US5118666A

US5118666A - Insulinotropic hormone

Info

Publication number: US5118666A
Application number: US07/532,111
Authority: US
Inventors: Joel F. Habener
Original assignee: General Hospital Corp
Current assignee: General Hospital Corp
Priority date: 1986-05-05
Filing date: 1990-06-01
Publication date: 1992-06-02
Anticipated expiration: 2009-06-02

Abstract

Derivatives of glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-1) have been found to have insulinotropic activity. The invention pertains to such derivatives, and to the use of such derivatives as a potential therapy for Diabetes Mellitus.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/148,517, filed Jan. 26, 1988, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 859,928, filed on May 5, 1986, and now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is directed to the discovery that certain peptide fragments of the prehormone, proglucagon, possess hormonal activities and can be used to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of the hormone, insulin. These peptide fragments are useful in therapy for the disease Diabetes mellitus.

2. Description of the Background Art

The endocrine secretions of the pancreatic islets are under complex control not only by blood-borne metabolites (glucose, amino acids, catecholamines, etc.), but also by local paracrine influences. The major pancreatic islet hormones (glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin) interact among their specific cell types (A, B, and D cells, respectively) to modulate secretory responses mediated by the metabolites. Although insulin secretion is predominantly controlled by blood levels of glucose, glucagon and somatostatin stimulate and inhibit glucose-mediated insulin secretory responses, respectively. In addition to the proposed interislet paracrine regulation of insulin secretion, there is evidence to support the existence of insulinotropic factors in the intestine. This concept originates from the observations that glucose taken orally is a much more potent stimulant of insulin secretion than is a comparable amount of glucose given intravenously.

The human hormone, glucagon, is a 29-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the A-cells of the pancreas. The hormone belongs to a multi-gene family of structurally related peptides that include secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and glicentin. These peptides variously regulate carbohydrate metabolism, gastrointestinal mobility, and secretory processing. The principal recognized actions of pancreatic glucagon, however, are to promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, resulting in an elevation of blood sugar levels. In this regard, the actions of glucagon are counterregulatory to those of insulin and may contribute to the hyperglycemia that accompanies Diabetes mellitus (Lund, P. K., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 79:345-349 (1982)).

Glucagon has been found to be capable of binding to specific receptors which lie on the surface of insulin-producing cells. Glucagon, when bound to these receptors, stimulates the rapid synthesis of cAMP, by these cells. cAMP, in turn, has been found to stimulate insulin expression (Korman, L. Y., et al., Diabetes 34:717-722 (1985)). Insulin acts to inhibit glucagon synthesis (Review of Medical Physiology, Ganong, W. F., 1979, Lang Publications, Los Altos, California (p. 273)). Thus, the expression of glucagon is carefully regulated by insulin, and ultimately by the serum glucose level.

The glucagon gene is initially translated from a 630-base pair precursor to form the polypeptide, preproglycagon (Lund et al. (1982)). This polypeptide is subsequently processed to form proglucagon. Patzelt, C., et al. (Nature 282:260-266 (1979) demonstrated that proglucagon was subsequently cleaved into glucagon and a second polypeptide. Subsequent work by Lund, P. K., et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:345-349 (1982)); Lopez, L. C., et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5485-5489 (1983)) and Bell, G. I., et al. (Nature 302:716-718 (1983)) demonstrated that the proglucagon molecule was cleaved immediately after lysine-arginine dipeptide residues. Studies of proglucagon produced by channel catfish (Ictalurus punctata) indicated that glucagon from this animal was also proteolytically cleaved after adjacent lysine-arginine and arginine-arginine dipeptide residues (Andrews, P. C., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:3910-3914 (1985)). Lopez, L. C., et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5485-5489 (1983)), and Bell, G. I., et al., discovered the mammalian proglucagon was cleaved adjacent lysine-arginine or arginine-arginine dipeptides and demonstrated that the proglucagon molecule contained three discrete and highly homologous peptide molecules which were designated glucagon, glucagon-like protein 1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like protein 2 (GLP-2). Lopez et al. concluded that glucagon-like protein 1 was 37 amino acid residues long and that glucagon-like peptide 2 was 34 amino acid residues long. Analogous studies on the structure of rat preproglucagon revealed a similar pattern of proteolytic cleavage between adjacent lysine-arginine or arginine-arginine dipeptide residues, resulting in the formation of glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2 (Heinrich, G., et al., Endocrinol. 115:2176-2181 (1984)). Human rat, bovine, and hamster sequences of GLP-1 have been found to be identical (Ghiglione, M., et al., Diabetoloqia 27:599-600 (1984)).

The conclusion reached by Lopez et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5485-5489 (1983)) regarding the size of GLP-1 was confirmed by the work of Uttenthal, L. O., et al., (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 61:472-479 (1985)). Uttenthal et al. examined the molecular forms of GLP-1 which were present in the human pancreas. Their research shows that GLP-1 and GLP-2 are present in the pancreas as proteins having 37 and 34 amino acid residues, respectively.

The similarity between GLP-1 and glucagon suggested to early investigators that GLP-1 might have biological activity. Although some investigators found that GLP-1 could induce rat brain cells to synthesize cAMP (Hoosein, N. M., et al., FEBS Lett. 178:83-86 (1984)), other investigators failed to identify any physiological role for GLP-1 (Lopez, L. C., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5485-5489 (1983)). The failure to identify any physiological role for GLP-1 caused some investigators to question whether GLP-1 was in fact a hormone and whether the relatedness between glucagon and GLP-1 might be artifactual (Ghiglione, M., et al., Diabetologia 27:599-600 (1984)).

Thus, in conclusion, the prior art reveals an awareness of the processing of a glucagon hormone precursor into a set of peptides sharing extensive homology. It has been widely assumed by those of skill in the art that these highly related glucagon-like peptides would have a biological activity. Nevertheless, extensive investigations designed to elucidate the biological effects of these molecules had been unsuccessful.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an insulinotropic hormone comprising GLP-1 and its derivatives. The invention additionally pertains to the therapeutic uses of such compounds.

In detail, the invention pertains to a peptide fragment which is insulinotropic and is derivable from a naturally occurring amino acid sequence.

The invention comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of:

(A) a peptide comprising the sequence:

His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-X

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) Lys,

(b) Lys-Gly,

(c) Lys-Gly-Arg;

and

(B) a derivative of the peptide; wherein the compound is substantially free of natural contaminants, and has an insulinotropic activity which exceeds the insulinotropic activity of GLP-1 (1-36) or GLP-1 (1-37).

The invention also includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:

(A) a peptide comprising the sequence:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) Lys,

(b) Lys-Gly,

(c) Lys-Gly-Arg;

and

(B) a derivative of the peptide; wherein the compound is substantially free of natural contaminants, and has an insulinotropic activity at a concentration of at least 10^-10 M.

Of particular interest are peptides of the following formula:

(1) H.sub.2 N--X--CO--R.sup.1

wherein R¹ is OH, OM, or --NR² R³ ;

M is a pharmaceutically acceptable cation or a lower branched or unbranched alkyl group;

R² and R³ are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a lower branched or unbranched alkyl group;

X is a peptide comprising the sequence:

His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly-Arg

NH₂ is the amine group of the amino terminus of X; and CO is the carbonyl group of the carboxy terminus of X;

(2) the acid addition salts thereof; and

(3) the protected or partially protected derivatives thereof;

wherein said compound has an insulinotropic activity which exceeds the insulinotropic activity of GLP-1 (1-36) or GLP-1 (1-37).

The invention further pertains to a method for enhancing the expression of insulin which comprises providing to a mammalian pancreatic B-type islet cell an effective amount of the insulinotropic peptides disclosed above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the DNA structure and corresponding amino acid sequence of human, rat, and hamster preproglucagons. The preproglucagon precursor is proteolytically cleaved at sites indicated by circles.

FIG. 2 shows the ability of the insulinotropic peptides glucagon and GLP-1 (7-37) to stimulate cAMP formation in the insulinoma line, RIN 1046-38.

FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the insulinotropic activity of glucagon with that of GLP-1 (7-37).

FIG. 4 shows a comparison of the insulinotropic activities of GLP-1 (7-34), GLP-1 (7-35), and GLP-1 (7-37) using the rat pancreas perfusion technique.

FIG. 5 shows the breakdown of GLP-1 (1-37) into GLP-1 (7-37) under experimental conditions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A. GLP-1 and Its Derivatives

The hormone glucagon is known to be synthesized as a high molecular weight precursor molecule which is subsequently proteolytically cleaved into three peptides: glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2). GLP-1 has 37 amino acids in its unprocessed form. The present invention discloses that the unprocessed GLP-1 is essentially unable to mediate the induction of insulin biosynthesis. The unprocessed GLP-1 peptide is, however, naturally converted to a 31-amino acid long peptide (7-37 peptide) having amino acids 7-37 of GLP-1 ("GLP-1 (7-37)"). This processing occurs in the pancreas and the intestine. The 7-37 peptide which has not been previosly described is a hormone that has insulinotropic activity. A compound is said to have an "insulinotropic activity" if it is able to stimulate, or cause the stimulation of, the synthesis or expression of the hormone insulin. The hormonal activity of GLP-1 (7-37) appears to be specific for the pancreatic beta cells where it appears to induce the biosynthesis of insulin. The insulinotropic hormone is useful in the study of the pathogenesis of maturity onset diabetes mellitus, a condition in which the dynamics of insulin secretion are abnormal. Moreover, the insulinotropic hormone is useful in therapy for this disease.

Peptide moieties (fragments) chosen from the determined amino acid sequence of human GLP-1 constitute the starting point in the development comprising the present invention. The interchangeable terms "peptide fragment" and "peptide moiety" are meant to include both synthetic and naturally occurring amino acid sequences derivable from a naturally occurring amino acid sequence.

The amino acid sequence for GLP-1 has been reported by several researchers (Lopez, L. C., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 80:5485- 5489 (1983); Bell, G. I., et a., Nature 302:716-718 (1983); Heinrich, G., et al., Endocrinol. 115:2176-2181 (1984); Ghiglione, M., et al., Diabetologia 27:599-600 (1984)). The structure of the preproglucagon gene and its corresponding amino acid sequence is shown in FIG. 1. This figure further displays the proteolytic processing of the precursor gene product into glucagon and the two glucagon-like peptides. As used herein, the notation of GLP-1 (1-37) refers to a GLP-1 polypeptide having all amino acids from 1 (N-terminus) through 37 (C-terminus). Similarly, GLP-1 (7-37) refers to a GLP-1 polypeptide having all amino acids from 7 (N-terminus) through 37 (C-terminus).

In one embodiment, GLP-1 (7-37) and its peptide fragments are synthesized by conventional means, such as by the well-know solid-phase peptide synthesis described by Merrifield, J. M. (Chem. Soc. 85:2149 (1962)), and Stewart and Young (Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (Freeman, San Francisco, 1969), pages 27-66), which are incorporated by reference herein. However, it is also possible to obtain fragments of the proglucagon polypeptide, or of GLP-1, by fragmenting the naturally occurring amino acid sequence, using, for example, a proteolytic enzyme. Further, it is possible to obtain the desired fragments of the proglucagon peptide or of GLP-1 through the use of recombinant DNA technology, as disclosed by Maniatis, T., et al., Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

The present invention includes peptides which are derivable from GLP-1 (1-37). A peptide is said to be "derivable from a naturally occurring amino acid sequence" if it can be obtained by fragmenting a naturally occurring sequence, or if it can be synthesized based upon a knowledge of the sequence of the naturally occurring amino acid sequence or of the genetic material (DNA or RNA) which encodes this sequence.

Included within the scope of the present invention are those molecules which are said to be "derivatives" of GLP-1 (1-37). Such a "derivative" has the following characteristics: (1) it shares substantial homology with GLP-1 (1-37) or a similarly sized fragment of GLP-1 (1-37); (2) it is capable of functioning as an insulinotropic hormone and (3) using at least one of the assays provided herein, the derivative has either (i) an insulinotropic activity which exceeds the insulinotropic activity of either GLP-1 (1-37) or GLP-1 (1-36), or, more preferably, (ii) an insulinotropic activity which can be detected even when the derivative is present at a concentration of 10^-10 M, or, most preferably, (iii) an insulinotropic activity which can be detected even when the derivative is present at a concentration of 10^-11 M.

A derivative of GLP-1 (1-37) is said to share "substantial homology" with GLP-1 (1-37) if the amino acid sequences of the derivative is at least 80%, and more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%, the same as that of either GLP-1 (1-37) or a fragment of GLP-1 (1-37) having the same number of amino acid residues as the derivative.

The derivatives of the present invention include GLP-1 (1-37) fragments which, in addition to containing a sequence that is substantially homologous to that of a naturally occurring GLP-1 (1-37) peptide may contain one or more additional amino acids at their amino and/or their carboxy termini. Thus, the invention pertains to polypeptide fragments of GLP-1 (1-37) that may contain one or more amino acids that may not be present in a naturally occurring GLP-1 (1-37) sequence provided that such polypeptides have an insulinotropic activity which exceeds that of GLP-1 (1-37) or GLP-1 (1-36).

Similarly, the invention includes GLP-1 (1-37) fragments which, although containing a sequence that is substantially homologous to that of a naturally occurring GLP-1 (1-37) peptide may lack one or more additional amino acids at their amino and/or their carboxy termini that are naturally found on a GLP-1 (1-37) peptide. Thus, the invention pertains to polypeptide fragments of GLP-1 (1-37) that may lack one or more amino acids that are normally present in a naturally occurring GLP-1 (1-37) sequence provided that such polypeptides have an insulinotropic activity which exceeds that of GLP-1 (1-37) or GLP-1 (1-36).

The invention also encompasses the obvious or trivial variants of the above-described fragments which have inconsequential amino acid substitutions (and thus have amino acid sequences which differ from that of the natural sequence) provided that such variants have an insulinotropic activity which is substantially identical to that of the above-described GLP-1 derivatives. Examples of obvious or trivial substitutions include the substitution of one basic residue for another (i.e. Arg for Lys), the substitution of one hydrophobic residue for another (i.e. Leu for Ile), or the substitution of one aromatic residue for another (i.e. Phe for Tyr), etc.

Examples of derivatives of GLP-1 (1-37) include GLP-1 (7-37); GLP-1 (7-36); GLP-1 (7-35); GLP-1 (7-34); and the des-Gly amidated forms of these molecules. Included as well are the use of additional amino acid residues added to such sequences in order to enhance coupling to carrier protein or amino acid residues added to enhance the insulinotropic effect.

As is known in the art, the amino acid residues may be in their protected or unprotected form, using appropriate amino or carboxyl protecting groups. Useful cations are alkali or alkaline earth metallic cations (i.e., Na, K, Li, 1/2Ca, 1/2Ba, etc.) or amine cations (i.e., tetraalkylammonium, trialkylammonium, where alkyl can be C₁ -C₁₂).

The variable length peptides may be in the form of the free amines (on the N-terminus), or acid-addition salts thereof. Common acid addition salts are hydrohalic acid salts, i.e., HBr, HI, or, more preferably, HCl.

B. Assays of Insulinotropic Activity

The present invention concerns GLP-1 (1-37) derivatives which have an insulinotropic activity that exceeds the insulinotropic activity of either GLP-1 (1-37) or GLP-1 (1-36). The insulinotropic property of a compound may be determined by providing that compound to animal cells, or injecting that compound into animals and monitoring the release of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) into the media or circulatory system of the animal, respectively. The presence of IRI is detected through the use of a radioimmunoassay which can specifically detect insulin. Although any radioimmunoassay capable of detecting the presence of IRI may be employed, it is preferable to use a modification of the assay method of Albano, J. D. M., et al., (Acta Endocrinol. 70:487-509 (1972)). In this modification, a phosphate/-albumin buffer with a pH of 7.4 was employed. The incubation was prepared with the consecutive condition of 500 μl of phosphate buffer, 50 μl of perfusate sample or rat insulin standard in perfusate, 100 μl of anti-insulin antiserum (Wellcome Laboratories; 1:40,000 dilution), and 100 μl of insulin, giving a total volume of 750 μl in a 10×75-mm disposable glass tube. After incubation for 2-3 days at 4° C., free insulin was separated from antibody-bound insulin by charcoal separation. The assay sensitivity was 1-2 μU/ml. In order to measure the release of IRI into the cell culture medium of cells grown in tissue culture, one preferably incorporates radioactive label into proinsulin. Although any radioactive label capable of labeling a polypeptide can be used, it is preferable to use ³ H leucine in order to obtain labeling proinsulin. Labeling can be done for any period of time sufficient to permit the formation of a detectably labeled pool of proinsulin molecules; however, it is preferable to incubate cells in the presence of radioactive label for a 60-minute time period. Although any cell line capable of expressing insulin can be used for determining whether a compound has an insulinotropic effect, it is preferable to use rat insulinoma cells, and especially RIN-38 rat insulinoma cells. Such cells can be grown in any suitable medium; however, it is preferable to use DME medium containing 0.1% BSA and 25 mM glucose.

The insulinotropic property of a compound may also be determined by pancreatic infusion. The in situ isolated perfused rat pancreas preparation was a modification of the method of Penhos, J. C., et al. (Diabetes 18:733-738 (1969)). In accordance with such a method, fasted rats (preferably male Charles River strain albino rats), weighing 350-600 g, are anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of Amytal Sodium (Eli Lilly and Co., 160 ng/kg). Renal, adrenal, gastric, and lower colonic blood vessels are ligated. The entire intestine is resected except for about four cm of duodenum and the descending colon and rectum. Therefore, only a small part of the intestine is perfused, thus minimizing possible interference by enteric substances with glucagon-like immunoreactivity. The perfusate is preferably a modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with 4% dextran T70 and 0.2% bovine serum albumin (fraction V), and is preferably bubbled with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂. A nonpulsatile flow, four-channel roller-bearing pump (Buchler polystatic, Buchler Instruments Division, Nuclear-Chicago Corp.) is preferably used, and a switch from one perfusate source to another is preferably accomplished by switching a three-way stopcock. The manner in which perfusion is performed, modified, and analyzed preferably follows the methods of Weir, G. C., et al., (J. Clin. Investigat. 54:1403-1412 (1974)), which are hereby incorporated by reference.

C. Formulations of Insulinotropic Compounds

The insulinotropic peptides (or peptide derivatives) of GLP-1 (1-37) may be used as therapeutic compositions. Such therapeutic compositions may consist solely of the insulinotropic peptides (or peptide derivatives) although, preferably, the compositions will contain the insulinotropic peptides (or derivatives thereof) combined in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier vehicle.

Suitable vehicles and their formulation, inclusive of other human proteins, e.g., human serum albumin, are described for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (16th Ed., A. Oslo Ed. Mack, Easton, Pa. (1980)). In order to form a pharmaceutically acceptable composition suitable for effective administration, such compositions will contain an effective amount of GLP-1 (7-37), or a derivative of GLP-1 (7-37), together with a suitable amount of carrier vehicle. The GLP-1 derivatives of such compounds will preferably have been purified so as to be substantially free of natural contaminants. A material is said to be "substantially free of natural contaminants" if it has been substantially purified from materials with which it is normally and naturally found. Examples of natural contaminants with which GLP-1 (7-37) might be associated are: other peptides, carbohydrates, glycosylated peptides, lipids, membranes, etc. A material is also said to be substantially free of natural contaminants if these contaminants are substantially absent from a sample of the material.

Compositions containing GLP-1 (7-37) or its derivatives may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously at dosages in the range of from about 1 pg/kg to 1,000 μg/kg body weight, or at concentrations sufficient to produce serum levels of 10^-10 M to 10^-11 M, although a lower or higher dosage may be administered. The required dosage will depend upon the severity of the condition of the patient and upon such criteria as the patient's height, weight, sex, age, and medical history.

For the purpose of parenteral administration, compositions containing the derivatives of GLP-1 (1-37) are preferably dissolved in distilled water and the pH-value is preferably adjusted to about 6 to 8. In order to facilitate the lyophilization process resulting in a suitable product, lactose may be added to the solution. Preferably, the solution is then filtered sterilized, introduced into vials, and lyophilized. The concentration of the GLP-1 (1-37) derivatives in these compositions may vary from to 10^-12 M to 10^-5 M.

Additional pharmaceutical methods may be employed to control the duration of action. Controlled release preparations may be achieved by the use of polymers to complex or adsorb the GLP-1 (1-37) derivatives. The controlled delivery may be exercised by selecting appropriate macromolecules (for example, polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ethylenevinylacetate, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and protamine sulfate) and the concentration of macromolecules as well as the methods of incorporation in order to control release. Another possible method to control the duration of action by controlled release preparations is to incorporate the derivatives of GLP-1 (1-37) into particles of a polymeric material such as polyesters, polyamino acids, hydrogels, poly (lactic acid) or ethylene vinylacetate copolymers. Alternatively, instead of incorporating the GLP-1 (1-37) derivatives into these polymeric particles, it is possible to entrap these derivatives in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly (methylmethacrylate) microcapsules, respectively, or in colloidal drug delivery systems, for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, and nanocapsules or in macroemulsions. Such teachings are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (1980).

It is possible to enhance the biological half-life of the GLP-1 (1-37) derivatives of the present invention, and, thus, to increase the retention or stability of the derivatives in a recipient, by bonding such derivatives to one or more chemical "moieties" to thereby produce a compound which can be recognized and processed within a recipient to yield a GLP-1 (1-37) derivative. The "moieties" of such compounds may include one or more lipids, carbohydrates, amino acid residues, etc. A preferred "moiety" is an amino acid residue. The most preferred "moiety" is a peptide. The amino terminal (histidine) residue of GLP-1 (7-37) is a preferred site for the bonding of the "moiety".

An appreciation of this aspect of the present invention can be obtained through a consideration of the natural processing of GLP-1 (1-37). GLP-1 (1-37) has a biological half-life of 30-50 minutes. A natural cleavage of the amino terminal hexapeptide, GLP-1 (1-6), occurs to yield GLP-1 (7-37) whose biological half-life is only 3-5 minutes. Thus, the amino terminal hexapeptide, GLP-1 (1-6) is a natural "moiety" which when bonded to GLP-1 (7-37) increases the biological half-life of GLP-1 (7-37). The discovery of such a natural "moiety" is disclosed in FIG. 5, and supports the concept that additional or alternative moieties may be employed in the same manner as GLP-1 (1-6) to increase the biological half-life of the GLP-1 (1-37) derivatives of the present invention. Although the present invention does not encompass the use of GLP-1 (1-6) as a "moiety," it does include variants of GLP-1 (1-6) as well as other peptides of unrelated sequence which are capable of enhancing the half-life of the peptides and peptide derivatives of the present invention.

In summary, insulin secretion from the β-cell of the endocrine pancreas is controlled by a complex network of metabolic factors. This network includes such diverse components as glucose, amino acids, catecholamines, and peptides. The decoding of the glucagon gene has uncovered two additional glucagon-like peptides encoded in proglucagon, the polypeptide precursor of glucagon. One of these peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is processed from proglucagon in two forms: 37-amino acids GLP-1 (1-37) and 31-amino acid GLP-1 (7-37). The specific liberation of GLP-1 peptide's in the intestine and, to some degree, in the pancreas, suggested to the inventors that the GLP-1 peptide's might be components of the enteroinsular axis. To resolve this issue, the effects of the GLP-1 peptide's on a β-cell line was studied using a rat perfused pancreas and a cultured rat insulinoma cell-line. These studies have revealed that, in the isolated perfused pancreas, GLP-1 (7-37) is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion at concentrations as low as 5×10^-12 M. Insulin release in response to GLP-1 (7-37) is highly dependent upon ambient glucose concentration. The longer peptide (GLP-1 (1-37)) has no insulin-releasing activity even at concentrations as high as ×10^-7 M. Comparison of the insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 (7-37) and glucagon showed that (in the rat perfused pancreas) GLP-1 (7-37) is at least 100 fold more potent in the stimulation of insulin sectretion. In the rat insulinoma cell line (RIN 1046-38) GLP-1 (7-37), at concentrations of 10^-10 M to 10^-11 M, increased both the cellular levels of cAMP (5-fold) and the levels of insulin mRNA (3-fold) and also stimulated insulin release. Again the effects of GLP-1 (7-37) were more potent than those of glucagon. The magnitude of the insulinotropic effects at such low concentrations renders GLP-1 (7-37) one of the most potent insulin secretagogues described, including glucagon and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. These results suggest that GLP-1 (7-37) may participate in the physiological regulation of β-cell functions.

Having now fully described the invention, the same will be more readily understood by reference to specific examples which are provided by way of illustration, and are not intented to be limiting of the invention, unless specified.

SPECIFIC EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 Specificity of GLP-1 Peptides

In order to demonstrate that the effects of GLP-1 (1-37), GLP-1 (1-36) and GLP-1 (7-37) were specific for insulin, and were not capable of inducing or provoking non-specific gene expression, the effect of these peptides on the levels of insulin, actin and angioten-sinogen mRNAs in rat insulinoma cells were conducted.

Rat insulinoma cells of cell line RIN-38 were derived from a continuous islet cell line, RIN-r, which was established from a transplantable rat islet cell tumor (Gazdar, A. F., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 77:3519-3523 (1980)). The cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco) at a glucose concentration of 4,500 mg/L and supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (Gibco), 100 U/ml of penicillin and 100 μg/ml of streptomycin. Incubations were carried out at 37° C. in 95% air:5% CO₂. Cells grown in the above manner were washed and resuspended in DMEM (Gibco) containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin and 25 mM glucose. Cells were incubated with varying concentrations of insulinotropic peptides (i.e. glucagon, GLP-1 (1-37), GLP-1 (7-37), or GLP-1 (1-36 des-gly-arg amide); Peninsula Laboratories) for six hours, following which the effects of these agents on mRNA expression were determined. In all cases, the concentration of peptides was 10.sup. -7 M. Incubations were for six hours.

Messenger RNAs specific for insulin, actin, or angiotensinogen were identified by Northern hybridization as follows: cellular RNA was extracted from solid tumors and cells by homogenization in guanidine thiocyanate and sedimentation through a cesium chloride cushion. Poly A⁺ RNA was isolated by oligo dT cellulose chromatography (Aviv, H., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 69:1408-1412 (1972)). Twenty micrograms of total RNA from each sample were fractionated by size on a 1.4% agarose gel after denaturation in glyoxal, followed by electrotransfer to a nylon membrane (Nytran; Schleicher and Schuell). Blotted membranes were baked for two hours at 80° C. under vacuum, prehybridized in 1M NaCl/1% SDS/10% Dextran sulfate at 50° C. overnight and hybridized at the same temperature for 24 h after addition of the labeled probes (3-5×10⁵ cpm/ml); they were then washed at 55° C. twice in 1×SCC (0.15M NaCl/0.015M Na citrate)/1% SDS), and exposed to X-ray film for varying times at -70° C. with an intensifying screen. The relative amounts of the specific mRNA were determined by microdensitometry. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 1.

The glucagon-like peptides increased the levels of insulin mRNA during 24-hr incubations (Table 1). The increase in insulin mRNA levels was consistently greater in response to the shorter, 31-amino acid peptide; 3-fold higher than control values at 24 hr. These stimulatory effects on insulin mRNA levels and on the release of insulin were observed in the presence of high (25 mM) and not low (5.5 mM) concentrations of glucose. Evidence that the stimulatory actions of GLP-1 are relatively specific for insulin mRNA was obtained by demonstrating that (i) GLP-1 (7-37) had negligible effects on levels of actin and angiotensinogen mRNAs in the insulinoma cell line; (ii) glucagon and GLP-II had no effects on insulin mRNA levels; and (iii) GLP-1 (7-37), when added to the rat islet glucagon-producing cell line 1056A and two pituitary cell lines, one producing prolactin (GH4) and the other corticotropin (AtT-20), had no effects on the levels of glucagon, prolactin, and corticotropin mRNAs, respectively.

GLP-1 (1-37) was examined to determine whether it could induce the biosynthesis of mRNA of hormones other than insulin. Thus, GLP-1 (1-37) (at a concentration of 10^-7 M) was added to a rat islet glucagon-producing cell line and two pituitary cell lines (GH4 and AtT-20) which were capable of producing the hormones prolactin and ACTH, respectively, and the amount of hormone specific mRNA produced was determined after 24 hours as described above. GLP-1 peptides had no detectable effect on either the level of prolactin mRNA in GH4 pituitary cells, or in the level of ACTH mRNA in AtT-20 pituitary cells.

                                  TABLE 1                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Densitometric quantitation of effects of glucagon-like peptides on        
levels                                                                    
of insulin and actin mRNAs in RIN 1046-38 cells                           
Peptide     Arbitrary densitometric units.sup.1                           
mRNA  conc., M                                                            
            Control.sup.2                                                 
                    GLP-1-(1-37)                                          
                           GLP-1-(7-37)                                   
                                   GLP-1-(1-36)--NH.sub.2                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Experiment 1                                                              
Insulin                                                                   
      5 × 10.sup.-7                                                 
            1.28 ± 0.18                                                
                    1.87 ± 0.35                                        
                            4.23 ± 0.77.sup.3                          
                                   2.78 ± 0.51.sup.4                   
Actin 5 × 10.sup.-7                                                 
            0.68 ± 0.03                                                
                    0.48 ± 0.06                                        
                            0.72 ± 0.16                                
                                   0.87 ± 0.19                         
Angioten-                                                                 
      5 × 10.sup.-7                                                 
            2.67 ± 0.31                                                
                    2.25 ± 0.20                                        
                            2.78 ± 0.46                                
                                   2.56 ± 0.22                         
sinogen                                                                   
Experiment 2                                                              
Insulin                                                                   
      5 × 10.sup.-11                                                
            5.90 (6.86, 4.99)                                             
                           7.00 (5.58, 8.41)                              
      5 × 10.sup.-10 6.70 (7.92, 5.50)                              
      5 × 10.sup.-9  8.50 (7.59, 9.38)                              
      5 × 10.sup.-8  7.90 (8.40, 7.40)                              
Actin 5 × 10.sup.-11                                                
            2.69 (3.23, 2.15)                                             
                           2.11 (1.86, 2.36)                              
      5 × 10.sup.-10 2.09 (2.38, 1.79)                              
      5 × 10.sup.-9  2.46 (2.01, 2.92)                              
      5 × 10.sup.-8  1.99 (2.24, 1.74)                              
Experiment 3                                                              
Insulin                                                                   
      5 × 10.sup.-7                                                 
            5.56 ± 0.43 13.87 ± 0.40.sup.5                          
Actin 5 × 10.sup.-7                                                 
            3.29 ± 0.08  4.36 ± 0.44                                
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Determined by scanning of autoradiograms of RNA blots. Values from
  experiments  1 and 3 are means ± SEM of triplicate plates of cells;    
 values from experiment 2 are means of duplicates (individual values are  
 given in parentheses). Statistical significance between control and      
 experimental observations were calculated by Student's unpaired twotailed
 t test.                                                                  
 .sup.2 No peptide added.                                                 
 .sup.3 P < 0.02.                                                         
 .sup.4 P < 0.05.                                                         
 .sup.5 P < 0.001.

EXAMPLE 2 (Table 1) The Effect of GLP-1 (7-37) on the Transcription of the Insulin and Other Genes

The effect of GLP-1 (7-37) on the transcription of the insulin and actin genes in RIN-38 insulinoma cells was investigated. Gene transcription rates were determined by quantification of nascent insulin and beta-actin RNA transcripts in nuclei from control and GLP 7-37 treated cells. The GLP-1 (7-37) concentration was 10^-7 M. Incubation was for 4 hours. Nuclear RNA was hybridized to an excess of cloned specific DNA bound to nitrocellulose and the filters were washed as described by McKnight, G. S., et al., (J. Biol. Chem. 254:9050-9058 (1979)). Rat insulin (Ullrich, A., et al., Science 196:113-119 (1977)) and, for control, chicken beta-actin cDNAs, provided by Dr. D. Cleveland, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md., were used. Hybridization efficiency was controlled through the addition of the hybridization solution of [³ H] UTP insulin cRNA. Experiments were done in duplicate and values are expressed in ppm/kb of cDNA insert, corrected for efficiency of hybridization (40-50%). The results of this experiment revealed that GLP-1 (7-37) increased the rate of insulin gene transcription, but had no detectable effect upon the rate of actin gene transcription.

EXAMPLE 3 Effect of GLP-1 Derivatives on Cellular cAMP Levels

In order to determine whether glucagon-like proteins were capable of affecting cellular cAMP levels, the effects of GLP-1 (7-37) and GLP-1 (1-37) on cAMP levels in RINS-38 insulinoma cells (Expt. I and Expt. II, respectively) was determined.

Cells were grown as described in Example 1, in 26 well culture dishes. Varying amounts of glucagon-like peptides were added to culture wells in triplicate. After permitting incubation for 10 minutes, the total cell media was examined for cAMP, and the concentration of cAMP was determined. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 2. Twenty microliters from each culture well was assayed.

              TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Peptide                                                                   
Concentration (M)  Expt. I Expt II                                        
______________________________________                                    
0.sup.             140      91                                            
10.sup.-6          400     170                                            
10.sup.-7          370     120                                            
10.sup.-8          494     160                                            
10.sup.-9          515     100                                            
.sup. 10.sup.-10   253      90                                            
.sup. 10.sup.-11   533      90                                            
______________________________________

This experiment reveals that GLP-1 (7-37) was capable of stimulating cAMP levels even when present at a concentration of 10^-11 M. The increase in cAMP levels is an indication that GLP-1 (7-37) is capable of interacting with cellular receptors. In contrast, neither GLP-1 (1-37) nor GLP-II exhibited such activity.

A further experiment was performed in order to compare the insulinotropic activities of GLP-1 (1-37), GLP-1-(1-36)--NH₂ and GLP-1 (7-37) with the insulinotropic activity of glucagon. The procedures for this experiment are the same as those described above. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 3.

At the relatively high concentration of 0.5 μM, GLP-1 (1-37), GLP-1-(1-36)--NH₂, GLP-1 (7-37) and glucagon each increased cAMP levels. At 5 nM, GLP-1-(7-37) increased cAMP levels at least 4-fold and was still active at 50 pM. In contrast, the effects of glucagon, GLP-1-(1-37), and GLP-1-(1-36)--NH₂ on the formation of cAMP were negligible at these concentrations.

The ability of the insulinotropic peptides glucagon and GLP-1 (7-37) to stimulate cAMP formation in the insulinoma line, RIN 1046-38, was investigated. Insulinotropic activity was monitored as described by Mojsov, S., et al., (J. Clin. Invest. 79:616-619 (1987)) and Drucker, D. J., et al., (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:3434-3438 (1987)), both of which references are incorporated by reference herein. The results of this study are shown in FIG. 2, and indicate that GLP-1 (7-37) is at least 1000 times more potent than glucagon in inducing cAMP formation.

                                  TABLE 3                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Stimulation of cAMP formation by glucagon and glucagon-like               
peptides in RIN 1046-38 cells                                             
             cAMP, fmol* (mean ± SEM)                                  
   Peptide                                                                
         No. of    GLP-1           GLP-1   GLP-1                          
Exp.                                                                      
   conc., M                                                               
         plates                                                           
             Control                                                      
                   (7-37)  Glucagon                                       
                                   (1-37)  (1-36)--NH.sub.                
__________________________________________________________________________
                                           2                              
1  No peptide                                                             
         8   15.4 ± 0.7*                                               
   5 × 10.sup.-12                                                   
         5          21.9 ± 2.0 (a)                                     
                           18.7 ± 2.2 (NS)                             
   5 × 10.sup.-11                                                   
         5          23.9 ± 1.0 (c)                                     
                           13.2 ± 1.0 (NS)                             
   5 × 10.sup.-10                                                   
         5          45.2 ± 5.9 (c)                                     
                           16.5 ± 2.0 (NS)                             
   5 × 10.sup.-9                                                    
         5         148.0 ± 15.0 (c)                                    
                           20.1 ± 2.5 (a)                              
2  No peptide                                                             
         4   43.6 ± 4.1                                                
   5 × 10.sup.-8                                                    
         4          78.3 ± 3.4 (c)                                     
                           44.8 ± 1.6 (NS)                             
   5 × 10.sup.-7                                                    
         4          83.0 ± 2.1 (c)                                     
                           93.1 ± 2.9 (c)                              
3  No peptide                                                             
         5   34.4 ± 5.2                                                
   5 × 10.sup.-10                                                   
         5          70.8 ± 5.2 (a)                                     
                                   27.6 ± 4.6 (NS)                     
   5 × 10.sup.-9                                                    
         5         134.0 ± 25.6 (b)                                    
                                   24.3 ± 1.9 (NS)                     
   5 × 10.sup.-8                                                    
         5          69.6 ± 7.0 (b)                                     
                                   30.8 ± 2.8 (NS)                     
   5 × 10.sup.-7                                                    
         5                         69.9 ± 2.6 (c)                      
4  5 × 10.sup.-7                                                    
         4   41.3 ± 7.1                 70.2 ± 2.8                  
__________________________________________________________________________
                                           (b)                            
 Statistical significance between control (no peptide) and experimental   
 observations (by unpaired twotailed t test) is as follows: a (P < 0.05); 
 (P < 0.01); c (P < 0.001); NS, not significant.                          
 *All values are per 1/50th of cell extract per plate.

EXAMPLE 4 Effect of GLP-1 Peptides on Insulin Production

Rat insulinoma cells of cell line RIN-38 were grown in DME medium as described in Example 1. After incubation with 5×10^-7 M GLP-1 (7-37), the concentrations of insulin in the cell culture mediums were determined by radioimmunoassay (as described above). Insulin protein levels were determined after incubation for 1 or 24 hours. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 4.

              TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
           Insulin Produced (μunits/ML)                                
Peptide Added    1 Hour  24 Hours                                         
______________________________________                                    
None             166     2,778                                            
GLP-7 (7-37)     381     5,164                                            
______________________________________

EXAMPLE 5 Pancreatic Perfusion Assay of Insulinotropic Activity

The pancreas of live rat was perfused with varying concentrations of GLP-1 (1-37) and GLP-1 (7-37) as described above. Isolated rat pancreas was prepared according to the method of Weir, G. C., et al., (J. Clin. Invest. 54:1403-1412 (1974)), and Penkos, J. C., et al. (Diabetes 18:733-738 (1969)). The perfusate contained bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) and 120 mg/dl glucose, 4% dextran T-70, and 0.2% bovine serum albumin, and was equilibrated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. The first 20 minutes of each perfusion was an equilibrium period. After this initial period, aliquots of perfusate were removed every 2-4 min for additional 20 min thus allowing the system to equilibrate for a total of 40 min. The perfusion, including any added insulinotropic peptide, was for 6 min and samples were collected at 1-min intervals. When more than one perfusion was to be performed, the peptide perfusions were followed by equilibration periods of 20 min, during which four samples 5 min apart were collected. A second 6-min perfusion followed with the same peptide as the first perfusion only at 100 times higher concentration of peptide. Again, samples 1 min apart were collected. The entire perfusion time was between 70 and 85 min.

In each aliquot of perfusate obtained, insulin was determined by radioimmunoassay. In addition, the efficiency of delivery of the insulinotropic peptide was confirmed by radioimmunoassay of corresponding aliquots of perfusate in which insulin was measured (Mojsov, S. G., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 261:11880-11889 (1986), which reference is incorporated herein by reference). At one minute intervals, rat serum insulin levels in picograms/ml were determined by radioimmunoassay (as described above). The results of this experiment are shown in Table 5. Perfusions were done using peptide concentrations of 5×10^-7 M, 5×10^-8 M, and 5×10^-10 M, 5×10^-11 M, and 5×^-12 M. Peptides were added after the zero minute serum value had been determined.

GLP-1 (1-37) was found to mediate a 3.4-fold increase in serum insulin concentrations when perfused into rat pancreas at a concentration of 5×10^-7 M; at a concentration of 5×10^-8 M, this peptide was capable of mediating only a two-fold increase in serum insulin levels. At a concentration of 5×10^-10 M, this peptide was found to mediate only a 20% increase in serum insulin levels. The observed insulinotropic activity of GLP-1 (1-37) in these experiments most probably reflects the presence of GLP-1 (7-37) in the preparations (either through the degradation of GLP-1 (1-37) or due to low level contamination).

GLP-1 (7-37) was found to be capable of stimulating a 132-fold increase in insulin levels when provided to rat pancreas at a concentration of 5×10^-7 M. At a 10-fold lower concentration (5×10^-8), this peptide was capable of directing a 21-fold increase in the serum concentration of insulin. At a concentration of 5×10^-10 M, GLP-1 (7 -37) was found to be capable of mediating an increase in serum insulin levels (32-fold). Even at a concentration of 5×10^-11 M, GLP-1 (7-37) delivered a 15-fold increase in insulin levels whereas GLP-1 (1-37) was without effect.

This experiment shows that GLP-1 (7-37) is more than 1,000-fold more potent than GLP-1 (1-37) in stimulating insulin expression in vivo. In addition, the GLP-1 peptides had no effects on the release of the peptide hormones glucagon and somatostatin in these same experiments. Thus, the stimulatory effects of GLP-1 are specific for the beta cells and do not act on pancreatic alpha or delta cells.

The level of GLP-1 (1-37) and GLP-1 (7-37) in rat portal blood has been measured by radioimmunoassay to be approximately 150 pg/ml (50 pM). The corresponding level in peripheral blood is 50 pg/ml (15 pM). The above-described results were obtained using GLP-1 (7-37) at a concentration of 5-50 pM. Thus, these results indicate that GLP-1 (7-37) has insulinotropic activity at its physiologic concentration.

                                  TABLE 5                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Insulin Produced (picograms/ml) at                                        
Peptide Concentration                                                     
Minutes  5 × 10.sup.-7 M                                            
               5 × 10.sup.-8 M                                      
                     5 × 10.sup.-10 M                               
                            5 × 10.sup.-11 M                        
                                   5 × 10.sup.-12 M                 
__________________________________________________________________________
GLP-1                                                                     
    0      50    925 205    160    50                                     
(7-37)                                                                    
    1    6,600 20,700                                                     
                     7,400  2,400  50                                     
    2    4,700 10,500                                                     
                     1,800  1,700  50                                     
    3    1,700 4,000 760    1,900  98                                     
GLP-1                                                                     
    0    1,400 3,000 500    340    50                                     
(1-37)                                                                    
    1    4,700 6,000 600    180    50                                     
    2    2,900 2,000 640    230    160                                    
    3    2,200 2,000 430    340    50                                     
__________________________________________________________________________

EXAMPLE 6 Comparison of the Insulinotropic Activities of Glucagon and GLP-1 (7-37)

Rat pancreas perfusion experiments were conducted as described in Example 5, in order to compare the insulinotropic activity of glucagon with that of GLP-1 (7-37). Peptides were perfused (for 5 minutes) at concentrations of 10^-9 M and 10^-11 M. As shown in FIG. 3, GLP-1 (7-37) was found to have more than 100 times the insulinotropic activity of glucagon.

This finding is confirmed by the study of the effects of glucagon, GLP-1 (1-37), and GLP-1 (7-37) on the cAMP levels in RIN 1046-38 insulinoma cells which is presented in Table 3.

EXAMPLE 7 Insulinotropic Activity of Derivatives of GLP-1 (1-37)

The insulinotropic activities of GLP-1 (7-34) and GLP-1 (7-35) were compared to that of GLP-1 (7-37) using the rat pancreas perfusion technique described above. Five minute perfusions were employed. As shown in FIG. 4 all three of these peptides had detectable insulinotropic activity at a concentration of 10^-11 M. These results indicate that the tested derivatives of GLP-1 (7-37) all have an insulinotropic activity greater than that of GLP-1 (1-37), which is inactive at 10^-11 M.

The GLP-1 related peptides: GLP-1 (7-36)--NH₂ and GLP-1 (7-37) were compared to determine their relative insulinotropic activities. Insulinotropic activity was determined using the pancreatic perfusion assay of Example 6; the perfusion being carried out for 5 minutes. Peptides were present at a concentration of 10^-11 M. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 6. These results indicate that both GLP-1 (7-37) and GLP-1 (7-36)--NH₂ have substantial insulinotropic activity.

              TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Comparison of the Insulinotropic Activity of                              
GLP-1 (7-37) and GLP-1 (7-36)--NH.sub.2                                   
Time (Minutes)                                                            
             GLP-1 (7-36)--NH.sub.2                                       
                           GLP-1 (7-37)                                   
______________________________________                                    
-1            985 ± 275 1330 ± 280                                  
+1           4550 ± 703 4200 ± 784                                  
+2           3330 ± 637 3280 ± 889                                  
+3           2500 ± 564 2500 ± 505                                  
______________________________________

The effects of GLP-1 (7-37) and GLP-1 (7-36)--N₂ on cAMP formation in the insulinoma cell line RIN 1046-38 was determined using the procedure of Example 1. Cells were incubated for 10 minutes in the presence of 0, 10^-11, 10^-9, or 10^-7 M peptides. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 7. These results confirm that both GLP-1 (7-37) and GLP-1 (7-36)--NH₂ are insulinotropic peptides.

                                  TABLE 7                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
EFFECTS OF GLP-1 (7-37) VERSUS GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub. 2                      
ON cAMP FORMATION IN AN INSULINOMA CELL LINE                              
(RIN 1046-38 CELLS).                                                      
           IBMX      Peptide Concentration (M)                            
Peptide  N (uM)                                                           
               0     10.sup.-11                                           
                          10.sup.-9                                       
                                10.sup.-7                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
None     8 100  161 ± 10*                                              
(Control)                                                                 
GLP-1 (7-37)                                                              
         4 100       205 ± 9                                           
                          202 ± 17                                     
                                317 ± 65                               
GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub. 2                                                     
         4 100       141 ± 5                                           
                          225 ± 16                                     
                                358 ± 32                               
None     8 500 540 ± 22                                                
(Control)                                                                 
GLP-1 (7-37)                                                              
         4 500       501 ± 49                                          
                          927 ± 75                                     
                                2114 ± 421                             
GLP-1 (7-36)NH.sub. 2                                                     
         4 500       446 ± 38                                          
                          1199 ± 41                                    
                                1676 ± 113                             
__________________________________________________________________________
 *All cAMP values are given as/fmoles/10 ul of cell extract

EXAMPLE 8 Stability of GLP-1 (1-37)

To assess the stability of the 37 amino acid peptide in the experimental conditions, GLP-1 (1-37) was incubated for 24 hr in culture medium alone or in medium supplemented with either 0.1% bovine serum albumin or 10% fetal bovine serum. Aliquots of media were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Before incubation, no GLP-1 (7-37) was detected in the preparation of GLP-1 (1-37) (FIG. 5). However, after incubation of GLP-1 (1-37) in conditioned medium containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin, a small peak of GLP-1 (7-37) appeared, indicating that cleavage of GLP-1 (1-37) to the smaller, more active GLP-1 (7-37) occurs under these experimental conditions.

EXAMPLE 9 Insulinotropic Effect of GLP-1 (8-37)

As discussed above, glucagon has been found to be a beta-cell secretagogue, acting at concentrations as low as 10^-9 M. GLP-1 (7-37), which is co-encoded on the preproglucagon gene, has, as shown above, the capacity to mediate an insulinotropic effect even at concentrations as low as 10^-12 M. In order to determine if separate receptors might be involved in the recognition of glucagon and GLP-1 (7-37), a potential GLP-1 antagonist, the analog des-7 histidine GLP-1 (7-37) was constructed. This analog is hereinafter referred to "GLP-1 (8-37)".

Insulin secretion was studied in the perfused rat pancreas assay described above, with a perfusate glucose level of 6.6 mM. GLP-1 (8-37) was found to have no detectable effect at concentrations at 10^-11, 10^-9, or 10^-8 M. A weak insulinotropic activity was detected at 10^-7 M. At a perfusate glucose level of 16.7 mM the analog had no effect at 10^-9 M.

A similar experiment was conducted using glucagon. Glucagon was infused into rat pancreas for 5 minutes at a concentration of 10^-9 M with a perfusate glucose level of 6.6 mM, in either the presence or absence of 10^-8 M GLP-1 (8-37). Glucagon was found to elicit an elevated mean perfusate insulin concentration of 4.98±0.96 ng/ml, and virtually identical results (5.26±0.89 ng/ml) were seen with glucagon in the presence of GLP-1 (8-37) (N=4).

The above described protocol was used to study the effects of the GLP-1 (7-37) in the presence or absence of GLP-1 (8-37). GLP-1 (7-37), alone at a concentration of 10^-11 M stimulated mean insulin release of 2.25±0.30 ng/ml. This response was, however, lower (1.30±0.19 ng/ml (P<0.025, N=7 for each)) when the same dose was given on a background of the analog. These data indicate that the removal of the 7-histidine from GLP-1 (7-37) leads to a loss of agonist function in this system, and that agonist properties are revealed. Because the agonist activity could only be demonstrated against GLP-1 (7-37), and not against glucagon, these two secretagogue appear to act through separate receptors.

Using the above-described perfused rat pancreas system, and a glucose perfusate of 6.6 mM, it was found that 10^-9 M GLP-1 (7-37) was capable of eliciting a biphasic pattern of insulin secretion with an initial spike of release followed by the plateau of sustained release. Furthermore, this response was found to be glucose-dependent; at 10^-9 M and a perfusate glucose concentration of 2.8 mM, no stimulation of insulin release was seen; at a perfusate glucose concentration of 6.6 mM or 16.7 mM, the mean incremental release above control was 4.7±1.0 or 22.8±4.7 ng/ml, respectively. GLP-1 (7-37) was found to be extraordinarily potent. At concentrations of 10^-12 M it was found to stimulate insulin secretion at a perfusate glucose concentration of 6.6 mM from a base line of 0.8±0.2 ng/ml to a peak of 1.6±0.5 ng/ml (P<0.05). When infused at 10^-11 M, insulin release was stimulated to a peak of 4.1±1.4 ng/ml and at 10^-9 M, a peak of 23.1±1.3 ng/ml was obtained. It is not yet known whether this GLP-1 peptide is secreted as the 7-37 form or is the 7-36-amide; both compounds were equally potent secretagogues.

Synthetic glucagon was far less potent with no release found at 10^-11 M. At 10^-9 M, however, glucagon was found to produce a peak of 4.5±0.5 ng/ml.

Thus, GLP-1 (7-37) and the 7-36-amide are candidates for physiological regulation as an "incretin" or as and endocrine modulator.

EXAMPLE 10 Affects of GLP-1 (8-37) on cAMP Formation in an Insulinomina Cell Line

A comparison of the insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 (8-37), GLP-1 (7-37) and glucagon on cAMP formation by the insulinoma cell line RIN 1046-38 was determined using the procedure of Example 1. The results of this experiment is shown in Table 8. These results show that GLP-1 (8-37) has an insulinotropic activity which is comparable to that of glucagon, and that GLP-1 (7-37) has an insulinotropic activity which is more than 100 times greater than that of either GLP-1 (8-37) or glucagon.

              TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Effects of GLP-1 (8-37) versus GLP-1 (7-37)                               
and Glucagon on cAMP Formation in                                         
an Insulinoma Cell Line (RIN 1046-38 cells)                               
Peptide    Concentration (M)                                              
                           cAMP Formation*                                
______________________________________                                    
None                       27 ± 2                                      
GLP-1 (8-37)                                                              
           10.sup.-8          28 ± 0.8**                               
           10.sup.-7       24 ± 2                                      
           10.sup.-6       31 ± 3                                      
           10.sup.-5        77 ± 11                                    
GLP-1 (7-37)                                                              
           10.sup.-8       128 ± 10                                    
Glucagon   10.sup.-6       92 ± 9                                      
______________________________________                                    
 *All cAMP levels are given as fmole/5 ul of cell extract/15 min exposure 
 to peptide                                                               
 **Means ± S.E.M. (n = 4)

Having now fully described this invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the same may be carried out with minor modifications which do not affect the content or spirit thereof.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A molecule selected from the group consisting of:

(A) a peptide having the amino acid sequence:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) Lys, and

(b) Lys-Gly;

and

(B) a derivative of said peptide (A), wherein said derivative is selected from the group consisting of:

(1) a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of said peptide;

(2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carboxylate salt of said peptide;

(3) a pharmaceutically acceptable lower alkyl ester of said peptide; and,

(4) a pharmaceutically acceptable amide of said peptide wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable amide is selected from the group consisting of amide, lower alkyl amide and lower dialkyl amide;

wherein said molecule is substantially free of natural contaminants, and has an insulinotropic activity which exceeds the insulinotropic activity of GLP-1 (1-36) or GLP-1 (1-37).

2. The molecule of claim 1 wherein X is Lys.

3. The molecule of claim 1 wherein X is Lys-Gly.

4. The molecule of claim 1 which is the peptide:

His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys.

5. The molecule of claim 1 which is the peptide:

His-Ala-Glu-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Val-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Lys-Glu-Phe-Ile-Ala-Trp-Leu-Val-Lys-Gly.

6. The molecule of claim 1 which is said derivative (B) of said peptide (A).

7. The molecule of claim 6, wherein said derivative (B) of said peptide (A) is selected from the group consisting of a lower alkyl amide and a lower dialkyl amide.

8. An insulinotropic composition which comprises an insulinotropic molecule in an amount effective for the treatment of maturity onset diabetes mellitus, said molecule being selected from the group consisting of:

(A) a peptide having the amino acid sequence:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) Lys, and

(b) Lys-Gly;

and

(1) a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of said peptide;

(2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carboxylate salt of said peptide;

(3) a pharmaceutically acceptable lower alkyl ester of said peptide; and,

wherein said molecule has an insulinotropic activity which exceeds the insulinotropic activity of GLP-1 (1-36) or GLP-1 (1-37); said molecule combined in admixture with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

9. The insulinotropic composition of claim 8, wherein X is Lys.

10. The insulinotropic composition of claim 8, wherein X is Lys-Gly.

11. The insulinotropic composition of claim 8, wherein said insulinotropic molecule is the peptide:

12. The insulinotropic composition of claim 8, wherein said insulinotropic molecule is the peptide:

13. The insulinotropic composition of claim 8, wherein said insulinotropic molecule is said derivative (B) of said peptide (A).

14. The insulinotropic composition of claim 13, wherein said derivative (B) of said peptide (A) is selected from the group consisting of a lower alkyl amide and a lower dialkyl amide.

15. A method for treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus in an individual in need of such treatment, said method comprising providing an amount of an insulinotropic molecule sufficient to treat said diabetes; wherein said molecule is selected from the group consisting of:

(A) a peptide having the amino acid sequence:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) Lys, and

(b) Lys-Gly;

and

(1) a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of said peptide;

(2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carboxylate salt of said peptide;

(3) a pharmaceutically acceptable lower alkyl ester of said peptide; and,

16. The method of treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus of claim 15, wherein X is Lys.

17. The method of treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus of claim 15, wherein X is Lys-Gly.

18. The method of treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus of claim 15, wherein said insulinotropic molecule is the peptide:

19. The method of treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus of claim 15, wherein said insulinotropic molecule is the peptide:

20. The method of treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus of claim 15, wherein said insulinotropic molecule is said derivative (B) of said peptide (A).

21. The method of treating maturity onset diabetes mellitus of claim 20, wherein said derivative (B) of said peptide (A) is selected from the group consisting of a lower alkyl amide and a lower dialkyl amide.