Classifications

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  • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• This invention relates to methods of treating diseases mediated by the VEGF induced signal transduction pathway characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermeability processes.
• Nasculogenesis involves the de novo formation of blood vessels from endothehal cell precursors or angiob lasts.
• the first vascular structures in the embryo are formed by vasculogenesis.
• Angiogenesis involves the development of capillaries from existing blood vessels, and is the principle mechanism by which organs, such as the brain and the kidney are vascularized. While vasculogenesis is restricted to embryonic development, angiogenesis can occur in the adult, for example during pregnancy, the female cycle, or wound healing.
• NEGF vascular endothehal growth factor
• NPF vascular permeability factor
• NEGF expression is induced by hypoxia (Shweiki et al. Nature 1992, 359,
• cytokines and growth factors such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor- ⁇ and - ⁇ .
• VEGF and the NEGF family members have been reported to bind to one or more of three transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (Mustonen et al. J. Cell
• VEGF receptor-1 also known as flt-1 (fins-like tyrosine kinase-1)
• VEGFR-2 also known as kinase insert domain containing receptor (KDR); the murine analogue of KDR is known as fetal liver kinase-1 (flk-1)), and NEGFR-3 (also known as flt-4).
• KDR and flt-1 have been shown to have different signal transduction properties (Waltenberger et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 26988); Park et. al. Oncogene 1995, 10, 135).
• KDR undergoes strong ligand-dependant tyrosine phosphorylation in intact cells, whereas flt-1 displays a weak response.
• binding to KDR is a critical requirement for induction of the full spectrum of NEGF- mediated biological responses.
• VEGF plays a central role in vasculogenesis, and induces angiogenesis and permeabilization of blood vessels.
• Deregulated VEGF expression contributes to the development of a number of diseases that are characterized by abnormal angiogenesis and/or hyperpermeability processes. Regulation of the VEGF-mediated signal transduction cascade will therefore provide a useful mode for control of abnormal angiogenesis and/or hyperpermeability processes.
• Angiogenesis is regarded as an absolute prerequisite for growth of tumors beyond about 1-2 mm. Oxygen and nutrients may be supplied to cells in tumor smaller than this limit through diffusion. However, every tumor is dependent on angiogenesis for continued growth after it has reached a certain size. Tumorigenic cells within hypoxic. regions of tumors respond by stimulation of VEGF production, which triggers activation of quiescent endothehal cells to stimulate new blood vessel formation. (Shweiki et al. Proc. Nat 'I. Acad. Sci., 1995, 92, 768). In addition, VEGF production in tumor regions where there is no angiogenesis may proceed through the ras signal transduction pathway (Grugel et al. J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 25915; Rak et al. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 4575). In situ hybridization studies have demonstrated
• VEGF mR ⁇ A is strongly upregulated in a wide variety of human tumors, including lung (Mattern et al. Br. J. Cancer 1996, 73, 931), thyroid (Viglietto et al. Oncogene 1995, 11, 1569), breast (Brown et al. Human Pathol. 1995, 26, 86), gastrointestional tract (Brown et al. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 4727; Suzuki et al. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 3004), kidney and bladder (Brown et al. Am. J. Pathol 1993, 1431, 1255), ovary
• VEGF intraocular angiogenesis
• VEGF intraocular angiogenesis
• hyperproliferation of blood vessels leading eventually to blindness.
• retinopathies including diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal-vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity (Aiello et al. New Engl J. Med. 1994, 331, ⁇ 1480; Peer et al. Lab. Invest. 1995, 72, 638), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD; see, Lopez et al. Invest. Opththalmol. Vis. Sci. 1996, 37, 855).
• AMD age-related macular degeneration
• rheumatoid arthritis In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the in-growth of vascular pannus may be mediated by production of angiogenic factors. Levels of immunoreactive VEGF are high in the synovial fluid of RA patients, while VEGF levels were low in the synovial fluid of patients with other forms of arthritis of with degenerative joint disease (Koch et al. J. Immunol 1994, 152, 4149).
• the angiogenesis inhibitor AGM-170 has been shown to prevent neovascularization of the joint in the rat collagen arthritis model
• Increased VEGF expression has also been shown in psoriatic skin, as well as bullous disorders associated with subepidermal blister formation, such as bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and dermatitis herpetiformis (Brown et al. J.
• KDR inhibitors will be useful in treatment of diseases characterized by abnormal angiogenesis and/or hyperpermeability processes, including the above listed diseases Summary of the Invention
• the present invention provides a method for treating diseases in humans or other mammals which are mediated by the VEGF induced signal transduction pathway, including those characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes. These methods comprise administering a compound of formula I below or a salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof to a human or other mammal with a disease characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes.
• A is selected from the group consisting of
• phenyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of R 1 , OR 1 , C(O)R 1 , C(O)OR ⁇ C ⁇ N ⁇ R 2 , NR ! C(O)R 2 , NR ⁇ OR 2 , halogen, cyano, and nitro;
• the bicyclic heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of R 1 , OR 1 , NR ! R 2 , C(O)NR 1 R 2 , NR 1 C(O)R 2 , NR ⁇ OR 2 , halogen, cyano, and nitro.
• B is selected from the group consisting of (i) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -L-M, C ⁇ -C 5 linear or branched alkyl, C ⁇ -C 5 linear or branched haloalkyl, C C 3 alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, C C 3 alkylamino, CrC 6 dialkylamino, halogen, cyano, and nitro;
• naphthyl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -L-M, C ⁇ -C 5 linear or branched alkyl, C1-C5 linear or branched haloalkyl, Q-C 3 alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, C ⁇ -C 3 alkylamino, C ⁇ -C 6 dialkylamino, halogen, cyano, and nitro;
• m and 1 are integers independently selected from 0-4.
• M is selected from the group consisting of : (i) phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of R 1 , OR 1 , NR'R 2 , S ⁇ qR 1 , SO 2 NR ! R 2 , NR'SO 2 R 2 , C(O)NR 1 R 2 , NR ! C(O)R 2 , NR 1 C(O)OR 2 , halogen, cyano and nitro;
• R 1 , OR 1 , NR ⁇ 2 , S ⁇ R 1 , SO 2 R 1 R 2 , N ⁇ OzR 2 , C(O)R l , C(O)OR', C(O)NR 1 R 2 , NR 1 C(O)R 2 , NR'C(O)OR 2 , halogen, cyano and nitro, and also oxides (e.g. O, -O " or -OH).
• Each R 1 - R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) hydrogen, (b) -C 6 alkyl, preferably, C ⁇ -C 5 linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen up to per-halo;
• d-C 3 alkyl-heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, wherein said heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl, and wherein said alkyl moiety is optionally substituted with halogen up to per-halo.
• Each R 1 - R 5 when not hydrogen is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of d-C 5 linear branched or cyclic alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen up to per-halo, d-C 3 alkoxy, wherein said alkoxy is optionally substituted with halogen up to per-halo, hydroxy, amino, d-C alkylamino, C -C 6 dialkylamino, halogen, cyano, and nitro;
• Each variable q is independently selected from 0, 1, or 2.
• Suitable substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl groups for the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to the following monocyclic heteroaryl groups:
• Suitable aryl groups which do not contain heteroatoms include, for example, phenyl and 1- and 2-naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, benzocyclobutanyl, benzocycloheptanyl and benzocycloheptenyl.
• Suitable linear alkyl groups and alkyl portions of groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, etc.
• Suitable branched alkyl groups include all branched isomers such as isopropyl, isobutyl, see-butyl, tert-butyl, etc.
• Suitable halogen groups include F, CI, Br, and/or I, from one to per- substitution (i.e. all H atoms on a group replaced by a halogen atom) being possible where an alkyl group is substituted by halogen, mixed substitution of halogen atom types also being possible on a given moiety.
• Preferred halogens are CI, Br and F.
• perhalo substituted linear and branched alkyl includes alkyl groups having one alkyl hydrogen replaced with halogen, alkyl groups wherein all hydrogens are replaced with halogen, alkyl groups wherein more than one but less than all hydrogens are replaced by halogen and alkyl groups having alkyl hydrogens replaced by halogen and other substituents.
• cycloalkyl refers to cyclic structures having 3-8 members in the ring such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl and cyclic structures having 3-8 members with alkyl substituents such that, for example, "C 3 cycloalkyl” includes methyl substituted cyclopropyl groups.
• saturated carbocyclic moieties defines only the cyclic structure, i.e. cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc. Any alkyl substitution on these cyclic structures is specifically identified.
• Saturated monocyclic and bicyclic carbocyclic moieties include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and decahydronapthalene.
• Partially saturated monocyclic and bicyclic carbocyclic moieties include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl and tetrahydronaphthalene.
• Saturated monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclic moieties include tetrahydropyranyl, tetraliydrofuranyl, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidinonyl, tetrahydropyrimidonyl, pentamethylene sulfide and tetramethylene sulf ⁇ de.
• Partially saturated monocyclic and bicyclic heterocyclic moieties include dihydropyranyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydropiperidinyl, and dihydropyrimidonyl.
• a subclass of compounds of this invention is defined by formula I, wherein A B and M are selected from phenyl, naphthyl, furyl, isoindolinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl and thienyl and are optionally substituted as defined above.
• substituents for B include methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n- butyl, n-pentyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, CI, Br and F, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino and diethylamino as well as the structure -L-M.
• Preferred substituents for A and M include methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, n- propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, CI, Br and F, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino and diethylamino and further include: phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorqphenyl, bromophenyl, dibromophenyl, chloropyridinyl, bromopyridinyl, dichloropyridinyl, dibromopyridinyl methylphenyl, methylpyridinyl quinoliny
• d-C 5 acyl NH(C ⁇ -C 5 alkyl, phenyl or pyridinyl), such as aminophenyl; N(d-C 5 alky ⁇ )(d-C 5 alkyl, phenyl or pyridinyl), such as diethylamino and dimethyl amino;
• S(O) q (d-d alkyl) such as methanesulfonyl; S(O) q H; SO 2 NH 2 ;
• Each of the above substituents is optionally partially or fully halogenated, such as difluoromethyl sulfonyl.
• An embodiment of this invention includes the administration of compounds of this invention wherein in formula I, A, B and M follow one of the following of combinations:
• A phenyl
• B phenyl and M is phenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or not present,
• A phenyl
• B pyridinyl and M is phenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or not present,
• A pyridinyl
• B pyridinyl and M is phenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or not present,
• A pyridinyl
• B naphthyl and M is. phenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or not present,
• A isoquinolinyl
• B phenyl and M is phenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or not present,
• A quinolinyl
• B pyridinyl and M is phenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or not present
• A quinolinyl
• B naphthyl and M is phenyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl or not present.
• the structure L of formula I is preferably -O-, a single bond, -S-, -NH-, -
• optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, for example, by the formation of diastereoisomeric salts using an optically active acid or base.
• appropriate acids are tartaric, diacetyltartaric, dibenzoyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric and camphorsulfonic acid.
• Mixtures of diastereoisomers can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, by chromatography or fractional crystallization.
• the optically active bases or acids are liberated from the separated diastereomeric salts.
• Another process, for separation of optical isomers involves the use of a chiral chromatography column (e.g., chiral HPLC columns) optimally chosen to maximize the separation of the enantiomers.
• a chiral HPLC column e.g., chiral HPLC columns
• Suitable chiral HPLC columns are manufactured by Diacel, e.g., Chiracel OD and Chiracel OJ.
• Formula (I) can likewise be obtained by utilizing optically active starting materials.
• the present invention encompasses any isolated racemic or optically active form of compounds described in Formula I which possess angiogenesis inhibitory activity.
• the term . stereoisomer is understood to encompass diastereoisomers, enantiomers, geometric isomers, etc.
• substantially pure enantiomers is intended to mean that no more than 5% w/w of the corresponding opposite enantiomer is present.
• Salts are especially the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula (I) or such as, for example, organic or inorganic acid addition salts of compounds of formula (I).
• Suitable inorganic acids include but are not limited to halogen acids (such as hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid), sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid.
• Suitable organic acids include but are not limited to carboxylic, phosphonic, sulfonic, or sulfamic acids, with examples including acetic acid, propionic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, dodecanoic acid, glycoiic acid, lactic acid, 2- or 3-hydroxybutyric acid, ⁇ -aminobutyric acid (GAB A), gluconic acid, glucosemonocarboxylic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phenylacetic acid and mandelic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, pimelie acid, suberic acid, azeiaic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, glucaric acid, galactaric acid, amino acids (such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, N-methylglycine, acetytaminoacetic acid, N-acetylasparagine or N-aceryl
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid salts of inorganic bases, such as salts containing alkaline cations (e.g., Li + Na + or K + ), alkaline earth cations (e.g., Mg +2 , Ca +2 or Ba +2 ), the ammonium cation, as well as acid salts of organic bases, including aliphatic and aromatic substituted ammonium, and quaternary ammonium cations, such as those arising from protonation or peralkylation of triethylamine, N,N-diethylamine, N,N-dicyclohexylamine, lysine, pyridine, N,N- dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), l,4-diazabiclo[2.2.2]pctane (DABCO), 1,5- diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DB ⁇ ) and l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
• prodrugs are well known in the art in order to enhance the properties of the parent compound; such properties include solubility, absorption, biostability and release time (see “Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Drug Delivery
• Major drug biotransformation reactions include ⁇ -dealkylation, O-dealkylation, aliphatic hydroxylation, aromatic hydroxylation, ⁇ -oxidation, S-oxidation, deamination, hydrolysis reactions, glucuronidation, sulfation and acetylation (see Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Ninth Edition), editor Molinoff et al., pub. by
• the invention also relates to methods for treating and preventing diseases, for example, angiogenesis disorders in mammals by administering a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of this invention.
• a compound according to the invention can be administered simultaneously with another angiogenesis inhibiting agent to a patient with such a disorder, in the- same formulation or, more typically in separate formulations and, often, using different administration routes. Administration can also be sequentially, in any order.
• a compound according to the invention can be administered in tandem with another angiogenesis inhibiting agent, wherein a compound according to the invention can be administered to a patient once or more per day for up to 28 consecutive days with the concurrent or intermittent administration of another angiogenesis inhibiting agent over the same total time period.
• a compound according to the invention can be administered to a patient at an oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or parenteral dosage which can range from about 0.1 to about 200 mg/kg ,of total body weight and the additional angiogenesis inhibiting agent can be administered to a patient at an intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or parenteral dosage which can range from about 0.1 mg to 200 mg/kg of patient body weight.
• An embodiment of the present invention is a method for treating diseases in humans and/or other mammals which are mediated by the VEGF induced signal transduction pathway which comprises administering a compound of this invention to a human or other mammal.
• Another embodiment of this invention is a method for treating diseases in humans and/or other mammals which are characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes with a compound of this invention to a human or other mammal.
• Another embodiment of this invention is a method for treating diseases in humans and/or other mammals which are characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes, which are not raf-mediated, which comprises administering a compound of this invention to a human or .other mammal.
• Another embodiment of this invention is a method for treating diseases in humans and/or other mammals which are characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes, which are not ' raf mediated or p38-mediated, which comprises administering a compound of this invention to a human or other mammal.
• Another embodiment of this, invention is a method for treating diseases in humans and/or other mammals which are characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes, which are raf-mediated and/or p38 mediated, which; comprises administering a compound of this invention to a human or other mammal.
• Another embodiment of this invention is a method for treating one or more of the following conditions in humans and/or other mammals: tumor growth, retinopathy, including diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal-vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity and age related macular degeneration; rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or bullous disorder associated with subepidermal blister formation, including bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, or dermatitis herpetiformis, which comprises administering a compound of this invention to a human or other mammal with one or more of these conditions.
• Another embodiment of this invention is a method for treating one or more of the following conditions in humans and/or other mammals: tumor growth, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal-vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, age related macular degeneration; rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, bullous disorder associated with subepidermal blister formation, bullous ⁇ pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and dermatitis herpetiformis in combination with another condition selected from the group consisting of: rheumatic fever, bone resorption, postmenopausal osteoporosis, sepsis, gram negative sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, toxic shock syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pulmonary fibrotic disease, pulmonary sarcoidosis,
• Another embodiment of this invention is a method for treating one or more of the following conditions in humans and/or other mammals: tumor growth, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal- vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, age related macular degeneration; rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, bullous disorder associated with subepidermal blister formation, bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and dermatitis herpetiformis, in combination with an infectious disease selected from the group consisting of : tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori infection during peptic ulcer disease, .
• Chaga's disease resulting from Trypanosoma cruzi infection effects of Shiga-like toxin resulting from E. coli infection, effects " of enterotoxin A resulting from Staphylococcus infection, meningococcal infection, and infections from Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus, and the human immunodeficiency virus (FfTV).
• These methods comprise administering a compound of this invention to a human or other mammal with a combination of one of the above infectious diseases and one of the above diseases characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes.
• This invention further relates to kits comprising separate doses of the two mentioned chemotherapeutic agents in separate containers.
• the combinations of angiogenesis inhibiting agents can also be formed in vivo, e.g., in a patient's body.
• angiogenesis inhibiting agents can be administered in the conventional formulations and regimens in which they are known for use alone.
• Conditions within a human or other mammal which can be treated by administering a compound of this invention are those characterized by abnormal angiogenesis or hyperpermiability processes.
• Conditions to be treated include tumor growth, retinopathy, including diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal-vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity and age related macular degeneration; rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or a bullous disorder associated with subepidermal blister formation, including bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and dermatitis herpetiformis.
• Methods of interest include the treatment of combinations of the conditions above (tumor growth, retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal-vein j occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, age related macular degeneration; rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, bullous disorder associated with subepidermal blister formation, bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme, and dermatitis herpetiformis) and another condition selected from the group consisting of:
• rheumatic fever fever, bone resorption, postmenopausal osteoperosis, sepsis, gram negative sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, toxic shock syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction,- asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pulmonary fibrotic disease, pulmonary sarcoidosis, allergic respiratory disease, silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, alveolar injury, hepatic failure, liver disease during acute inflammation, severe alcoholic hepatitis, malaria (Plasmodium falciparum malaria and cerebral malaria), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDM), congestive heart failure, damage following heart disease, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, acute encephalitis, brain injury, multiple sclerosis (demyelation and oligi ⁇ dendrocyte loss in multiple sclerosis), advanced cancer, lymphoi
• tuberculosis Helicobacter pylori infection during peptic ulcer disease
• Staphylococcus infection meningococcal infection, and infections from Borrelia burgdorferi, Treponema pallidum, cytomegalo virus, influenza virus, Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus, and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• HIV human immunodeficiency virus
• the compounds of this invention can be made according to conventional chemical methods, and/or as disclosed below, from starting materials which are either commercially available or producible according to routine, conventional chemical methods. General methods for the preparation of the compounds are given below, and the preparation of a suitable compound is specifically illustrated in the Examples.
• Heterocyclic amines may be synthesized utilizing known methodology (Katritzky, et al. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry; Permagon Press: Oxford, UK (1984). March. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3 rd Ed.; John Wiley: New York (1985)).
• Cyanoketone 2 in turn, is available from the reaction of acetamidate ion with an appropriate acyl derivative, such as an ester, an acid halide, or an acid anhydride.
• an appropriate acyl derivative such as an ester, an acid halide, or an acid anhydride.
• 2-aryl- and 2-heteroarylfurans may be synthesized from a Mitsunobu reaction of cyanoketone 2 with alcohol 5, followed by base catalyzed cyclization of enol ether 6 to give furylamine 7.
• aryl amines are commonly synthesized by reduction of nitroaryls using a metal catalyst, such as Ni, Pd, or Pt, and H or a hydride transfer agent, such as formate, cyclohexadiene, or a borohydride (Rylander. Hydrogenation Methods;
• Nitroaryls may also be directly reduced using a strong hydride source, such as LiAlEU (Seyden-Penne. Reductions by the Alumino- and Borohydrides in Organic Synthesis; VCH Publishers: New York (1991)), or using a zero valent metal, such as Fe, Sn or Ca, often in acidic media.
• a strong hydride source such as LiAlEU (Seyden-Penne. Reductions by the Alumino- and Borohydrides in Organic Synthesis; VCH Publishers: New York (1991)
• a zero valent metal such as Fe, Sn or Ca
• Nitroaryls are commonly formed by electrophilic aromatic nitration using HNO 3 , or an alternative NO 2 + source. Nitro aryls may be further elaborated prior to reduction. Thus, nitroaryls substituted with
• potential leaving groups may undergo substitution reactions on treatment with nucleophiles, such as thiolate (exemplified in Scheme HT) or phenoxide. Nitroaryls may also undergo Ullman-type coupling reactions (Scheme AT).
• urea formation may involve reaction of a heteroaryl isocyanate (12) with an aryl amine (11).
• the heteroaryl isocyanate may be synthesized from a heteroaryl amine by treatment with phosgene or a phosgene equivalent, such as trichloromethyl chloroformate (diphosgene), bis(trichlorom . ethyl) carbonate (triphosgene), or N.N'-carbonyldiimidazole (GDI).
• the isocyanate may also be derived from a heterocyclic carboxylic acid derivative, such as an ester, an acid halide or an anhydride by a Curtius-type rearrangement.
• reaction of acid derivative 16 with an azide source, followed by rearrangement affords the isocyanate.
• the corresponding carboxylic acid (17) may also be subjected to Curtius-type rearrangements using diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPP A) or a similar reagent.
• DPP A diphenylphosphoryl azide
• a urea may also be generated from the reaction of an aryl isocyanate (15) with a heterocyclic amine.
• ureas may be further manipulated using methods familiar to those skilled in the art.
• 2-aryl and 2-heteroarylthieriyl ureas are available from the corresponding 2-halothienyl urea through transition metal mediated cross coupling reactions (exemplified with 2-bromothiophene 25, Scheme V).
• reaction. of nitrile 20 with an ⁇ -thioacetate ester gives 5-substituted-3-amino-2- thiophenecarboxylate 21 (Ishizaki et al. JP 6025221).
• Decarboxylation of ester 21 may be achieved by protection of the amine, for example as the tert-butoxy (BOC) carbamate (22), followed by saponification and treatment with acid.
• BOC protection is used, decarboxylation may be accompanied by deprotection giving the substituted 3-thiopheneammonium salt 23.
• ammonium salt 23 may be directly generated through saponification of ester 21 followed by treatment with acid. Following urea formation as described above, bromination affords penultimate halothiophene 25.
• ureas may be further manipulated using methods familiar to those skilled in the art.
• the compounds may be administered orally, . topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or vaginally, sublingually, or rectally in dosage unit formulations.
• injection includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and parenteral injections, as well as use of infusion techniques.
• Dermal administration may include topical application or transdermal administration.
• One or more compounds may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and if desired other active ingredients.
• compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any suitable method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.
• Such compositions may contain one or more- agents selected from the group consisting of diluents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide palatable preparations.
• Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or alginic acid; and binding agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc . and lubricants/surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate.
• the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or -glyceryl distearate may be employed. These compounds may also be prepared in solid, rapidly released form.
• Formulations for oral use may also -be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an . oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
• water or an . oil medium for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
• excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be .
• a naturally occurring phosphatide for example, lecithin, or condensation products or an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethylene oxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• a naturally occurring phosphatide for example, lecithin
• condensation products or an alkylene oxide with fatty acids for example polyoxyethylene stearate
• condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols for example heptadecaethylene oxycetanol
• condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol such as polyoxyethylene
• the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl jp-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
• preservatives for example ethyl, or n-propyl jp-hydroxybenzoate
• coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl jp-hydroxybenzoate
• flavoring agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
• a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., talc, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, kaolin, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol, mannitol,
• the compounds may also be in the form of non-aqueous liquid formulations, e.g., oily suspensions which may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or peanut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and. flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil- in-water emulsions.
• the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• sweetening agents for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
• Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents.
• the compounds may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration of the drug.
• compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal or yaginal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum or vagina to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• Compounds of the invention may also be administrated transdermally using methods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example: Chien; “Transdermal Controlled Systemic Medications”; Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1987. Lipp et al. WO94/04157 3Mar94).
• Formula I in a suitable volatile solvent optionally containing penetration enhancing agents can be combined with additional additives known to those skilled in the art, such as matrix materials and bacteriocides. After sterilization, the resulting mixture can be formulated following known procedures into dosage forms, hi addition, on treatment with emulsifying agents and water, a solution or suspension of a compound of Formula I may be formulated into a lotion or salve.
• Suitable solvents for processing transdermal delivery systems are known to those skilled in the art, and include lower alcohols such as ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, lower ketones such as acetone, lower carboxylic acid esters such as ethyl acetate, polar ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, lower hydrocarbons such as hexane, cyclohexane or benzene, or halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, chloroform, trichlorotriffuoroethane, or trichlorofluoroethane.
• Suitable solvents may also include mixtures of one or more materials selected from lower alcohols, lower ketones, lower carboxylic acid esters, polar ethers, lower hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons.
• Suitable penetration enhancing materials for transdermal. delivery system include,- for example, monohydroxy or polyhydroxy alcohols such as ethanol, propylene glycol Or benzyl alcohol, saturated or unsaturated C 8 -C ⁇ 8 fatty alcohols such, as lauryl alcohol or cetyl alcohol, saturated or - unsaturated C 8 -C ⁇ 8 fatty acids such as stearic acid, saturated or unsaturated fatty esters with up to 24 carbons such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl tertbutyl or monoglycerin esters of acetic acid, capronic acid, lauric acid, myristinic acid, stearic acid, or palmitic acid, or.diesters of saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with a total of up to 24 carbons such as diisopropyl adipate, diisobutyl adip
• Additional penetration enhancing materials include phosphatidyl derivatives such as lecithin or cephalin, terpenes, amides, ketones, ureas and their derivatives, and ethers such as dimethyl isosorbid and diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether.
• Suitable penetration enhancing formulations may also include mixtures of one or more .
• materials selected from -monohydroxy or polyhydroxy alcohols, saturated or unsaturated C 8 -C 18 fatty alcohols, saturated or unsaturated C 8 -C 18 fatty acids, saturated or unsaturated fatty esters with up to 24 carbons, diesters of saturated or unsaturated discarboxylic acids with a total of up to 24 carbons, phosphatidyl derivatives, terpenes, amides, ketones, ureas and their derivatives, and ethers.
• Suitable binding materials for transdermal delivery systems are known to those skilled in the art and include polyacrylates, silicones, polyurethanes, block polymers, styrenebutadiene coploymers, and natural and synthetic rubbers. Cellulose ethers, derivatized polyethylenes, and silicates may also be used as matrix components. Additional additives, such as viscous resins or oils may be added to increase the viscosity of the matrix.
• the daily oral dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the daily dosage for administration by injection will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the daily vaginal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the daily rectal dosage regime will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the daily topical dosage regime will preferably be from 0.1 to 200 mg administered
• the transdermal concentration will preferably be that required to maintain a daily dose of from 0.01 to 200 mg/Kg.
• the daily inhalation dosage regime will preferably be from 0.01 to 10 mg/Kg of total body weight.
• the specific dose level for any given patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including, the activity of the specific compound employed, the age of the patient, the body weight of the patient, the general health of the patient, the gender of the patient, the diet of the patient, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combinations, and the severity of the condition undergoing therapy.
• the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the condition undergoing therapy.
• Neoplasm by Inhibition of raf Kinase using N-Heteroaryl-N'-(hetero)arylureas" PCT
• the compounds of this invention are producible from known compounds (or from starting materials which, in turn, are producible from known compounds), e.g., through the general preparative methods shown below.
• the activity of a given compound to inhibit angiogenesis activity can be routinely assayed, e.g., according to procedures disclosed below.
• Thin-layer chromatography was performed on Whatman ® pre-coated glass-backed silica gel 60A F-254 250 ⁇ m plates. Visualization of plates was effected by one or more of the following techniques: (a) ultraviolet illumination, (b) exposure to iodine vapor, (c) immersion of the plate in a 10% solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol followed by heating, (d) immersion of the plate in a cerium sulfate solution followed by heating, and/or (e) immersion of the plate in an acidic ethanol solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine followed by heating. Column chromatography (flash chromatography) was performed using 230-400 mesh EM Science ® silica gel.
• Carbon ( 13 C) NMR spectra were measured with a General Electric GN-Omega 300 (75 MHz) spectrometer with solvent (CDC1 3 ⁇ 77.0; MeOD-d 3 ; ⁇ 49.0; DMSO-d 6 ⁇ 39.5) as standard.
• Low resolution mass spectra (MS) and high resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were either obtained as electron impact (El) mass spectra or as fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra.
• Electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS) were obtained with a Hewlett Packard 5989A mass spectrometer equipped with a Vacumetrics Desqrption Chemical Ionization Probe for sample introduction. The ion source was maintained at 250 °C.
• Electron impact ionization was performed with electron energy of 70 eV and a trap current of 300 ⁇ A.
• Liquid-cesium secondary ion mass spectra (FAB-MS), an updated version of fast atom bombardment were obtained using a Kratos Concept 1-H spectrometer.
• Chemical ionization mass spectra (CI-MS) were obtained using a Hewlett Packard MS-Engine (5989A) with methane as the reagent gas (lxlO "4 torr to 2.5xl0 "4 torr).
• the direct insertion desorption chemical ionization (DCI) probe (Vaccumetrics, Inc.) was ramped from 0-1.5 amps in 10 sec and held at 10 amps until all traces of the sample disappeared ( ⁇ l-2 min). Spectra were scanned from 50-800 amu at 2 sec per scan.
• HPLC - electrospray mass spectra (HPLC ES-MS) were obtained using a Hewlett-Packard 1100 HPLC equipped with a quaternary pump, a variable wavelength detector, a C-18 column, and a Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization. Spectra were scanned from 120-800 amu using a variable ion time according to the number of ions in the source.
• GC-MS Gas chromatography - ion selective mass spectra
• Step 3 Preparation of N-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N'- ⁇ 4-[2-carbamoyl-(4- pyridyloxy)]phenyl ⁇ urea
• Step 1 4-Chloro-N-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxamide is first synthesized from 4- chloropyridine-2-carbonyl chloride by adding 4-chloropyridine-2-carbonyl chloride HCl salt (7.0 g, 32.95 mmol) in portions to a mixture of a 2.0 M methylamine solution in THF (100 mL) and MeOH (20 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture is stored at 3 °C for 4 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Step 2 A solution of 4-aminophenol (9.60 g, 88.0 mmol) in anh. DMF (150 mL) is treated with potassium tert-butoxide (10.29 g, 91.7 mmol), and the reddish-brown mixture is stirred at room temp, for 2 h. The contents are treated with 4-chloro-N- methyl-2-pyridinecarboxamide (15.0 g, 87.9 mmol) from Step 1 and K 2 CO 3 (6.50 g,
• Step 3 A solution of 4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate (14.60 g, 65.90 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (35 mL) is added .dropwise to a suspension of 4-(2-(N- methylcarbamoyl)-4-pyridyloxy)aniline from Step 2; (16.0 g, 65.77 mmol) in CH 2 C1 (35 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture is stirred at room temp, for 22 h.
• Step 1 4-Chloro-N-methyl-2-pyridmecarboxamide ' is first synthesized from 4- chloropyridine-2-carbonyl chloride by adding 4-chloropyridine-2-carbonyl chloride HCl salt (7.0 g, 32.95 mmol) in portions to a mixture of a 2.0 M methylamine solution in THF (100 mL) and MeOH (20 mL) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture is stored at 3 °C for 4 h, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting nearly dry solids are. suspended in EtOAc (100 mL) and filtered. The filtrate is washed with a saturated NaCl solution (2 x 100 mL), dried (Na 2 SO ) and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide 4-chloro-N-methyl-2-pyridinecarboxamide as a yellow, crystalline solid.
• 4-chloro-N-methyl-2-pyridmecarboxamide ' is first synthesized from 4- chloropyridine-2-carbonyl
• Step 2 A solution of 4-aminophenol (9.60 g, 88.0 mmol) in anh. DMF (150 mL) is treated with potassium tert-butoxide (10.29 g, 91.7 mmol), and the reddish-brown mixture is stirred at room temp, for 2 h. The contents are treated with 4-chloro-N- methyl-2-pyridinecarboxamide (1-5.0 g, 87.9 mmol) from Step 1 and K 2 CO 3 (6.50 g, 47.0 mmol) and then heated at 80 °C for 8 h. The mixture is cooled to room temp. ' and separated between EtOAc (500 mL) and a saturated ⁇ aCl solution (500 mL).
• Step 3 To a solution of 2-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline (0.15 g) in anh CH C1 2 (15 mL) at 0 °C is added GDI (0.13 g). The resulting solution is allowed to warm to room temp, over 1 h, is stirred at room temp, for 16 h, then is treated with 4-(2-(N- methylcarbamoyl)-4-pyridyloxy)aniline (0.18 g) from Step 2. The resulting yellow solution is stirred at room temp, for 72 h, then is treated with H O (125 mL). The resulting aqueous mixture is extracted with EtOAc (2 x 150 mL).
• the cytosolic kinase domain of KDR kinase was expressed as a 6His fusion protein in Sf9 insect cells.
• the KDR kinase domain fusion protein was purified over a Ni++ chelating column.
• HEPES buffer 20 mM poly(Glu4;Tyrl) (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in 100 ⁇ k HEPES buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 150 mM Na CI, 0.02% Thimerosal) at 4° overnight.
• test compounds were serially diluted in 100% DMSO form 4 mM to 0.12 ⁇ M in half-log dilutions. These dilutions were further diluted twenty fold in H 2 O to obtain compound solutions in 5% DMSO.
• assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 100 mM KC1, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 3 mM MnCl 2 , 0.05% glycerol, 0.005% Triton X-100, 1 mM -mercaptoethanol, with or without 3.3 ⁇ M ATP
• 5 ⁇ l of the diluted compounds were added to a final assay volume of 100 ⁇ l.
• Final concentrations were between 10 ⁇ M, and 0.3 mM in 0.25% DMSO.
• the assay was initiated by the addition of lO ⁇ l (30 ' ng) of KDR kinase domain.
• the assay was incubated with test compound or vehicle alone with gentle agitation at room temperature for 60 minutes.
• the wells were washed and phosphotyrosines (PY) were probed with ah anti-phosphotyrosine (PY), mAb clone 4G10 (Upstate Biotechnology, Lake Placid, NY).
• PY/anti-PY complexes were detected with an anti-mouse IgG/HRP conjugate Iamersham International pic, Buckinghamshire, England).
• Phosphotyrosine was quantitated by incubating with 100 ⁇ l 3, 3', 5, 5' tetramethylbenzidine solution (Kirkegaard and Perry, TMB Microwell 1 Component peroxidase substrate). Color development was arrested by the addition of 100 ⁇ l 1% HCl-based stop solution (Kirkegaard and Perry, TMB 1 Component Stop Solution).
• % Inhibition (ODfvehicle control) - OD (with compound) X 100 OD (vehicle control) - OD (no ATP added)
• IC 5 o values were determined with a least squares analysis program using compound concentration versus percent inhibition.
• NTH3T3 cells expressing the full length KDR receptor are grown in DMEM (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% newborn calf serum, low glucose, 25 mM/L sodium pyruvate, pyridoxine hydrochlori.de and 0.2 mg/ml of G418 (Life Technologies Inc., Grand Island, NY).
• the cells are maintained in collagen I-coated T75 flasks (Becton Dickinson Labware, Bedford, MA) in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C.
• the buffer is removed and the cells are lysed by addtion of 150 ⁇ l of extraction buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.8, supplemented with 10% glycerol, 50 mM BGP, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM NaF, 0.5 mM NaVO4, and 0.3% TX-100) at 4°C for 30 minutes.
• extraction buffer 50 mM Tris, pH 7.8, supplemented with 10% glycerol, 50 mM BGP, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM NaF, 0.5 mM NaVO4, and 0.3% TX-100
• each cell lysate 100 micro liters of each cell lysate are added to the wells of an ELISA plate precoated with 300 ng of antibody C20 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA). Following a 60-minute incubation, the plate is washed and bound KDR is probed for phosphotyrosine using an anti- phospho tyrosine mAb clone 4G10 (Upstate Biotechnology, Lake Placid, NY). The plate is washed and wells are incubated with anti-mouse IgG/HRP conjugate
• Optical densities are determined spectrophotometrically at 450 mm in a
• IC 5 os are determined on some of the exemplary materials with at least squares analysis program using compound concentration versus percent inhibition.
• Matrigel® (Collaborative Biomedical Products, Bedord, MA) is a basement membrane extract from a murine tumor composed primarily of laminin, collagen IV and heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
• Liquid Matrigel at 4°C is mixed with SK-MEL2 human tumor cells that are transfected with a plasmid containing the murine VEGF gene with a selectable marker. Tumor cells are grown in vitro under selection and cells are mixed with cold liquid Matrigel at a ratio of 2 X 10 6 per 0.5 ml. One half milliliter is implanted subcutaneously near the abdominal midline using a 25 gauge needle. Test compounds are dosed as solutions in Ethanol/Ceremaphor EL/saline (12.5%:12.5%:75%) at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg po once daily starting on the day of implantation. Mice are euthanized 12 days post-implantation and the Matrigel pellets are harvested for analysis of hemoglobin content.
• the Matrigel pellets are placed in 4 volumes (w/v) of 4°C Lysis Buffer (20mM Tris pH 7.5, lmM EGTA, ImM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100 [EM Science, Gibbstown, N.J.], and complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail [Mannheim, Germany]), and homogenized at 4°C. homogenates are incubated on ice for 30 minutes with shaking and centrifuged at 14K x g for 30 minutes at 4°C.
• 4°C Lysis Buffer 20mM Tris pH 7.5, lmM EGTA, ImM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100 [EM Science, Gibbstown, N.J.], and complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail [Mannheim, Germany]
• Mouse hemoglobin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) is suspended in autoclaved water (BioWhittaker, Lie, Walkersville, MD.) at 5 mg/ml. A standard curve is generated from 500 micrograms/ml to 30 micrograms/ml in Lysis Buffer (see above). Standard curve and lysate samples are added at 5 microliters/well in duplicate to a polystyrene 96-well plate.
• TMB substrate is reconstituted in 50 mis room temperature acetic acid solution. One hundred microliters of substrate is added to each well, followed by 100 microliters/well of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution at room temperature. The plate is incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes.
• Optical densities are determined spectrophotometrically at 600 nm in a 96-well plate reader, SpectraMax 250 Microplate Spectrophotometer System (Molecular
• % Inhibition (Average Total Hemoglobin Drug-Treated Tumor Lysates) X 100 (Average Total Hemoglobin Non-Treated Tumore Lysates).

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