KR102344776B1 - 소비재의 풍미 및 향미 프로파일에 영향을 미치는 방법 및 조성물 - Google Patents
소비재의 풍미 및 향미 프로파일에 영향을 미치는 방법 및 조성물 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
본원은 철 이온에 착물화된 고도의 공액 헤테로시클릭 고리 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체를 함유하는 식제품, 및 이러한 식제품을 사용하여 다른 식품의 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는 것에 관한 것이다. 본원에 기재된 식제품은 다양한 방식으로 제조될 수 있고, 동물 제품을 함유하지 않도록 배합될 수 있다.
Description
관련 출원에 대한 상호 참조
본원은 2013년 7월 12일자로 출원된 미국 출원 일련 번호 13/941,211, 2013년 11월 25일자로 출원된 미국 출원 일련 번호 61/908,634, 및 2013년 1월 11일자로 출원된 미국 출원 일련 번호 61/751,816을 우선권 주장하고, 출원 일련 번호 PCT/US12/46560; 출원 일련 번호 PCT/US12/46552; 2013년 9월 11일자로 출원된 출원 일련 번호 61,876,676; 및 2013년 1월 11일자로 출원된 출원 일련 번호 61/751,818의 공동-계류 중인 특허 출원에 관련된 것이며, 이는 모두 본원에 참조로 포함된다.
기술분야
본 발명은 식제품, 보다 특히 철에 착물화된 고도의 공액 헤테로시클릭 고리, 예컨대 헴-보조인자 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 포함하는 식제품에 관한 것이다.
식품은 영양 또는 즐거움을 위해 인간을 비롯한 임의의 동물이 먹거나 마시는 임의의 물질이다. 이는 통상 식물 또는 동물 기원의 것이고, 필수 영양소, 예컨대 탄수화물, 지방, 단백질, 비타민 또는 미네랄을 함유할 수 있다. 상기 물질은 에너지를 생산하거나, 삶을 유지하거나, 성장을 자극하기 위해 유기체에 의해 섭취되고 유기체의 세포에 의해 흡수된다.
식품은 전형적으로는 광합성 유기체, 예컨대 식물에서 그의 기원을 갖는다. 일부 식품은 식물로부터 직접 획득되지만, 식품원으로 사용되는 동물조차도 전형적으로 식물 유래의 먹이를 이들에게 공급함으로써 사육한다.
대부분의 경우에, 식물 또는 동물 식품 공급원은 식품의 목적에 따라, 여러 다양한 부분으로 분류된다. 종종, 식물의 특정 부분, 예컨대 종자 또는 과일은 다른 것들보다 인간에 의해 더 높게 평가되고, 이는 인간 소비를 위해 선택되는 반면, 다른 덜 바람직한 부분, 예컨대 풀의 줄기는 통상적으로 동물 먹이로 사용된다.
현재의 식물 기반 육류 대용물은 채식 식이로의 이동을 유도하는데 대부분 실패하였다. 육류 대용 조성물은 전형적으로 압출된 대두/곡물 혼합물이며, 이는 육류를 조리하고 섭식하는 경험을 모사하는데 대부분 실패하였다. 식물 기반 육류 대용 제품의 공통적 한계는 등가의 육류 제품보다 더 균질한 조직감 및 식감이다. 또한, 이러한 제품이 대부분 사전-혼입된 인공 풍미제 및 향미제와 함께 사전-조리되어 판매되어야 하기 때문에, 이들은 향미, 풍미, 및 조리 중 또는 조리된 육류와 관련된 다른 주요 특징, 예컨대 조직감 및 식감을 모사하는데 실패하였다. 그 결과, 이러한 제품은 대부분 이미 채식주의/완전 채식주의에 빠져있는 제한된 소비자 저변에는 마음을 끌었으나, 육류 섭식에 익숙한 더 많은 소비자 계층의 마음을 끄는 데는 실패했다. 특히 조리 중 및/또는 후, 육류의 향미 및 풍미를 더 우수하게 모사하도록 식물 기반 육류 대용물을 개선하는 것이 유용할 것이다.
동물 또는 비-동물 (예를 들어, 식물) 기반 식제품 또는 동물 및 비-동물 기반 식제품의 혼합물을 비롯한 소비가능한 식제품의 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는 방법 및 조성물이 본원에 제공된다. 일부 실시양태에서, 본 방법 및 조성물은 조리 과정 동안 및/또는 후 소비가능한 식제품의 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는데 유용하다. 일부 실시양태에서, 본 방법 및 조성물은 조리 과정 동안 및/또는 후 소비가능한 식제품의 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는 1종 이상의 화학적 화합물을 생성하는데 사용된다.
본원에 제공된 바와 같이, 이론에 의해 얽매이지 않고, 이와 관련된 1종 이상의 특정한 화학적 화합물 (표 3, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16 또는 17 참조)을 포함하여, 특정 특징적인 육류 풍미 및/또는 향미 (예를 들어, 소고기 맛, 베이컨 맛, 감칠맛, 고소한 맛, 피 맛, 브로쓰 맛, 그레이비 맛, 금속 맛, 부용-유사 맛; 표 2, 7 및 11 참조)는 철 이온에 착물화된 고도의 공액 헤테로시클릭 고리 (예를 들어, 헴 모이어티; 또는 철 이온에 착물화된 포르피린; 포르피리노겐; 코린; 코리노이드; 클로린; 박테리오클로로필; 코르핀; 클로로필린; 박테리오클로린; 또는 이소박테리오클로린 모이어티)의 존재에 의해 촉매된 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자 또는 조성물의 화학 반응에 의해, 소비가능한 식제품의 조리 과정 동안 생성되는 것으로 여겨진다. 이러한 고도의 공액 헤테로시클릭 모이어티는 1개 이상 (2, 3 또는 4개 이상)의 피롤, 피롤-유사 및/또는 피롤린 서브유닛으로 구성된 헤테로시클릭 방향족 고리를 포함한다. 철 이온에 착물화된 고도의 공액 헤테로시클릭 고리는 본원에서 철 착물로 지칭된다. 일부 실시양태에서, 헴 모이어티는 헴 보조인자, 예컨대 단백질에 결합된 헴 모이어티; 비-단백질성 중합체에 결합된 헴 모이어티; 고체 지지체에 결합된 헴 모이어티; 또는 리포솜에 캡슐화된 헴 모이어티일 수 있다. 일부 실시양태에서, 풍미 및/또는 향미는 철 착물의 부재 하에 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린의 부재 하에) 생성되지 않거나 또는 헴-보조인자의 부재 하에 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질의 부재 하에) 생성되지 않는다. 따라서, 본원에 기재된 바와 같은, 철 착물, 예컨대 단리된 클로린-철 착물 또는 헴-보조인자 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질)는 예컨대 조리 과정 동안 다양한 식제품에서 육류 풍미 및/또는 향미를 생성하는데 사용될 수 있다.
1종 이상의 철 착물, 예컨대 헴-보조인자 (예를 들어, 식물-유래 헴 단백질, 예컨대 식물 레그헤모글로빈 (legH)을 예를 들어 포함하는 헴-함유 단백질)를 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자 또는 조성물 (예를 들어, 표 1 또는 표 13 참조)과 조합하는 것은 조리된 소비가능한 식제품에서 일정 범위의 고소하고 육류의 향미 및 맛 (예를 들어, 표 2, 7 및/또는 11 참조)을 생성하거나 제공할 수 있다. 풍미 전구체 분자 또는 조성물은, 정제된 형태로 조리되지 않은 식제품에 첨가될 수 있고/거나, 또는 예를 들어 효모 추출물, 식물성 오일, 옥수수 오일, 대두 오일, 팜 열매 오일, 팜핵 오일, 홍화 오일, 아마씨 오일, 쌀겨 오일, 목화씨 오일, 올리브 오일, 카놀라 오일, 해바라기 오일, 코코넛 오일, 망고 오일 또는 조류 오일을 비롯한 특정한 풍미 전구체 또는 조성물 중 1종 이상을 함유하고/거나 그를 풍부하게 한 조리되지 않은 소비가능한 식제품 내의 성분으로부터 유도될 수 있다. 생성된 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일은 다른 인자 중에, 풍미 전구체의 유형 및 농도, 반응의 pH, 조리 시간, 철 착물의 유형 및 양 (예를 들어, 헴 보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질), 반응의 온도, 및 제품 중 수분 활성의 양에 의해 조절될 수 있다.
1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자 또는 조성물은 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로로필린 또는 헴 보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)과 함께 조리 과정 전에 및/또는 동안에 조리되지 않은 식제품에 첨가되어 조리된 소비가능한 식제품에 특정한 육류 맛 및 냄새, 예를 들어, 소고기, 베이컨, 돼지고기, 양고기 또는 닭고기의 맛 및 냄새를 제공할 수 있다. 소비가능한 식제품은 동물 또는 비-동물 기반 (예를 들어, 식물) 식제품, 또는 동물 및 비-동물 기반 식제품의 조합물일 수 있다. 예를 들어, 식물 기반 야채 버거 또는 동물 기반 버거, 예컨대 닭고기 버거를 본 개시내용의 조성물 및 방법으로 변경하여 버거가 보다 육류 유사, 예를 들어, 소고기-유사, 양고기-유사, 돼지고기-유사, 칠면조고기-유사, 오리고기-유사, 사슴고기-유사, 야크고기-유사, 들소고기-유사 또는 다른 바람직한 육류 풍미의 조리된 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 갖게 할 수 있다.
본 개시내용에 사용하기 위한 식제품은 철-착물 (예를 들어, 헴 보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질) 및 그 안에 포함된 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 갖는 것을 포함한다. 철-착물, 예컨대 헴 보조인자 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질) 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자는 식제품에 균일하거나 불균일하게 포함될 수 있다. 헴 단백질은 식제품에 포함되기 전에 단리되고 정제될 수 있다. 철 착물, 예컨대 헴-보조인자 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질) 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 포함할 수 있는 소비가능한 식제품의 비제한적 예는, 핫 도그, 버거, 세절육, 소시지, 스테이크, 필렛, 구운 고기, 가슴살, 넓적다리살, 날개살, 미트볼, 미트로프, 베이컨, 스트립, 핑거, 너겟, 커틀렛 또는 큐브 형태의 동물 기반 또는 비-동물 기반 (예를 들어, 식물 기반) 식제품, 또는 동물 기반 또는 비-동물 기반 식제품의 조합을 포함한다.
본 개시내용에 사용하기 위한 소비가능한 식제품은 그의 조리 과정 전, 동안 또는 후에, 예를 들어 또 다른 소비가능한 식제품에 첨가하기 위한, 풍미 첨가 조성물일 수 있다. 풍미 첨가 조성물은 철 착물, 예컨대 헴-보조인자 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질) 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체를 포함할 수 있다.
풍미 첨가 조성물은 헴 단백질, 예를 들어, 단리되고 정제된 헴 단백질을 포함할 수 있고; 이러한 풍미 첨가 조성물은 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자 또는 조성물을 포함하는 소비가능한 식제품의 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는데 사용될 수 있다. 풍미 첨가 조성물은 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자 또는 조성물을 포함할 수 있고; 이러한 풍미 첨가 조성물은 헴 단백질, 예를 들어, 단리되고 정제된 헴 단백질을 포함하는 소비가능한 식제품의 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는데 사용될 수 있다.
풍미 첨가 조성물은 수프 또는 스튜 베이스, 부용, 예를 들어, 분말 또는 큐브, 풍미제 패킷, 또는 조미 패킷 또는 쉐이커이나 이에 제한되지는 않는 형태일 수 있다. 이러한 풍미 첨가 조성물은 다양한 소비가능한 식제품에 대한 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는데 사용될 수 있고, 소비가능한 식제품의 조리 전, 동안 또는 후에 소비가능한 식제품에 첨가될 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 풍미 첨가 조성물, 예컨대 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴 단백질) 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체를 포함하는 것을 가열에 의해 (예를 들어, 시험관내) 반응시켜 특정한 관심 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 생성할 수 있고, 생성된 생성물 혼합물을 관심 소비가능한 식제품에 첨가할 수 있으며, 이는 이어서 그 자체로 섭식될 수 있거나 예를 들어 추가 조리에 의해 추가로 변경될 수 있다. 일부 실시양태에서, 철 착물은 생성물 혼합물을 관심 소비가능한 식제품에 첨가하기 전에, 생성된 생성물 혼합물로부터 제거될 수 있다. 예를 들어, 철 착물은 크로마토그래피 기술, 예컨대 칼럼 크로마토그래피, 예를 들어, 헴 또는 철-클로린을 함유하는 칼럼을 사용하여 생성물 혼합물로부터 제거될 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 철 착물, 예컨대 헴-보조인자, 예를 들어, 헴-단백질 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 풍미 첨가 조성물은 대두-무함유, 밀-무함유, 효모-무함유, MSG-무함유, 및 단백질 가수분해 생성물 무함유일 수 있고, 불쾌한 냄새 또는 향미를 풍기지 않으면서 육류 맛, 매우 고소한 맛이 날 수 있다.
한 측면에서, 본원은 철 착물, 예컨대 헴 모이어티, 또는 철 이온에 착물화된 포르피린, 포르피리노겐, 코린, 코리노이드, 클로린, 박테리오클로로필, 코르핀, 클로로필린, 박테리오클로린, 또는 이소박테리오클로린 모이어티, 및 글루코스, 프룩토스, 리보스, 아라비노스, 글루코스-6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 1,6-디포스페이트, 이노시톨, 말토스, 수크로스, 말토덱스트린, 글리코겐, 뉴클레오티드-결합 당, 당밀, 인지질, 레시틴, 이노신, 이노신 모노포스페이트 (IMP), 구아노신 모노포스페이트 (GMP), 피라진, 아데노신 모노포스페이트 (AMP), 락트산, 숙신산, 글리콜산, 티아민, 크레아틴, 피로포스페이트, 식물성 오일, 조류 오일, 옥수수 오일, 대두 오일, 팜 열매 오일, 팜핵 오일, 홍화 오일, 아마씨 오일, 쌀겨 오일, 목화씨 오일, 해바라기 오일, 카놀라 오일, 올리브 오일, 유리 지방산, 시스테인, 메티오닌, 이소류신, 류신, 리신, 페닐알라닌, 트레오닌, 트립토판, 발린, 아르기닌, 히스티딘, 알라닌, 아스파라긴, 아스파르테이트, 글루타메이트, 글루타민, 글리신, 프롤린, 세린, 티로신, 글루타티온, 아미노산 유도체, 단백질 가수분해물, 맥아 추출물, 효모 추출물 및 펩톤으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 포함하는 식제품을 특징으로 한다. 헴 모이어티는 헴-함유 단백질, 비-펩티드성 중합체에 결합된 헴 모이어티; 또는 고체 지지체에 결합된 헴 모이어티일 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질은 식물, 포유동물, 효모 또는 사상 진균 또는 박테리아의 헴-함유 단백질일 수 있다. 식제품은 2 내지 100종, 2 내지 50종의 풍미 전구체, 2 내지 40종의 풍미 전구체, 2 내지 35종의 풍미 전구체, 2 내지 10종의 풍미 전구체, 또는 2 내지 6종의 풍미 전구체를 포함할 수 있다. 일부 실시양태에서, 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자는 글루코스, 리보스, 시스테인, 시스테인 유도체, 티아민, 알라닌, 메티오닌, 리신, 리신 유도체, 글루탐산, 글루탐산 유도체, IMP, GMP, 락트산, 말토덱스트린, 크레아틴, 알라닌, 아르기닌, 아스파라긴, 아스파르테이트, 글루탐산, 글루타민, 글리신, 히스티딘, 이소류신, 류신, 메티오닌, 페닐알라닌, 프롤린, 트레오닌, 트립토판, 티로신, 발린, 리놀레산 및 그의 혼합물로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된다. 헴-함유 단백질은 비-공생 헤모글로빈 또는 레그헤모글로빈 (예를 들어, 식물 레그헤모글로빈, 예컨대 대두, 알팔파, 루핀, 완두, 동부 또는 루핀으로부터의 것)일 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질은 서열 1-26에 제시된 폴리펩티드에 대해 적어도 80%의 서열 동일성을 갖는 아미노산 서열을 포함할 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질은 단리되고 정제될 수 있다. 식제품은 식품-등급 오일, 조미제, 풍미제, 단백질, 단백질 농축물, 유화제, 겔화제 또는 섬유질을 추가로 포함할 수 있다. 식제품은 육류 대용물, 수프 베이스, 스튜 베이스, 스낵 식품, 부용 분말, 부용 큐브, 풍미제 패킷 또는 동결 식제품일 수 있다. 식제품 중 임의의 것은 동물 제품을 함유하지 않을 수 있다. 식제품은 패킷 또는 쉐이커 내에 밀봉될 수 있다.
본원은 또한 풍미 화합물의 제조 방법을 특징으로 한다. 본 방법은 철 착물 (예를 들어, 헴 모이어티, 철에 착물화된 포르피린, 포르피리노겐, 코린, 코리노이드, 클로린, 박테리오클로로필, 코르핀, 클로로필린, 박테리오클로린, 또는 이소박테리오클로린), 및 글루코스, 프룩토스, 아라비노스, 리보스 글루코스-6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 1,6-디포스페이트, 이노시톨, 말토스, 수크로스, 말토덱스트린, 글리코겐, 뉴클레오티드-결합 당, 당밀, 인지질, 레시틴, 이노신, 이노신 모노포스페이트 (IMP), 구아노신 모노포스페이트 (GMP), 피라진, 아데노신 모노포스페이트 (AMP), 락트산, 숙신산, 글리콜산, 티아민, 크레아틴, 피로포스페이트, 식물성 오일, 조류 오일, 옥수수 오일, 대두 오일, 팜 열매 오일, 팜핵 오일, 홍화 오일, 아마씨 오일, 쌀겨 오일, 목화씨 오일, 카놀라 오일, 올리브 오일, 해바라기 오일, 아마씨 오일, 코코넛 오일, 망고 오일, 유리 지방산, 시스테인, 메티오닌, 이소류신, 류신, 리신, 페닐알라닌, 트레오닌, 트립토판, 발린, 아르기닌, 히스티딘, 알라닌, 아스파라긴, 아스파르테이트, 글루타메이트, 글루타민, 글리신, 프롤린, 세린, 티로신, 글루타티온, 아미노산 유도체, 단백질 가수분해물, 맥아 추출물, 효모 추출물 및 펩톤으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 조합하여 혼합물을 형성하고; 상기 혼합물을 가열하여, 페닐아세트알데히드, 1-옥텐-3-온, 2-n-헵틸푸란, 2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 3-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 부티로락톤, 2-운데센알, 피라진, 메틸-, 푸르푸랄, 2-데카논, 피롤, 1-옥텐-3-올, 2-아세틸티아졸, (E)-2-옥텐알, 데칸알, 벤즈알데히드, (E)-2-노넨알, 피라진, 1-헥산올, 1-헵탄올, 디메틸 트리술피드, 2-노나논, 2-펜타논, 2-헵타논, 2,3-부탄디온, 헵탄알, 노난알, 2-옥타논, 1-옥탄올, 3-에틸시클로펜타논, 3-옥텐-2-온, (E,E)-2,4-헵타디엔알, (Z)-2-헵텐알, 2-헵타논, 6-메틸-, (Z)-4-헵텐알, (E,Z)-2,6-노나디엔알, 3-메틸-2-부텐알, 2-펜틸-푸란, 티아졸, (E,E)-2,4-데카디엔알, 헥산산, 1-에틸-5-메틸시클로펜텐, (E,E)-2,4-노나디엔알, (Z)-2-데센알, 디히드로-5-펜틸-2(3H)-푸라논, 트랜스-3-노넨-2-온, (E,E)-3,5-옥타디엔-2-온, (Z)-2-옥텐-1-올, 5-에틸디히드로-2(3H)-푸라논, 2-부텐알, 1-펜텐-3-올, (E)-2-헥센알, 포름산, 헵틸 에스테르, 2-펜틸-티오펜, (Z)-2-노넨알, 2-헥실-티오펜, (E)-2-데센알, 2-에틸-5-메틸-피라진, 3-에틸-2,5-디메틸-피라진, 2-에틸-1-헥산올, 티오펜, 2-메틸-푸란, 피리딘, 부탄알, 2-에틸-푸란, 3-메틸-부탄알, 트리클로로메탄, 2-메틸-부탄알, 메타크롤레인, 2-메틸-프로판알, 프로판알, 아세트알데히드, 2-프로필-푸란, 디히드로-5-프로필-2(3H)-푸라논, 1,3-헥사디엔, 4-데신, 펜탄알, 1-프로판올, 헵탄산, 트리메틸-에탄티올, 1-부탄올, 1-펜텐-3-온, 디메틸 술피드, 2-에틸 푸란, 2-펜틸-티오펜, 2-프로펜알, 2-트리데센-1-올, 4-옥텐, 2-메틸 티아졸, 메틸-피라진, 2-부타논, 2-펜틸-푸란, 2-메틸-프로판알, 부티로락톤, 3-메틸-부탄알, 메틸-티이란, 2-헥실-푸란, 부탄알, 2-메틸-부탄알, 2-메틸-푸란, 푸란, 옥탄알, 2-헵텐알, 1-옥텐, 포름산 헵틸 에스테르, 3-펜틸-푸란 및 4-펜텐-2-온으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 풍미 화합물을 형성하는 것을 포함할 수 있다. 헴 모이어티는 헴-함유 단백질, 비-펩티드성 중합체에 결합된 헴 모이어티; 또는 고체 지지체에 결합된 헴 모이어티일 수 있다. 상기 방법은 시스테인, 리보스, 락트산, 리신 및/또는 티아민을 헴-함유 단백질과 조합하는 것을 포함할 수 있다.
또 다른 측면에서, 본원은 풍미 화합물의 제조 방법을 특징으로 한다. 본 방법은 철 착물, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질, 및 글루코스, 프룩토스, 리보스, 아라비노스, 글루코스-6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 1,6-디포스페이트, 이노시톨, 말토스, 수크로스, 말토덱스트린, 글리코겐, 뉴클레오티드-결합 당, 당밀, 인지질, 레시틴, 이노신, IMP, GMP, 피라진, AMP, 락트산, 숙신산, 글리콜산, 티아민, 크레아틴, 피로포스페이트, 식물성 오일, 조류 오일, 옥수수 오일, 대두 오일, 팜 열매 오일, 팜핵 오일, 홍화 오일, 아마씨 오일, 쌀겨 오일, 목화씨 오일, 올리브 오일, 해바라기 오일, 카놀라 오일, 아마씨 오일, 코코넛 오일, 망고 오일, 유리 지방산, 메티오닌, 시스테인, 이소류신, 류신, 리신, 페닐알라닌, 트레오닌, 트립토판, 발린, 아르기닌, 히스티딘, 알라닌, 아스파라긴, 아스파르테이트, 글루타메이트, 글루타민, 글리신, 프롤린, 세린, 티로신, 글루타티온, 아미노산 유도체, 단백질 가수분해물, 맥아 추출물, 효모 추출물 및 펩톤으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 조합하여 혼합물을 형성하고; 상기 혼합물을 가열하여 표 3, 8 또는 9에 제시된 1종 이상의 풍미 화합물을 형성하는 것을 포함한다. 예를 들어, 풍미 전구체는 시스테인, 당 및 1종 이상의 다른 전구체를 포함할 수 있다.
본원은 또한 육류 유사 풍미 (예를 들어, 소고기-유사, 닭고기-유사, 돼지고기-유사, 양고기-유사, 칠면조고기-유사, 오리고기-유사, 사슴고기-유사 또는 들소고기-유사)를 식제품에 부여하는 방법을 특징으로 한다. 본 방법은 식제품을, i) 철 착물, 예컨대 헴 모이어티 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질); 및 ii) 글루코스, 프룩토스, 리보스, 아라비노스, 글루코스-6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 1,6-디포스페이트, 이노시톨, 말토스, 수크로스, 말토덱스트린, 글리코겐, 뉴클레오티드-결합 당, 당밀, 인지질, 레시틴, 이노신, IMP, GMP, 피라진, AMP, 락트산, 숙신산, 글리콜산, 티아민, 크레아틴, 피로포스페이트, 식물성 오일, 조류 오일, 옥수수 오일, 대두 오일, 팜 열매 오일, 팜핵 오일, 홍화 오일, 아마씨 오일, 쌀겨 오일, 목화씨 오일, 올리브 오일, 해바라기 오일, 카놀라 오일, 아마씨 오일, 코코넛 오일, 망고 오일, 유리 지방산, 시스테인, 메티오닌, 이소류신, 류신, 리신, 페닐알라닌, 트레오닌, 트립토판, 발린, 아르기닌, 히스티딘, 알라닌, 아스파라긴, 아스파르테이트, 글루타메이트, 글루타민, 글리신, 프롤린, 세린, 티로신, 글루타티온, 아미노산 유도체, 단백질 가수분해물, 맥아 추출물, 효모 추출물 및 펩톤으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 포함하는 풍미 조성물과 접촉시키는 것을 포함하며; 여기서 식제품 및 풍미 조성물을 함께 가열한 후, 육류 유사 풍미 (예를 들어, 소고기-유사, 닭고기-유사, 돼지고기-유사, 양고기-유사, 칠면조고기-유사, 오리고기-유사, 사슴고기-유사 또는 들소고기-유사)가 식제품에 부여된다. 일부 실시양태에서, 철 착물은 식제품으로부터 제거된다. 풍미 조성물은 조미제, 풍미제, 단백질, 단백질 농축물 또는 유화제를 추가로 포함할 수 있다. 풍미 조성물은 패킷 또는 쉐이커 내에 밀봉될 수 있다.
또 다른 측면에서, 본원은 식제품의 제조 방법을 특징으로 한다. 본 방법은 단리된 헴-함유 단백질, 및 글루코스, 프룩토스, 리보스, 아라비노스, 글루코스-6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 6-포스페이트, 프룩토스 1,6-디포스페이트, 이노시톨, 말토스, 수크로스, 말토덱스트린, 글리코겐, 뉴클레오티드-결합 당, 당밀, 인지질, 레시틴, 이노신, IMP, GMP, 피라진, AMP, 락트산, 숙신산, 글리콜산, 티아민, 크레아틴, 피로포스페이트, 해바라기 오일, 코코넛 오일, 카놀라 오일, 아마씨 오일, 망고 오일, 유리 지방산, 시스테인, 메티오닌, 이소류신, 류신, 리신, 페닐알라닌, 트레오닌, 트립토판, 발린, 아르기닌, 히스티딘, 알라닌, 아스파라긴, 아스파르테이트, 글루타메이트, 글루타민, 글리신, 프롤린, 세린, 티로신, 글루타티온, 아미노산 유도체, 단백질 가수분해물, 맥아 추출물, 효모 추출물 및 펩톤으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 분자를 조합하여 혼합물을 형성하고; 상기 혼합물을 가열하는 것을 포함한다.
달리 정의되지 않는 한, 본원에 사용된 모든 기술 과학 용어는 본 발명이 속하는 기술분야의 통상의 기술자에 의해 통상적으로 이해되는 것과 동일한 의미를 갖는다. 본원에 기재된 것들과 유사하거나 등가의 방법 및 물질이 본 발명을 실시하는데 사용될 수 있지만, 적합한 방법 및 물질은 하기 기재된다. 본원에서 언급된 모든 간행물, 특허 출원, 특허, 및 다른 참조문헌은 그 전문이 본원에 참고로 포함된다. 상충되는 경우에, 정의를 비롯하여 본 명세서가 우선할 것이다. 추가로, 물질, 방법 및 예는 단지 예시적인 것이며 제한하려는 것은 아니다.
본 발명의 하나 이상의 실시양태의 상세사항은 하기 첨부되어 있는 도면 및 설명에 제시된다. 본 발명의 다른 특징, 목적 및 이점은 설명 및 도면으로부터 및 청구범위로부터 명백해질 것이다. 청구항에서 단어 "포함하는"은 특허법의 표준 관례에 따라 "본질적으로 이루어지는" 또는 "이루어지는"으로 대체될 수 있다.
도 1은 예시적인 헴-함유 단백질의 아미노산 서열을 함유한다.
도 2는 매직 믹스(Magic Mix)를 함유하거나 함유하지 않는 육류의 소고기 맛 등급의 막대 그래프이며, 두 샘플 모두는 1% w/v LegH 단백질로 3중으로 행하였다. 맛 평가자는 소고기 맛을 1-7의 척도로 평가하였으며, 1은 전혀 소고기 맛이 아닌 것이고 7은 정확히 세절육 같은 것이다.
도 2는 매직 믹스(Magic Mix)를 함유하거나 함유하지 않는 육류의 소고기 맛 등급의 막대 그래프이며, 두 샘플 모두는 1% w/v LegH 단백질로 3중으로 행하였다. 맛 평가자는 소고기 맛을 1-7의 척도로 평가하였으며, 1은 전혀 소고기 맛이 아닌 것이고 7은 정확히 세절육 같은 것이다.
본원은 식제품의 맛 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는 방법 및 물질에 기초한다. 본원에 기재된 바와 같이, 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 및 철에 착물화된 하나 이상의 고도의 공액 헤테로시클릭 고리 (본원에서 철 착물로 지칭됨)를 함유하는 조성물을 사용하여 식제품의 맛 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절할 수 있다. 이러한 철 착물은 헴 모이어티 또는 철 이온에 착물화된 다른 고도의 공액 헤테로시클릭 고리를 포함한다 (철 착물로 지칭됨). "헴"은 포르피린 고리의 중심에 있는 철 (Fe2+ 또는 Fe3+)에 결합된 보결분자단을 지칭한다. 따라서, 철 착물은 헴 모이어티, 또는 철 이온에 착물화된 포르피린, 포르피리노겐, 코린, 코리노이드, 클로린, 박테리오클로로필, 코르핀, 클로로필린, 박테리오클로린, 또는 이소박테리오클로린 모이어티일 수 있다. 식제품의 맛 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는데 사용될 수 있는 헴 모이어티는 헴 보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질; 비-펩티드성 중합체 또는 다른 거대분자, 예컨대 리포솜, 폴리에틸렌 글리콜, 탄수화물, 폴리사카라이드, 시클로덱스트린, 폴리에틸렌이민, 폴리아크릴레이트 또는 그의 유도체에 결합된 헴 모이어티; 시데로포어 (즉, 철 킬레이트화 화합물); 또는 크로마토그래피 수지, 셀룰로스, 흑연, 목탄 또는 규조토로 구성된 고체 지지체 (예를 들어, 비드)에 결합된 헴 모이어티일 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 철 착물은 가열 또는 조리 없이 일부 반응을 촉매하고 풍미 전구체를 제조한다. 일부 실시양태에서, 철 착물은 가열 또는 조리 시에 불안정화되고, 철을 방출하며, 예를 들어 단백질이 변성되어, 풍미 전구체가 생성될 수 있다.
적합한 풍미 전구체는 당, 당 알콜, 당 유도체, 오일 (예를 들어, 식물성 오일), 유리 지방산, 알파-히드록시 산, 디카르복실산, 아미노산 및 그의 유도체, 뉴클레오시드, 뉴클레오티드, 비타민, 펩티드, 단백질 가수분해물, 추출물, 인지질, 레시틴 및 유기 분자를 포함한다. 이러한 풍미 전구체의 비제한적 예는 표 1에 제공된다.
<표 1>
풍미 전구체 분자
일부 실시양태에서, 1종의 풍미 전구체 또는 2 내지 100 종의 풍미 전구체, 2 내지 90종, 2 내지 80종, 2 내지 70종, 2 내지 60종, 또는 2 내지 50종의 풍미 전구체의 조합이 사용된다. 예를 들어, 2 내지 40종의 풍미 전구체, 2 내지 35종의 풍미 전구체, 2 내지 10종의 풍미 전구체, 또는 2 내지 6종의 풍미 전구체의 조합이 1종 이상의 철 착물 (예를 들어, 헴 보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)과 함께 사용될 수 있다. 예를 들어, 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체는 글루코스, 리보스, 시스테인, 시스테인 유도체, 티아민, 리신, 리신 유도체, 글루탐산, 글루탐산 유도체, 알라닌, 메티오닌, IMP, GMP, 락트산 및 그의 혼합물 (예를 들어, 글루코스 및 시스테인; 시스테인 및 리보스; 시스테인, 글루코스 또는 리보스 및 티아민; 시스테인, 글루코스 또는 리보스, IMP 및 GMP; 시스테인, 글루코스 또는 리보스 및 락트산)일 수 있다. 예를 들어, 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체는 알라닌, 아르기닌, 아스파라긴, 아스파르테이트, 시스테인, 글루탐산, 글루타민, 글리신, 히스티딘, 이소류신, 류신, 리신, 메티오닌, 페닐알라닌, 프롤린, 트레오닌, 트립토판, 티로신, 발린, 글루코스, 리보스, 말토덱스트린, 티아민, IMP, GMP, 락트산 및 크레아틴일 수 있다.
본원에 사용된 용어 "헴 함유 단백질"은 "헴 함유 폴리펩티드" 또는 "헴 단백질" 또는 "헴 폴리펩티드"와 상호교환적으로 사용될 수 있고, 헴 모이어티에 공유적으로 또는 비공유적으로 결합할 수 있는 임의의 폴리펩티드를 포함한다. 일부 실시양태에서, 헴-함유 폴리펩티드는 글로빈이고, 일련의 7 내지 9개의 알파 헬릭스를 포함하는 글로빈 폴드를 포함할 수 있다. 글로빈 유형 단백질은 임의의 클래스 (예를 들어, 클래스 I, 클래스 II, 또는 클래스 III)일 수 있고, 일부 실시양태에서, 산소를 수송하거나 저장할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질은 헤모글로빈 또는 레그헤모글로빈의 비-공생 유형일 수 있다. 헴-함유 폴리펩티드는 단량체, 즉 단일 폴리펩티드 쇄일 수 있거나, 이량체, 삼량체, 사량체 및/또는 더 고차수의 올리고머일 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질의 산소화 Fe2 + 상태의 수명은 미오글로빈의 그것과 유사할 수 있거나, 또는 헴-단백질-함유 소비재가 제조, 저장, 취급 또는 소비를 위해 준비되는 조건 하에 10%, 20%, 30% 50%, 100% 이상 초과할 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질의 무산소화 Fe2 + 상태의 수명은 미오글로빈의 그것과 유사할 수 있거나, 또는 헴-단백질-함유 소비재가 제조, 저장, 취급 또는 소비를 위해 준비되는 조건 하에 10%, 20%, 30% 50%, 100% 이상 초과할 수 있다.
헴-함유 폴리펩티드의 비제한적 예는 안드로글로빈, 시토글로빈, 글로빈 E, 글로빈 X, 글로빈 Y, 헤모글로빈, 미오글로빈, 에리트로크루오린, 베타 헤모글로빈, 알파 헤모글로빈, 프로토글로빈, 시아노글로빈, 시토글로빈, 히스토글로빈, 뉴로글로빈, 클로로크루오린, 말단절단형 헤모글로빈 (예를 들어, HbN 또는 HbO), 말단절단형 2/2 글로빈, 헤모글로빈 3 (예를 들어, Glb3), 시토크롬 또는 퍼옥시다제를 포함할 수 있다.
본원에 기재된 조성물 및 식제품에 사용될 수 있는 헴-함유 단백질은 포유동물 (예를 들어, 가축, 예컨대 소, 염소, 양, 돼지, 황소, 또는 토끼), 조류, 식물, 조류, 진균 (예를 들어, 효모 또는 사상 진균), 섬모충 또는 박테리아로부터의 것일 수 있다. 예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질은 포유동물, 예컨대 가축 (예를 들어, 소, 염소, 양, 돼지, 황소, 또는 토끼) 또는 조류, 예컨대 칠면조 또는 닭으로부터의 것일 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질은 식물, 예컨대 니코티아나 타바쿰(Nicotiana tabacum) 또는 니코티아나 실베스트리스(Nicotiana sylvestris) (담배); 제아 메이스(Zea mays) (옥수수), 아라비돕시스 탈리아나(Arabidopsis thaliana), 콩과식물, 예컨대 글리신 맥스(Glycine max) (대두), 키케르 아리에티눔(Cicer arietinum) (가르반조 또는 병아리 완두), 피숨 사티붐(Pisum sativum) (완두) 품종, 예컨대 완두 또는 당 스냅 완두, 파세올루스 불가리스(Phaseolus vulgaris) 품종의 강낭콩, 예컨대 녹색콩, 검정콩, 흰강낭콩, 노던콩, 또는 핀토콩, 비그나 운구이쿨라타(Vigna unguiculata) 품종 (동부), 비그나 라디아타(Vigna radiata) (녹두), 루피누스 알부스(Lupinus albus) (루핀), 또는 메디카고 사티바(Medicago sativa) (알팔파); 브라시카 나푸스(Brassica napus) (카놀라); 트리티쿰(Triticum) 종 (밀알을 비롯한 밀, 및 나맥); 고시피움 히르수툼(Gossypium hirsutum) (목화); 오리자 사티바(Oryza sativa) (벼); 지자니아(Zizania) 종 (야생벼); 헬리안투스 안누스(Helianthus annuus) (해바라기); 베타 불가리스(Beta vulgaris) (사탕무); 펜니세툼 글라우쿰(Pennisetum glaucum) (진주 기장); 케노포디움(Chenopodium) 종 (퀴노아); 세사뭄(Sesamum) 종 (참깨); 리눔 우시타티시뭄(Linum usitatissimum) (아마); 또는 호르데움 불가레 (보리)로부터의 것일 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질은 진균, 예컨대 사카로미세스 세레비지아에(Saccharomyces cerevisiae), 피키아 파스토리스(Pichia pastoris), 마그나포르테 오리자에(Magnaporthe oryzae), 푸사리움 그라미네아룸(Fusarium graminearum), 아스페르길루스 오리자에(Aspergillus oryzae), 트리코데르마 레에세이(Trichoderma reesei), 미켈리옵테라 써모필레(Myceliopthera thermophile), 클루이베라 락티스(Kluyvera lactis) 또는 푸사리움 옥시스포룸(Fusarium oxysporum)으로부터 단리될 수 있다. 헴-함유 단백질은 박테리아, 예컨대 에스케리키아 콜라이(Escherichia coli), 바실루스 서브틸리스(Bacillus subtilis), 바실루스 리케니포르미스(Bacillus licheniformis), 바실루스 메가테리움(Bacillus megaterium), 시네코시스티스(Synechocistis) 종, 아퀴펙스 아에오리쿠스, 메틸아시디필리움 인페르노룸 또는 고온성 박테리아, 예컨대 써모필루스(Thermophilus)로부터 단리될 수 있다. 많은 헴-함유 단백질의 서열 및 구조가 공지되어 있다. 예를 들어, 문헌 [Reedy, et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2008, Vol. 36, Database issue D307-D313] 및 월드 와이드 웹 http://hemeprotein.info/heme.php에서 입수가능한 헴 단백질 데이터베이스를 참조한다.
예를 들어, 비-공생 헤모글로빈은 대두, 발아 대두, 알팔파, 골든 아마, 검정콩, 검은 눈을 가진 완두, 노던, 가르반조, 녹두, 동부, 핀토콩, 꼬투리 완두, 퀴노아, 참깨, 해바라기, 밀알, 나맥, 보리, 야생벼 또는 벼로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 식물로부터의 것일 수 있다.
식제품을 제조하는데 사용될 수 있는 본원에 기재된 임의의 헴-함유 단백질은 헴-결합 모티프를 함유하는 상응하는 야생형 헴-함유 단백질 또는 그의 단편의 아미노산 서열에 대해 적어도 70% (예를 들어, 적어도 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 또는 100%) 서열 동일성을 가질 수 있다. 예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질은 비-공생 헤모글로빈, 예컨대 비그나 라디아타 (서열 1), 호르데움 불가레 (서열 5), 제아 메이스 (서열 13), 오리재 사티바 아종 자포니카(Oryza sativa subsp. japonica) (벼) (서열 14), 또는 아라비돕시스 탈리아나 (서열 15)로부터의 것, 헬스 게이트 글로빈 I, 예컨대 메틸아시디필리움 인페르노룸 (서열 2)로부터의 것, 플라보헤모단백질, 예컨대 아퀴펙스 아에오리쿠스 (서열 3)로부터의 것, 레그헤모글로빈, 예컨대 글리신 맥스 (서열 4), 피숨 사티붐 (서열 16), 또는 비그나 운구이쿨라타 (서열 17)로부터의 것, 헴-의존성 퍼옥시다제, 예컨대 마그나포르테 오리자에, (서열 6) 또는 푸사리움 옥시스포룸 (서열 7)으로부터의 것, 푸사리움 그라미네아룸 (서열 8)으로부터의 시토크롬 c 퍼옥시다제, 클라미도모나스 모에우시(Chlamydomonas moewusii) (서열 9), 테트라히메나 피리포르미스 (서열 10, 그룹 I 말단절단형), 파라메시움 카우다툼 (서열 11, 그룹 I 말단절단형)으로부터의 말단절단형 헤모글로빈, 아스페르길루스 니거(Aspergillus niger) (서열 12)로부터의 헤모글로빈, 또는 포유동물 미오글로빈 단백질, 예컨대 보스 타우루스(Bos taurus) (서열 18) 미오글로빈, 수스 스크로파(Sus scrofa) (서열 19) 미오글로빈, 에쿠스 카발루스(Equus caballus) (서열 20) 미오글로빈, 니코티아나 벤타미아나(Nicotiana benthamiana) (서열 21), 바실루스 서브틸리스 (서열 22), 코리네박테리움 글루타미쿰(Corynebacterium glutamicum) (서열 23), 시네코시스티스(Synechocystis) PCC6803 (서열 24), 시네코코쿠스(Synechococcus) 종 PCC 7335 (서열 25), 또는 노스톡 콤뮤네(Nostoc commune) (서열 26)로부터의 헴-단백질을 비롯한, 도 1에 기재된 아미노산 서열에 대해 적어도 70% 서열 상동성을 가질 수 있다.
2개의 아미노산 서열 사이의 퍼센트 동일성은 다음과 같이 결정될 수 있다. 먼저, 아미노산 서열을 BLASTP 버전 2.0.14를 함유하는 BLASTZ의 독립형 버전으로부터의 BLAST 2 서열 (Bl2seq) 프로그램을 사용하여 정렬한다. 이러한 BLASTZ의 독립형 버전은 피셔 & 리차드슨(Fish & Richardson) 웹 사이트 (예를 들어, www.fr.com/blast/) 또는 미국 정부의 국립 생물 정보 센터 웹 사이트 (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)에서 수득할 수 있다. Bl2seq 프로그램 사용법을 설명한 지침은 BLASTZ에 첨부된 리드미 파일에서 찾아볼 수 있다. Bl2seq는 BLASTP 알고리즘을 사용하여 2개의 아미노산 서열 사이의 비교를 수행한다. 2개의 아미노산 서열을 비교하기 위해, Bl2seq의 옵션을 다음과 같이 설정한다: -i는 비교할 제1 아미노산 서열을 함유하는 파일로 설정되고 (예를 들어, C:\seq1.txt); -j는 비교할 제2 아미노산 서열을 함유하는 파일로 설정되고 (예를 들어, C:\seq2.txt); -p는 blastp로 설정되고; -o는 임의의 목적하는 파일명으로 설정되고 (예를 들어, C:\output.txt); 모든 기타 옵션은 그의 디폴드 설정으로 남겨진다. 예를 들어, 2개의 아미노산 서열 사이의 비교를 함유하는 출력 파일을 생성하기 위해 하기 명령어가 사용될 수 있다: C:\Bl2seq -i c:\seq1.txt -j c:\seq2.txt -p blastp -o c:\output.txt. 2개의 비교 서열이 상동성을 공유하면, 지정된 출력 파일은 정렬된 서열에 따라 상동성 영역을 제시할 것이다. 2개의 비교 서열이 상동성을 공유하지 않으면, 지정된 출력 파일은 정렬된 서열을 제시하지 않을 것이다. blastn이 사용되는 것을 제외하고 핵산 서열에 대해 유사한 절차가 이어질 수 있다.
정렬되면, 매칭 개수는 동일한 아미노산 잔기가 양쪽 서열에 존재하는 위치의 개수를 계수하는 것에 의해 결정된다. 퍼센트 동일성은 매칭 개수를 전장 폴리펩티드 아미노산 서열의 길이로 나눈 다음 결과값에 100을 곱하는 것에 의해 결정된다. 퍼센트 동일성 값은 최근접 10분의 1로 반올림됨에 주목한다. 예를 들어, 78.11, 78.12, 78.13, 및 78.14는 78.1로 반내림되고, 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18, 및 78.19는 78.2로 반올림된다. 또한 길이 값은 항상 정수일 것임에 주목한다.
다수의 핵산이 특정한 아미노산 서열을 갖는 폴리펩티드를 코딩할 수 있음을 인식할 것이다. 유전자 코드의 축중성은 관련 기술분야에 널리 공지되어 있고; 즉, 많은 아미노산에 대해, 아미노산에 대한 코돈으로서의 역할을 하는 1개 초과의 뉴클레오티드 트리플렛이 존재한다. 예를 들어, 주어진 효소에 대한 코딩 서열 내 코돈은 특정한 종 (예를 들어, 박테리아 또는 진균)에서의 최적 발현이 수득되도록, 그 종에 대한 적절한 코돈 편재 표를 사용하여 변형될 수 있다.
헴-함유 단백질은 공급원 물질로부터 추출될 수 있거나 (예를 들어, 동물 조직, 또는 식물, 진균, 조류, 또는 박테리아 바이오매스로부터, 또는 분비된 단백질의 경우에는 배양 상청액으로부터 추출됨) 또는 공급원 물질의 조합물 (예를 들어, 다중 식물 종)로부터 추출될 수 있다. 레그헤모글로빈은 범용 콩과식물 작물 (예를 들어, 대두, 알팔파, 또는 완두)의 미사용 부산물로서 용이하게 입수가능하다. 미국에서 이들 작물의 뿌리 내에 있는 레그헤모글로빈의 양은 미국에서 소비되는 모든 적색 육류의 미오글로빈 함량을 초과한다.
일부 실시양태에서, 헴-함유 단백질의 추출물은 공급원 물질 (예를 들어, 다른 동물, 식물, 진균, 조류, 또는 박테리아 단백질)로부터의 또는 공급원 물질의 조합 (예를 들어, 다양한 동물, 식물, 진균, 조류, 또는 박테리아)로부터의 1종 이상의 비-헴-함유 단백질을 포함한다.
일부 실시양태에서, 헴-함유 단백질은 공급원 물질의 다른 성분 (예를 들어, 다른 동물, 식물, 진균, 조류, 또는 박테리아 단백질)으로부터 단리 및 정제된다. 본원에 사용된 용어 "단리 및 정제된"은 헴-함유 단백질 제제가 적어도 60% 순수, 예를 들어 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 또는 99% 초과로 순수함을 나타낸다. 이론에 얽매이지 않고, 단백질을 단리하고 정제하는 것은 원치 않는 물질이 제거되기 때문에 식제품이 식제품의 특성에 대한 더 큰 일관성 및 더 큰 제어 하에 제조되는 것을 가능케 할 수 있다. 단백질은 그의 분자량을 기초로 하여, 예를 들어 크기 배제 크로마토그래피, 막을 통한 한외여과, 또는 밀도 원심분리에 의해 분리될 수 있다. 일부 실시양태에서, 단백질은 그의 표면 전하를 기초로 하여, 예를 들어 등전 침전, 음이온 교환 크로마토그래피, 또는 양이온 교환 크로마토그래피에 의해 분리될 수 있다. 단백질은 또한 그의 용해도를 기초로 하여, 예를 들어 황산암모늄 침전, 등전 침전, 계면활성제, 세제 또는 용매 추출에 의해 분리될 수 있다. 단백질은 또한 또 다른 분자에 대한 그의 친화도에 의해, 예를 들어 소수성 상호작용 크로마토그래피, 반응성 염료, 또는 히드록시아파타이트를 사용하여 분리될 수 있다. 친화성 크로마토그래피는 또한 헴-함유 단백질을 위한 특이적 결합 친화도를 갖는 항체, His-태그부착된 재조합 단백질을 위한 니켈 NTA, 당단백질 상의 당 모이어티에 결합하기 위한 렉틴, 또는 단백질에 특이적으로 결합하는 다른 분자를 사용하는 것을 포함할 수 있다.
헴-함유 단백질은 또한 폴리펩티드 발현 기술 (예를 들어, 박테리아 세포, 곤충 세포, 진균 세포, 예컨대 효모 세포, 식물 세포, 예컨대 담배, 대두 또는 아라비돕시스, 또는 포유동물 세포를 사용한 이종 발현 기술)을 사용하여 재조합적으로 생산될 수 있다. 일부 경우에, 표준 폴리펩티드 합성 기술 (예를 들어, 액체-상 폴리펩티드 합성 기술 또는 고체-상 폴리펩티드 합성 기술)은 헴-함유 단백질을 합성적으로 생산하는데 사용될 수 있다. 일부 경우에, 시험관내 전사-번역 기술이 헴-함유 단백질을 생산하는데 사용될 수 있다.
소비재에 사용된 단백질은 용액 중 가용성일 수 있다. 일부 실시양태에서, 단리되고 정제된 단백질은 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 또는 250g/L 초과에서 용액 중에 가용성이다.
일부 실시양태에서, 단리 및 정제된 단백질은 실질적으로 그의 천연 폴드로 존재하고 수용성이다. 일부 실시양태에서, 단리 및 정제된 단백질은 50, 60, 70, 80, 또는 90% 초과로 그의 천연 폴드로 존재한다. 일부 실시양태에서, 단리 및 정제된 단백질은 50, 60, 70, 80, 또는 90% 초과로 수용성이다.
풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일 조절
본원에 기재된 바와 같이, 풍미 전구체의 다양한 조합은 1종 이상의 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린, 클로린-철 착물, 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질 또는 비-펩티드성 중합체, 예컨대 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 또는 고체 지지체에 결합된 헴)과 함께 사용되어 풍미 전구체 및 철 착물이 (예를 들어, 조리 동안) 함께 가열될 때 다양한 풍미 및 향미 프로파일을 생성할 수 있다. 생성된 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일은 다른 인자 중에, 풍미 전구체의 유형 및 농도, 반응의 pH, 조리 시간, 철 착물 (예를 들어, 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질, 비-펩티드성 중합체 또는 거대분자에 결합된 헴 또는 고체 지지체에 결합된 헴)의 유형 및 양, 반응의 온도, 및 제품 중 수분 활성의 양에 의해 조절될 수 있다. 헴 모이어티가 고체 지지체, 예컨대 셀룰로스 또는 크로마토그래피 수지, 흑연, 목탄 또는 규조토에 결합된 실시양태에서, 고체 지지체 (예를 들어, 비드)는 당 및/또는 1종 이상의 다른 풍미 전구체와 인큐베이션되어 풍미를 생성할 수 있고, 이어서 부착된 헴 모이어티를 갖는 고체 지지체는 재사용될 수 있으며, 즉 당 및/또는 1종 이상의 다른 풍미 전구체와 다시 인큐베이션되어 풍미를 생성할 수 있다.
표 2는 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 및 1종 이상의 헴 보조-인자 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질)를 조합함으로써 생성될 수 있는 풍미 유형의 비-제한적 예를 제공한다. 또한 표 7 및/또는 11을 참조한다.
<표 2>
풍미 및 향미 프로파일은 헴 보조-인자 (예를 들어, 헴-함유 단백질)와 풍미 전구체 사이의 화학 반응에 의해 형성된 다양한 화학적 화합물에 의해 생성된다. 기체 크로마토그래피-질량 분광측정법 (GCMS)을 사용하여 시험 샘플 내의 다양한 화학적 화합물을 분리하고 확인할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 휘발성 화학물질은 헴-함유 단백질 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체를 가열한 후 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리될 수 있다.
표 3은 제조될 수 있는 화합물의 비-제한적 예를 제공한다. 또한 표 8, 9, 12 및/또는 14를 참조한다.
<표 3>
제조된 화합물
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 세절 닭고기의 존재 하에 가열되어, 전형적으로 상승된 소고기의 특정한 휘발성 풍미 및 냄새 성분을 증가시킨다. 예를 들어, 프로판알, 부탄알, 2-에틸-푸란, 헵탄알, 옥탄알, 트랜스-2-(2-펜테닐)푸란, (Z)-2-헵텐알, (E)-2-옥텐알, 피롤, 2,4-도데칸디엔알, 1-옥탄알, (Z)-2-데센알 또는 2-운데센알은 헴-함유 단백질의 존재 하에 증가될 수 있으며, 이는 보다 소고기 풍미를 닭고기에 부여할 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 시스테인 및 글루코스 또는 풍미 전구체의 다른 조합의 존재 하에 가열되어, 상기 3 성분의 임의의 하위세트가 개별적으로 사용될 때보다 휘발성 냄새의 다양한 프로파일을 제공한다. 이러한 조건 하에 증가되는 휘발성 풍미 성분은 푸란, 아세톤, 티아졸, 푸르푸랄, 벤즈알데히드, 2-피리딘카르복스알데히드, 5-메틸-2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 3-메틸-2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 3-티오펜메탄올 및 데칸올을 포함하나, 이에 제한되지는 않는다. 예를 들어, 표 8 및 9를 참조한다. 이러한 조건 하에, 시스테인 및 글루코스는 단독으로 또는 철 염, 예컨대 글루칸산제1철의 존재 하에 아황산 냄새를 생성했지만, 헴-함유 단백질의 첨가는 아황산 냄새를 감소시켰고, 닭고기 브로쓰, 탄 버섯, 당밀 및 빵을 포함하나 이에 제한되지는 않는 풍미로 이를 대체하였다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 시스테인 및 리보스의 존재 하에 가열되어 휘발성 냄새의 다양한 프로파일을 제공한다. 리보스의 존재 하에서의 가열은 헴-함유 단백질 및 글루코스를 함께 가열하였을 때와 비교하여 일부 추가 화합물을 생성하였다. 표 8 및 9를 참조한다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로로필린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 티아민 및 당의 존재 하에 가열되어 5-티아졸에탄올, 4-메틸-푸란, 3,3'-디티오비스[2-메틸-푸란 및/또는 4-메틸티아졸의 형성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고, 소고기, 육류 맛 특색을 갖는다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 뉴클레오티드, 예컨대 이노신 모노포스페이트 및/또는 구아노신 모노포스페이트의 존재 하에 가열되어 풍미 화합물, 예컨대 (E)-4-옥텐, 2-에틸-푸란, 2-펜타논, 2,3-부탄디온, 2-메틸-티아졸, 메틸-피라진, 트리데칸, (E)-2-옥텐알, 2-티오펜카르복스알데히드 및/또는 3-티오펜카르복스알데히드의 형성을 제어할 수 있다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고, 소고기, 육류, 버터 및/또는 고소한 풍미 특색을 갖는다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 리신, 당, 예컨대 리보스 및 시스테인의 존재 하에 가열되어 풍미 화합물, 예컨대 디메틸 트리술피드, 노난알, 2-펜틸 티오펜, 2-노넨알 푸르푸랄, 1-옥탄올, 2-노넨알, 티아졸, 2-아세틸티아졸, 페닐아세트알데히드 및/또는 2-아세틸티아졸의 형성을 제어할 수 있다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고, 일부는 소고기, 육류 및/또는 고소한 풍미를 갖는다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 락트산, 당, 예컨대 리보스 및 시스테인의 존재 하에 가열되어 풍미 화합물인 노난알, 티아졸, 2-아세틸티아졸 및/또는 8-메틸 1-운데센의 형성을 제어할 수 있다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고, 소고기, 고소한, 구운, 빵 및 맥아 특색을 갖는다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질)은 아미노산, 당, 예컨대 글루코스, 리보스 및 말토덱스트린, 락트산, 티아민, IMP, GMP, 크레아틴, 및 염, 예컨대 염화칼륨 및 염화나트륨의 존재 하에 가열되어 풍미 화합물, 예컨대 1,3-비스(1,1-디메틸에틸)-벤젠, 2-메틸 3-푸란티올 및/또는 비스(2-메틸-4,5-디히드로-3-푸릴) 디술피드의 형성을 제어할 수 있다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고, 소고기 특색을 갖는다. 또한 표 14를 참조한다.
일부 실시양태에서, 헴-함유 단백질의 특정한 유형이 풍미 화합물의 형성을 제어하기 위해 선택된다. 예를 들어, 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 화합물을 함유하는 풍미제 반응 혼합물 내 다양한 유형의 헴-단백질 (LegH, 보리, B. 미오글로빈 또는 A. 아에오리쿠스)의 첨가가, 펜타논, 3-메틸 부탄알, 2-메틸 부탄알, 2-헵텐알, 1-옥텐, 노난알, 2-프로펜알, 2-데센알, 2-노나논, 2-옥타논, 2-트리데센-1-올, 2-옥타논, 2-옥텐알, 4-메틸-2-헵타논, 옥탄알, 2-운데센알, 부티로락톤, 1-옥텐-3-온, 3-메틸헵틸 아세테이트 및 2-펜틸-티오펜을 포함하나 이에 제한되지는 않는 동일한 주요 육류 풍미제 중 다수를 생성한다는 것을 나타내는 표 9의 결과를 참조한다. 풍미 화합물의 이러한 차이는 전체적인 맛 프로파일을 바꿀 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 철 착물 (예를 들어, 제1철 클로린 또는 헴-보조인자, 예컨대 헴-함유 단백질) 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체는 가열에 의해 (예를 들어, 시험관내) 반응되어 특정한 관심 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 생성할 수 있고, 생성된 풍미 첨가 조성물은 관심 소비가능한 식제품에 첨가될 수 있으며, 이는 이어서 그 자체로 섭식될 수 있거나 예를 들어 추가 조리에 의해 추가로 변경될 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 임의의 바람직하지 않은 풍미는 활성탄으로 탈취함으로써, 또는 식물 단백질 제제를 사용할 때 미량으로 존재할 수 있고, 불포화 트리아실글리세리드 (예컨대 리놀레산 또는 리놀렌산)를 더 작고 더 휘발성인 분자로 변환시킬 수 있는 리폭시게나제 (LOX)와 같은 효소를 제거함으로써 최소화될 수 있다. LOX는 콩과식물, 예컨대 완두, 대두, 및 땅콩, 뿐만 아니라 벼, 감자, 및 올리브에 자연적으로 존재한다. 콩과식물 가루가 분리된 단백질 분획으로 분획화될 때, LOX는 숙성 또는 저장 시 바람직하지 않은 풍미 또는 향미를 유발할 수 있는 바람직하지 않은 "시한-폭탄"으로 작용할 수 있다. 식물 단백질 (예를 들어, 분쇄된 식물 종자로부터의 것)을 함유하는 조성물은, 예를 들어 LOX에 결합하여 단백질 샘플로부터 그것을 제거하는 친화도 수지를 사용한, LOX를 제거하기 위한 정제를 거칠 수 있다. 친화도 수지는 고체 지지체, 예컨대 비드 또는 수지에 부착된 리놀레산, 리놀렌산, 스테아르산, 올레산, 프로필 갈레이트 또는 에피갈로카테킨 갈레이트일 수 있다. 예를 들어, WO2013138793을 참조한다. 또한, 식제품의 단백질 성분에 따라, 항산화제 및/또는 LOX 억제제의 특정 조합은, 특히 지방 및 오일의 존재 하에, 탈풍미 또는 탈취 생성을 최소화하기 위한 유효제로서 사용될 수 있다. 이러한 화합물은, 예를 들어 β-카로틴, α-토코페롤, 카페인산, 프로필 갈레이트 또는 에피갈로카테킨 갈레이트 중 1종 이상을 포함할 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 특정한 풍미 화합물, 예컨대 표 3, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16 또는 17에서 기재된 것은 풍미 첨가 조성물로부터 단리되고 정제될 수 있다. 이들 단리되고 정제된 화합물은 식품 및 향료 산업에 유용한 풍미를 생성하기 위한 성분으로서 사용될 수 있다.
풍미 첨가 조성물은 수프 또는 스튜 베이스, 부용, 예를 들어, 분말 또는 큐브, 풍미제 패킷, 또는 조미 패킷 또는 쉐이커이나 이에 제한되지는 않는 형태일 수 있다. 이러한 풍미 첨가 조성물은 다양한 식제품에 대한 풍미 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는데 사용될 수 있고, 식제품의 조리 전, 동안 또는 후에 소비가능한 식제품에 첨가될 수 있다.
식제품
1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 및 1종 이상의 헴-함유 단백질을 포함하는 식제품은 육류 대용물, 수프 베이스, 스튜 베이스, 스낵 식품, 부용 분말, 부용 큐브, 풍미제 패킷, 또는 동결 식제품을 비롯한 다양한 추가의 식제품을 배합하기 위한 베이스로서 사용될 수 있다. 육류 대용물은 예를 들어, 핫 도그, 버거, 세절육, 소시지, 스테이크, 필렛, 구운 고기, 가슴살, 넓적다리살, 날개살, 미트볼, 미트로프, 베이컨, 스트립, 핑거, 너겟, 커틀렛, 또는 큐브로서 배합될 수 있다.
또한, 본원에 기재된 식제품은 다른 식제품 (예를 들어, 육류 모조물, 육류 대용물, 두부, 모조 오리고기 또는 다른 글루텐 기반 야채 제품, 조직화 식물성 단백질, 예컨대 조직화 대두 단백질, 돼지고기, 어패류, 양고기, 또는 가금류 제품, 예컨대 닭고기 또는 칠면조고기 제품)의 맛 및/또는 향미 프로파일을 조절하는데 사용될 수 있고, 조리 전 또는 동안에 상기 다른 식제품에 적용될 수 있다. 본원에 기재된 식제품을 사용하는 것은 비-육류 제품 또는 가금류 제품에 특정한 육류 맛 및 냄새, 예를 들어, 소고기 또는 베이컨 맛 및 냄새를 제공할 수 있다.
본원에 기재된 식제품은, 조성물이 조리 전 또는 동안 식제품의 상부에 뿌려지거나 확산될 수 있도록, 개별 패킷 또는 쉐이커 내에 밀봉되는 것을 비롯하여 다양한 방식으로 포장될 수 있다.
본원에 기재된 식제품은 식품-등급 오일, 예컨대 카놀라, 옥수수, 해바라기, 대두, 올리브 또는 코코넛 오일, 조미제, 예컨대 식용 염 (예를 들어, 염화나트륨 또는 염화칼륨) 또는 허브 (예를 들어, 로즈마리, 타임, 바질, 세이지, 또는 민트), 풍미제, 단백질 (예를 들어, 대두 단백질 단리물, 밀 글루틴, 완두 비실린 및/또는 완두 레구민), 단백질 농축물 (예를 들어, 대두 단백질 농축물), 유화제 (예를 들어, 레시틴), 겔화제 (예를 들어, k-카라기난 또는 젤라틴), 섬유질 (예를 들어, 대나무 섬유질 또는 이눌린) 또는 미네랄 (예를 들어, 아이오딘, 아연, 및/또는 칼슘)을 비롯한 추가의 성분을 포함할 수 있다.
본원에 기재된 식제품은 또한 천연 착색제, 예컨대 강황 또는 비트 즙, 또는 인공 착색제, 예컨대 아조 염료, 트리페닐메탄, 크산텐, 퀴닌, 인디고이드, 이산화티타늄, 적색 #3, 적색 #40, 청색 #1, 또는 황색 #5를 포함할 수 있다.
본원에 기재된 식제품은 또한 육류 보관 수명 연장제, 예컨대 일산화탄소, 니트라이트, 메타중아황산나트륨, 봄발(Bombal), 비타민 E, 로즈마리 추출물, 녹차 추출물, 카테킨 및 다른 항산화제를 포함할 수 있다.
본원에 기재된 식제품은 동물 제품 (예를 들어, 동물 헴-함유 단백질 또는 다른 동물 제품)을 함유하지 않을 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 식제품은 대두-무함유, 밀-무함유, 효모-무함유, MSG-무함유, 및/또는 단백질 가수분해 생성물 무함유일 수 있고, 불쾌한 냄새 또는 향미를 풍기지 않으면서 육류 맛, 매우 고소한 맛이 날 수 있다.
식제품의 평가
본원에 기재된 식제품은 훈련된 인간 패널리스트에 의해 평가될 수 있다. 평가는 제품의 외관, 색, 완전성, 조직감, 향미 및 식감 등을 판단하기 위해 제품의 보기, 느끼기, 씹기 및 맛보기를 포함할 수 있다. 패널리스트는 적색 광 하에 또는 백색 광 하에 샘플을 다룰 수 있다. 샘플에 무작위 3자리 숫자를 할당하고 편견을 막기 위해 투표 위치를 회전시킬 수 있다. 관능 판단은 "허용" 또는 "호감도"에 대해 평가하거나 특정한 용어가 사용될 수 있다. 예를 들어, 문자 척도 (탁월한 경우 A, 우수한 경우 B, 불량한 경우 C) 또는 숫자 척도 (1 = 비호감, 2 = 보통, 3= 우수함, 4 = 매우 우수함, 5 = 탁월함)가 사용될 수 있다. 척도는 식제품의 전반적인 허용가능성 또는 품질 또는 특정한 품질 속성, 예컨대 소고기 맛, 조직감 및 풍미를 평가하는데 사용될 수 있다. 패널리스트에게 샘플 사이마다 물로 입을 헹구도록 권장하고, 각각의 샘플에 대한 의견을 말하기 위한 기회를 제공할 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 식제품은 후각측정기 판독에 기초하여 또 다른 식제품 (예를 들어, 육류 또는 육류 대용물)과 비교될 수 있다. 다양한 실시양태에서, 후각측정기는 냄새 농도 및 참조 기체와 비교한 냄새 역치, 냄새 역치상, 음미의 정도를 결정하기 위한 기호 척도 점수, 또는 냄새의 상대적 강도를 평가하는데 사용될 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 후각측정기는 전문가 패널의 훈련 및 자동 평가를 허용한다. 일부 실시양태에서, 본원에 기재된 식제품은 유사하거나 동일한 후각측정기 판독을 유발한다. 일부 실시양태에서, 본 발명의 방법과 육류를 사용하여 생성된 풍미간의 차이는 인간 지각의 검출 역치 미만이도록 충분히 작다.
일부 실시양태에서, GCMS를 사용하여 확인되는 휘발성 화학물질이 평가될 수 있다. 예를 들어, 인간은 특정 피크의 원인이 되는 화학 물질의 냄새를 맡는 경험을 등급화할 수 있다. 이 정보는 헴-함유 단백질 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체를 사용하여 제조된 풍미 및 향미 화합물의 프로파일을 추가로 정밀화하는데 사용될 수 있다.
특징적 풍미 및 방향성 성분은 대부분 육류 뿐만 아니라 식물에서 발견되는 아미노산, 지방 및 당을 비롯한 화학 반응 분자에 의해 조리 과정 동안 생성된다. 따라서, 일부 실시양태에서, 식제품은 조리 동안 또는 후에 육류에 대한 유사성에 대하여 시험된다. 일부 실시양태에서, 인간 등급화, 인간 평가, 후각측정기 판독 또는 GCMS 측정 또는 그의 조합이 식제품의 후각 지도를 생성하는데 사용된다. 유사하게, 식제품, 예를 들어, 육류 모조물의 후각 맵이 생성될 수 있다. 이들 맵을 비교하여 조리된 식제품이 육류와 얼마나 유사한지를 평가할 수 있다.
일부 실시양태에서, 조리 동안 또는 후의 식제품의 후각 맵은 조리된 또는 조리 중인 육류의 맵과 유사하거나 구별불가능하다. 일부 실시양태에서, 유사성은 인간 지각의 검출 역치를 넘어서기에 충분하다. 식제품은 그의 특징이 조리 후 식제품과 유사하도록 생성될 수 있으나, 조리되지 않은 식제품은 조리 전의 서술된 식제품과 상이한 특성을 가질 수 있다.
이들 결과는 본 발명의 조성물이 실제 육류 제품과 허용가능하게 동등한 것으로 판단되는 것을 입증할 것이다. 추가로, 이들 결과는 본 발명의 조성물이 다른 상업적으로 입수가능한 육류 대용물에 비해 패널리스트에 의해 선호된다는 것을 입증할 수 있다. 따라서, 일부 실시양태에서 본 발명은 종래 육류와 현저히 유사하고 이전에 공지된 육류 대체물보다 더 육류와 유사하다.
본 발명은 청구범위에 기재된 발명의 범위를 제한하지 않는 하기 실시예에서 추가로 설명될 것이다.
실시예
실시예 1: 헴-단백질의 첨가는 모조 버거의 소고기 맛 특성을 증가시킨다.
표 4의 성분 및 풍미 전구체인 시스테인 (10 mM), 글루탐산 (10 mM), 글루코스 (10 mM) 및 티아민 (1 mM)을 함유하는 모조 버거를 제조하였다. 조화를 이루기 위해 물을 첨가하였다. 예를 들어, 2013년 1월 11일자로 출원된 미국 가출원 번호 61/751,816을 참조한다. 대조 버거는 LegH가 생략된 것을 제외하곤 전구체인 시스테인 (10 mM), 글루탐산 (10 mM), 글루코스 (10 mM) 및 티아민 (1 mM)으로 표 4에서와 같이 제조하였다.
150℃에서 5분 동안 조리한 후, 모조 버거를 훈련된 관능 패널에 의해 평가하였다. 패널리스트는 적색 광 하에 샘플을 다뤘고, 각각의 패널리스트는 개별적으로 샘플을 평가하였다. 샘플에 무작위 3자리 숫자를 할당하고 편견을 막기 위해 투표 위치를 회전시켰다. 패널리스트에게 1 = 극히 비호감 내지 7 = 극히 호감의 7점 척도를 사용하여 소고기 맛, 피 맛 특성, 고소한 맛 특성, 및 전반적인 허용가능성을 포함하나 이에 제한되지는 않는 다수의 풍미, 향미, 맛, 조직감 및 외관 속성에 대해 조리된 모조 버거 샘플을 평가하도록 요청하였다. 패널리스트에게 샘플 사이마다 물로 입을 헹구고, 각각의 샘플에 대한 평가를 기록하기 위한 설문지를 작성하도록 권장하였다.
LegH를 함유하는 모조 버거를 LegH를 함유하지 않는 대조 모조 버거와 비교했을 때, LegH를 함유하는 샘플은 현저하게 더 소고기 맛, 더 피 맛, 더 고소한 맛으로 평가되었고, LegH를 포함하지 않는 것과 비교하여 전반적으로 선호되었다. 표 5를 참조한다.
<표 4>
모조 버거 성분
<표 5>
헴 함유 모조 버거의 관능 평가
실시예 2: 소고기 맛 및 피 맛이 나는 풍미 전구체 혼합물을 함유하는 모조 버거
글루코스, 시스테인, 티아민 및 글루탐산의 풍미 전구체 혼합물 및 LegH 사전조리물 1% w/w (표 4 참조)을 함유하는 모조 버거를 실시예 1에 기재된 바와 같이 제조하고, 버거를 150℃에서 5분 동안 조리한 후 훈련된 관능 패널에 의해 평가하였다. 대조 버거는 LegH, 및 풍미 전구체 혼합물을 제외한 다른 모든 성분을 포함하였다.
패널리스트에게 샘플의 맛의 전반적인 개선을 평가하고 각각의 샘플을 1=극히 비호감 내지 5=극히 호감의 5점 척도를 사용하여 서술적으로 분석하도록 요청하였다. 패널리스트에게 샘플 사이마다 물로 입을 헹구고, 각각의 샘플에 대한 평가를 기록하기 위한 설문지를 작성하도록 권장하였다. LegH 및 풍미 전구체 혼합물을 포함하는 모조 버거는 맛에 있어 부용, 그레이비, 육류, 피, 고소한 및 소고기 특색을 갖는 것으로 서술되었고, LegH를 함유하나 첨가된 풍미 전구체 혼합물이 없는 동일한 모조 버거보다 선호되었다. 표 6을 참조한다.
<표 6>
LegH 버거에 첨가된 전구체에 의한 전반적인 맛의 개선
실시예 3: 베이컷 맛을 생성하는 풍미 전구체 혼합물을 함유하는 모조 버거
모조 버거 (표 4 참조)를 다양한 전구체 혼합물 (표 7 참조) 및 1% LegH와 함께 조리하고, 버거를 150℃에서 5분 동안 조리한 후 훈련된 관능 패널에 의해 평가하였다. 대조 버거는 LegH, 및 풍미 전구체를 제외한 모든 다른 성분을 함유하였다. 패널리스트에게 각각의 샘플을 평가하고 각각의 샘플을 1=극히 비호감 내지 5=극히 호감의 5점 척도를 사용하여 서술적으로 분석하도록 요청하였다. 패널리스트에게 샘플 사이마다 물로 입을 헹구고, 각각의 샘플에 대한 평가를 기록하기 위한 설문지를 작성하도록 권장하였다. 10 mM 글루코스, 10 mM 리보스, 10 mM 시스테인, 1 mM 티아민, 1 mM 글루탐산, 1 mM GMP의 전구체 혼합물, 및 LegH를 함유하는 모조 버거는 베이컨 향미 및 맛, 전반적인 육류 특성, 고소한 특성, 매우 감칠맛 특성, 브로쓰 특성, 및 약간의 소고기 특색을 갖는 것으로 서술되었다. 풍미 전구체 및 헴-함유 단백질의 다양한 조합에 대한 풍미 설명의 요약에 대하여 표 7을 참조한다.
<표 7>
LegH (1 %)에의 전구체의 첨가에 의해 생성된 풍미
실시예 4: 당의 유형은 헴단백질의 존재 하에 생성된 풍미 화합물을 조절한다
헴단백질 및 1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 화합물을 함유하는 풍미제 반응 혼합물에 다양한 당의 첨가는 생성된 풍미 화합물 및 전체적 풍미 프로파일에 뚜렷한 차이를 야기한다. 사전조리물 1% w/w/의 LegH 헴 단백질을 시스테인 (10 mM) 및 글루코스 (20 mM)와 포스페이트 완충제 중에서 pH 6에서 혼합하여 풍미제 반응 혼합물을 형성하고, 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였으며; 이 반응은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지된 풍미 화합물을 생성하였다; 표 8 참조. 유사하게, 1%의 LegH 헴 단백질을 pH 6에서 시스테인 (10 mM) 및 리보스 (20 mM)와 혼합하고 3분 동안 150℃로 가열했을 때 제조된 풍미제 반응 혼합물은 육류에 있는 것으로 공지된 풍미 화합물을 생성하였다; 표 8 참조.
특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 풍미 전구체 분자가 헴-단백질과 반응될 때 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 기체 크로마토그래피-질량 분광측정법 (GCMS)은 시험 샘플 내의 다양한 물질을 분리하고 확인하기 위한, 기체-액체 크로마토그래피 및 질량 분광측정법의 특성이 조합된 방법이다. 가열 후 생성된 풍미 화합물을 확인하기 위해 샘플을 GCMS에 의해 평가하고, 또한 그의 관능 프로파일에 대해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질은 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리하였다. 풍미제 반응 혼합물 주위의 헤드 스페이스 내의 휘발성 화학물질의 프로파일은 표 8에 나타내었다. 특히, 리보스의 사용은, 표 8에 나타낸 바와 같이, 글루코스와 비교하여 일부 추가의 화합물을 생성하였다.
특히, LegH 헴-단백질의 부재 하에 가열된 시스테인과 리보스 또는 글루코스의 대조 혼합물은 동일한 세트의 풍미 화합물을 생성하지 않았다. 또한 LegH를 함유하는 풍미제 반응 혼합물을 맹검의 훈련된 관능 패널에 의해 평가하였고, 그는 리보스 함유 샘플이 소고기, 고소한, 브로쓰 및 그레이비-유사 특색을 갖는 것으로 서술하였고, 글루코스 함유 샘플이 고소한, 피, 금속, 생육 및 부용-유사 특색을 갖는 것으로 서술하였다.
<표 8>
풍미제 반응 혼합물 중 시스테인, LegH, 및 글루코스 또는 리보스로 생성된 풍미 화합물
실시예 5: 티아민의 존재 하의 헴-단백질은 특정 풍미 화합물의 제조에 영향을 미친다
헴 단백질 및 다른 풍미 전구체를 함유하는 풍미제 반응 혼합물 중 티아민의 첨가는 5-티아졸에탄올, 4-메틸-푸란, 3,3'-디티오비스[2-메틸-티아졸, 및 4-메틸티아졸의 형성에 영향을 미쳤다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고, 소고기, 육류 맛 특색을 갖는다.
글루탐산 (10 mM)을 함유하거나 함유하지 않고, LegH (1%), 시스테인 (10 mM), 티아민 (1 mM), 및 글루코스 또는 리보스 (20 mM)를 함유하는 pH 6에서의 풍미제 반응 혼합물을 제조한 후 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였다. 이어서, 상기 풍미제 반응 샘플을 생성된 풍미 화합물에 대해 GCMS에 의해 평가하고, 그의 관능 프로파일에 대해 훈련된 패널에 의해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리하였다. GCMS는 4-메틸-5-티아졸에탄올, 3,3'-디티오비스[2-메틸]-푸란, 및 4-메틸티아졸 화합물이 LegH와 티아민, 당 (글루코스 또는 리보스), 및 시스테인의 혼합물에 의해 생성되었음을 나타내었다. 티아민을 함유하지 않는 동일한 풍미제 반응 혼합물은 이들 화합물을 생성하지 않았고; 추가로 이들 화합물은 헴-단백질이 풍미제 반응 혼합물에 존재하지 않았을 때는 생성되지 않았다.
풍미제 반응 샘플은 또한 맹검의 훈련된 관능 패널에 의해 평가하였고, 그는 티아민이 첨가된 샘플이 맛에 있어 보다 복합적이고, 보다 소고기 맛, 육류 맛, 및 고소한 맛인 것으로 서술하였다.
실시예 6: 뉴클레오티드를 함유하는 헴-단백질은 특정한 풍미 화합물 생성을 제어한다.
헴 단백질 및 다른 전구체를 함유하는 혼합물 중 이노신 모노포스페이트 및 구아노신 모노포스페이트의 첨가는 풍미 화합물 (E)-4-옥텐, 2-에틸-푸란, 2-펜타논, 2,3-부탄디온, 2-메틸-티아졸, 메틸-피라진, 트리데칸, (E)-2-옥텐알, 2-티오펜카르복스알데히드 및 3-티오펜카르복스알데히드의 형성을 제어하였다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고, 소고기, 육류, 버터 및/또는 고소한 풍미 특색을 갖는다.
1% (LegH)의 헴 단백질과 시스테인 (10 mM), 및 글루코스 (20 mM), 1 mM IMP 및 1 mM GMP를 함유하는 반응물을 pH 6.0에서 제조하고, 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였다. 특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 전구체가 헴-단백질과 반응하는 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 이들 샘플을 생성된 풍미 화합물에 대해 GCMS에 의해 평가하였고, 관능 경험에 대해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리하고, GCMS를 사용하여 확인하여, 풍미제 반응 혼합물 주위의 헤드스페이스 내의 휘발성 화학물질의 프로파일을 생성하였다. GCMS는 4-옥텐, 2-에틸 푸란, 2-펜타논, 2,3-부탄디온, 2-메틸-티아졸, 메틸-피라진, 트리데칸, 2-옥텐알, 2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 3-티오펜카르복스알데히드 화합물이 헴단백질 LegH와 IMP, GMP, 글루코스 및 시스테인의 혼합물에 의해 생성되었음을 나타내었다. IMP 및 GMP를 함유하지 않는 동일한 샘플은 이들 화합물을 생성하지 않았고, 추가로 이들 화합물은 헴-단백질이 존재하지 않고 단지 전구체 분자가 존재하는 경우에 또한 생성되지 않았다. 맹검의 훈련된 패널리스트에 의한 관능 평가는 이노신 및 구아노신이 첨가된 샘플이 맛에 있어 보다 복합적이고 보다 소고기 맛, 육류 맛, 브로쓰 맛 및 고소한 맛을 갖는 것으로 서술되는 것을 발견하였다. 도 2는 1%의 헴 단백질을 시스테인 (10 mM) 및 글루코스 (20 mM), IMP (1 mM) 및 GMP (1 mM)와 pH 6에서의 반응물로 혼합하여 생성된 신규 풍미 화합물의 존재량을 나타내고, 이는 고체 상 마이크로추출 (SPME)에 의해 검출되고, 이어서 GCMS에 의해 검출되었다.
실시예 7: 특정한 유기 산의 첨가에 의해 생성된 풍미
헴 단백질, 리보스 및 시스테인을 함유하는 혼합물 중 락트산의 첨가는 풍미 화합물 노난알, 티아졸, 2-아세틸티아졸 및 8-메틸-1-운데센의 형성을 제어하였다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있다.
1%의 헴 단백질, 시스테인 (10 mM) 및 리보스 (20 mM), 및 락트산 (1mM)을 함유하는 반응물을 pH 6.0에서 제조하고 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였다. 특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 전구체가 헴-단백질과 반응하는 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 이들 샘플을 생성된 풍미 화합물에 대해 GCMS에 의해 평가하였고, 관능 경험에 대해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리하고, GCMS를 사용하여 확인하여, 생성된 화합물의 프로파일을 생성하였다. 노난알, 티아졸, 2-아세틸티아졸 및 8-메틸-1-운데센 화합물은 LegH와 락트산, 리보스, 및 시스테인의 혼합물에 의해 생성되었다. 락트산을 함유하지 않는 동일한 샘플은 이들 화합물을 생성하지 않았고, 추가로 이들 화합물은 헴-단백질의 부재 하에 생성되지 않았다.
맹검의 훈련된 패널리스트에 의한 관능 평가는, 락트산이 첨가된 샘플을 소고기, 고소한, 구운, 빵, 및 맥아 특색을 갖는 것으로 서술하였음을 발견하였다. 락트산을 제외한 모든 것을 함유하는 샘플은 구운, 빵 및 맥아 특색에서 보다 낮게 평가되었다.
실시예 8: 특정한 아미노산의 첨가에 의해 생성된 풍미
헴 단백질, 리보스 및 시스테인을 함유하는 혼합물 중 리신의 첨가는 풍미 화합물 디메틸 트리술피드, 노난알, 2-펜틸-티오펜, 푸르푸랄, 2-노넨알, 1-옥탄올, 2-노넨알, 티아졸, 2-아세틸티아졸, 페닐아세트알데히드, 2-아세틸티아졸의 형성을 제어하였다. 이들 화합물은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지되어 있고 일부는 소고기 풍미, 육류 풍미 및 또는 고소한 풍미를 갖는다.
1%의 헴 단백질, 시스테인 (10 mM) 및 리보스 (20 mM), 및 리신 (1mM)을 함유하는 반응물을 pH 6.0에서 제조하고 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였다. 이들 샘플을 생성된 풍미 화합물에 대해 GCMS에 의해 평가하였고, 관능 경험에 대해 평가하였다. 특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 전구체가 헴-단백질과 반응할 수 있는 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 이들 샘플을 생성된 풍미 화합물에 대해 GCMS에 의해 평가하였고, 관능 경험에 대해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리하였다. 디메틸 트리술피드, 노난알, 2-펜틸-티오펜, 푸르푸랄, 2-노넨알, 1-옥탄올, 2-노넨알, 티아졸, 2-아세틸티아졸, 페닐아세트알데히드, 2-아세틸티아졸 화합물은 LegH와 락트산, 리보스 및 시스테인의 혼합물에 의해 생성되었다. 락트산을 함유하지 않는 동일한 샘플은 이들 화합물을 생성하지 않았고, 추가로 이들 화합물은 헴-단백질이 존재하지 않고, 단지 전구체 분자가 존재할 경우에 생성되지 않았다. 맹검의 훈련된 패널리스트에 의한 관능 평가는 리신이 첨가된 샘플이 구운 소고기 맛, 고소한 맛 및 구운 맛으로 서술되었음을 발견하였다. 리신의 첨가는 로스트한 구운 특색을 증가시켰다.
실시예 9 - 다양한 헴-단백질에 의한 풍미 화합물 제조
1종 이상의 풍미 전구체 화합물을 함유하는 풍미제 반응 혼합물 중 다양한 유형의 헴-단백질 (LegH, 보리, B. 미오글로빈 또는 A. 아에오리쿠스)의 첨가는 2-펜틸-푸란, 2,3-부탄디온, 티오펜, 2-메틸-티아졸, 피라진, 푸란, 피롤, 2-메틸-푸란을 포함하나 이에 제한되지는 않는 동일한 주요 육류 풍미제 중 다수를 생성하고, 2-펜틸-티오펜, 노난알, 2-노나논 및 1-옥텐-3-온을 포함하나 이에 제한되지는 않는 풍미 화합물에서의 뚜렷한 차이를 생성하였다. 풍미 화합물의 이러한 차이는 전반적인 맛 프로파일을 바꿀 수 있다. 다양한 유형의 헴-단백질은 pH 6에서 시스테인 (10 mM) 및 리보스 (10 mM)와 혼합된 반응물 중 1% w/w로 사용된 LegH, 보리, B. 미오글로빈 또는 A. 아에오리쿠스였다. 사전-반응 혼합물을 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였으며; 이 반응은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지된 풍미 화합물을 생성하였다; 표 9 참조. 특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 풍미 전구체 분자가 헴-단백질과 반응하는 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 가열 후 생성된 풍미 화합물을 확인하기 위해 샘플을 GCMS에 의해 평가하고, 또한 그의 관능 프로파일에 대해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리하였다. 표 9는 다양한 유형의 헴-단백질에 의해 생성된 휘발성 풍미 화합물에서의 유사성 및 차이를 나타낸다.
<표 9>
리보스 및 시스테인과 함께 가열될 때 다양한 헴-단백질에 의해 생성된 풍미 화합물
실시예 10 - 다양한 지질로부터의 육류 풍미제의 생성
오일 (카놀라 오일 또는 코코넛 오일), 유리 지방산 (FFA) (리놀레산 (C18:2), 올레산 (C18:1), 스테아르산 (C18:0) 또는 미리스트산 (C14:0)) 및 인지질 (PL) (소 염통 극성 지질 추출물, 바이오리폰(Biolipon)95 (페리몬드(Perimond)로부터) 또는 NatCholinePC40 (페리몬드로부터))을 비롯한 여러 다양한 샘플을 다른 전구체의 부재 하에 및 존재 하에 그의 소고기 풍미 생성 능력에 대해 평가하였다. 오일, FFA 및 PL을 50 mM 인산칼륨 완충제 (PPB) pH 6.0, 또는 50 mM 인산칼륨 pH 6.0, 5 mM 시스테인, 10 mM 글루코스, 0.1 mM 티아민 및 0.1% (w/v) 레그헤모글로빈을 함유하는 마이야르(Maillard) 반응 믹스 (MRM)에 첨가하였다. MRM과 조합된 지질은 지질 분해 및 마이야르 반응물 제조의 교차 반응을 포획하도록 설계되었고, 포스페이트 완충제 중 지질은 지질 대조군으로서 기능하였다. 오일은 전체 1 mL 부피 용액의 3%로 첨가하였고, FFA 및 PL은 전체 1 mL 부피의 1%로 첨가하였다. 모든 샘플을 3분 동안 150℃에서 조리하고, 50℃로 냉각시킨 후, GCMS (헤드스페이스의 SPME 섬유질 샘플링)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 모든 샘플을 GCMS에 의해 분석한 후, 캡을 제거하고, 훈련된 풍미 과학자가 샘플을 냄새 맡고, 향미를 기록하였다.
<표 10>
각각의 샘플의 성분을 나타내는 설명표
표 11은 향미 설명을 함유하고, 표 12는 분석된 가장 흥미로운 샘플에서부터의 GCMS 데이터를 함유한다. 지질 중 다수는, 그렇지 않으면 존재하지 않았을 "지방" 향미를 MRM에 도입하였다. MRM 중 리놀레산 또는 NatCholinePC40의 조합이 지방 화합물의 가장 큰 존재량을 생성하였으며, 이는 이러한 지질이 우지의 풍미 지각을 개선시킬 수 있음을 제안한다. 리놀레산 및 NatCholinePC40은 또한 흙-버섯 향미의 높은 존재량을 나타냈다. MRM에 대한 지질의 첨가는 "견과류 및 구운" 향미의 존재량을 현저히 증가시켰다. 덜 바람직한 "덜 익은" 향미 화합물은 불포화 유리 지방산 (리놀레산 또는 올레산) 또는 인지질을 함유하는 샘플에서 가장 우세하였다. 일반적으로, 지질의 첨가는 제조된 표적 소고기 화합물의 수를 현저히 증가시켰다.
<표 11>
각각의 샘플의 조리 후의 향미 설명
<표 12>
GCMS에 의해 소고기에서 발견된 향미 화합물의 목록 및 각각의 지질 + MRM 샘플에서 검출된 향미 화합물을 나타내는 차트
지방 또는 크림 향미를 갖는 샘플 중에, 2,4-데카디엔알, (E,E)-2,4-노나디엔알, (E,E)-2,4-헵타디엔알 및/또는 (E,E)-2,4-데카디엔알이 KPhos6_소염통, MRM_소염통, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_NatCholinePC40, Kphos6_카놀라, MRM_카놀라, KPhos6_올레산, KPhos6_리놀레산 및 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에서 검출되었다. (E,E)-2,4-데카디엔알에 대해, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_NatCholinePC40 샘플, 뒤이어 MRM_리놀레산, KPhos6_리놀레산, MRM_소염통, MRM_바이오리폰95, KPhos6_소염통, MRM_올레산, 및 KPhos6_올레산 샘플에 존재하였다. (E,E)-2,4-헵타디엔알에 대해, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_NatCholinePC40 샘플, 뒤이어 MRM_카놀라 샘플에 존재하였다. (E,E)-2,4-헵타디엔알은 또한 MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_소염통, 및 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에서 검출되었다. (E,E)-2,4-노나디엔알에 대해, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_카놀라 및 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에 존재하였다. (E,E)-2,4-노나디엔알은 또한 Kphos6_카놀라, MRM_NatCholinePC40, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_소염통, 및 KPhos6_리놀레산 샘플에서 검출되었다. 2,4-데칸디엔알에 대해, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에 존재하였다. 2,4-데카디엔알은 또한 KPhos6_리놀레산, MRM_카놀라, 및 KPhos6_올레산 샘플에서 검출되었다.
흙 또는 버섯 향미를 갖는 샘플 중에, 3-옥텐-2-온, 1-옥텐-3-온, 3-옥타논 및/또는 1-옥텐-3-올이 KPhos6_소염통, MRM_소염통, Kphos_바이오리폰95, MRM_바이오리폰95, Kphos_NatCholinePC40, MRM_NatCholinePC40, MRM_카놀라, KPhos6_올레산, MRM_올레산, KPhos6_리놀레산, 및 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에서 검출되었다. 1-옥텐-3-올에 대해, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_리놀레산 샘플, 뒤이어 MRM_NatCholinePC40, KPhos6_리놀레산, MRM_소염통, KPhos6_소염통, MRM_카놀라, MRM_바이오리폰95, KPhos6_올레산, 및 MRM_올레산 샘플에 존재하였다. 3-옥타논은 MRM_올레산, KPhos6_리놀레산, 및 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에서 검출되었다. 1-옥텐-3-온에 대해, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_리놀레산 및 MRM_소염통 샘플, 뒤이어 KPhos6_리놀레산, MRM_NatCholinePC40, KPhos6_소염통, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_올레산, 및 KPhos6_올레산 샘플에 존재하였다. 3-옥텐-2-온에 대해, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 KPhos6_리놀레산 샘플, 뒤이어 MRM_리놀레산, MRM_NatCholinePC40, KPhos6_소염통, KPhos6_올레산, MRM_올레산, MRM_소염통, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_카놀라, Kphos_바이오리폰95, 및 Kphos_NatCholinePC40에 존재하였다. 피라진은 MRM_코코넛, MRM_C18, MRM_C14, 및 MRM_바이오리폰95 샘플에서 검출되었다.
견과류 및 구운 향미를 갖는 샘플에서, 티아졸 및 2-아세틸티아졸은, 피라진, 메틸 피라진, 트리메틸 피라진, 및 3-에틸-2,5-디메틸피라진과 함께, 검출된 가장 풍부한 화합물이었다. 2-아세틸티아졸은 MRM을 함유하는 모든 샘플에서 검출되었고, MRM_소염통, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_카놀라, 및 MRM_코코넛의 샘플에서 가장 풍부하였다. 티아졸은 MRM-코코넛, MRM_소염통, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_C14, MRM_C18, MRM_카놀라, MRM_올레산 및 MRM_리놀레산 및 MRM_NatCholinePC40의 샘플에서 생성되었다. 피라진은 MRM-코코넛의 샘플에서 가장 큰 양으로 존재하였고, 뒤이어 샘플 MRM_소염통, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_C14, MRM_C18, MRM_카놀라는 거의 동등한 양을 가졌으며, MRM_올레산 및 MRM_리놀레산은 더 적은 양을 가졌다. 메틸-피라진은 MRM_바이오리폰95 및 MRM_코코넛에 존재하였다. 3-에틸-2,5-디메틸-피라진 및 트리메틸-피라진은 MRM 중 인지질을 함유하지 않는 경우에만 존재하였다.
풋내 향미, 식물 향미, 또는 풀 향미를 갖는 샘플에서, 1-헵탄올, 1-헵텐-3-올, 1-헥산올, (E)-2-헵텐알, (Z)-2-헵텐알, (E)-2-헥센알, 2-펜틸-푸란, 및/또는 헵탄알은 KPhos6_소염통, MRM_소염통, Kphos_바이오리폰95, MRM_바이오리폰95, Kphos_NatCholinePC40, MRM_NatCholinePC40, Kphos_C14, MRM_C14, Kphos_C18, MRM_C18, MRM_카놀라, MRM_코코넛, KPhos6_올레산, MRM_올레산, KPhos6_리놀레산, 및 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에서 검출되었다. 2-펜틸-푸란에 대하여, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 KPhos6_소염통 샘플, 뒤이어 KPhos6_리놀레산, MRM_바이오리폰95, MRM_리놀레산, MRM_소염통, MRM_올레산, MRM_NatCholinePC40, MRM_카놀라, KPhos6_올레산, 및 Kphos_NatCholinePC40 샘플에 존재하였다. (E)-2-헵텐알에 대하여, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_소염통, MRM_카놀라, MRM_올레산, 및 KPhos6_리놀레산 샘플, 뒤이어 KPhos6_올레산, MRM_바이오리폰95, KPhos6_소염통, MRM_리놀레산, MRM_NatCholinePC40, Kphos_바이오리폰95, 및 Kphos_NatCholinePC40 샘플에 존재하였다. (Z)-2-헵텐알에 대하여, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_리놀레산 샘플에 존재하였다. MRM_리놀레산은 또한 KPhos6_리놀레산 샘플에서 검출되었다. 헵탄알에 대하여, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_올레산 샘플, 뒤이어 KPhos6_올레산, MRM_C14, MRM_C18, MRM_카놀라, MRM_소염통, MRM_NatCholinePC40, MRM_리놀레산, 및 KPhos6_소염통 샘플에 존재하였다. (E)-2-헥센알에 대하여, 가장 강한 신호 강도는 MRM_리놀레산 샘플, 뒤이어 MRM_NatCholinePC40, KPhos6_리놀레산, 및 MRM_올레산 샘플에 존재하였다.
실시예 11 - 복합 전구체 혼합물을 사용한 소고기 풍미제의 생성
배합물을 제조하였다 (문헌에 보고된 그의 값을 기준으로 소고기 내에 예상 농도의 아미노산, 당 및 다른 소분자를 함유하는 "매직 믹스", 표 13 참조). 매직 믹스를 레그헤모글로빈 (LegH)의 존재 하에 소고기 풍미를 생성할 수 있는 그의 능력에 대해 시험하였다. 매직 믹스 및 1% w/v LegH를 육류 모조물, pH 6.0 (표 4 참조)에 첨가하고 160℃에서 7분 동안 대류 오븐에서 베이킹하였다. 대조 샘플은 1% w/v LegH를 육류 모조물, pH 6.0에 첨가하고 160℃에서 7분 동안 대류 오븐에서 베이킹함으로써 제조하였다.
LegH만을 함유하는 육류 모조 샘플을 관능 패널 및 GCMS 분석에 의해 매직 믹스 및 LegH를 함유하는 육류 모조 샘플과 비교하였다. 5명의 맛 평가자가 향미를 가한 육류 모조물을 소고기 맛, 쓴 맛 및 고소한 향미의 수준, 및 이취에 대해 평가하였다. 각각의 특성은 7점 척도에 따라 평가하였으며, 7은 명시된 특성의 가장 높은 양이었다 (예를 들어, 표준 80:20 세절 소고기는 소고기 척도에 대해 7로 평가될 것이다). 매직 믹스 풍미제는 LegH 만의 샘플보다 소고기 특성에 있어 1점 더 높게 평가되었다 (도 1).
어떤 화학 생성물이 가열 시에 생성되었는지를 결정하기 위해, 1% w/v LegH를 함유하는 매직 믹스의 용액을 pH 6.0에서 제조하였다. 샘플을 3분 동안 150℃에서 진탕하면서 조리하고, 고체 상 마이크로 추출 (SPME)을 50℃에서 12분 동안 실행하여 반응물의 헤드스페이스 위의 휘발성 화합물을 추출하였다. 휘발성 화합물의 체류 시간 및 질량 지문 정보를 분석하고 화학 명칭을 피크에 할당하는데 검색 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 표 14는 매직 믹스 + LegH (MM, 2개 샘플의 평균) 및 완충제 중 LegH 단독 (LegH, 5개 샘플의 평균) 샘플 둘 다에서 확인된 화합물을 나타낸다. 표 14의 화합물은 체류 시간 (R.T., 초) 순서로 나열되고, 0 피크 면적 (0), 또는 작은 (S), 중간 (M) 또는 큰 (L) 평균 피크 면적을 갖는 것으로 지정된다. 수백 종의 화합물을 샘플들 사이에서 확인하였으며, 이들 중 다수는 매직 믹스 및 LegH를 함유하는 샘플에서 증가된 1,3-비스(1,1-디메틸에틸)-벤젠, 2-메틸 3-푸란티올, 및 비스(2-메틸-4,5-디히드로-3-푸릴) 디술피드를 포함하나 이에 제한되지는 않는 소고기 향미의 특징을 갖는다.
<표 13>
매직 믹스에 첨가되는 화학 물질
<표 14>
MM 및 LegH, 또는 LegH 단독을 함유하는 샘플에서 GC-MS 분석에 의해 확인된 화합물 (5개 샘플의 평균)
실시예 12 - 제1철 클로린은 육류-유사 풍미 화합물의 제조를 촉매한다
신선한 녹색 시금치 (10 lb)를 500 mL 물에 첨가하고, 비타믹스 블렌더(Vitamix blender)에서 미분하여 2 L의 녹색 현탁액을 수득하였다. 아세톤 (8L)을 혼합하면서 첨가하고, 물질을 1시간 동안 추출되게 하였다. 물질을 와트만(Whatman) 여과지를 통해 여과하고, 아세톤을 회전 증발기 (부치(Buchi)) 상에서 제거하였다. 잔류 녹색 현탁액 (500 mL)에 10 M HCl 2 mL를 첨가하여 현탁액이 갈색이 되게 하였다. 여기에 10 mL H2O 중 1g의 FeCl2.4H2O 를 첨가하였다. 용액을 진탕한 후 16시간 동안 4℃에서 정치하였다. 이 현탁액을 디에틸 에테르 (3x50mL)로 추출하여 밝은 녹색 유기 상을 수득하고, 합한 유기부를 포화 염화나트륨 용액으로 세척하고, 황산나트륨 상에서 건조시키고, 여과하고, 증발시켜 흑색 페이스트 (1.1g)를 남겼다. 펠렛을 분별을 위해 클로로포름에 용해시켰다.
클로로필 및 제1철 클로린 조 분획을 -20℃에서 저장하였다. 조 추출물을 역상 고압 액체 크로마토그래피 (RP-HPLC)에 의해 분별하였다. HPLC 조건은 표 15에 개괄하였다. 클로로필 및 제1철 클로로필 둘 다는 칼럼으로부터 7.6분의 피크 체류 시간으로 용리되었다. 용리된 물질은 7.3 - 8.0분에 수집하였다. 수집된 분획을 조합하고 얼음 상에 저장하였다. 수집된 분획을 다시 크로마토그래피하여 체류 시간 7.6분의 단일 피크를 나타내었다. 목적 분획을 합한 후, 10% 해바라기 오일을 첨가하고, 메탄올을 회전 증발기 (부치) 상에서 제거하였다.
<표 15>
조 추출물로부터의 클로로필 및 제1철 클로린의 정제를 위한 HPLC 조건
제1철 클로린 또는 레그헤모글로빈을 함유하는 풍미제 반응물의 제조
제1철 클로로필의 용액을 pH 6에서 0.35% 제1철 클로린, 1% 글리세롤, 0.005% 트윈-20, 5% 해바라기 오일, 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM 포스페이트의 최종 농도로 매직 믹스 (표 13)와 혼합하였다. 포스페이트 완충제 (20 mM) 중 pH 6에서의 레그헤모글로빈 (0.35%), 100 mM NaCl을 매직 믹스 (표 13), 1% 글리세롤 및 0.005% 트윈-20과 혼합하였다. 풍미제 반응 혼합물을 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였으며; 이 반응은 헤모글로빈에 의해 생성되고 또한 제1철 클로린에 의해 생성되는, 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지된 풍미 화합물을 생성하였다; 표 16 참조.
특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 풍미 전구체 분자가 헴-단백질 또는 제1철 클로로필과 반응하는 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 샘플을 GCMS에 의해 평가하여 가열 후 생성된 풍미 화합물을 확인하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드스페이스로부터 단리하였다. 헴-단백질과 제1철 클로린 사이에서 유사한 풍미제 반응 혼합물 주위의 헤드스페이스 내의 휘발성 화학물질의 프로파일을 표 16에 나타내었다. 특히, 제1철 클로린에 의해 생성된 화합물 중 다수는 육류의 풍미에 있어 중요하다.
<표 16>
제1철 클로린 및 LegH 둘 다와 매직 믹스에 의해 생성된 풍미 화합물
실시예 13 - 고정화된 헤민에 의한 풍미 생성
헤민 연결된 CM 세파로스의 제조
소 헤민 (시그마 알드리치(Sigma Aldrich)) 200 mg을 섬광 바이알에 로딩하였다. 작은 교반용 자석 막대, 800 μL 아세토니트릴, 64 μL 4-메틸모르폴린, 및 71 mg의 N-히드록시숙신이미드를 이 순서대로 첨가하였다. 바이알을 빙조에 두고 냉각시킨 다음, N-(3-디메틸아미노프로필)-N'-에틸-카르보디이미드 히드로클로라이드 118 mg을 교반하면서 첨가하고, 이어서 제파민(Jeffamine) ED900 845 μL를 첨가하였다. 흑색 혼합물이 주위 온도로 가온되게 하면서 이를 교반하였다. 클로로포름 (10 mL)을 혼합물에 첨가하고, 이어서 물 (4 mL)을 첨가하였다. 유기 층과 수성 층이 둘 다 흑색이었기 때문에 이들 사이를 구별하는데 섬광을 사용하고, 유기 층을 피펫으로 제거하고, 암흑색 오일로 농축시켰다. 오일을 아세토니트릴 및 에탄올의 4:1 혼합물 중에 용해시켜 새까만 흑색인 대략 10% 농도 용액을 제조하였다.
물 2 mL로 팽윤되고 평형화된 CM 세파로스를 바이오라드 미니칼럼(BioRad minicolumn)에서 3 부피의 아세토니트릴로 평형화시켰다. 수지를 1 mL 아세토니트릴에 재현탁시키고 섬광 바이알에 피펫으로 넣었다. 뒤이어 44 마이크로리터 4-메틸모르폴린, 23 mg N-히드록시숙신이미드, 및 39 mg 고체 N-(3-디메틸아미노프로필)-N'-에틸-카르보디이미드 히드로클로라이드를 첨가하였다. 혼합물을 격렬하게 와류한 다음, 3시간 동안 진탕하였다. 이 백색 고체에 새까만 흑색의 20% 농도 헤민 커플링된 디아민 570 마이크로리터를 첨가하였다. 흑색 고체를 와류하고 1시간 동안 진탕하였다. 슬러리는 터키식 커피와 매우 유사하였다. 혼합물을 바이오라드 미니칼럼에 붓고, 여과하고, 나오는 것이 더 이상 에스프레소와 유사하지 않을 때까지 아세토니트릴로 세척한 다음, 탈이온수, 및 최종적으로 20 mM pH 9 탄산나트륨 완충액으로 전환하였다. 흑색 고체를 유출액이 투명하게 흐를 때까지 세척한 다음, 사용까지 저장을 위해 2 mL 완충액 중에 재현탁시켰다.
풍미제 반응물
풍미제 반응물을 100 mM NaCl을 함유하는 pH 6.0에서의 인산염 완충액 (20 mM) 중 0.35%의 헴 단백질 (말 미오글로빈 - 시그마)로 생성하였고, 이를 매직 믹스 (표 13)와 혼합하였다. 또 다른 풍미제 반응물을 100 mM NaCl을 함유하는 pH 6.0에서의 인산염 완충액 (20 mM) 중 0.35%의 고정화된 헤민으로 생성하였고, 이를 매직 믹스 (표 13)와 혼합하였다. 풍미제 반응 혼합물을 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였고; 이 반응은 육류에 존재하는 것으로 공지된 풍미 화합물을 생성하였다.
특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 풍미 전구체 분자가 헴-단백질 또는 고정화된 헤민과 반응하는 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 가열 후 생성된 풍미 화합물을 확인하기 위해 샘플을 GCMS에 의해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드스페이스로부터 단리하였다. 표 17에서 알 수 있는 바와 같이, 고정화된 헤민은 그의 제조가 용액 중 유리 미오글로빈에 의해 촉매되는 것과 유사한 화합물의 생성을 촉매하였다. 특히, 각각 고정화된 헤민 및 헴-단백질을 함유하는 혼합물의 조리에 의해 생성된, GCMS에 의해 측정된 풍미 화합물의 프로파일은 매우 유사하였다.
<표 17>
용액 중 유리 미오글로빈 또는 고체 지지체에 커플링된 헤민을 함유하는 혼합물의 조리에 의해 생성된 풍미 화합물
실시예 14. 전구체와 헴 단백질의 조합은 풍미제 반응을 유도한다.
3개 샘플을 비교하였다: 전구체 혼합물 단독, 1% 헴 단백질 단독, 전구제 혼합물과 1% 헴. 전구체 혼합물을 글루코스 (20 mM), 리보스 (20 mM), 시스테인 (10 mM), 티아민 (1 mM), 및 글루탐산 (1 mM)으로 제조하였다. 반응물을 모두 pH 6.0에 있게 하고, 제조하고, 3분 동안 150℃로 가열하였다. 이러한 3개 샘플을 이중으로 제작하였다. 이러한 샘플을 생성된 풍미 화합물에 대해 GCMS에 의해 평가하였다. 특징적인 풍미 및 향료 성분은 전구체가 헴-단백질과 반응할 수 있는 조리 과정 동안 대부분 생성되었다. 이들 샘플을 생성된 풍미 화합물에 대해 GCMS에 의해 평가하고, 관능 경험에 대해 평가하였다. 휘발성 화학물질을 풍미제 반응물 주위의 헤드 스페이스로부터 단리하였다. 각각의 샘플에서 생성된 풍미 화합물을 표 18에 나타내었다. 나타낸 바와 같이, 풍미제 분자 중 대부분은 전구체가 헴 단백질과 조합되는 경우에 생성되었다.
<표 18>
LegH 및 전구체 혼합물의 조합에 의해 생성된 풍미제 분자
다른 실시양태
본 발명을 상세한 설명과 함께 기재하였지만, 상기 기재는 예시를 위한 것이고 본 발명의 범위를 제한하고자 하는 것이 아니며, 본 발명의 범위는 첨부된 청구범위의 범위에 의해 정의된다는 것을 이해하여야 한다. 다른 측면, 이점 및 변형은 하기 청구범위의 범위에 속한다.
SEQUENCE LISTING
<110> Maraxi, Inc.
<120> METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR AFFECTING
THE FLAVOR AND AROMA PROFILE OF CONSUMABLES
<130> 38767-0015WO1
<150> 13/941,211
<151> 2013-07-12
<150> 61/908,634
<151> 2013-11-25
<150> 61/751,816
<151> 2013-01-11
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Gly His Phe Glu Val Thr Arg Phe Ala Leu Leu Glu Thr Ile Lys Glu
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Ala Leu Pro Ala Asp Met Trp Gly Pro Glu Met Arg Asn Ala Trp Gly
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His Glu Ile His Asp Gly Val Pro Ile Ala Ser Arg Val Gln Val Met
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Val Ser Phe Pro Leu Phe Lys Asp Gln His Ile Ile Met Ser Ser Lys
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Glu Ser Pro Ser Arg Lys Ser Ser Thr Ile Gly Gln Ser Thr Arg Asn
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Gly Ser Cys Gln Ala Asp Thr Gln Lys Gly Gln Leu Pro Pro Val Gly
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Glu Lys Pro Lys Pro Val Lys Glu Asn Pro Met Lys Lys Leu Lys Glu
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Met Ser Gln Arg Pro Leu Pro Thr Gln His Gly Asp Gly Thr Tyr Pro
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Thr Glu Lys Lys Leu Thr Gly Ile Gly Glu Asp Leu Lys His Ile Arg
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Gly Tyr Asp Val Lys Thr Leu Leu Ala Met Val Lys Ser Lys Leu Lys
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Gly Glu Lys Leu Lys Asp Asp Lys Thr Met Leu Met Glu Arg Val Met
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Gln Leu Val Ala Arg Leu Pro Thr Glu Ser Lys Lys Arg Ala Glu Leu
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Thr Asp Ser Leu Ile Asn Glu Leu Trp Glu Ser Leu Asp His Pro Pro
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Leu Asn Tyr Leu Gly Pro Glu His Ser Tyr Arg Thr Pro Asp Gly Ser
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Tyr Asn His Pro Phe Asn Pro Gln Leu Gly Ala Ala Gly Ser Arg Tyr
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Ala Arg Ser Val Ile Pro Thr Val Thr Pro Pro Gly Ala Leu Pro Asp
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Pro Gly Leu Ile Phe Asp Ser Ile Met Gly Arg Thr Pro Asn Ser Tyr
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Arg Lys His Pro Asn Asn Val Ser Ser Ile Leu Trp Tyr Trp Ala Thr
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Ile Ile Ile His Asp Ile Phe Trp Thr Asp Pro Arg Asp Ile Asn Thr
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Asn Lys Ser Ser Ser Tyr Leu Asp Leu Ala Pro Leu Tyr Gly Asn Ser
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Gln Glu Met Gln Asp Ser Ile Arg Thr Phe Lys Asp Gly Arg Met Lys
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Pro Asp Cys Tyr Ala Asp Lys Arg Leu Ala Gly Met Pro Pro Gly Val
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Ser Val Leu Leu Ile Met Phe Asn Arg Phe His Asn His Val Ala Glu
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Asn Leu Ala Leu Ile Asn Glu Gly Gly Arg Phe Asn Lys Pro Ser Asp
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Leu Leu Glu Gly Glu Ala Arg Glu Ala Ala Trp Lys Lys Tyr Asp Asn
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Asp Leu Phe Gln Val Ala Arg Leu Val Thr Ser Gly Leu Tyr Ile Asn
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Ile Thr Leu Val Asp Tyr Val Arg Asn Ile Val Asn Leu Asn Arg Val
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Asp Thr Thr Trp Thr Leu Asp Pro Arg Gln Asp Ala Gly Ala His Val
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Gly Thr Ala Asp Gly Ala Glu Arg Gly Thr Gly Asn Ala Val Ser Ala
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Glu Phe Asn Leu Cys Tyr Arg Trp His Ser Cys Ile Ser Glu Lys Asp
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Ser Lys Phe Val Glu Ala Gln Phe Gln Asn Ile Phe Gly Lys Pro Ala
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Ser Glu Val Arg Pro Asp Glu Met Trp Lys Gly Phe Ala Lys Met Glu
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Val Asn His Gly Cys Val Phe Tyr Lys Leu Phe Ile Arg Ala Phe Pro
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Asn His Phe Lys Gln Asn Ser Val Tyr Ala His Tyr Pro Met Val Val
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Pro Ser Glu Asn Lys Arg Ile Leu Glu Ala Leu Gly Arg Ala Asp Leu
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Phe Asp Phe Glu Ala Pro Lys Tyr Ile Pro Pro Arg Val Asn Ile Thr
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Ser Tyr Gly Gly Ala Glu Tyr Ile Leu Glu Thr Gln Glu Lys Tyr Lys
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Val Thr Trp His Glu Gly Leu Gly Phe Leu Met Gly Glu Gly Gly Leu
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Lys Phe Met Leu Ser Gly Asp Asp Pro Leu His Ala Gln Gln Arg Lys
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Cys Met Ala Ala Gln Leu Tyr Lys Asp Gly Trp Thr Glu Ala Val Lys
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Ala Phe Tyr Ala Gly Met Met Glu Glu Leu Leu Val Ser Lys Ser Tyr
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Phe Leu Gly Asn Asn Lys His Arg His Val Asp Ile Ile Arg Asp Val
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Gly Asn Met Val His Val His Phe Ala Ser Gln Val Phe Gly Leu Pro
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Leu Lys Thr Ala Lys Asn Pro Thr Gly Val Phe Thr Glu Gln Glu Met
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Tyr Gly Ile Leu Ala Ala Ile Phe Thr Thr Ile Phe Phe Asp Leu Asp
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Pro Ser Lys Ser Phe Pro Leu Arg Thr Lys Thr Arg Glu Val Cys Gln
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Pro Trp Ser Arg Gly Met Phe Val Gly Lys Pro Ala Lys Asp Glu Pro
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Leu Ser Ile Tyr Gly Lys Thr Met Ile Lys Gly Leu Lys Ala His Gly
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Leu Ser Asp Tyr Asp Ile Ala Trp Ser His Val Val Pro Thr Ser Gly
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Ala Met Val Pro Asn Gln Ala Gln Val Phe Ala Gln Ala Val Asp Tyr
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Tyr Leu Ser Pro Ala Gly Met His Tyr Ile Pro Glu Ile His Met Val
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Ala Leu Gln Pro Ser Thr Pro Glu Thr Asp Ala Leu Leu Leu Gly Tyr
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Ala Met Glu Gly Ile Arg Leu Ala Gly Thr Phe Gly Ser Tyr Arg Glu
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Ala Ala Val Asp Asp Val Val Lys Glu Asp Asn Gly Arg Gln Val Pro
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Val Lys Ala Gly Asp Arg Val Phe Val Ser Phe Val Asp Ala Ala Arg
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Asp Pro Lys His Phe Pro Asp Pro Glu Val Val Asn Pro Arg Arg Pro
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Ala Lys Lys Tyr Ile His Tyr Gly Val Gly Pro His Ala Cys Leu Gly
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Arg Asp Ala Ser Gln Ile Ala Ile Thr Glu Met Phe Arg Cys Leu Phe
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Arg Arg Arg Asn Val Arg Arg Val Pro Gly Pro Gln Gly Glu Leu Lys
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Lys Val Pro Arg Pro Gly Gly Phe Tyr Val Tyr Met Arg Glu Asp Trp
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Gly Gly Leu Phe Pro Phe Pro Val Thr Met Arg Val Met Trp Asp Asp
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Glu
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Met Lys Gly Ser Ala Thr Leu Ala Phe Ala Leu Val Gln Phe Ser Ala
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Ala Ser Gln Leu Val Trp Pro Ser Lys Trp Asp Glu Val Glu Asp Leu
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Leu Tyr Met Gln Gly Gly Phe Asn Lys Arg Gly Phe Ala Asp Ala Leu
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Arg Thr Cys Glu Phe Gly Ser Asn Val Pro Gly Thr Gln Asn Thr Ala
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Glu Trp Leu Arg Thr Ala Phe His Asp Ala Ile Thr His Asp Ala Lys
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Ala Gly Thr Gly Gly Leu Asp Ala Ser Ile Tyr Trp Glu Ser Ser Arg
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Pro Glu Asn Pro Gly Lys Ala Phe Asn Asn Thr Phe Gly Phe Phe Ser
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Gly Phe His Asn Pro Arg Ala Thr Ala Ser Asp Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly
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Thr Val Leu Ala Val Gly Ala Cys Asn Gly Pro Arg Ile Pro Phe Arg
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Ala Gly Arg Ile Asp Ala Tyr Lys Ala Gly Pro Ala Gly Val Pro Glu
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Pro Ser Thr Asn Leu Lys Asp Thr Phe Ala Ala Phe Thr Lys Ala Gly
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Phe Thr Lys Glu Glu Met Thr Ala Met Val Ala Cys Gly His Ala Ile
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Gly Gly Val His Ser Val Asp Phe Pro Glu Ile Val Gly Ile Lys Ala
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Asp Pro Asn Asn Asp Thr Asn Val Pro Phe Gln Lys Asp Val Ser Ser
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Phe His Asn Gly Ile Val Thr Glu Tyr Leu Ala Gly Thr Ser Lys Asn
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Pro Leu Val Ala Ser Lys Asn Ala Thr Phe His Ser Asp Lys Arg Ile
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Phe Asp Asn Asp Lys Ala Thr Met Lys Lys Leu Ser Thr Lys Ala Gly
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Phe Asn Ser Met Cys Ala Asp Ile Leu Thr Arg Met Ile Asp Thr Val
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Pro Lys Ser Val Gln Leu Thr Pro Val Leu Glu Ala Tyr Asp Val Arg
290 295 300
Pro Tyr Ile Thr Glu Leu Ser Leu Asn Asn Lys Asn Lys Ile His Phe
305 310 315 320
Thr Gly Ser Val Arg Val Arg Ile Thr Asn Asn Ile Arg Asp Asn Asn
325 330 335
Asp Leu Ala Ile Asn Leu Ile Tyr Val Gly Arg Asp Gly Lys Lys Val
340 345 350
Thr Val Pro Thr Gln Gln Val Thr Phe Gln Gly Gly Thr Ser Phe Gly
355 360 365
Ala Gly Glu Val Phe Ala Asn Phe Glu Phe Asp Thr Thr Met Asp Ala
370 375 380
Lys Asn Gly Ile Thr Lys Phe Phe Ile Gln Glu Val Lys Pro Ser Thr
385 390 395 400
Lys Ala Thr Val Thr His Asp Asn Gln Lys Thr Gly Gly Tyr Lys Val
405 410 415
Asp Asp Thr Val Leu Tyr Gln Leu Gln Gln Ser Cys Ala Val Leu Glu
420 425 430
Lys Leu Pro Asn Ala Pro Leu Val Val Thr Ala Met Val Arg Asp Ala
435 440 445
Arg Ala Lys Asp Ala Leu Thr Leu Arg Val Ala His Lys Lys Pro Val
450 455 460
Lys Gly Ser Ile Val Pro Arg Phe Gln Thr Ala Ile Thr Asn Phe Lys
465 470 475 480
Ala Thr Gly Lys Lys Ser Ser Gly Tyr Thr Gly Phe Gln Ala Lys Thr
485 490 495
Met Phe Glu Glu Gln Ser Thr Tyr Phe Asp Ile Val Leu Gly Gly Ser
500 505 510
Pro Ala Ser Gly Val Gln Phe Leu Thr Ser Gln Ala Met Pro Ser Gln
515 520 525
Cys Ser
530
<210> 8
<211> 358
<212> PRT
<213> Fusarium graminearum
<400> 8
Met Ala Ser Ala Thr Arg Gln Phe Ala Arg Ala Ala Thr Arg Ala Thr
1 5 10 15
Arg Asn Gly Phe Ala Ile Ala Pro Arg Gln Val Ile Arg Gln Gln Gly
20 25 30
Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Ser Ser Glu Pro Ala Gln Lys Ser Ser Ser Ala Trp
35 40 45
Ile Trp Leu Thr Gly Ala Ala Val Ala Gly Gly Ala Gly Tyr Tyr Phe
50 55 60
Tyr Gly Asn Ser Ala Ser Ser Ala Thr Ala Lys Val Phe Asn Pro Ser
65 70 75 80
Lys Glu Asp Tyr Gln Lys Val Tyr Asn Glu Ile Ala Ala Arg Leu Glu
85 90 95
Glu Lys Asp Asp Tyr Asp Asp Gly Ser Tyr Gly Pro Val Leu Val Arg
100 105 110
Leu Ala Trp His Ala Ser Gly Thr Tyr Asp Lys Glu Thr Gly Thr Gly
115 120 125
Gly Ser Asn Gly Ala Thr Met Arg Phe Ala Pro Glu Ser Asp His Gly
130 135 140
Ala Asn Ala Gly Leu Ala Ala Ala Arg Asp Phe Leu Gln Pro Val Lys
145 150 155 160
Glu Lys Phe Pro Trp Ile Thr Tyr Ser Asp Leu Trp Ile Leu Ala Gly
165 170 175
Val Cys Ala Ile Gln Glu Met Leu Gly Pro Ala Ile Pro Tyr Arg Pro
180 185 190
Gly Arg Ser Asp Arg Asp Val Ser Gly Cys Thr Pro Asp Gly Arg Leu
195 200 205
Pro Asp Ala Ser Lys Arg Gln Asp His Leu Arg Gly Ile Phe Gly Arg
210 215 220
Met Gly Phe Asn Asp Gln Glu Ile Val Ala Leu Ser Gly Ala His Ala
225 230 235 240
Leu Gly Arg Cys His Thr Asp Arg Ser Gly Tyr Ser Gly Pro Trp Thr
245 250 255
Phe Ser Pro Thr Val Leu Thr Asn Asp Tyr Phe Arg Leu Leu Val Glu
260 265 270
Glu Lys Trp Gln Trp Lys Lys Trp Asn Gly Pro Ala Gln Tyr Glu Asp
275 280 285
Lys Ser Thr Lys Ser Leu Met Met Leu Pro Ser Asp Ile Ala Leu Ile
290 295 300
Glu Asp Lys Lys Phe Lys Pro Trp Val Glu Lys Tyr Ala Lys Asp Asn
305 310 315 320
Asp Ala Phe Phe Lys Asp Phe Ser Asn Val Val Leu Arg Leu Phe Glu
325 330 335
Leu Gly Val Pro Phe Ala Gln Gly Thr Glu Asn Gln Arg Trp Thr Phe
340 345 350
Lys Pro Thr His Gln Glu
355
<210> 9
<211> 122
<212> PRT
<213> Chlamydomonas eugametos
<400> 9
Met Ser Leu Phe Ala Lys Leu Gly Gly Arg Glu Ala Val Glu Ala Ala
1 5 10 15
Val Asp Lys Phe Tyr Asn Lys Ile Val Ala Asp Pro Thr Val Ser Thr
20 25 30
Tyr Phe Ser Asn Thr Asp Met Lys Val Gln Arg Ser Lys Gln Phe Ala
35 40 45
Phe Leu Ala Tyr Ala Leu Gly Gly Ala Ser Glu Trp Lys Gly Lys Asp
50 55 60
Met Arg Thr Ala His Lys Asp Leu Val Pro His Leu Ser Asp Val His
65 70 75 80
Phe Gln Ala Val Ala Arg His Leu Ser Asp Thr Leu Thr Glu Leu Gly
85 90 95
Val Pro Pro Glu Asp Ile Thr Asp Ala Met Ala Val Val Ala Ser Thr
100 105 110
Arg Thr Glu Val Leu Asn Met Pro Gln Gln
115 120
<210> 10
<211> 121
<212> PRT
<213> Tetrahymena pyriformis
<400> 10
Met Asn Lys Pro Gln Thr Ile Tyr Glu Lys Leu Gly Gly Glu Asn Ala
1 5 10 15
Met Lys Ala Ala Val Pro Leu Phe Tyr Lys Lys Val Leu Ala Asp Glu
20 25 30
Arg Val Lys His Phe Phe Lys Asn Thr Asp Met Asp His Gln Thr Lys
35 40 45
Gln Gln Thr Asp Phe Leu Thr Met Leu Leu Gly Gly Pro Asn His Tyr
50 55 60
Lys Gly Lys Asn Met Thr Glu Ala His Lys Gly Met Asn Leu Gln Asn
65 70 75 80
Leu His Phe Asp Ala Ile Ile Glu Asn Leu Ala Ala Thr Leu Lys Glu
85 90 95
Leu Gly Val Thr Asp Ala Val Ile Asn Glu Ala Ala Lys Val Ile Glu
100 105 110
His Thr Arg Lys Asp Met Leu Gly Lys
115 120
<210> 11
<211> 117
<212> PRT
<213> Paramecium caudatum
<400> 11
Met Ser Leu Phe Glu Gln Leu Gly Gly Gln Ala Ala Val Gln Ala Val
1 5 10 15
Thr Ala Gln Phe Tyr Ala Asn Ile Gln Ala Asp Ala Thr Val Ala Thr
20 25 30
Phe Phe Asn Gly Ile Asp Met Pro Asn Gln Thr Asn Lys Thr Ala Ala
35 40 45
Phe Leu Cys Ala Ala Leu Gly Gly Pro Asn Ala Trp Thr Gly Arg Asn
50 55 60
Leu Lys Glu Val His Ala Asn Met Gly Val Ser Asn Ala Gln Phe Thr
65 70 75 80
Thr Val Ile Gly His Leu Arg Ser Ala Leu Thr Gly Ala Gly Val Ala
85 90 95
Ala Ala Leu Val Glu Gln Thr Val Ala Val Ala Glu Thr Val Arg Gly
100 105 110
Asp Val Val Thr Val
115
<210> 12
<211> 147
<212> PRT
<213> Aspergillus niger
<400> 12
Met Pro Leu Thr Pro Glu Gln Ile Lys Ile Ile Lys Ala Thr Val Pro
1 5 10 15
Val Leu Gln Glu Tyr Gly Thr Lys Ile Thr Thr Ala Phe Tyr Met Asn
20 25 30
Met Ser Thr Val His Pro Glu Leu Asn Ala Val Phe Asn Thr Ala Asn
35 40 45
Gln Val Lys Gly His Gln Ala Arg Ala Leu Ala Gly Ala Leu Phe Ala
50 55 60
Tyr Ala Ser His Ile Asp Asp Leu Gly Ala Leu Gly Pro Ala Val Glu
65 70 75 80
Leu Ile Cys Asn Lys His Ala Ser Leu Tyr Ile Gln Ala Asp Glu Tyr
85 90 95
Lys Ile Val Gly Lys Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ala Met Lys Glu Val Leu Gly
100 105 110
Asp Ala Cys Thr Asp Asp Ile Leu Asp Ala Trp Gly Ala Ala Tyr Trp
115 120 125
Ala Leu Ala Asp Ile Met Ile Asn Arg Glu Ala Ala Leu Tyr Lys Gln
130 135 140
Ser Gln Gly
145
<210> 13
<211> 165
<212> PRT
<213> Zea mays
<400> 13
Met Ala Leu Ala Glu Ala Asp Asp Gly Ala Val Val Phe Gly Glu Glu
1 5 10 15
Gln Glu Ala Leu Val Leu Lys Ser Trp Ala Val Met Lys Lys Asp Ala
20 25 30
Ala Asn Leu Gly Leu Arg Phe Phe Leu Lys Val Phe Glu Ile Ala Pro
35 40 45
Ser Ala Glu Gln Met Phe Ser Phe Leu Arg Asp Ser Asp Val Pro Leu
50 55 60
Glu Lys Asn Pro Lys Leu Lys Thr His Ala Met Ser Val Phe Val Met
65 70 75 80
Thr Cys Glu Ala Ala Ala Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala Gly Lys Val Thr Val
85 90 95
Arg Glu Thr Thr Leu Lys Arg Leu Gly Ala Thr His Leu Arg Tyr Gly
100 105 110
Val Ala Asp Gly His Phe Glu Val Thr Gly Phe Ala Leu Leu Glu Thr
115 120 125
Ile Lys Glu Ala Leu Pro Ala Asp Met Trp Ser Leu Glu Met Lys Lys
130 135 140
Ala Trp Ala Glu Ala Tyr Ser Gln Leu Val Ala Ala Ile Lys Arg Glu
145 150 155 160
Met Lys Pro Asp Ala
165
<210> 14
<211> 169
<212> PRT
<213> Oryza sativa subsp. japonica
<400> 14
Met Ala Leu Val Glu Gly Asn Asn Gly Val Ser Gly Gly Ala Val Ser
1 5 10 15
Phe Ser Glu Glu Gln Glu Ala Leu Val Leu Lys Ser Trp Ala Ile Met
20 25 30
Lys Lys Asp Ser Ala Asn Ile Gly Leu Arg Phe Phe Leu Lys Ile Phe
35 40 45
Glu Val Ala Pro Ser Ala Ser Gln Met Phe Ser Phe Leu Arg Asn Ser
50 55 60
Asp Val Pro Leu Glu Lys Asn Pro Lys Leu Lys Thr His Ala Met Ser
65 70 75 80
Val Phe Val Met Thr Cys Glu Ala Ala Ala Gln Leu Arg Lys Ala Gly
85 90 95
Lys Val Thr Val Arg Asp Thr Thr Leu Lys Arg Leu Gly Ala Thr His
100 105 110
Phe Lys Tyr Gly Val Gly Asp Ala His Phe Glu Val Thr Arg Phe Ala
115 120 125
Leu Leu Glu Thr Ile Lys Glu Ala Val Pro Val Asp Met Trp Ser Pro
130 135 140
Ala Met Lys Ser Ala Trp Ser Glu Ala Tyr Asn Gln Leu Val Ala Ala
145 150 155 160
Ile Lys Gln Glu Met Lys Pro Ala Glu
165
<210> 15
<211> 160
<212> PRT
<213> Arabidopsis thaliana
<400> 15
Met Glu Ser Glu Gly Lys Ile Val Phe Thr Glu Glu Gln Glu Ala Leu
1 5 10 15
Val Val Lys Ser Trp Ser Val Met Lys Lys Asn Ser Ala Glu Leu Gly
20 25 30
Leu Lys Leu Phe Ile Lys Ile Phe Glu Ile Ala Pro Thr Thr Lys Lys
35 40 45
Met Phe Ser Phe Leu Arg Asp Ser Pro Ile Pro Ala Glu Gln Asn Pro
50 55 60
Lys Leu Lys Pro His Ala Met Ser Val Phe Val Met Cys Cys Glu Ser
65 70 75 80
Ala Val Gln Leu Arg Lys Thr Gly Lys Val Thr Val Arg Glu Thr Thr
85 90 95
Leu Lys Arg Leu Gly Ala Ser His Ser Lys Tyr Gly Val Val Asp Glu
100 105 110
His Phe Glu Val Ala Lys Tyr Ala Leu Leu Glu Thr Ile Lys Glu Ala
115 120 125
Val Pro Glu Met Trp Ser Pro Glu Met Lys Val Ala Trp Gly Gln Ala
130 135 140
Tyr Asp His Leu Val Ala Ala Ile Lys Ala Glu Met Asn Leu Ser Asn
145 150 155 160
<210> 16
<211> 147
<212> PRT
<213> Pisum sativum
<400> 16
Met Gly Phe Thr Asp Lys Gln Glu Ala Leu Val Asn Ser Ser Trp Glu
1 5 10 15
Ser Phe Lys Gln Asn Leu Ser Gly Asn Ser Ile Leu Phe Tyr Thr Ile
20 25 30
Ile Leu Glu Lys Ala Pro Ala Ala Lys Gly Leu Phe Ser Phe Leu Lys
35 40 45
Asp Thr Ala Gly Val Glu Asp Ser Pro Lys Leu Gln Ala His Ala Glu
50 55 60
Gln Val Phe Gly Leu Val Arg Asp Ser Ala Ala Gln Leu Arg Thr Lys
65 70 75 80
Gly Glu Val Val Leu Gly Asn Ala Thr Leu Gly Ala Ile His Val Gln
85 90 95
Arg Gly Val Thr Asp Pro His Phe Val Val Val Lys Glu Ala Leu Leu
100 105 110
Gln Thr Ile Lys Lys Ala Ser Gly Asn Asn Trp Ser Glu Glu Leu Asn
115 120 125
Thr Ala Trp Glu Val Ala Tyr Asp Gly Leu Ala Thr Ala Ile Lys Lys
130 135 140
Ala Met Thr
145
<210> 17
<211> 145
<212> PRT
<213> Vigna unguiculata
<400> 17
Met Val Ala Phe Ser Asp Lys Gln Glu Ala Leu Val Asn Gly Ala Tyr
1 5 10 15
Glu Ala Phe Lys Ala Asn Ile Pro Lys Tyr Ser Val Val Phe Tyr Thr
20 25 30
Thr Ile Leu Glu Lys Ala Pro Ala Ala Lys Asn Leu Phe Ser Phe Leu
35 40 45
Ala Asn Gly Val Asp Ala Thr Asn Pro Lys Leu Thr Gly His Ala Glu
50 55 60
Lys Leu Phe Gly Leu Val Arg Asp Ser Ala Ala Gln Leu Arg Ala Ser
65 70 75 80
Gly Gly Val Val Ala Asp Ala Ala Leu Gly Ala Val His Ser Gln Lys
85 90 95
Ala Val Asn Asp Ala Gln Phe Val Val Val Lys Glu Ala Leu Val Lys
100 105 110
Thr Leu Lys Glu Ala Val Gly Asp Lys Trp Ser Asp Glu Leu Gly Thr
115 120 125
Ala Val Glu Leu Ala Tyr Asp Glu Leu Ala Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Ala
130 135 140
Tyr
145
<210> 18
<211> 154
<212> PRT
<213> Bos taurus
<400> 18
Met Gly Leu Ser Asp Gly Glu Trp Gln Leu Val Leu Asn Ala Trp Gly
1 5 10 15
Lys Val Glu Ala Asp Val Ala Gly His Gly Gln Glu Val Leu Ile Arg
20 25 30
Leu Phe Thr Gly His Pro Glu Thr Leu Glu Lys Phe Asp Lys Phe Lys
35 40 45
His Leu Lys Thr Glu Ala Glu Met Lys Ala Ser Glu Asp Leu Lys Lys
50 55 60
His Gly Asn Thr Val Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu Lys Lys Lys
65 70 75 80
Gly His His Glu Ala Glu Val Lys His Leu Ala Glu Ser His Ala Asn
85 90 95
Lys His Lys Ile Pro Val Lys Tyr Leu Glu Phe Ile Ser Asp Ala Ile
100 105 110
Ile His Val Leu His Ala Lys His Pro Ser Asp Phe Gly Ala Asp Ala
115 120 125
Gln Ala Ala Met Ser Lys Ala Leu Glu Leu Phe Arg Asn Asp Met Ala
130 135 140
Ala Gln Tyr Lys Val Leu Gly Phe His Gly
145 150
<210> 19
<211> 154
<212> PRT
<213> Sus scrofa
<400> 19
Met Gly Leu Ser Asp Gly Glu Trp Gln Leu Val Leu Asn Val Trp Gly
1 5 10 15
Lys Val Glu Ala Asp Val Ala Gly His Gly Gln Glu Val Leu Ile Arg
20 25 30
Leu Phe Lys Gly His Pro Glu Thr Leu Glu Lys Phe Asp Lys Phe Lys
35 40 45
His Leu Lys Ser Glu Asp Glu Met Lys Ala Ser Glu Asp Leu Lys Lys
50 55 60
His Gly Asn Thr Val Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu Lys Lys Lys
65 70 75 80
Gly His His Glu Ala Glu Leu Thr Pro Leu Ala Gln Ser His Ala Thr
85 90 95
Lys His Lys Ile Pro Val Lys Tyr Leu Glu Phe Ile Ser Glu Ala Ile
100 105 110
Ile Gln Val Leu Gln Ser Lys His Pro Gly Asp Phe Gly Ala Asp Ala
115 120 125
Gln Gly Ala Met Ser Lys Ala Leu Glu Leu Phe Arg Asn Asp Met Ala
130 135 140
Ala Lys Tyr Lys Glu Leu Gly Phe Gln Gly
145 150
<210> 20
<211> 154
<212> PRT
<213> Equus caballus
<400> 20
Met Gly Leu Ser Asp Gly Glu Trp Gln Gln Val Leu Asn Val Trp Gly
1 5 10 15
Lys Val Glu Ala Asp Ile Ala Gly His Gly Gln Glu Val Leu Ile Arg
20 25 30
Leu Phe Thr Gly His Pro Glu Thr Leu Glu Lys Phe Asp Lys Phe Lys
35 40 45
His Leu Lys Thr Glu Ala Glu Met Lys Ala Ser Glu Asp Leu Lys Lys
50 55 60
His Gly Thr Val Val Leu Thr Ala Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu Lys Lys Lys
65 70 75 80
Gly His His Glu Ala Glu Leu Lys Pro Leu Ala Gln Ser His Ala Thr
85 90 95
Lys His Lys Ile Pro Ile Lys Tyr Leu Glu Phe Ile Ser Asp Ala Ile
100 105 110
Ile His Val Leu His Ser Lys His Pro Gly Asp Phe Gly Ala Asp Ala
115 120 125
Gln Gly Ala Met Thr Lys Ala Leu Glu Leu Phe Arg Asn Asp Ile Ala
130 135 140
Ala Lys Tyr Lys Glu Leu Gly Phe Gln Gly
145 150
<210> 21
<211> 152
<212> PRT
<213> Nicotiana benthamiana
<400> 21
Met Ser Ser Phe Thr Glu Glu Gln Glu Ala Leu Val Val Lys Ser Trp
1 5 10 15
Asp Ser Met Lys Lys Asn Ala Gly Glu Trp Gly Leu Lys Leu Phe Leu
20 25 30
Lys Ile Phe Glu Ile Ala Pro Ser Ala Lys Lys Leu Phe Ser Phe Leu
35 40 45
Lys Asp Ser Asn Val Pro Leu Glu Gln Asn Ala Lys Leu Lys Pro His
50 55 60
Ser Lys Ser Val Phe Val Met Thr Cys Glu Ala Ala Val Gln Leu Arg
65 70 75 80
Lys Ala Gly Lys Val Val Val Arg Asp Ser Thr Leu Lys Lys Leu Gly
85 90 95
Ala Thr His Phe Lys Tyr Gly Val Ala Asp Glu His Phe Glu Val Thr
100 105 110
Lys Phe Ala Leu Leu Glu Thr Ile Lys Glu Ala Val Pro Glu Met Trp
115 120 125
Ser Val Asp Met Lys Asn Ala Trp Gly Glu Ala Phe Asp Gln Leu Val
130 135 140
Asn Ala Ile Lys Thr Glu Met Lys
145 150
<210> 22
<211> 132
<212> PRT
<213> Bacillus subtilis
<400> 22
Met Gly Gln Ser Phe Asn Ala Pro Tyr Glu Ala Ile Gly Glu Glu Leu
1 5 10 15
Leu Ser Gln Leu Val Asp Thr Phe Tyr Glu Arg Val Ala Ser His Pro
20 25 30
Leu Leu Lys Pro Ile Phe Pro Ser Asp Leu Thr Glu Thr Ala Arg Lys
35 40 45
Gln Lys Gln Phe Leu Thr Gln Tyr Leu Gly Gly Pro Pro Leu Tyr Thr
50 55 60
Glu Glu His Gly His Pro Met Leu Arg Ala Arg His Leu Pro Phe Pro
65 70 75 80
Ile Thr Asn Glu Arg Ala Asp Ala Trp Leu Ser Cys Met Lys Asp Ala
85 90 95
Met Asp His Val Gly Leu Glu Gly Glu Ile Arg Glu Phe Leu Phe Gly
100 105 110
Arg Leu Glu Leu Thr Ala Arg His Met Val Asn Gln Thr Glu Ala Glu
115 120 125
Asp Arg Ser Ser
130
<210> 23
<211> 131
<212> PRT
<213> Corynebacterium glutamicum
<400> 23
Met Thr Thr Ser Glu Asn Phe Tyr Asp Ser Val Gly Gly Glu Glu Thr
1 5 10 15
Phe Ser Leu Ile Val His Arg Phe Tyr Glu Gln Val Pro Asn Asp Asp
20 25 30
Ile Leu Gly Pro Met Tyr Pro Pro Asp Asp Phe Glu Gly Ala Glu Gln
35 40 45
Arg Leu Lys Met Phe Leu Ser Gln Tyr Trp Gly Gly Pro Lys Asp Tyr
50 55 60
Gln Glu Gln Arg Gly His Pro Arg Leu Arg Met Arg His Val Asn Tyr
65 70 75 80
Pro Ile Gly Val Thr Ala Ala Glu Arg Trp Leu Gln Leu Met Ser Asn
85 90 95
Ala Leu Asp Gly Val Asp Leu Thr Ala Glu Gln Arg Glu Ala Ile Trp
100 105 110
Glu His Met Val Arg Ala Ala Asp Met Leu Ile Asn Ser Asn Pro Asp
115 120 125
Pro His Ala
130
<210> 24
<211> 124
<212> PRT
<213> Synechocystis sp.
<400> 24
Met Ser Thr Leu Tyr Glu Lys Leu Gly Gly Thr Thr Ala Val Asp Leu
1 5 10 15
Ala Val Asp Lys Phe Tyr Glu Arg Val Leu Gln Asp Asp Arg Ile Lys
20 25 30
His Phe Phe Ala Asp Val Asp Met Ala Lys Gln Arg Ala His Gln Lys
35 40 45
Ala Phe Leu Thr Tyr Ala Phe Gly Gly Thr Asp Lys Tyr Asp Gly Arg
50 55 60
Tyr Met Arg Glu Ala His Lys Glu Leu Val Glu Asn His Gly Leu Asn
65 70 75 80
Gly Glu His Phe Asp Ala Val Ala Glu Asp Leu Leu Ala Thr Leu Lys
85 90 95
Glu Met Gly Val Pro Glu Asp Leu Ile Ala Glu Val Ala Ala Val Ala
100 105 110
Gly Ala Pro Ala His Lys Arg Asp Val Leu Asn Gln
115 120
<210> 25
<211> 183
<212> PRT
<213> Synechococcus sp.
<400> 25
Met Asp Val Ala Leu Leu Glu Lys Ser Phe Glu Gln Ile Ser Pro Arg
1 5 10 15
Ala Ile Glu Phe Ser Ala Ser Phe Tyr Gln Asn Leu Phe His His His
20 25 30
Pro Glu Leu Lys Pro Leu Phe Ala Glu Thr Ser Gln Thr Ile Gln Glu
35 40 45
Lys Lys Leu Ile Phe Ser Leu Ala Ala Ile Ile Glu Asn Leu Arg Asn
50 55 60
Pro Asp Ile Leu Gln Pro Ala Leu Lys Ser Leu Gly Ala Arg His Ala
65 70 75 80
Glu Val Gly Thr Ile Lys Ser His Tyr Pro Leu Val Gly Gln Ala Leu
85 90 95
Ile Glu Thr Phe Ala Glu Tyr Leu Ala Ala Asp Trp Thr Glu Gln Leu
100 105 110
Ala Thr Ala Trp Val Glu Ala Tyr Asp Val Ile Ala Ser Thr Met Ile
115 120 125
Glu Gly Ala Asp Asn Pro Ala Ala Tyr Leu Glu Pro Glu Leu Thr Phe
130 135 140
Tyr Glu Trp Leu Asp Leu Tyr Gly Glu Glu Ser Pro Lys Val Arg Asn
145 150 155 160
Ala Ile Ala Thr Leu Thr His Phe His Tyr Gly Glu Asp Pro Gln Asp
165 170 175
Val Gln Arg Asp Ser Arg Gly
180
<210> 26
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> Nostoc commune
<400> 26
Met Ser Thr Leu Tyr Asp Asn Ile Gly Gly Gln Pro Ala Ile Glu Gln
1 5 10 15
Val Val Asp Glu Leu His Lys Arg Ile Ala Thr Asp Ser Leu Leu Ala
20 25 30
Pro Val Phe Ala Gly Thr Asp Met Val Lys Gln Arg Asn His Leu Val
35 40 45
Ala Phe Leu Ala Gln Ile Phe Glu Gly Pro Lys Gln Tyr Gly Gly Arg
50 55 60
Pro Met Asp Lys Thr His Ala Gly Leu Asn Leu Gln Gln Pro His Phe
65 70 75 80
Asp Ala Ile Ala Lys His Leu Gly Glu Arg Met Ala Val Arg Gly Val
85 90 95
Ser Ala Glu Asn Thr Lys Ala Ala Leu Asp Arg Val Thr Asn Met Lys
100 105 110
Gly Ala Ile Leu Asn Lys
115
<210> 27
<211> 136
<212> PRT
<213> Bacillus megaterium
<400> 27
Met Arg Glu Lys Ile His Ser Pro Tyr Glu Leu Leu Gly Gly Glu His
1 5 10 15
Thr Ile Ser Lys Leu Val Asp Ala Phe Tyr Thr Arg Val Gly Gln His
20 25 30
Pro Glu Leu Ala Pro Ile Phe Pro Asp Asn Leu Thr Glu Thr Ala Arg
35 40 45
Lys Gln Lys Gln Phe Leu Thr Gln Tyr Leu Gly Gly Pro Ser Leu Tyr
50 55 60
Thr Glu Glu His Gly His Pro Met Leu Arg Ala Arg His Leu Pro Phe
65 70 75 80
Glu Ile Thr Pro Ser Arg Ala Lys Ala Trp Leu Thr Cys Met His Glu
85 90 95
Ala Met Asp Glu Ile Asn Leu Glu Gly Pro Glu Arg Asp Glu Leu Tyr
100 105 110
His Arg Leu Ile Leu Thr Ala Gln His Met Ile Asn Ser Pro Glu Gln
115 120 125
Thr Asp Glu Lys Gly Phe Ser His
130 135
Claims (40)
- a) 0.1%-1% (w/v)의 헴-함유 단백질;
b) 글루코스, 리보스, 프룩토스, 락토스, 자일로스, 아라비노스, 글루코스-6-포스페이트, 말토스, 갈락토스, 및 이의 2종 이상의 혼합물로부터 선택되는 당, 당 알콜, 당산, 또는 당 유도체;
c) 시스테인, 시스틴, 셀레노시스테인, 티아민, 및 이의 2종 이상의 혼합물로부터 선택되는 화합물; 및
d) 1종 이상의 식물성 단백질
을 포함하는 식제품이며,
조리시, 육류 제품의 맛을 모사하는 식제품. - 제1항에 있어서, 동물 제품을 함유하지 않는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 식제품을 조리하면 2-메틸-푸란, 비스(2-메틸-3-푸릴)디술피드, 2-펜틸-푸란, 3,3'-디티오비스-2-메틸-푸란, 2,5-디메틸-피라진, 2-메틸-3-푸란티올, 디히드로-3-(2H)-티오페논, 5-메틸-2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 3-메틸-2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 2-메틸-티아졸, 디메틸 술피드, 데칸알, 5-에틸디히드로-2(3H)-푸라논, 디히드로-5-펜틸-2(3H)-푸라논, 2-옥타논, 3,5-옥타디엔-2-온, p-크레졸, 헥산산, 1,3-비스(1,1-디메틸에틸)-벤젠 및 비스(2-메틸-4,5-디히드로-3-푸릴)디술피드로부터 선택되는 적어도 2종의 소고기 향미를 갖는 휘발성 화합물이 생성되는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 헴-함유 단백질이 서열 1-26에 제시된 폴리펩티드의 아미노산 서열을 포함하는 것인 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 헴-함유 단백질이 단리되고 정제된 것인 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 이노신, 이노신 모노포스페이트(IMP), 구아노신, 구아노신 모노포스페이트(GMP), 및 아데노신 모노포스페이트(AMP) 중 1종 이상을 추가로 포함하는 소비가능한 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 베타-카로틴, 알파-토코페롤, 카페인산, 프로필 갈레이트, 및 에피갈로카테킨 갈레이트 중 1종 이상을 추가로 포함하는 소비가능한 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 식물성 오일, 조류 오일, 해바라기 오일, 옥수수 오일, 대두 오일, 팜 열매 오일, 팜핵 오일, 홍화 오일, 아마씨 오일, 쌀겨 오일, 목화씨 오일, 올리브 오일, 카놀라 오일, 코코넛 오일, 및 망고 오일 중 1종 이상을 추가로 포함하는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 코코넛 오일을 추가로 포함하는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 락트산을 추가로 포함하는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 대두-무함유, 밀-무함유, 효모-무함유, MSG-무함유, 및 단백질 가수분해 생성물 무함유로부터 선택되는 1종 이상의 특성을 갖는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 조직화 식물성 단백질을 포함하는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 5.6 내지 20 mM의 당, 당 알콜, 당산, 또는 당 유도체를 포함하는 소비가능한 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 적어도 총 10 mM의 시스테인, 시스틴, 티아민, 또는 이의 2종 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 0.8 mM 내지 10 mM의 시스테인을 포함하는 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 0.1 mM 내지 2 mM의 티아민을 포함하는 식제품.
- 제3항에 있어서, 적어도 2종의 휘발성 화합물이 2-메틸-푸란, 비스(2-메틸-3-푸릴)디술피드, 2-펜틸-푸란, 3,3'-디티오비스-2-메틸-푸란, 2,5-디메틸-피라진, 2-메틸-3-푸란티올, 디히드로-3-(2H)-티오페논, 5-메틸-2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 3-메틸-2-티오펜카르복스알데히드, 2-메틸-티아졸, 디메틸 술피드, 데칸알, 5-에틸디히드로-2(3H)-푸라논, 디히드로-5-펜틸-2(3H)-푸라논, 2-옥타논, 3,5-옥타디엔-2-온, p-크레졸, 및 헥산산으로부터 선택되는 것인 식제품.
- 제3항에 있어서, 조리가 식제품을 3 내지 5 분 동안 150 ℃에서 가열하는 것을 포함하는 것인 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 아세트산, 락트산, 글리콜산, 시트르산, 숙신산, 타르타르산, 카프릴산, 카프릭산, 라우르산, 미리스트산, 팔미트산, 팔미톨레산, 스테아르산, 올레산, 리놀레산, 알파 리놀레산, 감마 리놀레산, 아라키딘산, 아라키돈산, 베헨산, 및 에루신산 중 1종 이상을 추가로 포함하는 식제품.
- 제3항에 있어서, 헴-함유 단백질, 당, 당 알콜, 당산, 또는 당 유도체, 및 시스테인, 시스틴, 셀레노시스테인, 티아민, 및 이의 2종 이상의 혼합물로부터 선택되는 화합물이 각각 소비가능한 식제품의 조리시 적어도 2종의 휘발성 화합물을 생성하는 양으로 존재하는 것인 소비가능한 식제품.
- 제20항에 있어서, 적어도 2종의 휘발성 화합물은 헴-함유 단백질의 상응하는 양을 포함하지 않는 대조 식제품의 조리시 검출가능하게 생성되지 않는 것인 식제품.
- 제3항에 있어서, 식제품을 조리하면 적어도 5종의 소고기 향미를 갖는 휘발성 화합물이 생성되는 것인 식제품.
- 제3항에 있어서, 식제품을 조리하면 적어도 10종의 소고기 향미를 갖는 휘발성 화합물이 생성되는 것인 식제품.
- 제3항에 있어서, 식제품을 조리하면 적어도 20종의 소고기 향미를 갖는 휘발성 화합물이 생성되는 것인 식제품.
- 제3항에 있어서, 적어도 2종의 휘발성 화합물이 2-메틸-푸란 및 비스(2-메틸-3-푸릴)디술피드인 것인 식제품.
- 제1항에 있어서, 소고기 제품의 맛 및 조직감을 모사하는 식제품.
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J. Agric. Food Chem.. Vol.54, pp.1518-1522, 2006년* |
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