US20050238723A1 - Method of producing hydroxyalkyl starch derivatives - Google Patents

Method of producing hydroxyalkyl starch derivatives Download PDF

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US20050238723A1
US20050238723A1 US11/078,098 US7809805A US2005238723A1 US 20050238723 A1 US20050238723 A1 US 20050238723A1 US 7809805 A US7809805 A US 7809805A US 2005238723 A1 US2005238723 A1 US 2005238723A1
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compound
group
functional group
hydroxyalkyl starch
reaction
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Norbert Zander
Harald Conradt
Wolfram Eichner
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Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH
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    • C08B31/00—Preparation of derivatives of starch
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    • C08B31/12—Ethers having alkyl or cycloalkyl radicals substituted by heteroatoms, e.g. hydroxyalkyl or carboxyalkyl starch
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    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
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    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
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    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
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    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
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    • C08B31/00—Preparation of derivatives of starch
    • C08B31/003—Crosslinking of starch
    • C08B31/006—Crosslinking of derivatives of starch
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
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    • C08B31/08—Ethers
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    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B31/00—Preparation of derivatives of starch
    • C08B31/18—Oxidised starch
    • C08B31/185—Derivatives of oxidised starch, e.g. crosslinked oxidised starch
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    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H1/00—Macromolecular products derived from proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to hydroxyalkyl starch derivates, particularly hydroxyalkyl starch derivatives obtainable by a process in which hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a primary or secondary amino group of a crosslinking compound or with two crosslinking compounds wherein the resulting hydroxaylkyl starch derivative has at least one functional group X which is capable of being reacted with a functional group Y of a further compound and wherein this group Y is an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, an acetal group, or a thio group.
  • the present invention relates to hydroxyalkyl starch derivatives obtainable by a process according to which hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a primary or secondary amino group of a crosslinking compound, the resulting reaction product optionally being further reacted with a second crosslinking compound, wherein the resulting hydroxaylkyl starch derivative has at least one functional group X which is capable of being reacted with a functional group Y of a further compound and wherein this group Y is an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, an acetal group, or a thio group, and the resulting reaction product is reacted with a polypeptide, preferably with a polypeptide such as AT III, IFN-beta or erythropoietin and especially preferably with erythropoietin, which comprises at least one of these functional groups Y.
  • a polypeptide such as AT III, IFN-beta or erythro
  • a hydroxyalkyl starch which is especially preferred is hydroxyethyl starch.
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch and preferably the hydroxyl ethyl starch is reacted with the linker compound at its reducing end which is optionally oxidized prior to said reaction.
  • HES Hydroxyethyl starch
  • Amylopectin consists of glucose moieties, wherein in the main chain alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds are present and at the branching sites alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds are found.
  • the physical-chemical properties of this molecule are mainly determined by the type of glycosidic bonds. Due to the nicked alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond, helical structures with about six glucose-monomers per turn are produced.
  • the physicochemical as well as the biochemical properties of the polymer can be modified via substitution.
  • the introduction of a hydroxyethyl group can be achieved via alkaline hydroxyethylation.
  • DE 26 16 086 discloses the conjugation of hemoglobin to hydroxyethyl starch wherein, in a first step, a cross-linking agent, e.g. bromocyane, is bound to hydroxyethyl starch and subsequently hemoglobin is linked to the intermediate product.
  • a cross-linking agent e.g. bromocyane
  • HES HES-like styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styrene-styl-N-(2-aminoietin)-2-linked glycoprotein
  • red blood cells in the circulation erythropoietin
  • WO 94/28024 discloses that physiologically active polypeptides modified with polyethyleneglycol (PEG) exhibit reduced immunogenicity and antigenicity and circulate in the bloodstream considerably longer than unconjugated proteins, i.e. have a longer clearance rate.
  • PEG-drug conjugates exhibit several disadvantages, e.g. they do not exhibit a natural structure which can be recognized by elements of in vivo degradation pathways. Therefore, apart from PEG-conjugates, other conjugates and protein polymerates have been produced.
  • a plurality of methods for the cross-linking of different proteins and macromolecules such as polymerase have been described in the literature (see e.g. Wong, Chemistry of protein conjugation and cross-linking, 1993, CRCS, Inc.).
  • WO 02/08079 A2 discloses compounds comprising a conjugate of an active agent and a hydroxyalkyl starch wherein active agent and hydroxyalkyl starch are either linked directly or via a linker compound
  • the reaction of active agent and hydroxyalkyl starch is carried out in an aqueous medium which comprises at least 10 wt.-% of water.
  • No examples are given which are directed to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative which is linked to a carbonyl group comprised in the active reagent, neither an aldehyd or keto group nor a an acetal or a hemiacetal group.
  • hydroxyalkyl starch derivatives which are capable of forming a chemical linkage to a further compound, e.g. a polypeptide, which comprises, as functional group, a thio group or an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, or an acetal group.
  • a further compound e.g. a polypeptide, which comprises, as functional group, a thio group or an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, or an acetal group.
  • the aldehyd group, the keto group, the hemiacetal group, or the acetal group are comprised in a carbohydrate moiety of the further compound
  • the present invention relates to a method of producing a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, said hydroxyalkyl starch having a structure according to formula (I)
  • hydroxyalkyl starch refers to a starch derivative which has been substituted by at least one hydroxyalkyl group. Therefore, the term hydroxyalkyl starch as used in the present invention is not limited to compounds where the terminal carbohydrate moiety comprises hydroxyalkyl groups R 1 , R 2 , and/or R 3 as depicted, for the sake of brevity, in formula (I), but also refers to compounds in which at least one hydroxy group present anywhere, either in the terminal carbohydrate moiety and/or in the remaining part of the starch molecule, HAS′, is substituted by a hydroxyalkyl group R 1 , R 2 , or R 3 .
  • the alkyl group may be a linear or branched alkyl group which may be suitably substituted.
  • the hydroxyalkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and even more preferably 2-4 carbon atoms.
  • “Hydroxyalkyl starch” therefore preferably comprises hydroxyethyl starch, hydroxypropyl starch and hydroxybutyl starch, wherein hydroxyethyl starch and hydroxypropyl starch are particularly preferred.
  • Hydroxyalkyl starch comprising two or more different hydroxyalkyl groups is also comprised in the present invention.
  • the at least one hydroxyalkyl group comprised in HAS may contain two or more hydroxy groups. According to a preferred embodiment, the at least one hydroxyalkyl group comprised HAS contains one hydroxy group.
  • hydroxyalkyl starch also includes derivatives wherein the alkyl group is mono- or polysubstituted.
  • the alkyl group is substituted with a halogen, especially fluorine, or with an aryl group, provided that the HAS remains soluble in water.
  • the terminal hydroxy group a of hydroxyalkyl group may be esterified or etherified.
  • alkyl instead of alkyl, also linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkene groups may be used.
  • Hydroxyalkyl starch is an ether derivative of starch.
  • ether derivatives also other starch derivatives can be used in the context of the present invention.
  • derivatives are useful which comprise esterified hydroxy groups. These derivatives may be, e.g., derivatives of unsubstituted mono- or dicarboxylic acids with 2-12 carbon atoms or of substituted derivatives thereof.
  • derivatives of unsubstituted monocarboxylic acids with 2-6 carbon atoms especially derivatives of acetic acid.
  • acetyl starch, butyl starch and propyl starch are preferred.
  • derivatives of dicarboxylic acids it is useful that the second carboxy group of the dicarboxylic acid is also esterified. Furthermore, derivatives of monoalkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids are also suitable in the context of the present invention.
  • the substitute groups may be preferably the same as mentioned above for substituted alkyl residues.
  • Hydroxyethyl starch is most preferred for all embodiments of the present invention.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein the hydroxyalkyl starch is hydroxyethyl starch.
  • HES is mainly characterized by the molecular weight distribution and the degree of substitution. There are two possibilities of describing the substitution degree:
  • HES solutions are present as polydisperse compositions, wherein each molecule differs from the other with respect to the polymerisation degree, the number and pattern of branching sites, and the substitution pattern. BES is therefore a mixture of compounds with different molecular weight. Consequently, a particular HES solution is determined by average molecular weight with the help of statistical means.
  • M n is calculated as the arithmetic mean depending on the number of molecules.
  • M w the weight mean, represents a unit which depends on the mass of the HES.
  • hydroxyethyl starch may have a mean molecular weight (weight mean) of from 1 to 300 kDa, wherein a mean molecular weight of from 5 to 100 kDa is more preferred. Hydroxyethyl starch can further exhibit a molar degree of substitution of from 0.1 to 0.8 and a ratio between C 2 :C 6 substitution in the range of from 2 to 20 with respect to the hydroxyethyl groups.
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or a hydroxyalkyl group, a hydroxyaryl group, a hydroxyaralkly group or a hydroxyalkarly group having of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Hydrogen and hydroxyalkyl groups having of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms are preferred.
  • the alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and/or alkaryl group may be linear or branched and suitably substituted.
  • the present invention also related to a method as described above wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or a linear or branched hydroxyalkyl group with from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may be hydroxyhexyl, hydroxypentyl, hydroxybutyl, hydroxypropyl such as 1-hydroxypropyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 1-hydroxyisopropyl, 2-hydroxyisopropyl, hydroxyethyl such as 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, or hydroxymethyl. Hydrogen and hydroxyethyl groups are preferred, hydrogen and the 2-hydroxyethyl group being especially preferred
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
  • compound (D) or compound (L) is reacted with the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch via the reaction of the functional group Z 1 with the reducing end where group Z 1 is comprised in compound (D) or compound (L).
  • compound (D) or compound (L) is reacted with the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch and where the reducing end is oxidized prior to the reaction.
  • This oxidation of the reducing end leads to hydroxyalkyl starch in which the terminal carbohydrate group comprises a lactone group, or in which the terminal carbohydrate group, depending of the chemical reaction conditions and/or the oxidizing agents, has a non-cyclic structure comprising a carboxy group.
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch which is oxidized at its reducing end is present as a mixture of a compound comprising the lactone group and a compound comprising the carboxy group.
  • the respective compounds may be present at any conceivable ratio.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein he reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch is oxidized prior to the reaction with compound (D) or compound (L), said hydroxyalkyl starch thus having a structure according to formula (IIa) and/or according to formula (IIb)
  • the oxidation of the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch may be carried out according to each method or combination of methods which result compounds having the above-mentioned structures (IIa) and/or (IIb).
  • the oxidation may be carried out according to all suitable method or methods resulting in the oxidized reducing end of hydroxyakyl starch, it is preferably carried out using an alkaline iodine solution as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 196 28 705 A1.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as mentioned above wherein the reducing end is oxidized by an alkaline iodine solution.
  • compound (D) or compound (L) is reacted with the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch and where the reducing end is not oxidized prior to the reaction.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as mentioned above wherein the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch is not oxidized prior to the reaction with compound (D) or compound (L), said hydroxyalkyl starch thus having a structure according to formula (I)
  • each functional group may be used which is capable of forming a chemical linkage with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch.
  • the functional group Z 1 comprises the chemical structure —NH—.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein the functional group Z 1 comprises the structure —NH—.
  • the functional group Z 1 is a group having the structure R′—NH— where R′ is hydrogen or a alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl residue where the cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl residue may be linked directly to the NH group or, according to another embodiment, may be linked by an oxygen bridge to the NH group.
  • alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl, or cycloalkylaryl residues may be suitably substituted.
  • halogenes such as F, Cl or Br may be mentioned.
  • Especially preferred residues R′ are hydrogen, allyl and alkoxy groups, and even more preferred are hydrogen and unsubstituted alkyl and alkoxy groups.
  • alkyl and alkoxy groups groups with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 C atoms are preferred. More preferred are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and isopropoxy groups. Especially preferred are methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, and particular preference is given to methyl or methoxy.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein R′ is hydrogen or a methyl or a methoxy group.
  • the functional group R′′ is selected from the group consisting of where, if G is present twice, it is independently O or S.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as mentioned above wherein the functional group Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl.
  • the functional group Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, and an acetal group
  • the functional group X preferably comprises the chemical structure —NH—.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein the functional group Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, and an acetal group, and the functional group X comprises the structure —NH—.
  • the functional group X is a group having the structure R′—NH— where R′ is hydrogen or a alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl residue where the cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl residue may be linked directly to the NH group or, according to another embodiment, may be linked by an oxygen bridge to the NH group.
  • alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl, or cycloalkylaryl residues may be suitably substituted.
  • halogenes such as F, Cl or Br may be mentioned.
  • Especially preferred residues R′ are hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy groups, and even more preferred are hydrogen and unsubstituted alkyl and alkoxy groups.
  • alkyl and alkoxy groups groups with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 C atoms are preferred. More preferred are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and isopropoxy groups. Especially preferred are methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, and particular preference is given to methyl or methoxy.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein R′ is hydrogen or a methyl or a methoxy group.
  • the functional group R′′ is selected from the group consisting of where, if G is present twice, it is independently O or S.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as mentioned above wherein the factional group X is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl.
  • the functional group X is preferably selected from the groups consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br or I, preferably Br or I.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above whereinwherein the functional group Y is —SH and the functional group X is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br or I.
  • hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (D) and the resulting reaction product is further reacted with compound (L) where the chemical linkage between compound (L) and the reaction product is formed by reaction of functional group Z 2 comprised in compound (L) and functional group W comprised in compound (D) being part of the reaction product.
  • both W and Z 2 are groups from the list of groups given above.
  • Z 2 or W is a thio group.
  • the functional group W is preferably selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br, or I, preferably Br or I.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein the functional group W or the functional group Z 2 is —SH and the functional group Z 2 or the functional group W is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br, or I.
  • Z 2 or W is selected from the group consisting of an activated ester, as described above, or a carboxy group which is optionally transformed into an activated ester.
  • the functional group W or Z 2 respectively, comprises the chemical structure —NH—.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein Z 2 or W is selected from the group consisting of an activated ester, as described above, or a carboxy group which is optionally transformed into an activated ester, and the functional group W or Z 2 , respectively, comprises the chemical structure —NH—.
  • the functional group W or Z 2 comprising the structure —NH— is a group having the structure R′—NH— where R′ is hydrogen or a alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl residue where the cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl residue may be linked directly to the NH group or, according to another embodiment, may be linked by an oxygen bridge to the NH group.
  • alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, arylcycloalkyl, alkaryl, or cycloalkylaryl residues may be suitably substituted.
  • halogenes such as F, Cl or Br may be mentioned.
  • Especially preferred residues R′ are hydrogen, alkyl and alkoxy groups, and even more preferred are hydrogen and unsubstituted alkyl and alkoxy groups.
  • alkyl and alkoxy groups groups with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 C atoms are preferred. More preferred are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and isopropoxy groups. Especially preferred are methyl, ethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, and particular preference is given to methyl or methoxy.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein W or Z 2 is selected from the group consisting of an activated ester, as described above, or a carboxy group which is optionally transformed into an activated ester, and the functional group W or Z 2 , respectively, is R′—NH— wherein R′ is hydrogen or a methyl or a methoxy group.
  • the functional group R′′ is selected from the group consisting of where, if G is present twice, it is independently O or S.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as mentioned above wherein the functional group W or Z 2 is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl.
  • the at least one functional group X, Z 2 and/or W may be a group which is not capable of reacting directly with a given further compound, but which may be chemically modified in order to be capable of reacting in the desired way.
  • a 1,2-amino alcohol or a 1,2-diol may be mentioned which is modified, e.g., by oxidation to form an aldehyd or a keto group.
  • a functional group to be modified prior to the reaction with a further compound is a —NH 2 group which is modified by the reaction with, e.g., a compound according to the following formula to give a structure of the following formula which is, e.g., reactive towards a thio group.
  • a functional group to be modified prior to the reaction with a fatter compound is a —NH 2 group which is modified by the reaction with, e.g., a compound according to the following formula to give a structure of the following formula which is, e.g., reactive towards a thio group.
  • a functional group to be modified prior to the reaction with a further compound is an amino group which is reacted with bromoacetic anhydride or N-succinimidyl iodo acetate.
  • a compound (L) has the structure Z 1 -L′-X or Z 2 -L′-X, L′ being an organic residue separating the functional groups and being optionally absent, the structure depending on whether a compound (D) is reacted with the hydroxyalkyl starch or not.
  • no compound (D) is involved and Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, and an acetal group.
  • L′ may be a linear or branched alkyl or cycloalkyl or aryl or or aralkyl or arylcycloalkyl or alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl group, wherein L′ may comprise at least one heteroatom such as N, O, S, and wherein L′ may be suitably substituted.
  • the size of the group L′ may be adapted to the specific needs.
  • the separating group L′ generally has from 1 to 60, preferably from 1 to 40, more preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to 10, more preferably from 1 to 6 and especially preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • the separating group comprises generally from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 8 and especially preferably from 1 to 4 heteroatoms.
  • the separating group L′ comprises 1 to 4 oxygen atoms.
  • the separating group L′ may comprise an optionally branched alkyl chain or an aryl group or a cycloalkyl group having, e.g., from 5 to 7 carbon atoms, or be a aralkyl group, an alkaryl group where the alkyl part may be a linear and/or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the separating group is an alkyl chain of from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 8, more preferably from 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 4 and especially preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • a chain comprising 1 to 4 oxygen atoms is particularly preferred.
  • a compound (D) is involved.
  • a compound (D) has the structure Z 1 -D′-W, D′ being an organic residue separating the functional groups and being optionally absent.
  • compound (D) having the structure Z 1 -D′-W where D′ is absent:
  • a specific example of a compound D where D′ is absent is NH 3 .
  • D′ may be a linear or branched alkyl or cycloalkyl or aryl or or aralkyl or arylcycloalkyl or alkaryl or cycloalkylaryl group, wherein D′ may comprise at least one heteroatom such as N, O, S, and wherein D′ may be suitably substituted
  • the size of the group D′ may be adapted to the specific needs.
  • the separating group D′ generally has from 1 to 60, preferably from 1 to 40, more preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to 10, more preferably from 1 to 6 and especially preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • the separating group comprises generally from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 8 and especially preferably from 1 to 4 heteroatoms.
  • the separating group D′ comprises 1 to 4 oxygen atoms.
  • the separating group D′ may comprise an optionally branched alkyl chain or an aryl group or a cycloalkyl group having, e.g., from 5 to 7 carbon atoms, or be an aralkyl group, an alkaryl group where the alkyl part may be a linear and/or cyclic alkyl group.
  • the separating group is an alkyl chain of from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to 8, more preferably from 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 4 and especially preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • a chain comprising 1 to 4 oxygen atoms is particularly preferred.
  • preferred compounds (D) having the structure Z 1 -D′-W where D′ is not absent are:
  • the functional group Y is a thio group and the functional group W comprises the structure —NH—
  • the following types of compounds (L) are, among others, preferred: Type of compound (L) Functional group X Functional group Z 2 C Iodoalkyl N-succinimide ester D Bromoalkyl N-succinimide ester E Maleimido N-succinimide ester F Pydridyldithio N-succinimide ester G Vinylsulfone N-succinimide ester
  • the functional group Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, and an acetal group
  • the functional group W is a thio group
  • the following types of compounds (L) are, among others, preferred: Type of compound (L) Functional group X Functional group Z 2 A Hydrazide Maleimido B Hydrazide Pyridyldithio
  • the separating groups L′ and/or D′ may be suitably substituted.
  • Preferred substituents are, e.g, halides such as F, Cl, Br or I.
  • the separating groups L′ and/or D′ may comprise one or more cleavage sites such as which allow for an easy cleavage of a resulting compound at a pre-determined site.
  • hydroxyalkyl starch derivative comprises the functional group X capable of being reacted with a functional group Y comprised in a further compound (M) and wherein said functional group Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, an acetal group, are being particularly preferred.
  • compounds (D) which may be linked to hydroxyalkyl starch wherein the resulting hydroxyalkyl starch derivative comprises the functional group W capable of being reacted with a functional group Z 2 comprised in a compound (L) wherein the resulting hydroxyalkyl starch derivative which comprises hydroxyalkyl starch, compound (D) and compound (L), is capable of being reacted with the functional group Y of a further compound (M) and wherein said functional group Y is a thio group, are the compounds (D) being particularly preferred.
  • a compound (D) or a compound (L) is reacted with the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch which is not oxidised.
  • the reaction product of a compound (D) or a compound (L) is reacted with the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch which is not oxidised may have different constitutions.
  • this reaction is carried out in an aqueous system.
  • aqueous system refers to a solvent or a a mixture of solvents comprising water in the range of from at least 10% per weight, preferably at least 50% per weight, more preferably at least 80% per weight, even more preferably at least 90% per weight or up to 100% per weight, based on the weight of the solvents involved.
  • solvents such as DMSO, DMF, ethanol or methanol may be mentioned.
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch derivative may have a constitution according to formula (IIIa)
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch derivative may have a constitution according to formula (IIIa) or formula (IIIb) or be a mixture of compounds according to formulae (IIIa) and (IIIb)
  • the compounds according to formula (IIIa) may be present with the N atom in equatorial or axial position where also a mixture of both forms may be present having a certain equilibrium distribution.
  • the compounds according to formula (IIIb) may be present with the C—N double bond in E or Z conformation where also a mixture of both forms may be present having a certain equilibrium distribution.
  • the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above having a constitution according to formula (IIIb) or according to formula (IIIb) or according to formulae (IIIa) and (IIIb).
  • acylation of the compound according to formula (IIIa) is particularly preferred, especially in the case where R′ is hydrogen.
  • acylation reagent all suitable reagents may be used which result in the desired hydroxyalkyl starch derivative according to formula (IVa)
  • the residue Ra being part of the acylation reagent is methyl.
  • acylation reagents carboxylic acid anhydrides, carboxylic acid halides, and carboxylic acid active esters are preferably used.
  • the acylation is carried at a temperature in the range of from 0 to 30° C., preferably in the range of from 2 to 20° C. and especially preferably in the range of from 4 to 10° C.
  • the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivate obtainable by a method as described above wherein said derivative has a constitution according to formula (IVa).
  • boro hydrides such as NaCNBH 3 or NaBH 4 are used.
  • the reduction is carried at a temperature in the range of from 4 to 100° C., preferably in the range of from 10 to 90° C. and especially preferably in the range of from 25 to 80° C.
  • the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivate obtainable by a method as described above wherein said derivative has a constitution according to formula (IVb).
  • the present invention further relates to mixtures of compounds having constitutions according to formulae (IIIa) and (IIIb), (IVa) and (IVb), (IIIa) and (IVa), (IIIa) and (IVb), (IIIb) and (IVa), (IIIb) and (IVb), (IIIa) and (IIIb) and (IVa), (IIIa) and (IIIb) and (IVb), (IIIa) and (IIIb) and (IVa), (IIIa) and (IIIb) and (IVb), (IVa) and (IVb) and (IIIa), and (IVa) and (IVb) and (IIIb) wherein (IIIa) and/or (IVa) may be independently present in a conformation where the N atom in equatorial or axial position and/or wherein (IIIb) may be present with the C—N double bond in E or Z conformation.
  • a compound (D) or a compound (L) is reacted with the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch which is oxidised.
  • polar aprotic solvents are used which may also contain a certain amount of water, such as up to 10 wt.-%.
  • Preferred aprotic solvents are, among others, DMSO or DMF.
  • An example of a preferred reaction temperature range is from room 20 to 65° C., and the reaction times are generally in the range of 1 minute to several hours and up to several days, depending on the chemical nature of the functional group which is reacted with the oxidized reducing end og the hydroxyalkyl starch and the other reaction conditions.
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch derivative may have a constitution according to formula (Va)
  • the present invention also relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivate obtainable by a method as described above wherein said derivative has a constitution according to formula (Va).
  • a preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as described above wherein hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (L) via the reaction of functional group Z 1 with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch and the resulting reaction product is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of the functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as described above wherein hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (L) via the reaction of functional group Z 1 with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch, where compound (L), prior to the reaction with hydroxyalkyl starch, is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • Still another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as described above wherein hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (D) via the reaction of the functional group Z 1 comprised in compound (D), with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch to give a first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, and where the first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative is reacted with a compound (L) via the reaction of functional group Z 2 comprised in compound (L) with the functional group W comprised in compound (D) to give a second hydroxyalkyl starch derivative.
  • Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to the latter method wherein the second hydroxyalkyl starch derivative is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • Still yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method as described above wherein hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (D) via the reaction of functional group Z 1 comprised in compound (D) with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch to give a first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, and where the first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative is reacted, via the reaction of the functional group W, comprised in compound (D), and the functional group Z 2 , comprised in compound (L), with compound (L), where compound (L), prior to the reaction with the first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • water is used as solvent, either alone or in combination with at least one other solvent.
  • DMSO, DMF, methanol and ethanol may be mentioned.
  • Preferred solvents other than water are DMSO, DMF, methanol and ethanol.
  • hydroxylalkyl starch is preferably reacted via the non-oxidized reducing end.
  • the temperature of the reaction is preferably in the range of from 5 to 45° C., more preferably in the range of from 10 to 30° C. and especially preferably in the range of from 15 to 25° C.
  • the temperature is preferably in the range of up to 100° C., more preferably in the range of from 70 to 90° C. and especially preferably in the range of from 75 to 85° C.
  • the temperature may be varied, preferably in the above-given ranges, or held essentially constant.
  • reaction time for the reaction of hydroxyalkyl starch with compound (D) or compound (L) may be adapted to the specific needs and is generally in the range of from 1 h to 7 d.
  • reaction time is preferably in the range of from 1 h to 3 d and more preferably of from 2 h to 48 h.
  • reaction time is preferably in tie range of from 2 h to 7 d.
  • the pH value for the reaction of hydroxyalkyl starch with compound (D) or compound (L) may be adapted to the specific needs such as the chemical nature of the reactants.
  • the pH value is preferably in the range of from 4.5 to 6.5.
  • the pH value is preferably in the range of from 8 to 12.
  • the suitable pH value of the reaction mixture may be adjusted, for each reaction step, by adding at least one suitable buffer.
  • suitable buffers sodium acetate buffer, phosphate or borate buffers may be mentioned.
  • the at least one functional group X may be protected with at least one suitable protecting group prior to the reaction of hydroxyalkyl starch with compound (L) or prior to the reaction of compound (D) with compound (L) or prior to the reaction of compound (L) with the reaction product of the reaction of hydroxyalkyl starch with compound (D).
  • the protecting group may be chosen depending from the chemical nature of the functional group X to be protected, from, e.g., the solvent the reaction is carried out in or the pH of the reaction mixture.
  • Preferred protecting groups are, among others, the benzyloxycarbonyl group, the tert-butoxycarbonyl group, the methoxyphenyl group, the 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl group, triarly methyl groups, trityl, the monomethoxytrityl group, the dimethoxytrityl group, the monomethyltrityl group, the dimethyltrityl group, the trifluoracetyl group, phthalimin compounds, 2-(trialkylsilyl)ethoxy carbonyl compounds, Fmoc, the tert-butyl group, or trialkyl silyl groups.
  • the at least one protecting group may be left in the reaction product or removed by suitable methods such as conventional methods known to the person skilled in the art. If two different functional groups X are protected by suitable protecting groups, it is possible to remove at least one protecting group so as to make at least one functional group X available for further reaction with at least one further compound (M), and leave at least one other functional group protected until the reaction product comprising compound (L) is reacted with the further compound (M). Afterwards, the protecting group of the functional group still protected may be removed to make the remaining functional group X available for reaction with yet a further compound (M).
  • the use of at least one protecting group may be important for preventing the reaction from resulting in a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative comprising a compound (L) or compound (D) which has been reacted with two or more hydroxyalkyl starch molecules, i.e. a multiple HAS substituted compound (L) or (D).
  • a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative comprising a compound (L) or compound (D) which has been reacted with two or more hydroxyalkyl starch molecules, i.e. a multiple HAS substituted compound (L) or (D).
  • the same result may be achieved by reacting hydroxyalkyl starch with an excess of compound (L) or (D). If an excess amount of compound (L) or (D) is used in the process of the present invention, the molar ratio of compound (L) or (D) to hydroxyalkyl starch is preferably in the range of from 2 to 100.
  • reaction product of the respective reaction step as described above, it may be isolated from the reaction mixture by at least one suitable method. If necessary, the reaction product may be precipitated prior to the isolation by at least one suitable method.
  • reaction product is precipitated first, it is possible, e.g., to contact the reaction mixture with at least one solvent or solvent mixture other than the solvent or solvent mixture present in the reaction mixture at suitable temperatures.
  • the reaction mixture is contacted with a mixture of ethanol and acetone, preferably a 1:1 mixture, indicating equal volumes of said compounds, at a temperature, preferably in the range of from ⁇ 20 to +50° C. and especially preferably in the range of from 0 to 25° C.
  • Isolation of the reaction product may be carried out by a suitable process which may comprise one or more steps.
  • the reaction product is first separated off the reaction mixture or the mixture of the reaction mixture with, e.g., the ethanol-acetone mixture, by a suitable method such as centrifugation or filtration.
  • the separated reaction product may be subjected to a further treatment such as an after-treatment like dialysis, centrifugal filtration or pressure filtration, ion exchange chromatography, HPLC, MPLC, gel filtration and/or lyophilisation.
  • the separated reaction product is first dialysed, preferably against water, and then lyophilized until the solvent content of the reaction product is sufficiently low according to the desired specifications of the product. Lyophilisation may be carried out at temperature of from 20 to 35° C., preferably of from 25 to 30° C.
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch derivative comprising hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or comprising hydroxyalkyl starch, compound (D) and compound (L) is further reacted with the further compound (M) which comprises at least one functional group Y.
  • compound (M) there are no limitations regarding compound (M).
  • a polypeptide is used as compound (M) in the context of the present invention.
  • other compounds M) are also possible, either polymers or oligomers or monomolecular compounds or mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • polypeptide refers to a compound which comprises at least 2 amino acids which are linked via a peptide bond, i.e. a bond with structure —(C ⁇ O)—NH—.
  • the polypeptide may be a naturally occuring compound or a polypeptide which does not occur naturally, the latter comprising naturally occuring amino acids and/or at least one amino acid which does not naturally occur.
  • the backbone of the polypeptide, the polypeptide chain may be further substituted with at least one suitable substituent thus having at least one side-chain.
  • the at least one functional group Y may be part of the polypeptide backbone or of at least one substituent of the backbone wherein embodiments are possible comprising at least one functional group being part of the polypeptide backbone and at least one functional group being part of at least one substituent of the polypeptide backbone.
  • the polypeptide comprises at least one functional group Y.
  • Said functional group Y may be linked directly to the polypeptide backbone or be part of a side-chain of the backbone. Either side-chain or functional group Y or both may be part of a naturally occuring polypeptide or may be introduced into a naturally occuring polypeptide or into a polypeptide which, at least partially, does not occur naturally, prior to the reaction with the functional group X.
  • polypeptide can be, at least partly, of any human or animal source.
  • polypeptide is of human source.
  • the polypeptide may be a cytokine, especially erythropoietin, an antithrombin (AT) such as AT III, an interleukin, especially interleukin-2, IFN-beta, IFN-alpha, G-CSF, CSF, interleukin-6 and therapeutic antibodies.
  • AT antithrombin
  • interleukin especially interleukin-2, IFN-beta, IFN-alpha, G-CSF, CSF, interleukin-6 and therapeutic antibodies.
  • the polypeptide is an antithrombin (AT), preferably AT III (Levy J H, Weisinger A, Ziomek C A, Echelard Y, Recombinant Antithrombin: Production and Role in Cardiovascular Disorder, Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 27, 4 (2001) 405-416; Edmunds T, Van Patten S M, Pollock J, Hanson E, Bernasconi R, Higgins E, Manavalan P, Ziomek C, Meade H, McPherson J, Cole E S, Transgenically Produced Human Antithrombin: Structural and Functional Comparison to Human Plasma-Derived Antithrombin, Blood 91, 12 (1998) 4661-4671; Minnema M C, Chang A C K, Jansen P M, Lubbers Y T P, Pratt B M, Whittaker B G, Taylor F B, hack C E, Friedman B.
  • AT antithrombin
  • Recombinant human antithrombin III improves survival and attenuates inflammatory responses in baboons lethally challenged with Escherichia coli, Blood 95, 4 (2000) 1117-1123; Van Patten S M, Hanson E H, Bernasconi R, Zhang K, Manavaln P, Cole E S, McPherson J M, Edmunds T, Oxidation of Methionine Residues in Antithrombin, J. Biol. Chemistry 274, 15 (1999) 10268-10276).
  • the polypeptide is human IFN-beta, in particular IFN-beta 1a (cf. Avonex®, REBIFO) and IFN-beta 1b (cf. BETASERON®).
  • a further preferred polypeptide is human G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor).
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • the at least two polypeptides may differ, e.g., in the molecular mass, the number and/or sequence of amino acids, the number and/or chemical nature of the substituents or the number of polypeptide chains linked by suitable chemical bonds such as disulfide bridges.
  • the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (L) is isolated, preferably according to at least one of the above-mentioned processes, and then reacted with a polypeptide having at least one functional group Y.
  • the functional group Y is comprised in a carbohydrate moiety of the polypeptide.
  • carbohydrate moiety refers to hydroxyaldehydes or hydroxyketones as well as to chemical modifications thereof (see Römpp Chemielexikon, Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, Germany, 9 th edition 1990, Volume 9, pages 2281-2285 and the literature cited therein). Furthermore, it also refers to derivatives of naturally occuring carbohydrate moieties like glucose, galactose, mannose, sialic acid and the like. The term also includes chemically oxidized, naturally occuring carbohydrate moieties. The structure of the oxidized carbohydrate moiety may be cyclic or linear.
  • the carbohydrate moiety may be linked directly to the polypeptide backbone.
  • the carbohydrate moiety is part of a carbohydrate side chain. More preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is the terminal moiety of the carbohydrate side chain.
  • the carbohydrate moiety is a galactose residue of the carbohydrate side chain, preferably the terminal galactose residue of the carbohydrate side chain.
  • This galactose residue can be made available for reaction with the functional group X comprised in the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (I) which is further reacted with compound (L), by removal of terminal sialic acids, followed by oxidation, as described hereinunder.
  • reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (L) is linked to a sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chains, preferably the terminal sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chain.
  • Oxidation of terminal carbohydrate moieties can be performed either chemically or enzymatically.
  • the carbohydrate moiety may be oxidized enzymatically.
  • Enzymes for the oxidation of the individual carbohydrate moieties are known in the art, e.g. in the case of galactose the enzyme is galactose oxidase. If it is intended to oxidize terminal galactose moieties, it will be eventually necessary to remove terminal sialic acids (partially or completely) if the polypeptide has been produced in cells capable of attaching sialic acids to carbohydrate chains, e.g. in mammalian cells or in cells which have been genetically modified to be capable of attaching sialic acids to carbohydrate chains.
  • the functional group of the polypeptide is the thio group. Therefore, the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (L) may be linked to the polypeptide via a thioether group wherein the S atom can be derived from any thio group comprised in the polypeptide.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) is further reacted with compound (L) is reacted with the polypeptide via a thio group comprised in the polypeptide.
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (L) is reacted with the polypeptide via an oxidized carbohydrate moiety and a thio group comprised in the polypeptide.
  • the thio group may be present in the polypeptide as such. Moreover, it is possible to introduce a thio group into the polyeptide according to a suitbale method. Among others, chemical methods may be mentioned. If a disulfide bridge is present in the polypeptide, it is possible to reduce the —S—S— structure to get a thio group. It is also possible to transform an amino group present in the polypeptide into a SH group by reaction the polypeptide via the amino group with a compound which has at least two different functional groups, one of which is capable of being reacted with the amino group and the other is an SH group or a precursor of an SH group.
  • This modification of an amino group may be regarded as an example where the protein is first reacted with a compound (L) which has at least two different functional groups, one of which is capable of being reacted with the amino group and the other is an SH group, and the resulting reaction product is then reacted with, e.g., a HAS derivative comprising HAS and a compound (D), said derivative comprising a functional group being capable of reacting with the SH group.
  • a HAS derivative comprising HAS and a compound (D)
  • said derivative comprising a functional group being capable of reacting with the SH group.
  • an SH group by mutation of the polypeptide such as by introducing a cystein or a suitable SH functional amino acid into the polypeptide or such as removing a cystein from the polypeptide so as to disable another cystein in the polypeptide to form a disulfide bridge.
  • EPO erythropoietin
  • the present invention also relates to a method as described above wherein the polypeptide is erythropoietin.
  • the EPO can be of any human (see e.g. Inoue, Wada, Takeuchi, 1994, An improved method for the purification of human erythropoietin with high in vivo activity from the urine of anemic patients, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17(2), 180-4; Miyake, Kung, Goldwasser, 1977, Purification of human erythropoietin., J. Biol. Chem., 252(15), 5558-64) or another mammalian source and can be obtained by purification from naturally occurring sources like human kidney, embryonic human liver or animal, preferably monkey kidney.
  • erytliropoietin or “EPO” encompasses also an EPO variant wherein one or more amino acids (e.g. 1 to 25, preferably 1 to 10, more preferred 1 to 5, most preferred 1 or 2) have been exchanged by another amino acid and which exhibits erythropoietic activity (see e.g. EP 640 619 B1).
  • the measurement of erythropoietic activity is described in the art (for measurement of activity in vitro see e.g. Fibi et al.,1991, Blood, 77, 1203 ff; Kitamura et al, 1989, J. Cell Phys., 140, 323-334; for measurement of EPO activity in vivo see Ph. Eur.
  • the EPO is recombinantly produced.
  • the EPO may be expressed in transgenic animals (e.g. in body fluids like milk, blood, etc.), in eggs of transgenic birds, especially poultry, preferred chicken, or in transgenic plants.
  • the recombinant production of a polypeptide is known in the art. In general, this includes the transfection of host cells with an appropriate expression vector, the cultivation of the host cells under conditions which enable the production of the polypeptide and the purification of the polypeptide from the host cells. For detained information see e.g.
  • the EPO has the amino acid sequence of human EPO (see EP 148 605 B2).
  • the EPO may comprise one or more carbohydrate side chains, preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 9, even more preferably 1 to 6 and particularly 1 to 4, especially preferably 4 carbohydrate side chains, attached to the EPO via N- and/ or O-linked glycosylation, i.e. the EPO is glycosylated.
  • carbohydrate side chains may have been attached to the EPO during biosynthesis in mammalian, especially human, insect or yeast cells.
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch derivative according to the present invention may comprise at least one, preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 9, even more preferably 1 to 6 and particularly preferably 1 to 4 HAS molecules per EPO molecule.
  • the number of HAS-molecules per EPO molecule can be determined by quanatitative carbohydrate compositional analysis using GC-MS after hydrolysis of the product and derivatisation of the resulting monosaccharides (see Chaplin and Kennedy (eds.), 1986, Carbohydrate Analysis: a practical approach, IRL Press Practical approach series (ISBN 0-947946-44-3), especially Chapter 1, Monosaccharides, page 1-36; Chapter 2, Oligosaccharides, page 37-53, Chapter 3, Neutral Polysaccharides, page 55-96).
  • the carbohydrate moiety linked to EPO is part of a carbohydrate side chain. More preferably, the carbohydrate moiety is the terminal moiety of the carbohydrate side chain. In an even more preferred embodiment, the carbohydrate moiety is a galactose residue of the carbohydrate side chain, preferably the terminal galactose residue of the carbohydrate side chain. This galactose residue can be made available for reaction with the reaction product of compound (I) and compound (II) by removal of terminal sialic acids, followed by oxidation, as described hereinunder.
  • reaction product of compound (I) and (II) is linked to a sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chains, preferably the terminal sialic acid residue of the carbohydrate side chain.
  • the sialic acid is oxidized as described hereinunder.
  • this galactose residue is made available for reaction with the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (L) via the functional group X by removal of terminal sialic acid followed by oxidation.
  • this galactose residue is made available for reaction with the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (I) which is further reacted with compound (L) via the functional group X by oxidation wherein terminal sialic acid is not removed.
  • reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (L) be reacted with a thio group comprised in EPO.
  • reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (I) which is further reacted with compound (L) with a thio group as well as with a carbohydrate moiety each of them comprised in the at least one further compound, preferably a polypeptide, more preferably erythropoietin.
  • this SH group may be linked to a preferably oxidized carbohydrate moiety, e.g. by using a hydroxylamine derivative, e.g. 2-(aminooxy)ethylmercaptan hydrochloride (Bauer L. et al., 1965, J. Org. Chem., 30, 949) or by using a hydrazide derivative, e.g. thioglycolic acid hydrazide (Whitesides et al., 1977, J. Org. Chem., 42, 332.)
  • a hydroxylamine derivative e.g. 2-(aminooxy)ethylmercaptan hydrochloride (Bauer L. et al., 1965, J. Org. Chem., 30, 949)
  • a hydrazide derivative e.g. thioglycolic acid hydrazide (Whitesides et al., 1977, J. Org. Chem., 42, 332
  • the thio group is preferably introduced in an oxidized carbohydrate moiety of EPO, more preferably an oxidized carbohydrate moiety which is part of a carbohydrate side chain of EPO.
  • the thio group is derived from a naturally occurring cysteine or from an added cysteine. More preferably, the EPO has the amino acid sequence of human EPO and the naturally occurring cysteines are cysteine 29 and/or 33. In a more preferred embodiment, t the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (S) is reacted with cysteine 29 whereas cysteine 33 is replaced by another amino acid.
  • reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (L) or the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (D) which is further reacted with compound (L) is reacted with cysteine 33 whereas cysteine 29 is replaced by another amino acid.
  • the term “added cysteines” indicates that the polypeptides, preferably EPO, comprise a cysteine residue which is not present in the wild-type polypeptide.
  • cysteine may be an additional amino acid added at the N- or C-terminal end of EPO.
  • the added cysteine may have been added by replacing a naturally occuring amino acid by cysteine or a suitably substituted cysteine.
  • the EPO is human EPO and the replaced amino acid residue is serine 126.
  • reaction conditions regarding the reaction of the reaction product of hydroxyalkyl starch and compound (I), optionally with compound (D), with the further compound (M) no specific limitations exist, and the reaction conditions may be adjusted to the specific needs.
  • water is used as solvent, either alone or in combination with at least one other solvent.
  • DMSO, DMF, methanol or ethanol may be mentioned.
  • Preferred solvents other than water are methanol and ethanol.
  • DMSO or DMF or methanol or ethanol or a mixture of two or more thereof is used as solvent.
  • reaction temperatur is preferably preferably in the range of from 4 to 37° C., more preferably of from 10 to 30° C. and especially preferably of from 15 to 25° C.
  • Isolation of the reaction product comprising the further compound (M), preferably the polypeptide and especially preferably erythropoietin can be performed by using known procedures for the purification of natural and recombinant EPO (e.g. size exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, RP-HPLC, hydroxyapatite chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography or combinations thereof). Isolation of the reaction product may be carried out by a suitable process which may comprise one or more steps. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reaction product is first separated off the reaction mixture or the mixture of the reaction mixture with, e.g., the ethanol-acetone mixture, by a suitable method such as centrifugation or filtration.
  • a suitable method such as centrifugation or filtration.
  • the separated reaction product may be subjected to a further treatment such as an after-treatment like dialysis, centrifugal filtration or pressure filtration, ion exchange chromatography such as, e.g., by a column containing Q-sepharose, HPLC, MPLC, gel filtration and/or lyophilisation.
  • a further treatment such as an after-treatment like dialysis, centrifugal filtration or pressure filtration, ion exchange chromatography such as, e.g., by a column containing Q-sepharose, HPLC, MPLC, gel filtration and/or lyophilisation.
  • the separated reaction product is first dialysed, preferably against water, and then lyophilized until the solvent content of the reaction product is sufficiently low according to the desired specifications of the product. Lyophilisation may be carried out at temperature of from 20 to 35° C., preferably of from 25 to 30° C.
  • the reaction mixture comprising the reaction product is applied to a column containing Q-Sepharose to give an
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative obtainable by a method of producing a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, said hydroxyalkyl starch having a structure according to formula (I)
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or a linear or branched hydroxyalkyl group.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen or a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described wherein the hydroxyalkyl starch is hydroxyethyl starch.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the functional group Z 1 comprises the structure —NH—.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the functional group Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, and an acetal group, and the functional group X comprises the structure —NH—.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above X is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice; independently O or S, and R is methyl.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the functional group Y is —SH and the functional group X is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br or I.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the functional group W or the functional group Z 2 is —SH and the functional group Z 2 or the functional group W is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br, or I.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the functional group W or the functional group Z 2 is selected from the group consisting of an activated ester, as described above, or a carboxy group which is optionally transformed into an activated ester and the functional group Z 2 or the functional group W is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R is methyl.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch is not oxidized prior to the reaction with compound (D) or compound (L), said hydroxyalkyl starch thus having a structure according to formula (I)
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch is oxidized prior to the reaction with compound (D) or compound (L), said hydroxyalkyl starch thus having a structure according to formula (IIa)
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the reducing end is oxidized by an alkaline iodine solution.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (L) via the reaction of functional group Z 1 with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch and the resulting reaction product is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of the functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (L) via the reaction of functional group Z 1 with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch, where compound (L), prior to the reaction with hydroxyalkyl starch, is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (D) via the reaction of the functional group Z 1 comprised in compound (D), with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch to give a first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, and where the first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative is reacted with a compound (L) via the reaction of functional group Z 2 comprised in compound (L) with the functional group W comprised in compound (D) to give a second hydroxyalkyl starch derivative.
  • the present invention relates to the aforesaid hydroxyalkyl starch derivative wherein the second hydroxyalkyl starch derivative is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein hydroxyalkyl starch is reacted with a compound (D) via the reaction of functional group Z 1 comprised in compound (D) with the optionally oxidized reducing end of the hydroxyalkyl starch to give a first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, and where the first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative is reacted, via the reaction of the functional group W, comprised in compound (D), and the functional group Z 2 , comprised in compound (L), with compound (L), where compound (L), prior to the reaction with the first hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, is reacted with a further compound (M) via the reaction of functional group X comprised in compound (L) with the functional group Y comprised in compound (M).
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the at least one further compound (M) is a polypeptide.
  • the present invention relates to a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described above wherein the polypeptide is erythropoietin.
  • the hydroxyalkyl starch derivative which in the following is referred to as HAS-EPO conjugate and which is formed by reaction of hydroxyalkyl starch with compound (L) and optionally compound (D) and erythrpoietin, has the advantage that it exhibits an improved biological stability when compared to the erythropoietin before conjugation. Furthermore, it exhibits a higher biological activity than standard BRP EPO. This is mainly due to the fact that this hydroxyalkyl starch derivative is less or even not recognized by the removal systems of the liver and kidney and therefore persists in the circulatory system for a longer period of time. Furthermore, since the HAS is attached site-specifically, the risk of destroying the in-vivo biological activity of EPO by conjugation of HAS to EPO is minimized.
  • the HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention may exhibit essentially the same in-vitro biological activity as recombinant native EPO, since the in-vitro biological activity only measures binding affinity to the EPO receptor. Methods for determining the in-vitro biological activity are known in the art.
  • the HAS-EPO exhibits a greater in-vivo activity than the EPO used as a starting material for conjugation (unconjugated EPO).
  • Methods for determining the in vivo biological activity are known in the art.
  • the HAS-EPO conjugate may exhibit an in vivo activity of from 110% to 500%, preferably of from 300 to 400%, or preferably of from 110 to 300%, more preferably from 110% to 200%, more preferably from 110% to 180% or from 110 to 150%, most preferably from 110% to 140%, if the in-vivo activity of the unconjugated EPO is set as 100%.
  • the HAS-EPO Compared to the highly sialylated EPO of Amgen (see EP 428 267 B1), the HAS-EPO exhibits preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 85% or at least 95%, at least 150%, at least 200% or at least 300% of the in vivo activity of the highly sialylated EPO if the in-vivo activity of highly sialylated EPO is set as 100%. Most preferably, it exhibits at least 95% of the in vivo activity of the highly sialylated EPO.
  • the high in-vivo biological activity of the HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention mainly results from the fact that the HAS-EPO conjugate remains longer in the circulation than the unconjugated EPO because it is less recognized by the removal systems of the liver and because renal clearance is reduced due to the higher molecular weight.
  • Methods for the determination of the in-vivo half life time of EPO in the circulation are known in the art (Sytkowski, Lurn, Davis, Feldman, Siekman, 1998, Human erythropoietin dhiers with markedly enhanced in vivo activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95(3), 1184-8).
  • HAS-EPO conjugate which may be administered less frequently than the EPO preparations commercially available at present. While standard EPO preparations have to be administered at least every 3 days, the HAS-EPO conjugate of the invention is preferable administered twice a week, more preferably once a week.
  • the method of the invention has the advantage that an effective EPO derivative can be produced at reduced costs since the method does not comprise extensive and time consuming purification steps resulting in low final yield, e.g. it is not necessary to purify away under-sialylated EPO forms which are known to exhibit low or no in-vivo biological activity.
  • Example 8.11(d) demonstrates that a HES-EPO produced with few modifications steps exhibits a 3-fold activity over standard BRP EPO.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising, in a therapeutically effective amount, the HAS-polypeptide conjugate, preferably the HAS-EPO conjugate, more preferably the HES-EPO conjugate of the present invention.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises further at least one pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant and/or carrier useful in erythropoietin therapy.
  • the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising, in a therapeutically effective amount, a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative obtainable by a method of producing a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative, said hydroxyalkyl starch having a structure according to formula (I)
  • the present invention relates to the use of a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative as described for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of anemic disorders or hematopoietic dysfunction disorders or diseases related thereto.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the polypeptide is an antithrombin (AT), preferably AT III (Levy J H, Weisinger A, Ziomek C A, Echelard Y, Recombinant Antithrombin: Production and Role in Cardiovascular Disorder, Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 27, 4 (2001) 405-416; Edmunds T, Van Patten S M, Pollock J, Hanson E, Bemasconi R, Higgins E, Manavalan P, Ziomek C, Meade H, McPherson J, Cole E S, Transgenically Produced Human Antithrombin: Structural and Functional Comparison to Human Plasma-Derived Antithrombin, Blood 91, 12 (1998) 4661-4671; Minnema M C, Chang A C K, Jansen P M, Lubbers Y T P, Pratt B M, Whittaker B G, Taylor F B, hack C E, Friedrnan B
  • AT antithrom
  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions wherein the polypeptide is G-CSF or IFN-beta.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the polypeptide is erythropoietin.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the functional group Y is —SH and compound (L) is a compound of general formula Z 1 -L′-X where the functional group Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl, and where the functional group X is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br or I, and where L′ is an organic chain bridging Z 1 and X or where L′ is absent.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the functional group Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, and an acetal group, and compound (L) is a compound of general formula Z 1 -L′-X where the functional group Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl, and where the functional group X is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl, and where L′ is an organic chain bridging Z 1 and X or where L′ is absent.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the functional group Y is —SH, compound (D) is a compound of general formula Z 1 -D′-W, and compound (L) is a compound of general formula Z 2 -L′-X, where the functional group Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl, where the functional group X is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br or I, where the functional group W or the functional group Z 2 is —SH and the functional group Z 2 or the functional group W is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br, or I, or where the functional group W or the functional group Z 2 is selected from the group consisting of an activated ester, as described above, or a carboxy group which is optionally transformed into an activated ester and the functional group Z 2 or the functional group W is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and,
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the functional group Y is selected from the group consisting of an aldehyd group, a keto group, a hemiacetal group, and an acetal group, compound (D) is a compound of general formula Z 1 -D′-W, and compound (L) is a compound of general formula Z 2 -L′-X, where the functional group Z 1 is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl, where the functional group X is selected from the group consisting of wherein G is O or S and, if present twice, independently O or S, and R′ is methyl, the functional group W or the functional group Z 2 is —SH and the functional group Z 2 or the functional group W is selected from the group consisting of wherein Hal is Cl, Br, or I., or where the functional group W or the functional group Z 2 is selected from the group consisting of an activated ester,
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein hydroxyethyl starch is reacted in an aqueous medium with a compound according to the following formula and the reaction product is reacted with erythropoietin.
  • the present invention relates to the aformentioned pharmaceutical composition wherein the erythropoietin is oxidised with sodium periodate prior to the reaction.
  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the erythropoietin is partially desialylated and subsequently oxidised with sodium periodate prior to the reaction.
  • compositions comprising a hydroxyalkyl starch derivative which are produced on the basis of a completely reduced Thio-EPO according to Example 6 are excluded.
  • the above-mentioned pharmaceutical composition is especially suitable for the treatment of anemic disorders or hematopoietic dysfunction disorders or diseases related thereto.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to that amount which provides therapeutic effect for a given condition and administration regimen.
  • the administration of erythropoietin isoforms is preferably by parenteral routes. The specific route chosen will depend upon the condition being treated.
  • the administration of erythropoietin isoforms is preferably done as part of a formulation containing a suitable carrier, such as human serum albumin, a suitable diluent, such as a buffered saline solution, and/or a suitable adjuvant.
  • the required dosage will be in amounts sufficient to raise the hematocrit of patients and will vary depending upon the severity of the condition being treated, the method of administration used and the like.
  • the object of the treatment with the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is preferably an increase of the hemoglobin value of more than 6.8 mmol/l in the blood.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be administered in a way that the hemoglobin value increases between from 0.6 mmol/l and 1.6 mmol/l per week. If the hemoglobin value exceeds 8.7 mmol/l, the therapy should be preferably interrupted until the hemoglobin value is below 8.1 mmol/l.
  • composition of the invention is preferably used in a formulation suitable for subcutaneous or intravenous or parenteral injection.
  • suitable excipients and carriers are e.g. sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chlorate, polysorbate 80, HSA and water for injection.
  • the composition may be administered three times a week, preferably two times a week, more preferably once a week, and most preferably every two weeks.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered in an amount of 0.01-10 ⁇ g/kg body weight of the patient, more preferably 0,1 to 5 ⁇ g/kg, 0,1 to 1 ⁇ g/kg, or 0.2-0.9 ⁇ g/kg, most preferably 0.3-0.7 ⁇ g/kg, and most preferred 0.4-0.6 ⁇ g/kg body weight.
  • the invention further relates to a HAS-polypeptide according to the present invention for use in method for treatment of the human or animal body.
  • the invention further relates to the use of a HAS-EPO conjugate of the present invention for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of anemic disorders or hematopoietic dysfunction disorders or diseases related hereto.
  • compound (II) may be present in R conformation or in S conformation or as racemic compound with respect to each chiral center.
  • compound (D) optionally used in the present invention comprises one or more chiral centers
  • compound (D) may be present in R conformation or in S conformation or as racemic compound with respect to each chiral center.
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • FIG. 1 shows an SDS page analysis of the HES-EPO conjugate, produced according to example 5.1.
  • Lane A Protein marker Roti®-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Düsseldorf, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245, 123, 77, 42, 30, 25.4, and 17.
  • Lane B Crude product after conjugation according to example 5.1.
  • Lane C EPO starting material.
  • FIG. 2 shows an SDS page analysis of the HES-EPO conjugate, produced according to example 5.3.
  • Lane A Crude product after conjugation according to example 5.3.
  • Lane B EPO starting material.
  • Lane C Protein marker Roti®-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Düsseldorf, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245, 123, 77, 42, 30, 25.4, and 17.
  • FIG. 3 shows an SDS page analysis of the HES-EPO conjugate, produced according to example 5.4 and 5.5.
  • Lane A Protein marker Roti®-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Düsseldorf, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245, 123, 77, 42, 30, 25.4, and 17.
  • Lane B Crude product after conjugation according to example 5.4.
  • Lane C Crude product after conjugation according to example 5.5.
  • Lane D EPO starting material.
  • FIG. 4 shows an SDS page analysis of HES-EPO conjugates, produced according to examples 7.1 and 7.4.
  • Lane A Protein marker Roti®-Mark PRESTADMD (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Karisruhe, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245, 123, 77, 42, 30, 25.4, and 17.
  • Lane B Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.4.
  • Lane C Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.1.
  • Lane D EPO starting material.
  • FIG. 5 shows an SDS page analysis of HES-EPO conjugates, produced according to examples 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, and 7.6.
  • Lane A Protein marker Roti®-Mark PRESTAINED (Carl Roth GmbH+Co, Düsseldorf, D); molecular weights (in kD) of the protein marker from top to bottom: 245, 123, 77, 42, 30, 25.4, and 17.
  • Lane B Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.6, based on Example 1.3 b).
  • Lane C Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.5, based on Example 1.1 b).
  • Lane D Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.6, based on Example 1.3 a).
  • Lane E Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.5, based on Example 1.1 a).
  • Lane F Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.2.
  • Lane G Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.3.
  • FIG. 6 shows an SDS page analysis of HES-EPO conjugates, produced according to examples 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, and 7.12.
  • Lane B Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.11.
  • Lane D Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.7.
  • Lane E Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.8.
  • Lane F Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.12.
  • Lane G EPO starting material.
  • Lane K Crude product after conjugation according to example 7.9.
  • HPAEC-PAD pattern of oligosaccharides isolated from untreated EPO and from EPO incubated for 5 min., 10 min. and 60 min. under mild acid hydrolysis conditions.
  • the elution area of oligosaccharides structures without, with 1-4 sialic acid is indicated by brackets.
  • HPAEC-PAD HPAEC-PAD pattern of native oligosaccharides isolated from untreated EPO and from EPO incubated for 5 min and 10 min under mild acid hydrolysis conditions and subsequent periodate treatment.
  • the elution area of oligosaccharides structures without and with 1-4 sialic acid is indicated by brackets 1-5.
  • FIGS. 17 to 23 represent MALDI/TOF mass spectra of the enzymatically liberated and chemically desialylated N-glycans isolated from HES-modified EPO and control EPO preparations.
  • Major signals at m/z 1809.7, 2174.8, 2539.9, 2905.0 and 3270.1 correspond to di- to tetraantennary complex-type N-glycan structures with no, one or two N-acetyllactosamine repeats accompanied by weak signals due to loss of fucose or galactose which are due to acid hydrolysis conditions employed for the desialylation of samples for MS analysis.
  • MALDI/TOF spectrum desialylated oligosaccharides of HES-modified EPO A2.
  • MALDI/TOF spectrum desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO GT-1-A.
  • MALDI/TOF spectum desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO K2.
  • MALDI/ROF spectum desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1.
  • MALDI/TOF spectrum desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1 subjected to acid hydrolysis for 5 min.
  • MALDI/TOF spectrum desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1 subjected to acid hydrolysis for 10 min.
  • MALDI/TOF spectrum desialylated oligosaccharides of EPO-GT-1 subjected to acid hydrolysis for 60 min.
  • FIG. 24 shows an SDS page analysis of two HES-EPO conjugates
  • Lane 1 HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 8B: EPO is conjugated to hydrazido-HES 12KD L
  • Lane 2 HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 9B: EPO is conjugated to hydroxylamino HES 12 KD K
  • control unconjugated EPO
  • the upper band represents EPO dimer
  • FIG. 25 demonstrates that the HES is conjugated to a carbohydrate moiety of a carbohydrate side chain by showing a digestion of HAS modified EPO forms with polypeptide N-glycosidase
  • Lane 1 HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 8B after digestion with N-glycosidase
  • Lane 2 HES-EPO produced according to example protocol 9B after digestion with N-glycosidase
  • mw marker (Bio-Rad SDS-PAGE Standards Low range Catalog No 161-0305, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif., USA)
  • the degree of substitution relates to the molar substitution, as described above (see also Sommermeyer et al., 1987, Whypharmazie, 8(8), 271-278, in particular p. 273).
  • the DS of the HES18/04 when measured according to Sommermeyer et al., 1987, Rohpharmazie, 8(8), 271-278 was 0,5.
  • the precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, re-dissolved in 40 ml water,.and dialysed for 3 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized.
  • the precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, re-dissolved in 40 ml water, and centrifugated for 15 min at 4,500 rpm.
  • the clear supernatant was dialysed for 3 d against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, D), and lyophilized.
  • DMSO absolute dimethyl sulfoxide
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialysed for 2 days against a 0.5% (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the precipitated product was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 ml of water and dialysed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • reaction mixture was added to 200 ml of water
  • solution containing the reaction product was dialysed for 2 days against a 0.5% (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the precipitate Amino-HESIOKD/0.4 was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 ml of water and dialysed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • Oxidized erythropoietin was produced as described in Example 8.
  • EPO-GT-1-A as described in Example 8.11(c) was used (EPO-GT-1 without acid hydroylsis, treated with mild periodate oxidation).
  • Oxidized EPO (1.055 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2.
  • FIG. 1 The experimental result is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • Oxidized EPO (1.055 ⁇ g/ ⁇ L) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2.
  • Oxidized EPO (1.055 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2.
  • 18 ⁇ l of a solution of the HES derivate as produced according to example 2.4 was added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25° C.
  • the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NUPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Düsseldorf, D) overnight.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • Oxidized EPO (1.055 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2.
  • 18 ⁇ l of a solution of the HES derivate as produced according to example 3.1 was added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25° C.
  • the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NUPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Düsseldorf, D) overnight.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • Oxidized EPO (1.055 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l) in 20 mM PBS buffer was adjusted to pH 5.3 with 5 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2.
  • 18 ⁇ l of a solution of the HES derivate as produced according to example 3.1 was added, and the mixture was incubated for 16 h at 25° C.
  • the crude product was analyzed by SDS-Page with NuPAGE 10% Bis-Tris Gels/MOPS buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) as described in the instructions given by Invitrogen. The gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Düsseldorf, D) overnight.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • EPO-GT-1 erythropoietin
  • a 0.1 M sodium borate buffer 5 mM EDTA, 10 mM DTT (Lancaster, Morcambe, UK), pH 8.3, were incubated for 1 h at 37° C.
  • the DTT was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 10 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, subsequent washing 3 times with the borate buffer and twice with a phosphate buffer (0.1 M, 9.15 M NaCl, 50 mM EDTA, pH 7.2).
  • the gel is stained with Roti-Blue Coomassie staining reagent (Roth, Düsseldorf, D) overnight.
  • N-(alpha-maleimidoacetoxy) succinimide ester was used as crosslinking compound.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • Remaining AMAS was removed by centrifugal filtration with a VIVASPIN 0.5 ml concentrator, 5 KD MWCO (VIVASCIENCE, Hannover, D) at 13,000 rpm, washing 4 times and 30 min with the phosphate buffer.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 5 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • the experimental result is shown in FIG. 6 .
  • a successful conjugation is indicated by the migration of the protein band to higher molecular weights.
  • the increased bandwidth is due to the molecular weight distribution of the HES derivatives used and the number of HES derivatives linked to the protein.
  • HES-EPO conjugates were synthesized by coupling of HES derivatives (average mw of 18,000 Dalton; hydroxyethyl substitution degree of 0.4) to the partially (mild periodate) oxidized sialic acid residues on the oligosaccharide chains of recombinant human EPO. Based on carbohydrate structural analysis the modifications introduced did not affect the structural integrity of the core oligosaccharide chains since MALDI/TOF-MS of the mild acid treated HES-modified glycans revealed intact neutral N-acetyllactosamine-type chains which were indistinguishable from those observed in unmodified EPO product.
  • the results obtained indicate that at least 3 modified HES-residues are attached per EPO molecule in the case of the EPO preparation which was subjected to modification without prior partial sialic acid removal.
  • An EPO variant lacking about 50% of the sialic acid residues of the former protein showed a similar apparent high molecular weight mobility in SDS-PAGE (60-110 KDa vs 40 KDa for the BRP EPO standard).
  • the HES modified EPO is stable under standard ion-exchange chromatography conditions at room temperature at pH 3-10.
  • the EPO-bioassay in the normocythaemic mouse system indicates that the HES-modified EPO has 2.5-3.0 fold higher specific activity (IU/mg) in this assay when compared to the International BRP EPO reference standard based on protein determination using the UV absorption value from the European Pharmacopeia and an RP-HPLC EPO protein determination method calibrated against the BRP EPO standard preparation.
  • the oligosaccharides in the pooled supernatants were dried in a vacuum centrifuge (Speed Vac concentrator, Savant Instruments Inc., USA).
  • the glycan samples were desalted using Hypercarb cartridges (25 mg or 100 mg of HyperCarb) as follows prior to use: the columns were washed with 3 ⁇ 500 ⁇ l of 80% acetonitrile (v/v) in 0.1% TFA followed by washes with 3 ⁇ 500 ⁇ l of water.
  • the samples were diluted with water to a final volume of 300 ⁇ l-600 ⁇ l before loading onto the cartridge which then was rigorously washed with water.
  • Oligosaccharides were eluted with 1.2 ml (25 mg cartridges; 1.8 ml in the case of 100 mg cartridges) 25% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (v/v).
  • the eluted oligosaccharides were neutralized with 2 M NH 4 OH and were dried in a Speed Vac concentrator.
  • desalting of N-glycosidase released oligosaccharides was performed by adsorption of the digestion mixture from samples ⁇ 100 ⁇ g of total (glyco)protein onto 100 mg Hypercarb cartridges.
  • TOF/TOF time-of-flight
  • EPO was expressed from recombinant CHO cells as described (Mueller P P et al., 1999, Dorner A J et al., 1984) and the preparations were characterized according to methods described in the Eur. Phar. ( Ph. Eur. 4, Monography January 2002:1316: Erythropoietin concentrated solution ). The final product had a sialic acid content of 12 nMol ( ⁇ 1.5 nMol) per nMol of protein.
  • the structures of N-linked oligosaccharides were determined by HPAEC-PAD and by MALDI/TOF-MS as described Nimtz et al., 1999, Grabenhorst, 1999).
  • the EPO preparations that were obtained contained di-, tri- and tetrasialylated oligosaccharides (2-12%, 15-28% and 60-80%, respectively, sulphated and pentasialylated chains were present in small amounts).
  • the overall glycosylation characteristics of EPO preparations were similar to that of the international BRP EPO standard preparation.
  • the isoelectric focusing pattern of the recombinant EPO was comparable to that of the international BRP Reference EPO standard preparation showing the corresponding isoforms. 25% of the EPO protein lacked O-glycosylation at Ser 126 of the polypeptide chain.
  • EPO GT-1 protein (2.84 mg/ml) was heated to 80° C. in 20 mM Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and then 100 ⁇ l of 1 N H 2 SO 4 was added per 1 ml of the EPO solution; incubation was continued for 5 min, 10 min and 60 min, respectively, yielding EPO preparations of different degree of sialylation. Quantitation of oligosaccharides with 0-4 sialic acids was performed after liberation of oligosaccharides with polypeptide N-glycosidase and isolation of N-linked chains was performed by desalting using Hypercarb cartridges (25 mg HyperSep Hypercarb; ThermoHypersil-Keystone, UK). EPO preparations were neutralized by addition of 1 N NaOH and were frozen in liquid N 2 and were stored at ⁇ 20° C. until further use.
  • the partially oxidized EPO forms were separated from reagents by desalting using VIVASPIN concentrators (10,000 MWCO, PES Vivascience AG, Hannover, Germany) according to manufacturer's recommendation at 3000 rpm in a laboratory centrifuge equipped with a fixed angle rotor. After freezing in liquid nitrogen the EPO preparations were stored in a final volume of 4 ml at ⁇ 20° C.
  • VIVASPIN concentrators 10,000 MWCO, PES Vivascience AG, Hannover, Germany
  • oligosaccharides were isolated using Hypercarb cartridges as described. Oligosaccharides were desialylated by mild acid treatment and were analyzed by HPAEC-PAD and their retention times were compared to those of authentic standard oligosaccharides as described (Nimtz et al., 1990 and 1993).
  • EPO-GT-1 5 mg was incubated in 5 ml of 0.1 M Tris/HCl buffer pH 8.1 in the presence of 30 mM dithioerythreitol (DTT) at 37° C. for 60 minutes; removal of DTT was achieved by using a Vivaspin concentrator at 4° C., 4 cycles of buffer exchange.
  • DTT dithioerythreitol
  • EPO protein Quantitative determination of EPO protein was performed by measuring UV absorption at 280 nm according to the Eur. Phar. (European Pharmacopeia 4, Monography January 2002: 1316: erythropoietin concentrated solution) in a cuvette with 1 cm path length.
  • EPO was quantitated by applying a RP-HPLC method using a RP-C4 column (Vydac Protein C4, Cat.# 214TP5410, Grace Vydac, Calif., US); the HPLC method was calibrated using the erythropoietin BRP 1 reference standard (European Pharmacopeia, Riverside de l'Europe B.P. 907-F67029, France Cedex 1).
  • EPO incubation mixtures (approximately 5 mg of EPO protein) were diluted 1:10 with buffer A (20 mM N-morpholine propane sulfonic acid [MOPS/NaOH] in H 2 O bidest, pH 8.0) and were applied to a column containing 3 ml Q-Sepharose HP (Pharmacia Code no. 17-1014-03, Lot no. 220211) equilibrated with 10 column volumes (CV) of buffer A by using a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min.
  • buffer A 20 mM N-morpholine propane sulfonic acid [MOPS/NaOH] in H 2 O bidest, pH 8.0
  • buffer B 20 mM morpholine ethane sulfonic acid [MES/NaOH], 0.5 M NaCl in H 2 O bidest, pH 6.5
  • EPO was detected by UV absorption at 280 nm and eluted in about 6 ml.
  • Buffer exchange of EPO eluates obtained from the Q-Sepharose step was performed using Vivaspin concentrators and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with each 3 centrifugation cycles per sample; samples were adjusted to 2 ml with PBS and were stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • HPAEC-PAD High-pH Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection
  • Purified native and desialylated oligosaccharides were analyzed by high-pH anionexchange (HPAE) chromatography using a Dionex BioLC system (Dionex, USA) equipped with a CarboPac PA1 column (0.4 ⁇ 25 cm) in combination with a pulsed amperometric detector (PAD) (Schröter et al., 1999; Nimtz et al., 1999).
  • HPAE high-pH anionexchange
  • Detector potentials (E) and pulse durations (T) were: E1: +50 mV, T1: 480 ms; E2: +500 mV, T2: 120 ms; E3: ⁇ 500 mV, T3: 60 ms, and the output range was 500-1500 nA.
  • the oligosaccharides were then injected onto the CarboPac PA1 column which was equilibrated with 100% solvent A.
  • For desialylated oligosaccharides elution (flow rate: 1 ml-min ⁇ 1 ) was performed by applying a linear gradient (0-20%) of solvent B over a period of 40 min followed by a linear increase from 20-100% solvent B over 5 min.
  • Solvent A was 0.2 M NaOH in bidistilled H 2 O
  • solvent B consisted of 0.6 M NaOAc in solvent A
  • elution flow rate: 1 ml-min ⁇ 1
  • Solvent D consisted of 0.6 M NaAc in solvent C.
  • Monosaccharides were identified by their retention time and characteristic fragmentation pattern. The uncorrected results of electronic peak integration were used for quantification. Monosaccharides yielding more than one peak due to anomericity and/or the presence of furanoid and pyranoid forms were quantified by adding all major peaks. 0.5 ⁇ g of myo-inositol was used as an internal standard compound.
  • EPO-GT-1 preparations subjected to mild acid treatment for 5, 10 or 60 min. were analyzed by SDS-PAGE before and after liberation of N-linked oligosaccharides by incubation with N-glycosidase as shown in FIG. 7 .
  • N-linked oligosaccharides were subjected to HPAEC-PAD oligosaccharide mapping ( FIG. 8 ).
  • the untreated EPO-GT-1 contained >90% of N-linked oligosaccharides with 3 or 4 sialic acid residues whereas after 5 min. of incubation in the presence of mild acid ⁇ 40% of carbohydrate chains had 3 or 4 sialic acid residues.
  • HPAEC-PAD of the desialylated N-glycans revealed that the ratio of neutral oligosaccharides that were detected for the untreated EPO-GT-1 and remained stable in the preparations subjected to acid treatment for 5, 10 or 60 min.
  • MALDI/TOF-MS of the desialylated glycans revealed that ⁇ 90% of the proximal fucose was present after mild acid treatment of the protein.
  • hydroxylamine-modified HES derivative X 400 ⁇ g was added to 20 ⁇ g of EPO-GT-1-A (mild periodate oxidized EPO, not acid hydrolyzed prior to mild periodate oxidation) in 20 ⁇ L of 0.5 M NaOAc buffer pH 5.5 and the reaction was stopped after 30 min, 2, 4, and 17 hours, respectively, by freezing samples in liquid nitrogen. Subsequently samples were stored at ⁇ 20° C. until further analysis.
  • HES-EPO conjugates I originating from EPO-GT-1 after mild periodate oxidation, i.e. from EPO-GT-1-A
  • II resulting from EPO-GT-1 subjected to 5 min acid hydrolysis and mild periodate oxidation
  • III resulting from EPO-GT-1 subjected to 10 min acid hydrolysis and mild periodate oxidation
  • K was included containing unmodified EPO-GT-1 under the same buffer conditions to which an equivalent amount of unmodified HES was added. The incubation mixtures were subjected to further purification for subsequent biochemical analysis of the HES-EPO derivatives.
  • HES-modified EPO sample A and K were compared to periodate oxidized form EPO-GT-1-A.
  • the samples were subjected to N-glycosidase treatment and as is depicted in FIGS. 14 a and 14 b the release of N-glycans resulted in the two low molecular weight bands at the position of the O-glycosylated and nonglycosylated EPO forms of the standard EPO preparation.
  • sample A a further band migrating at the position of the 28 KDa mw standard was detected suggesting HES-modification at the O-glycan of this EPO variant (cf. Example 8.11(c)(aa)).
  • the oligosaccharide fractions from the RP-C18 step of N-glycosidase-treated sample A, EPO GT-1-A and sample K were neutralized and subjected to desalting using Hypercarb cartridges as described before.
  • the isolated oligosaccharides were subjected to HPAEC-PAD mapping before (see FIGS. 15 ) and after mild acid treatment under conditions which enabled quantitative removal of sialic acids from glycans (see FIGS. 16 ).
  • the HPAEC-PAD profile for the native material obtained from the HES-modified sample A showed only neglectable signals for oligosaccharides whereas EPO GT-1-A-derived oligosaccharides exhibited the same glycan profile as the one shown in FIG. 11 (sample named EPO-GT-1 after mild periodate treatment).
  • the elution profile of oligosaccharides obtained from the control EPO sample (K) yielded the expected pattern (compare profile in FIG. 8 ).
  • the native oligosaccharide profile of the international BRP-EPO standard is included for comparison and as reference standard.
  • EPO samples were digested with N-glycosidase and the EPO protein was adsorbed onto RP-C18 cartridges whereas oligosaccharide material was washed off as described above.
  • oligosaccharide material was washed off as described above.
  • glucose and hydroxyethylated glucose derivatives were detected only in the EPO protein which was subjected to HES-modification at cysteine residues and in oligosaccharide fractions of EPO sample A2.
  • the EPO-bioassay in the normocythaemic mouse system indicates was performed according to the procedures described in the European Pharmacopeia; the laboratory that carried out the EPO assay was using the International BRP EPO reference standard preparation.
  • the HES-modified EPO A2 preparation a mean value for the specific activity of 294,600 units per mg EPO of protein was determined indicating an approximately 3-fold higher specific activity when compared to the International BRP EPO reference standard preparation that was included in the samples sent for activity assays.
  • Recombinant EPO was produced in CHO cells as follows
  • a plasmid harbouring the human EPO cDNA was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector (pCR3 and named afterwards pCREPO).
  • Site directed mutagenesis was performed using standard procedures as described (Grabenhorst, Nimtz, Costa et al., 1998, In vivo specificity of human alpha 1,3/4-fucosyltransferases III-VII in the biosynthesis of Lewis(x) and sialyl Lewis(x) motifs on complex-type N-glycans—Coexpression studies from BHK-21 cells together with human beta-trace protein, J. Biol. Chem., 273(47), 30985-30994).
  • CHO cells stably expressing human EPO or amino acid variants e.g. Cys-29 ⁇ Ser/Ala, or Cys-33 ⁇ Ser/Ala, Ser-126 ⁇ Ala etc.
  • amino acid variants e.g. Cys-29 ⁇ Ser/Ala, or Cys-33 ⁇ Ser/Ala, Ser-126 ⁇ Ala etc.
  • the cells were subcultivated 1:5 and selected in DMEM containing 10% FBS and 1.5 g/liter G418 sulfate.
  • EPO was produced from stable subclones in spinner flasks or in 21 perfusion reactors. Different glycoforms of EPO with different amounts of NeuAc (e.g. 2-8, 4-10, 8-12 NeuAc residues) were isolated according to published protocols using combinations various chromatographic procedures as described below.
  • NeuAc e.g. 2-8, 4-10, 8-12 NeuAc residues
  • Recombinant human EPO is produced from insect cell lines SF9 and SF 21 after infection of cells with recombinant baculovirus vector containing the human EPO cDNA under control of the polyhedrin promoter as described in the literature.
  • EPO is purified by Blue sepharose chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose and finally RP-HPLC on C 4 -Phase.
  • Oxo-HES12KD (Fresenius German Patent DE 196 28 705 A1) are dissolved in 0.3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and are added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 34 mg (0.15 mmol) EMCH (Perbio Science, GmbH, Bonn, Germany) in 1.5 mL DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 60° C. the reaction mixture is added to 16 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone. The precipitate is collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 3 mL DMSO and again precipitated as described. The SH-reactiv-HES12KD B is obtained by centrifugation and drying in vaccuo. The conjugation reaction with Thio-EPO is described in Example 11, 2.2. Alternatives:
  • cross-linkers which exhibit a hydrazide- and a maleimide function, separated by a spacer. Further examples for molecules of that group, available from Perbio Science, Kunststoff GmbH, Bonn, Germany, are shown in table 2; marked with an “A”. Furthermore, another group of cross-linkers exhibiting an activated disulfide function instead of a maleimide function could also be used.
  • HES12KD A 1 mg sample of HES12KD is dissolved in 3 mL of saturated ammonium bicarbonate. Additional solid ammonium bicarbonate is then added to maintain saturation of the solution during incubation for 120 h at 30° C.
  • the Amino-HES12KD C is desalted by direct lyophilization of the reaction mixture.
  • Bromoacetic anhydride is prepared as described by Thomas.3 A 1 mg sample of amino-HES12KD C is dissolved in 0.1 mL of dry DMF and cooled on ice and 5 mg bromoacetic anhydride is added. The reaction mixture is brought slowly to room temperature and the solution is stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture is added to 1 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone with ⁇ 20° C. The precipitate is collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 0.1 mL DMF and again precipitated as described. The Bromoacetamide-HES D2 (X ⁇ Br) is obtained by centrifugation and drying in vaccuo. The conjugation reaction with Thio-EPO is described in Example 11, 1.2.
  • acylation of amino groups other activated forms of halogen acidic acids can be used, e.g.
  • cross-linkers having an amino reactive group and a halogen acetyl function, separated by a spacer could be used.
  • An example thereof is SBAP. This molecule and others are available from Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany. They are marked in table 2 with an “D”.
  • cross-linkers for the ligation of amino-HES with thio-EPO without isolation of the halogenacetamide-HES derivatives see remarks in example 11, 1.2.
  • Oxo-HES12KD 1 . 44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD are dissolved in 3 mL dry dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and are added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 1.51 mL (15 mmol) 1,4-diaminobutane in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 40° C. the reaction mixture is added to 160 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone.
  • DMSO dry dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitate Amino-HES12KD E is collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water an dialyzed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • Chloroacetamide-HES12KD F1 is Prepared as Described for Chloroacetamide-HES12KD D1 in 1.3 above.
  • Oxo-HES12KD 1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD are dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and are added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 0.47 mL (15 mmol) hydrazine in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 40° C. the reaction mixture is added to 160 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitated product J is collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialyzed for 2 days against a 0.5% (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the conjugation reaction with oxidized Glyco-EPO is described in Example 12, 2.2.
  • derivatives can be used, wherein 2 hydrazide groups are separated by any spacer.
  • O-[2-(2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine is synthesized as described by Boturyn et al in 2 steps from commercially available materials.5 1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD are dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and are added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 2.04 g (15 mmol) O-[2-(2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 48 h at 65° C. the reaction mixture is added to 160 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitated product K is collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialyzed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the conjugation reaction with oxidized Glyco-EPO is described in Example 12, 3.1. 5Boturyn, Boudali, Constant, Defrancq, L Subscribe, 1997 , Tetrahedron, 53, 5485
  • derivatives could be used, wherein the two hydroxylamine groups are separated by any spacer.
  • Oxo-HES12KD 1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES12KD are dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and are added to a mixture of 1.16 g (15 mmol) cysteamine in 15 mL DMSO under nitrogen dropwise. After stirring for 24 h at 40° C. the reaction mixture is added to 160 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitated product M is collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialyzed for 2 days against a 0.5% (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the conjugation reaction with oxidized Glyco-EPO is described in Example 12,2.1.
  • Derivatives could be used, wherein the amino group and the thio-function are separated by any spacer. Furthermore, the amino group in the derivatives could be replaced by a hydrazine, a hydrazide or a hydroxylamine.
  • the thio-function could be protected in the form of e.g. a disulfide or a trityl-derivative. However, in this case, a further deprotection step must be preformed before the conjugation, which would release a component being analogous to M.
  • the deprotection is performed in a 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, containing 25 mM EDTA and 0.5M hydroxylamine, pH7.5 for 2 hours at room temperature and the product O is purified by dialysis against a 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5.5, containing 1 mM EDTA.
  • the deprotection reaction is performed immediately before the conjugation reaction which is described in Example 12, 2.1. b) Modification with SPDP
  • the deprotection is performed in a solution of 12 mg dithiothreitol (DTT) per 0.5 mL 100 mM sodium acetate buffer, containing 100 mM sodium chloride at pH 4.5 for 30 min at room temperature and the product Q was purified by dialysis against a 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5.5, containing 1 mM EDTA.
  • DTT dithiothreitol
  • thio-HES derivatives For the conversion of amino- to thiol-groups, either in free form or protected, several reagants are available. After the modification, the products could be isolated. Alternatively, as accepted for the use of cross-linkers, they could be directly used for the conjugation reaction, preferably after a purification step. For the isolation and storage of thio-HES derivatives, the synthesis of thio-HES derivatives in a protected form may be useful. For this, all derivatives being analogous to SATA could be used, which have an active ester-function and a thioester-function, separated by any spacer. SATP, being a further member of this group, is found in table 2, marked with an “H”.
  • the derivatives being analogous to SPDP could have an active ester-function and a disulfide-function, separated by any spacer. Further members of these groups are found in table 2, marked with an “F”. Further analogous derivatives could have an active ester-function and a thiol-function, protected as a trityl derivative, separated by any spacer.
  • Oxo-HES18KD 1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES18KD were dissolved in 3 mL dry dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 1.51 mL (15 mmol) 1,4-diaminobutane in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 19 h at 40° C. the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone.
  • DMSO dry dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitated product J was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialyzed for 2 days against a 0.5% (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the conjugation reaction with oxidized Glyco-EPO is described in Example 12, 2.2.
  • O-[2-(2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine was synthesized as described by Boturyn et al in 2 steps from commercially available materials.7 1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES18KD were dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added dropwise under nitrogen to a mixture of 2.04 g (15 mmol) O-[2-(2-aminooxy-ethoxy)-ethyl]-hydroxylamine in 15 mL DMSO. After stirring for 48 h at 65° C. the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitated product K was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialyzed for 4 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the conjugation reaction with oxidized Glyco-EPO is described in Example 12, 3.1. 7Boturyn, Boudali, Constant, Defrancq, L Subscribe, 1997, Tetrahedron, 53, 5485
  • Oxo-HES18KD 1.44 g (0.12 mmol) of Oxo-HES18KD were dissolved in 3 mL absolute dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and were added to a mixture of 1.16 g (15 mmol) cysteamine in 15 mL DMSO under nitrogen dropwise. After stirring for 24 h at 40° C. the reaction mixture was added to 160 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and acetone.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the precipitated product M was collected by centrifugation, redissolved in 40 mL of water and dialyzed for 2 days against a 0.5% (v/v) triethylamine in water solution and for 2 days against water (SnakeSkin dialysis tubing, 3.5 KD cut off, Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany) and lyophilized.
  • the conjugation reaction with oxidized Glyco-EPO is described in Example 12, 2.1.
  • A. Borate buffer. Composition is 50 mM sodium borate, pH 8.3, 5 mM EDTA.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline:10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
  • ThioEPO solution 5 mg/mL of ThioEPO 1 in borate buffer.
  • Microconcentrator Microcon YM-3 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany) 8Cumber, Forrester, Foxwell, Ross, Thorpe, 1985 , Methods Enzymol., 112, 207
  • SIA solution 100 ⁇ L SIA solution is added to 400 ⁇ L of the aminoHES12KD E solution and is allowed to react with agitation for 0.5 hours at room temperature.
  • the excess crosslinker is removed by centrifuging the sample at 14000 ⁇ g for 60 minutes using a microconcentrator. After centrifuging the sample is brought up to its original volume in borate buffer and this process is repeated two more times.
  • the residual solution is added to 1 mL of ThioEPO solution and the reaction mixture is incubated for 16 hour at room temperature. Reactivity of the excess iodoacetamide is quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final concentration of 10 mM.
  • the reaction mixture is applied to a desalting column equilibrated with PBS buffer and the protein content of the fractions are monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent. All fractions containing the protein conjugate are pooled and the conjugate was obtained by lyophylization after dialysis against water over night.
  • cross-linkers could be used, which have a succinimide- or a sulfosuccinimide function and a iodoacetamide function separated by a spacer. Further examples are found in table 2. They are marked with a “C” and are available from Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany.
  • A. Phosphate buffer. Composition is 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.1, 5 mM EDTA.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline:10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
  • amino HES12KD (E, H, I) could be linked with a cross-linker via a succinimide- and a bromoacetamide function (see 1.1 above).
  • SBAP is a member of this group of cross-linkers and is found in table 2, marked with a “D”.
  • HES12KD 10 mg/mL in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5
  • Microconcentrator Microcon YM-3 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany)
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
  • M 2 C 2 H solution is added to 400 ⁇ L of the HES12KD solution to a final concentration of 1 mM and is allowed to react with agitation for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • the excess cross-linker is removed by centrifuging the sample at 14000 ⁇ g for 60 minutes using a microconcentrator. After centrifuging the sample is brought up to its original volume in phosphate/NaCl buffer and this process is repeated two more times.
  • To the M 2 C 2 H-modified HES12KD 0.5 mL of ThioEPO solution is added and the reaction mixture is incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. Reactivity of the excess maleimides is quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final concentration of 10 mM.
  • the reaction mixture is applied to Sephadex® G-200 (1.5 ⁇ 45 cm) equilibrated with PBS buffer and 1 mL fractions are collected. The protein content of the fractions is monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent. All fractions containing the protein conjugate are pooled and the conjugate was obtained by lyophylization after dialysis against water over night.
  • the hydrazone adduct is slightly less stable at extremes of pH. For applications that may involve treatment at low pH, we reduced the hydrazone by treatment with 30 mM sodium cyanoborohydride in PBS buffer to a hydrazine. For most applications, this extra step is unnecessary.
  • Phosphate/NaCl 0.1 M sodium phosphate, 50 mM NaCl, pH 7.0
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
  • Microconcentrator Microcon YM-10 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany).
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
  • ThioEPO 1 solution 5 mg/mL of ThioEPO 1 in PBS buffer.
  • Reactivity of the excess maleimide is quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine to a final concentration of 10 mM.
  • the reaction mixture is applied to a desalting column equilibrated with PBS buffer.
  • the protein content of the fractions are monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent, all fractions containing the protein conjugate are pooled and the conjugate is obtained by lyophylization after dialysis against water over night.
  • cross-linkers could be used which have a succinimide- or a sulfosuccinimide function and a maleimide-function, separated by a spacer. Further examples for this group of molecules, available from Perbio Science GmbH, Bonn, Germany, are found in table, 2, marked with an “E”. There is a further group of cross-linkers, which have instead of a maleimide function an activated disulfide function. These cross-linkers could also be used for the conjugation. However, the disulfide bond of the conjugate is cleavable under reductive conditions. Members of this group are marked in table 2 with a “F”. A third group of cross-linkers uses instead of a maleimide function a vinylsulfone function as a SH-reactive group. A member of this group “SVSB” is marked in table 2 with a “G”.
  • Glyco-EPO solution 10 mg/mL of Glyco-EPO in acetate buffer
  • Sodium meta-periodate solution 10 mM or 100 mM sodium periodate in acetate buffer, prepared fresh. Keep in dark. Using these solutions, the final concentration of sodium periodate in the oxidation mixture is 1 mM or 10 mM, respectively.
  • Microconcentrator Microcon YM-3 (Amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany)
  • M 2 C 2 H stock 10 mg/mL M 2 C 2 H in DMSO, prepared fresh
  • Acetate buffer 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5
  • Microconcentrator Microcon YM-3 (amicon, Milipore GmbH, Eschborn, Germany)
  • M 2 C 2 H stock solution is added to 1 mL of oxidized Glyco-EPO to a final concentration of 1 mM and is allowed to react with agitation for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • the excess crosslinker is removed by centrifuging the sample at 14000 ⁇ g for 60 minutes using a microconcentrator. After centrifuging the sample is brought up to its original volume in phosphate/NaCl buffer and this process was repeated two more times.
  • O or Q solution is added and the reaction mixture is incubated for 16 hours at room temperature.
  • Reactivity of the excess maleimides is quenched at the end of the incubation period by the addition of cysteine.
  • the reaction mixture is applied to Sephadex® G-200 (1.5 ⁇ 45 cm) equilibrated with PBS and 1 mL fractions are collected.
  • the protein content of the fractions is monitored with a Coomassie protein assay reagent, all fractions containing the protein conjugate are pooled and the conjugate is obtained by lyophylization after dialysis against water over night.
  • the hydrazone adduct is slightly less stable at extremes of pH. For applications that may involve treatment at low pH, we reduced the hydrazone by treatment with 30 mM sodium cyanoborohydride in PBS buffer to a hydrazine. For most applications, this extra step was unnecessary.
  • Acetate buffer 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline: 10 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4
  • the hydrazone adduct is slightly less stable at extremes of pH.
  • the hydrazone may be reduced by treatment with 30 mM sodium cyanoborohydride in PBS buffer to a hydrazine. For most applications, this extra step is unnecessary.
  • Acetate buffer 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5
  • EPO or partially desialylated EPO forms were incubated with galactose oxidase in the presence of catalase at 37° C. from 30 min-4 hours at 37° C. in 0.05 M Na-phosphate buffer pH 7.0. Progress of the reaction was monitored by removal of 50 ⁇ g aliquots of the EPO and subsequent treatment of the protein with polypeptide N-glycanase.
  • HAS modified EPO forms from nonreacted EPO and HAS-precursor molecules was achieved by gel filtration using e.g. Ultrogel AcA 44/54 or similar gel filtration media.
  • nonreacted HAS was removed by immuno affinity isolation of EPO on a 4 mL column containing a monoclonal antibody coupled to Affigel (BioRad) and subsequent separation of unmodified EPO by gel filtration (e.g. using a matrix enabling the separation of globular proteins of a relative molecular mass between 20 kDa and 200 kDa).
  • HAS modified EPOs were identified by SDS-PAGE analysis (using 12.5 or 10% acrylamide gels) through detection of their higher molecular weight compared to unmodified EPO upon staining of gels with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. The higher molecular weight of HAS modified EPO polypeptides was also identified by Western Blot analysis of samples using a polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant human EPO.
  • N-glycan modification of EPO forms was demonstrated by their successful removal from the EPO protein with polypeptide N-glycanase (recombinant N-glycosidase from Roche, Germany employing 25 units/mg EPO protein at 37° C. for 16 hours); analysis by SDS-PAGE resulted in a typical shift of the EPO protein to a migration position of the N-glycosidase treated unmodified EPO of approximately 20 KDa.
  • Modification of the single desialylated and galactose oxidase treated EPO O-glycan at Ser 126 was demonstrated by SDS-PAGE migration of the de-N-glycosylated product by detection of its migration position compared to nonreacted de-N-glycosylated EPO. If required, modified EPO was fractionated by RP-HULK on a C8-phase before SDS-PAGE analysis. HAS O-glycan modification of EPO was also analyzed by ⁇ -elimination of the O-glycan and detection of the de-O-glycosylated form of EPO in Western blots using a polyclonal antibody raised against recombinant human EPO.
  • EPO forms where quantitated by UV measurements as described in Ph.Eur (2000, Erythropoietini solutio concentrata, 1316, 780-785) and compared to the international BRP reference EPO standard.
  • EPO concentrations were determined by a RP-HPLC assay using a RP-C4-column and absorption at 254 nm employing 20, 40, 80 and 120 ⁇ g of the BRP standard EPO reference preparation for calibration.
  • Purified HES-modified EPO is tested for activity using the erythropoietin bioactivity assay as described by Krystal [Krystal, 1984, Exp. Heamatol., 11, 649-660].
  • Anemia is induced in NMRI mice by treatment with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride and spleen cells are collected and used as described in [Fibi et al., 1991, Blood, 77, 1203 ff.]. Dilutions of EPO are incubated with 3 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well in 96-well microtiter plates. After 24 hours at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO 2 ) cells are labeled for 4 hours with 1 ⁇ Ci of 3 H-thymidine per well. Incorporated radioactivity is determined by liquid scintillation counting. The International reference EPO standard (BRP-standard) is used for comparison.
  • EPO bioactivity may be measured by an in vitro assay using the EPO-sensitive cell line TF-1 (Kitamura et. al., [J. cell Phys., 140. 323-334]. Exponentially growing cells are washed free of growth factors and are incubated in the presence of serial dilutions of the EPO for further 48 hours. Proliferation of the cells is assessed by using the MTT reduction assay as described by Mosmann [Mosmann, 1983, J. Immunol. Methods, 65, 55-63].
  • In vivo activity determinations are performed in normocythemic mice by measuring the increase of reticulocytes after 4 days after animals received the foreseen dose of EPO or modified EPO forms. Assays are performed using the BRP EPO standard which is calibrated against the WHO EPO standard in the polycythemic mouse assay. EPO samples are diluted in phosphate buffered saline containing 1 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin (Sigma).
  • EPO test solution 0.5 ml of the EPO test solution in Dulbecco's buffered saline (corresponding to an EPO protein equivalent of a 100, 80, 40 or 20 IU/ml of the BRP standard EPO) are infected subcutaneously per animal.
  • Blood samples are taken after 4 days after injection and reticulocytes are stained with acridine orange; quantitation of reticulocytes is performed by flow-cytometry by counting a total of 30,000 blood cells within 5 hours after the blood sample was taken (see Ph. Eur, 2000, Erythropoietini solutio concentrata, 1316, pages 780-785) and European Pharmacopoeia (1996/2000, attachment 2002).
  • Rabbits are injected intravenously with specified amounts of unmodified or HAS-modified EPO forms. Blood samples are obtained at specified times, and serum is prepared. Serum erythropoietin levels are determined by in vitro bioassay or by an EPO-specific commercial ELISA.
  • mice Each animal receive 300 IU EPO/kg subcutaneously. Seven days after the post-treatment hematocrit of each animal is determined. A substantial increase in hematocrit is observed in all animals treated with modified EPO.
  • Rabbits are treated with a single dose of unmodified or HAS-modified EPO corresponding to 200 or up to 800 ng/kg body weight. After 2, 6, 16, 24 and 48 hours blood samples are analyzed by using a commercial EPO-specific ELISA for determination of plasma concentrations. Mean plasma EPO concentrations are determined and the average initial half-lives ( ⁇ -phase) and the terminal half-lives ( ⁇ -phase) are calculated from the ELISA values as described: (Zettlmissl et al., 1989, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 21153-21159).
  • Modified IL2 is recovered by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 54. Aliquots of corresponding fraction are sterile filtrated and IL2 bioactivity is determined by using the IL2 dependent murine CTLL-2 cell line [Gillis, Ferm, On, and Smith, 1978, J. Immunol., 120, 2027-2032]. Activity is related to the international reference IL2 standard preparation.

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