JP6080926B2 - 活性薬剤に対する結晶性微粒子表面の親和性を増大させることに基づく薬物処方の方法 - Google Patents
活性薬剤に対する結晶性微粒子表面の親和性を増大させることに基づく薬物処方の方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6080926B2 JP6080926B2 JP2015183478A JP2015183478A JP6080926B2 JP 6080926 B2 JP6080926 B2 JP 6080926B2 JP 2015183478 A JP2015183478 A JP 2015183478A JP 2015183478 A JP2015183478 A JP 2015183478A JP 6080926 B2 JP6080926 B2 JP 6080926B2
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Description
本願は、米国仮特許出願第60/717,524号(2005年9月14日出願)、および米国仮特許出願第60/744,882号(2006年4月14日出願)(これらの内容全体は、その全体が本明細書によって参考として援用される)に基づく、米国特許法第119条(e)の下における利益を主張する。
本発明は、一般に、薬物処方の領域における発明であり、そして特に、活性薬剤を結晶性微粒子の表面上にコーティングする方法に関する。
治療剤の送達は、主要な懸案事項である。経口投与は、投与の容易さ、患者のコンプライアンス、およびコストの減少に起因して、送達の最も一般的でありかつ好ましい経路の1つである。しかし、この経路の不利益としては、治療薬の低いかまたは変動する効力、および治療薬の非効率的な吸収(adsorption)が挙げられる。これは、特に、送達される化合物が胃腸管において直面する条件下で不安定である場合に明白である。種々のコーティング法および封入法が、当該分野で開発されているが、この問題への取り組みにおいて有効であるものはわずかしかない。さらに、胃腸管の条件で活性がより低い傾
向にあり、そして有効量で血流中に吸収されるためにより高い投薬量で投与されなければならない治療用化合物が、存在する。
本方法は、結晶性微粒子表面上に活性薬剤のコーティングを形成することを提供する。一般に、微粒子は、その微粒子の表面特性を改変することによって活性薬剤によってコーティングされることにより、その活性薬剤が、溶液中に保持されるものよりも高いその微粒子表面に対する親和性を有する。
添付の図面は、本明細書の一部を形成し、そして本明細書中に開示される実施例の特定の局面をさらに示すために含まれる。本発明は、本明細書中で提供される特定の実施形態の詳細な説明と組み合せてこれらの図面の1つ以上を参照することによって、より十分に理解され得る。
上記結晶性微粒子上にコーティングされる物質は、本明細書中で活性薬剤と称される。活性薬剤のクラスの例としては、治療的、予防的、および/または診断的な有用性を有する薬学的組成物、合成化合物、および有機高分子が挙げられる。
本質的に、用語「微粒子」とは、正確な外部構造または内部構造に関係なく、約0.5〜1000μmの直径を有する粒子をいう。微粒子の広範な分類内において、「マイクロスフェア」とは、均一な球形状を有する微粒子をいう。結晶性微粒子とは、本明細書中で使用される場合、結晶の内部構造を有するが、必ずしも結晶の外部形態を有さず、そして空間格子における原子の規則的な配列を有する微粒子をいう。イオン化可能な結晶表面とは、電荷を保有するためのさらなる能力を有する結晶性微粒子をいう。
制御されたコーティングとは、結晶性微粒子の表面上に活性薬剤を吸着させる指向性のプロセスをいう。そのコーティングプロセスは、溶液の条件(例えば、pH、温度、極性、イオン強度、および共溶媒)を変化させること、一価イオンまたは多価イオンへの複合体形成、あるいは化学的誘導体化のいずれかによって、流体懸濁物中の結晶性微粒子の表面特性を変化させる工程を包含する。活性薬剤の添加の前または後のいずれかにおいて上記微粒子の表面特性を変えることは、活性薬剤とのその微粒子の化学的相互作用に影響を及ぼし、それによって活性薬剤のその結晶性微粒子への吸着を生じる。上記微粒子と活性薬剤との間の化学的相互作用は、吸着を駆動し、そしてその微粒子の表面上にその活性薬剤の単一層をもたらす。一旦活性薬剤の分子が吸着されると、上記微粒子表面の部分は、特定の表面の点におけるさらなる活性薬剤のさらなる相互作用および吸着に曝されない。得られた単一層は、連続的(到達可能な表面にわたって、吸着された活性薬剤分子の間に隙間がない)または非連続的(吸着された活性薬剤分子の間に露出した微粒子表面の隙間がある)にいずれかであり得る。
上で考察されるように、上記活性薬剤の上記微粒子への吸着は、その活性薬剤のその微粒子への単一層形成(コーティング)を生じる。しかし、例えば、結晶性微粒子への活性薬剤(例えば、インスリン)の吸着における役割にて、1つより多い機構が、存在する。
結晶性微粒子(例えば、予め形成された結晶性微粒子)を活性薬剤によってコーティングするための手順は、以下の通りに一般的に記載される:沈殿、または別の方法によって予め形成された結晶性微粒子は、液体媒体(例えば、水)に懸濁され;そしてその媒体は、活性薬剤の添加の前または後のいずれかにおいて粒子の表面を変えるために調整される。この時点において、上記活性薬剤は、上記微粒子表面に吸着され、そして時間間隔(例えば、1分間未満、1分間、2分間、3分間、4分間、5分間、6分間、7分間、8分間、9分間、または10分間;好ましくは、1分間未満〜少なくとも5分間)の後、その負荷プロセスは完了する。上記液体媒体は、濾過、遠心分離、凍結乾燥または噴霧乾燥を含む任意の手段によって除去されても、媒体の交換によって置換されてもよい。吸着は、以下の2つの実験的アプローチのいずれかによって確認され得る:1)濾液または上清中に活性薬剤が著しい量で存在しないことを示す工程、および/あるいは2)固相中の活性薬剤の存在を示す一方で、活性薬剤が、上記微粒子の非存在下で同一の手順を採る場合に沈殿しないことを示す工程。
本明細著中の他の場所で考察されるように、上記微粒子の表面特性は、種々の手段によって操作され得る。操作され得る微粒子表面特性としては、静電特性、疎水特性、および水素結合特性が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。種々の実施形態において、これらの操作は、上記活性薬剤の非存在下または存在下において実行されるか、あるいは上記微粒子および上記活性薬剤を一緒に混合する前または後に実行される。上記操作が、上記活性薬剤の存在下で、例えば、溶液の条件を変えることによって行われる場合、上記活性薬剤が上記微粒子の表面に対するその親和性を改変する能力に対する効果が、存在し得る。したがって、本発明のいくつかの実施形態において、上記微粒子のコーティングは、表面特性の操作および上記活性薬剤の特性の改変を包含し得る。後者に関する方法は、本願と同じ年月日に出願された同時係属中である発明の名称「METHOD OF DRUG FORMULATION BASED ON INCREASING THE AFFINITY OF ACTIVE AGENTS FOR CRYSTALLINE MICROPARTICLE SURFACES」の米国特許出願第_/_(代理人整理番号51300−00035)(その全体は本明細書中に参考として援用される)に開示される。
静電特性に加えて、微粒子表面の他の特性が、活性薬剤の吸着を制御するために探索され得る。イミダゾール、ピリジン、Schiff塩基、ケトン、カルボン酸バイオイソスター(bioisostere)、アミド、または複数の構造において存在し得る他の官能基を有する化合物を含む微粒子は、表面特性を改変するために操作され得た。
上記結晶性表面の活性薬剤による制御されたコーティングの後における溶媒の除去は、沈殿、濾過、または乾燥を含むが、これらに限定されない方法によって達成され得る。乾燥技術としては、凍結乾燥および噴霧乾燥が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。これらの技術は、当業者に公知である。本発明の1つの実施形態において、溶媒は、噴霧乾燥によって除去される。ジケトピペラジン微粒子を噴霧乾燥する方法は、例えば、米国仮特許出願第60/776,605号(2006年2月22日出願)(これがジケトピペラジン微粒子の噴霧乾燥に関して含む全てのものについて、本明細書中に参考として援用される)に開示される。
本発明は、流体懸濁物中の結晶性微粒子の表面特性の変化を分析するために、超音波分光学の技術を使用し、その変化は、活性薬剤の上記結晶性微粒子への吸着を促進または増強する。本明細書中の他の場所で開示されるように、このような変化は、活性薬剤の添加の前または後のいずれかにおいて上記微粒子の表面特性を変えるために、溶液の条件(例えば、pH、温度、極性、イオン強度、および共溶媒)を変化させること、一価イオンまたは多価イオンへの複合体形成、あるいは化学的誘導体化を包含する。
(活性薬剤によって微粒子を負荷するための一般的手順)
下の表1は、pHに制御された吸着を利用したイオン化可能な結晶性微粒子(FDKP微粒子)の静電的に駆動されるコーティングの例である。これらの実験において、FDKP微粒子懸濁物を、pH2.0およびpH4.5にて調製した。次いで、タンパク質(成長ホルモン)を、各々に添加して、5mg/mL FDKP粒子および200μg/mLタンパク質の最終濃度を得た。混合した後、バルク液体(bulk liquid)を、濾過によって懸濁物から除去した。次いで、そのフィルター上に捕捉された物質を、溶解および回収した。全ての分画中のタンパク質濃度を、HPLCによって定量した。
(pHを操作することによるFDKP微粒子のイオン化の制御)
FDKPは、各末端にカルボン酸官能基を有する棒形状の分子であり、FDKPは、そのカルボン酸が、プロトン化され、そして電荷を保有しない場合、pH3.5未満で水に本質的に不溶性である。FDKPの溶解性は、上記カルボキシル基のイオン化に対応して、pH3.5より上で迅速に増大する。FDKP結晶(2つの大きな平面および狭い辺を有するプレートとして形成する)のモデリングは、棒様のFDKP分子がそのプレートの辺に対して垂直に整列することにより、その分子のカルボン酸末端がそのプレートの大きい面上に配列されることを示す。理論的基礎において、FDKP結晶の表面は、約pH5.0で部分的にイオン化されるべきであり、その溶解性は、微粒子の10mg/mL懸濁物が溶解するpHの直下において約1mg/mLである。
(表面特性のpH操作によるFDKP微粒子上へのタンパク質の負荷)
pH操作によるイオン化可能な微粒子表面上へのタンパク質の吸着は、2つの方法で達成され得る。上記タンパク質が、添加され得、次いでpHが、タンパク質の随伴性の吸着による表面のイオン化をもたらすために調整され得る。このプロセスは、可逆的である。あるいは、上記粒子懸濁物のpHは、上記タンパク質が添加される前に上記表面のイオン化をもたらすために調整され得る。
(インスリンのFDKP微粒子上へのpH駆動性吸着の特徴付け)
インスリンを、FDKP微粒子の水性懸濁物と、インスリンの水溶液とを混合することによって、pH制御プロセスにおいてFDKP微粒子上に吸着(負荷)させた。FDKP微粒子へのインスリンの結合に対するpHの効果を特徴付けるために、種々のpH値におけるFDKP粒子の5mg/mL懸濁物を、調製した。次いで、過剰の溶解したインスリンを、添加し、約5分間にわたって放置して吸着させ、その後、結合していないインスリンを、濾過によって除去した。吸着したインスリンを有する固体粒子を、そのフィルターから回収し(残留物)、溶解し、そして収集した。インスリンおよび溶解したFDKP微粒子の量を、HPLCによって定量した。吸着したインスリンの量を、合計した質量の残留物の分画として算出した。インスリン吸着のpH依存性を、図4Aに示す;pHの関数としての増大したインスリン吸着。同様の結果を、それぞれ、図4B、C、およびDに示したように、SSX−241−49モノクローナル抗体、PTH、およびグレリンについて得た。
(インスリンによるFDKP微粒子の負荷の説明)
生産スケール形式(production scale format)(2〜5kg)において、FDKPの微粒子を、酢酸による酸沈殿によって形成し、そして洗浄する。pH3.6のインスリン溶液を、FDKP粒子懸濁物に添加する。上記インスリンストック溶液を、10重量%のインスリンおよび2.5重量%の酢酸(約3.6のpH)である。水酸化アンモニウムを、使用して、混合物のpHを4.5に調整した。表3は、約11.4重量%のインスリンを含む粒子を調製するために使用した、処方物のキログラムあたりの種々の成分の量を使用する。ポリソルベート80は、粒子の処方の間に組み込まれ得、そして最終的な粒子の取り扱いの特徴を改善し得る。時間は、FDKP粒子上へのインスリンの吸着を可能にし、そして徹底的な混合を確保を可能にする。次いで、その混合物を、液体窒素に滴下して、その懸濁物を新鮮に凍結させる。その流体媒体を、凍結乾燥によって除去して、FDKP粒子/インスリンのバルク薬物生成物を生成する。あるいは、その混合物を、噴霧乾燥する。表4は、上記流体媒体の除去後におけるバルク生成物中の種々の成分の量を示す。
*ポリソルベート80含量は、HPLC/MSアッセイによって推定される。
**FDKP/インスリン処方物は、凍結乾燥後に約1.2%の残留水を含む。微量の酢酸および水酸化アンモニウムもまた、存在し得る。
(タンパク質による微粒子表面の飽和(連続的な単一層の形成))
単一層による微粒子の表面コーティングは、飽和可能なプロセスであるべきである。すなわち、活性薬剤分子のその到達可能な表面積および直径は、微粒子表面の能力を決定する。図6は、この飽和を示す。
(静電相互作用の機構についての形跡)
相互作用の静電的機構についての形跡は、静電相互作用を弱めることによって吸着を妨げる能力である。これは、イオン化された粒子/活性薬剤系に塩を添加することによって示される。図8A〜8Dは、活性薬剤−FDKP微粒子系における増大するイオン強度が上記活性薬剤の上記微粒子への吸着を減少させることを示す。
を示す。
i)該活性薬剤と該結晶性微粒子との間のエネルギー的相互作用を、溶媒除去とは関係なく調整する工程;および
ii)該活性薬剤を該微粒子の表面上に吸着させる工程;
を包含する、方法。
i)活性薬剤と該結晶性微粒子との間のエネルギー的相互作用を、溶媒除去とは関係なく調整する工程;および
ii)該インスリンを該微粒子の表面上に吸着させる工程;
を包含する、方法。
Claims (13)
- イオン化されて活性薬剤に静電的に結合するイオン化結晶性表面を含み、
前記活性薬剤は、タンパク質を含む、
ことを特徴とするフマリルジケトピペラジン(FDKP)微粒子。 - 前記活性薬剤は、インスリン又はインスリンアナログである、
ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の微粒子。 - FDKPコア及びインスリンのコーティングを含む微粒子であって、
インスリンの少なくとも一部は、前記FDKPコアの表面に結合され、
インスリンが結合された前記FDKPコアの表面は、一部がイオン化された複数のカルボン酸基を含み、
前記FDKPコアがpH約4〜約5の水溶液中に分散されたときに、複数のカルボン酸基は、前記表面上に存在するイオン化されたカルボン酸基の量と等価の量でイオン化されている、
ことを特徴とする微粒子。 - 前記FDKPコアがpH約4.4〜約5の水溶液中に分散されたときに、複数のカルボン酸基は、前記表面上に存在するイオン化されたカルボン酸基の量と等価の量でイオン化されている、
ことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の微粒子。 - 前記微粒子は、約9重量%〜約12重量%のインスリンを含む、
ことを特徴とする請求項2乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の微粒子。 - 前記微粒子はさらに、ポリソルベート80を含む、
ことを特徴とする請求項3乃至5のいずれか1項に記載の微粒子。 - 前記微粒子は、少なくとも0.7重量%のポリソルベート80を含む、
ことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の微粒子。 - 前記活性薬剤又はインスリンは、結晶性表面上に単一層を形成する、
ことを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれか1項に記載の微粒子。 - 前記単一層は、連続的である、
ことを特徴とする請求項8に記載の微粒子。 - 溶液中にジケトピペラジン、ポリソルベート80及び酸を取り入れることを含み、
ジケトピペラジンは、低いpHで限定された溶解性及び沈殿性を有する、
ことを特徴とするポリソルベート80を含むジケトピペラジン微粒子を調製する方法。 - ジケトピペラジンは、3,6−ジ(スクシニル−4−アミノブチル)−2,5−ジケトピペラジン;3,6−ジ(マレイル−4−アミノブチル)−2,5−ジケトピペラジン;3,6−ジ(シトラコニル(citraconyl)−4−アミノブチル)−2−5−ジケトピペラジン;3,6−ジ(グルタリル−4−アミノブチル)−2,5−ジケトピペラジン;3,6−ジ(マロニル−4−アミノブチル)−2,5−ジケトピペラジン;3,6−ジ(オキサリル−4−アミノブチル)−2,5−ジケトピペラジン;及び3,6−ジ(フマリル−4−アミノブチル)−2,5−ジケトピペラジンからなる群より選択される、
ことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の方法。 - ジケトピペラジンは、3,6−ジ(フマリル−4−アミノブチル)−2,5−ジケトピペラジンである、
ことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。 - 酸は、酢酸である、
ことを特徴とする請求項10に記載の方法。
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