductor layer 13 is composed of a plurality of semiconductor layers having different constituent elements, in the example of FIG. 1B, semiconductor thin films 13A to 13D made of four types of semiconductor materials A to D. Each layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to 10 m.
- the materials that can be used as the constituent materials of the semiconductor thin films 13A to 13D are shown below in order from the lowest energy level of the conduction band. Is the lowest energy level (LUMO) in the conduction band, and the last number is the highest energy level (HOMO) in the valence band, which is the value shown as the potential (V) relative to the standard hydrogen electrode potential.)
- GaP (- 1, 1.2), Zr0 2 (-1, 4), Si (- 0.8, 0.2), C'dS (- 0.5, 2), KTa0 3 (-0.4, 3), CdSe (-0.2, 1.5 ), SrTi0 3 (one 0.2, 3),
- FIG. 2 illustrates LUMO and HOMO of the above semiconductor materials.
- four types of semiconductor materials A to D are selected from the above-mentioned semiconductor materials, and the thin films are formed in order from the one with the lowest LUM 0 in the conduction band.
- Yuichi method Laminate on transparent electrode 12 using sol-gel method.
- the conduction band electrons are distributed over the entire semiconductor layer 13. It is possible to form a structure in which the energy level of the moving passage decreases toward the transparent electrode (negative electrode) 12.
- Photosensitizing dye 14 is adsorbed on the semiconductor layer 13 thus laminated.
- Photosensitizing dye 14 is a dye having an absorption band from 200 nm to 1500 nm, for example, cis-bis (isothiocyanato) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium
- ruthenium-based metal complex such as (II).
- the semiconductor layer 13 is formed by adding 3.0 x 10 ′′ 4 mo 1/1 of a ruthenium complex of ethanol. Immerse in the solution for 20 hours, then evaporate the ethanol.
- the counter electrode 16 a metal such as platinum or gold is preferable.
- the counter electrode 16 is formed on the substrate 17 by vacuum evaporation or the like.
- the semiconductor layer 13 and the counter electrode 16 are arranged so as to face each other, and the space between both electrodes is filled with the electrolyte layer 15.
- an electrolyte solution or a gel or solid electrolyte can be used.
- I- Roh I 2 such redox systems include solutions containing (redox couple). Specifically, using a dull evening Ronitoriru solution containing iodide tetrapropyl ammonium Niu arm [N (C3H7) 4] I 0. 6 mo 1 Z 1 and iodine I 2 5 X 1 0 one 2 mo 1/1 .
- the side surface of the battery is sealed with a sealing material 18 such as an epoxy-based thermosetting resin, an acryl-based ultraviolet curing resin, or water glass. In this way, it is possible to incorporate the laminated semiconductor layer shown in FIG. 1B into the dye-sensitized solar cell of FIG. 1A.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a main part of a negative electrode according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- a schematic cross-sectional view of the entire photosensitized photochemical cell is the same as that of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, and thus is omitted here.
- the case where the thin films of the semiconductor material are laminated is shown.
- a plurality of semiconductor materials having different band structures are laminated on the transparent electrode (negative electrode) 12 in ascending order of the LUMO of the conduction band, so that the conduction band extends over the entire semiconductor layer 13. It is possible to form a structure in which the energy level of the passage for moving electrons decreases toward the transparent electrode (negative electrode) 12.
- the transparent substrate 21 is preferably made of a material and in a shape easily transmitting light, for example, a transparent glass plate or a plastic transparent substrate.
- a transparent glass plate or a plastic transparent substrate since a step of sintering the semiconductor ultrafine particles at about 500 ° C. is included in the manufacturing process, it is more realistic to use a glass substrate.
- the substrate 27 (not shown) does not need to transmit light, so an opaque glass plate, plastic plate, ceramic plate, or metal plate may be used.
- a transparent electrode made of tin oxide doped with antimony or fluorine or indium oxide doped with tin is formed on the surface of the transparent substrate 21.
- the transparent electrode 22 is formed by a sputtering method, a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, a sol-gel method, a vacuum evaporation method, a coating method, or the like.
- the semiconductor layer 23 is composed of a plurality of semiconductor layers having different constituent elements, in the example of FIG. 3, semiconductor porous films 23A to 23D made of four types of semiconductor materials A to D. Each layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to 10 m.
- the semiconductor porous film 2 3 A ⁇ 2 3 D materials that can be used as the material of the shown in order from the lowest energy level of the conduction band (L UMO) is high, GaP. Zr0 2, Si, CdS, KTa0 3, CdSe, SrTi0 3, Ti0 2, Nb 2 0 5, ZnO, an Fe 2 0 3, W0 3, Sn0 2, ln 2 0 3.
- the LUMO and HOMO energy levels of each material are as shown in Embodiment 1 and FIG.
- a plurality of semiconductor materials in the example shown in Fig. 3, four types of semiconductor materials A to D are selected from the above semiconductor materials, and their thin films are laminated on the transparent electrode 22 in ascending order of the LUMO of the conduction band. I do.
- ultrafine particles of a semiconductor material having the lowest energy level in the conduction band are dispersed in an aqueous nitric acid solution, hydrochloric acid, or the like, and the paste-like dispersion is applied to the transparent electrode 22 by a doctor blade method or the like.
- sintering is performed at about 500 ° C. to produce a semiconductor porous film 23A.
- a paste-like dispersion liquid in which ultrafine particles of a semiconductor material having the next lowest LUMO are dispersed is applied on the semiconductor porous membrane 23A, and after evaporating water, about 500 ° C. By sintering with C, a semiconductor porous film 23B is produced.
- the photosensitizing dye 24 is adsorbed on the semiconductor layer 23 formed of the semiconductor porous film thus laminated.
- Photosensitizing dye 24 is a dye having an absorption band from 200 nm to 1500 nm, for example, cis-bis (isothiocyanato) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)
- a ruthenium-based metal complex such as ruthenium ( ⁇ ).
- the semiconductor layer 23 is dissolved in a 3.0 X 10 -mo 1/1 ruthenium complex ethanol solution. Immersion for 20 hours, and then ethanol is evaporated.
- the photosensitizing dye 24 since the photosensitizing dye 24 enters the semiconductor layer 23 and is adsorbed, the semiconductor porous film 23 A having a different band structure is formed. ⁇ 23D will be in direct contact with each. The photosensitizing dye 24 does not enter the semiconductor layer 23 and may be adsorbed only on the surface.
- the ultrafine particles are in contact with each other at points, and electrical connections between the fine particles are interrupted by gaps everywhere. Therefore, since the transport path of the electrons injected from the photosensitizing dye 24 is more complicated than in the case of the bulk layer having no gap, the energy level of the path for moving the conduction band electrons is changed to the transparent electrode (negative electrode). It is considered that the fact that the semiconductor layer 23 has a structure that decreases toward 22 contributes particularly effectively to the transport of electrons as charge carriers.
- the counter electrode metals such as platinum and gold are preferable.
- the counter electrode is formed on the substrate by vacuum evaporation or the like.
- the semiconductor layer 23 and the counter electrode are arranged facing each other, and the space between both electrodes is filled with an electrolyte layer.
- an electrolyte solution or a gel or solid electrolyte can be used.
- electrolyte solutions solutions containing iota-zeta iota 2 such redox system (Les Docks pairs). Specifically, iodide Tetorapuro Piruanmoniumu 0. 6 mo 1/1 and iodine 5 X 1 0 - using a 2 mo 1/1 a including dull evening Ronitoriru solution.
- the side surface of the battery is sealed with a sealing material such as an epoxy-based thermosetting resin, an acryl-based ultraviolet curing resin, or water glass.
- a sealing material such as an epoxy-based thermosetting resin, an acryl-based ultraviolet curing resin, or water glass.
- Embodiment 3 A semiconductor layer composed of a composite of a titanium oxide thin film with a built-in electron drift region and fine particles of titanium oxide (1)
- the thin film electrode 32 is formed on the surface of the substrate 31.
- a glass substrate is used as the substrate 31.
- the thin film electrode 32 is, for example, a thin film of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) or gold, and is formed by vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the film is formed by sputtering. Alternatively, it may be formed by a sol-gel method.
- ion implantation Doping impurities (dopant) in the Ti0 2 film 4 1 To run.
- This impurity is, there is for changing the effective band gap of the Ti0 2 layer 4 1, for example, can be used Cr, V, N, B, A1, and the like.
- Ion implantation is performed from the Ti0 2 film 4 1 surface 42 is doped with an impurity at the deepest portion of the Ti0 2 film 4 1.
- an activation annealing is performed subsequently.
- the annealing conditions need to be appropriately determined by a combination of the type of impurities and the ion implantation conditions. For example, in the case of Cr, a temperature of about 450 ° C. can be used.
- the impurity diffusion layer 43 is formed by thermal diffusion of the impurity.
- the impurity diffusion layer 43 formed in this manner the impurity concentration is highest at the deepest portion, and the impurity concentration distribution becomes smaller as approaching the surface. Therefore, the energy level of the passage for moving the conduction band electrons (LUMO) is lowered from the surface 4 2 closer to the thin film electrode 3 2, the depth of the thin-film electrode 3 a second direction (Ti0 2 film 4 1 electronic Structure that accelerates in the vertical direction.
- LUMO conduction band electrons
- ion implantation with a high acceleration voltage is performed at a high dose
- ion implantation with a small acceleration voltage is performed at a low dose
- activation annealing is performed. Distribution can be formed.
- the doping impurities by thermal diffusion is carried out the Ti0 2 thin film 4 1 on the thin film electrode 3 2 under formation in sputtering evening one method, by introducing an impurity gas (de one dopant-containing gas) in the atmosphere gas .
- an impurity gas de one dopant-containing gas
- the concentration of the impurity gas in the atmospheric gas is set to the highest level at the beginning of sputtering, and then gradually decreased.
- the resist film 44 After the resist film 44 is applied to ti0 2 on the thin film 4 1, Yotsute to the Photo lithography and foremost, the resist film 44, for example, a stripe-like pattern I do.
- the TiO 2 thin film 41 having the surface 42 patterned is etched by ion milling or solution etching to form a large number of grooves (recesses) 45 on the surface 42.
- the depth of the groove 45 is, for example, about 1 to 10 m.
- the width of the grooves 4 5, in the next step 6, set out in large enough to Ti0 2 particles of the paste can ingress sufficiently.
- the surface 4 2 of the carved Ti0 2 film 4 1 grooves 4 5, coated with Ti0 2 particles 4 7 Total one strike-like dispersions, after evaporation of the dispersion medium, 4 5 0
- the sintering is performed at 550 ° C, more preferably at 550 ° C.
- 0 and 2 fine particles 47 are electrical contact formed between the grooves 4 5 engraved recess 4 5 and Ti0 2 film 4 1 of the surface projection 46 is formed, and Ti0 2 film Ti0 A composite layer 33 with two fine particles is formed.
- Photosensitizing dyes are dyes having an absorption band from 200 nm to 1500 nm, for example, cis-bis (isothiocyanato) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) ruthenium ( Use a ruthenium-based metal complex such as II).
- ruthenium complex Ti0 2 particles 4 7 3. 0 X 1 0- 4 mo 1 /1 of the immersed 2 0 hours in an ethanol solution of ruthenium complex, and thereafter, the ethanol evaporated, photosensitizers dye Ru is adsorbed on the Ti0 2 particles 47.
- the convex portion 46 of the thin film 41 has: The extraction direction of the electrons (Ti0 2 A structure for accelerating conduction band electrons toward the thin film 41 (in the depth direction) 49 is formed.
- the conduction band electrons (arrows) separated from the photosensitizing dye that absorbed the light at the interface between the photosensitizing dye and the titanium oxide fine particles and drawn into the titanium oxide fine particles 47 become the convex portions 46. As soon as it arrives, it is immediately subjected to a force in the direction of electron extraction 49, and the movement of the conduction band electrons is controlled to drift in the direction of the thin film electrode 32. As a result, the amount of electrons taken out, that is, the output current increases. .
- the convex portion 46 is a bulk layer without a gap, the actual cross-sectional area is large and the resistance is small as compared with the fine particle layer 47 in which fine particles are in contact with each other at many points. Therefore, the energy of the conduction band electrons lost by being converted into heat by the internal resistance is smaller when moving the convex portion 46 than when diffusing the fine particle layer 47 by the same distance, and the output voltage is increased. I do.
- the dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device having a semiconductor layer 3 3 consisting of multiple polymers of T i 0 2 thin film 4 1 and T i 0 2 particles 4 7 shown in FIG. 4 G is the bulk layer and combines two advantages that a large surface area of the low resistance and the particle layer and the monitor, since the structure of the conduction band electrons leads to the electron extraction direction is made form the T i 0 2 thin film 4 1, output current and output Both the voltage and the voltage are improved, and the net photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
- the width of the groove (recess) 45 is w
- the width of the protrusion is W
- the depth of the protrusion is d
- the following conditions are satisfied for w, W, and d. Is desirable.
- Ti0 2 film 4 1 to engrave grooves (recesses) 4 5 is dense and grooves (concave portions) 4 as the deeper depth of 5, the contact surface between the Ti0 2 particles 4 7 Ti0 2 film 4 1 product is increased, the probability of capturing the conduction band electrons of Ti0 within 2 particles 4 7 in the drift region increases. From this point, the smaller w and W, the better the d.
- too w is too small, the d is too large, to introduce the grooves (recesses) 4 5 to Ti0 2 particles 4 7 paste becomes difficult.
- the depth d of the groove 45 is, for example, about ⁇ ⁇
- Embodiment 4 A semiconductor layer composed of a composite of a titanium oxide thin film having a built-in electron drift region and titanium oxide fine particles (2)
- 5A and 5B are a schematic cross-sectional view and an enlarged cross-sectional view of a principal part showing a semiconductor layer 33 composed of a composite of a titanium oxide thin film and titanium oxide fine particles according to the fourth embodiment.
- Ti0 2 particle layer 4 7 described in Embodiment 3 does not have to fill the groove (recess) 4 5 engraved on Ti0 2 film 4 1.
- FIG like the 5 A to 5 B Ti0 an uneven pattern having a wide groove (recess) 4 5 width than the thickness of the 2 particle layer 4 7, may be provided on the surface 4 2 of the Ti0 2 film 4 1.
- the electrolyte layer 5 can enter the gap 50 remaining in the groove (recess) 45, the photosensitizing dye 4 adsorbed on the TiO 2 fine particles 48 in the recess 45 absorbs light.
- the reducing agent for example, 1 _
- the photosensitizing dye 4 which has lost electrons is promptly reduced and regenerated, so that saturation of the dye-sensitized photochemical cell hardly occurs even when a large amount of light enters.
- Embodiment 4 is exactly the same as Embodiment 3 in other respects, It goes without saying that the effect described in the third embodiment is also in the fourth embodiment.
- the energy level of the path for moving the charge carrier is the charge level. Since a region is formed which decreases in the carrier removal direction, the charge carriers receive a force in the carrier removal direction in this region, and the movement of the charge carrier is directed in the carrier removal direction.
- the transport of charge carriers after being injected into the semiconductor layer is controlled based on the energy level of the path for moving the charge carrier in the semiconductor layer, the transport of the charge carrier becomes a diffuse movement.
- the charge carriers that can reach the charge carrier extraction electrode are increased as compared with the case where the charge transfer is left to work, and the energy conversion efficiency is improved.
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Abstract
Description
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AU2003254946A AU2003254946A1 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2003-08-19 | Dye sensitization photoelectric converter and process for producing the same |
US10/525,496 US8563854B2 (en) | 2002-08-23 | 2003-08-19 | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion apparatus and manufacturing method thereof |
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JP2002242751A JP4085421B2 (ja) | 2002-08-23 | 2002-08-23 | 色素増感型光電変換装置及びその製造方法 |
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Also Published As
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CN1685560A (zh) | 2005-10-19 |
JP4085421B2 (ja) | 2008-05-14 |
US8563854B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 |
KR20050058441A (ko) | 2005-06-16 |
AU2003254946A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
JP2004087148A (ja) | 2004-03-18 |
US20060137739A1 (en) | 2006-06-29 |
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