DK175697B1 - Muterede subtilisin-gener - Google Patents
Muterede subtilisin-gener Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK175697B1 DK175697B1 DK199001612A DK161290A DK175697B1 DK 175697 B1 DK175697 B1 DK 175697B1 DK 199001612 A DK199001612 A DK 199001612A DK 161290 A DK161290 A DK 161290A DK 175697 B1 DK175697 B1 DK 175697B1
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- subtilisin
- amino acid
- gene
- enzyme
- mutant
- Prior art date
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- HWGNBUXHKFFFIH-UHFFFAOYSA-I pentasodium;[oxido(phosphonatooxy)phosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O HWGNBUXHKFFFIH-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
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- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N β‐Mercaptoethanol Chemical compound OCCS DGVVWUTYPXICAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
- C12N9/52—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from bacteria or Archaea
- C12N9/54—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from bacteria or Archaea bacteria being Bacillus
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Enzymes And Modification Thereof (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Amplifiers (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
- Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Description
DK 175697 B1 I
I Den foreliggende opfindelse angår mutationer af sub- I
tilisin-genet, hvilket medfører ændringer i subtilisinenzymets I
kemiske egenskaber. Mutationer ved specifikke nucleinsyrer i I
subtilisingenet medfører aminosyresubstitutioner og dermed I
5 ændret enzymfunktion. Nogle af disse muterede enzymer udviser I
fysiske egenskaber, som er fordelagtige ved industriel anven- I
delse, især inden for detergentindustrien, idet de giver sub- I
tilisin, som er mere stabilt over for oxidation, har større I
proteaseaktivitet og udviser forbedrede vaskeegenskaber. I
Enzymer, der spalter amidbindingerne i proteinsub- I
strater klassificeres som proteaser, eller (alternativt) I
peptidaser (se Walsh, 1979, Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms, I
W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, kap. 3). Bakterier af I
15 Bacillus-arten secernerer to ekstracellulære proteaser , en I
neutral eller metalloprotease, og en alkalisk protease, som I
funktionelt er en serin endopeptidase, omtalt som subtilisin. I
Secernering af disse proteaser er blevet sammenkædet med den I
bakterielle vækstcyklus med størst udtrykkelse af protease i I
20 den stationære fase, hvor sporedannelse også finder sted. I
Joliffe et al. (1980, J. Bacteriol 141: 1199-1208) har fore- I
slået, at Bacillus-proteaser fungerer i cellevægsudskift- I
ningen. I
"25 En serinprotease er et enzym, som katalyserer hydro lysen af peptidbindinger, i hvilke der er en essentiel serin-gruppe ved det aktive site (White, Handler og Smith, 1973 "Principles of Biochemistry," 5. udg., McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY, pp. 271-272).
30 Serinproteaserne har en molekylvægt inden for området 25.000 til 30.000. De inhiberes af diisopropylfluorofosfat, men i modsætning til metalloproteaser er de modstandsdygtige over for ethylenediamin-tetraeddikesyre (EDTA) (skønt de stabiliseres ved høj temperatur af kalciumioner). De hydroly-35 serer simple terminale estre og med hensyn til aktivitet ligner de eukaryotisk chymotrypsin, som også er en serinprotease.
H DK 175697 B1 H Det andet udtryk, alkalisk protease, genspejler serinpro- teasens høje pH-optimum, fra pH 9,0 til 11,0 (se Priest, 1977, H Bacteriological Rev. 41: 711-753).
H Subtilisin er en serinprotease produceret af gram- 5 positive bakterier eller svampe. En lang række subtilisiner er identificeret, og aminosyresekvenserne fra mindst otte subti- lisiner er bestemt. Disse omfatter seks subtilisiner fra
Bacillus-stammer, nemlig subtilisin 168, subtilisin BPN1, subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin DY, Subtilisin amylosacchari- 10 ticus og mesentericopeptidase (Kurihara · et al., 1972, J.Biol.Chem. 247: 5629-5631; Stahl og Ferrari, 1984, J.Bac- — teriol. 158: 411-418; Vasantha et al., 1984, J.Bacteriol. 159: 811-819; Jacobs et al:, 1985, Nuel. Acids Res. 13: 8913-8926;
Nedkov et al., 1985, Biol.Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 366: 421-430; 15 Svendsen et al., 1986, FEBS Lett 196.· 228-232), og. to svampe-H subtilisiner, subtilisin thermitase fra Thermoactinomyces vul- i garis (Meloun et al., 1985, FEBS. Lett. 183: 195-200) og pro- I teinase K fra Tritirachium album (Jany og Mayer, 1985,
Biol.Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 366: 485-492).
20 Subtilisiner er velkarakteriserede fysisk og kemisk.
Ud over kendskab til den primære struktur (aminosyresekvenser) hos disse enzymer er mere end 50 højopløsningsrøntgen- strukturer af subtilisin blevet bestemt, som aftegner sub- stratbinding, overgangstilstand, produkter, tre forskellige 25 proteaseinhibitorer og definerer de strukturelle konsekvenser I for naturlig variation (Kraut, 1977, Ann.Rev.Biochem. £6: 331- 358). Tilfældige og stedsrettede mutationer af subtilisingenet I er både opstået ud fra kendskab til de fysiske og kemiske j egenskaber hos enzymer og har bidraget med oplysninger om I i 30 subtilisins katalytiske aktivitet, substratspecificitet, tertiære struktur, etc. (Wells et al., 1987, I Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. U.S.A., 84: 1219-1223; Wells et al., 1986, I Phil.Trans.R4Soc.Lond.A. 317: 415-423; Hwang og Warshel, 1987, I Biochem. 26: 2669-2673; Rao et al., 1987, Nature 328: 551- I 35 554).
DK 175697 B1
3 I
I en artikel (Estell et al., 1985, J. Biol. Chem. I
260:6518-6521) beskrives stedsrettet mutagenese anvendt til at I
erstatte methionin i position 222 i subtilisin BPN' med alle I
19 aminosyrer. Det fandtes, at ved substitution ændredes de I
5 relative specifikke aktiviteter overfor substratet N-succinyl- I
L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Pro-L-Phe-p-nitroanilid sig med 138% til 0,3% i I
; forhold til vildtype subtilisin BPN', idet Cys substitutionen I
havde den højeste aktivitet. Ala- og Ser-substitutionerne I
havde henholdsvis 53% og 35% af vildtypens aktivitet. Samtidig I
10 fandtes det, at Ala- og Ser-substituenterne havde forbedret I
resistens mod oxidation med H2O2· I
ISubtilisiner har fundet udbredt anvendelse inden for I
industrien, især detergentformuleringer, da de er nyttige til I
15 fjernelse af' proteinholdige pletter. For at være effektive I
skal disse enzymer imidlertid ikke blot være aktive under I
i vaskeforhold, men skal også være forenelige med andre deter- I
j gentkomponenter under opbevaring. For eksempel kan subtilisin I
! anvendes sammen med amylaser, som er aktive over for stivelse; I
20 cellulaser, som vil nedbryde cellulosemateriale; lipaser, som I
er aktive over for fedt; peptidaser, som aktive over for I
peptider og ureaser, som er effektive over for urinpletter. I
Formuleringen skal ikke blot beskytte andre enzymer mod nedbrydning fra subtilisin, men subtilisin skal være stabilt 25 med hensyn til oxidation, kalciumbindende egenskaber, deter- gens og højt pH hos ikke-enzymatiske detergentkomponenter.
Enzymets evne til at forblive stabilt i deres nærvær omtales ofte som dets vaskeevne eller vaskeegenskaber.
US patent nr. 3.770.587, der angår kemisk 30 modifikation af proteolytiske enzymer, anvender således sammenligninger mellem udgangsenzymet og det modificerede enzym i detergenter for at bestemme brugbarheden af de modificerede proteolytiske enzymer.
H DK 175697 B1 H Den foreliggende opfindelse angår mutationer af subtilisingenet, hvor nogle mutationer medfører ændringer i subtilisinenzymets kemiske egenskaber. Mutationerne skabes ved H specifikke nucleinsyrer i subtilisingenet, og i forskellige H 5 specifikke udførelsesformer besidder de muterede enzymer ændrede kemiske egenskaber omfattende, men ikke begrænset til forøget stabilitet over for oxidation, øget proteolytisk evne og forbedret vaskeevne.
Den foreliggende opfindelse angår også, men er ikke 10 begrænset til aminosyre- og DNA-sekvenserne for to proteaser hidrørende fra Bacillus lentus varianter, subtilisin 147 og subtilisin 309 så vel som mutationer af disse gener og tilsva-rende muterede enzymer.
H Stedsrettet mutation kan effektivt fremstille mute- H 15 rede subtilisinenzymer, som kan tildannes til at passe til en række industrielle anvendelser, især inden for områderne H detergent-og fødevareindustri. Den foreliggende opfindelse H angår delvist, men er ikke begrænset til mutanter af subtili- H sin 309 genet, som udviser forbedret stabilitet over for H 20 oxidation, forøget proteaseaktivitet, og/eller forbedret H vaskeevne.
Forkortelser A = Ala = Alanin I 25 V = Val = Valin ' L * Leu = Leucin I I = Ile = Isoleucin I P = Pro = Prolin I F = Phe = Phenylalanin I 3 0 W = Trp = Tryptophan I M = Met = Methionin I G = Gly = Glycin S = Ser = Serin I T = Thr = Threonin I 35 C = Cys = Cystein I Y = Tyr = Tyrosin
DK 175697 B1 I
N = Asn = Asparagin I
Q = Gin = Glutamin
D = Asp = Asparaginsyre I
E = Glu = Glutaminsyre I
5 K = Lys = Lysin I
R = Arg = Arginin I
H = His = Histidin I
Beskrivelse af figurerne I
10 Figur 1 illustrerer indsættelsen af en delmængde af I
fragmenter, hvis længder ligger i området fra 1,5 kb til 6,5 I
kb, frembragt ved delvis nedbrydelse af Bacillus lentus stamme I
309 DNA med Sau 3A restriktionsendonuclease til Barn HI skåret I
plasmid pSX50. De to resulterende plasmider, pSX86 og pSX88 I
15 - indeholdende subtilisin 309 genet i modsatte retninger er også I
vist. I
Figur 2 illustrerer indsættelsen af Bacillus lentus I
stamme 147 DNA fragmenter i plasmid pSX86. Delvis nedbrydning I
I af stamme 14 7 DNA blev udført med Sau 3A restriktions- I
20 endonuclease. Fragmenter med størrelser i området fra 1,5 til I
6,5 kb blev derpå ligeret i Barn HI spaltet plasmid pSX56. I
Produktet, pSX94. indeholder subtilisin 147 genet, i Figur 3 illustrerer åben dobbelt mutagenese under ! anvendelse af fremgangsmåden ifølge Morinaga et al., (1984, 25 Biotechnology 2: 636-639). Den viser to plasmider, pSX93 og pSC119, begge stammende fra puC13. pSX93 indeholder et Xbal-Hindlll fragment af subtilisin 309 genet, og pSX119 indeholder resten af subtilisin 309 genet i et BcoRI-xbal fragment. I (A) , spaltes plasmid pSX93 med Xbal og Clal, og de åbne mole-30 kyler blandes med pSX93 skåret med SacI, denatureres og baseparres igen til frembringelse af plasmider med en enkelt-strenget DNA region, som strækker sig inden for subtilisin 309 ; kodningssekvensen. Et syntetisk oligonucleotid, homologt med ^ subtilisin 309 genet, men indeholdende en mutation, baseparres 35 med den enkeltstrengede åbning, som derpå udfyldes, idet
Klenow-fragmentet af DNA polymerase I og T4 DNA ligase anven- DK 175697 B1 des. Ved replikation af plasmidet dannes dobbeltstrengede mutanter af subtilisin 309 genet. Samme fremgangsmåde anven-des i (B) , idet plasmid pSX119 og EcoRI og Xbal enzymer anven-des til dannelse af mutationer i den tilsvarende region af II 5 subtilisin 309 genet.
Figur 4 illustrerer plasmid pSX92, som er et derivat af plasmid pSX62 bærende subtilisin 309 genet. Muterede fragil menter (d.v.s. Xbal - Clal, Xbal - Hindlll, eller EcoRI -
Xbal), skåret ud af mutationsplasmiderne pSX93 eller pSX119 H 10 (se fig. 3) under anvendelse af dé relevante restriktionsendo- H nucleaser, blev indsat i plasmid pSX92 til ekspression i B.
H subtilis stamme DN 497.
H Figur 5 illustrerer plasmid pSX143, som indeholder trunkerede former både af subtilisin 309 og subtilisin 147 15 genet. In vivo rekombination mellem homologe regioner af disse to gener kan resultere i aktive proteaser.
Opfindelsen angår mutationer af subtilisingenet, hvoraf nogle resulterer i ændringer i de kemiske karakteri- 20 stika af subtilisinenzymet. Mutationer ved specifikke nuclein- H syrer kan frembringes, og subtilisinformer kan udformes såle- des, at de kan imødekomme behov ved industriel anvendelse.
Opfindelsen bygger delvist på den opdagelse, at mutationer af specifikke nucleinsyrer i subtilisingenet kan I .25 resultere i enzymer med ændrede egenskaber. I forskellige I udførelsesformer kan der frembringes enzymer med forbedret stabilitet over for oxidation, forøget proteaseaktivitet eller I forbedret vaskeevne.
I Med henblik på beskrivelsens klarhed og ikke for at 3 0 begrænse opfindelsen skal den beskrives i fire dele: (a) den I kemiske struktur hos kendte subtilisiner og subtilisin 147 og
309,- (b) fremgangsmåder til fremstilling af mutationer af I
I subtilisingenet; (c) ekspression af mutanter af subtilisin og I
(d) screening af subtilisinmutanter for ønskede kemiske egen- I
35 skaber. I
DK 175697 B1 i Kemiske strukturer hos kendte subtilisiner og subtilisin 147 "og 309 j' Sekvensanalyse af subtilisin fra forskellige kilder kan afsløre den funktionelle betydning af den primære amino-5 syresekvens, og kan styre dannelsen af hidtil ukendte mutanter med bevidst modificerede funktioner. Sammenligning af amino-syresekvensen for forskellige subtilisin, medens deres fysiske eller kemiske egenskaber stilles over for hinanden, kan afsløre specifikke målregioner, som sandsynligvis kan frem-10 stille nyttige mutantenzymer.
Aminosyresekvenserne fra mindst otte subtilisiner er kendt. Disse omfatter seks subtilisiner fra Bacillus stammer, nemlig subtilisin 168, subtilisin BPN', subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin DY, subtilisin amylosacchariticus og mesenterico-15 peptidase (Kurihara et al., 1972, J.Biol.Chem. 247: 5629 - 5631; Stahl og Ferrari, 1984, J.Bacteriol. 158: 411 - 418; Vasantha et al., 1984, J.Bacteriol. 159: 811 - 819, Jacobs et al., 1985, Nucl.Acids Res. Γ3: 8913 - 8926; Nedkov et al., 1985, Biol.Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 366: 421 - 430; Svendsen et al., 20 1986, FEBS Lett. 196: 228' - 232), og to svampesubtilisiner, subtilisin thermitase fra Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (Meloun et al., 1985, FEBS Lett. 183: 195 - 200) og. proteinase K fra Tritirachium album limber (Jany og Mayer, 1985, Biol.Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 366: 485-492).
25 I forbindelse med den foreliggende opfindelse anføres aminosyresekvenserne og DNA-sekvenserne for to yderligere serinproteaser. Disse proteaser fås fra to Bacillus lentus varianter, 147 og 309, som er deponeret hos NCIB og tildelt accessionsnumrene henholdsvis NCIB 10147 og NCIB 10309.
30 Deponeringerne skete henholdsvis 26 januar 1968 og 9 september 1968. Med hensyn til Budapesttraktaten anses deponeringsdatoen at være 31 marts 1982.
For bekvemmelighedens skyld benævnes proteaserne fremstillet ud fra disse stammer henholdsvis subtilisin 147 og 35 subtilisin 309, og generne, der koder for disse proteiner, betegnes subtilisin 147 og 309 generne.
H DK 175697 B1 I den foreliggende opfindelse anvendes udtrykket "subtilisinmateriale" til at betegne et proteinmateriale, som indeholder en subtilisin som dets aktive ingrediens. Som det anvendes her og under definitionen af subtilisinmateriale, er 5 en hvilken som helst serinprotease en subtilisin, som har mindst 30%, fortrinsvis 50% og mere foretrukket 80% aminosyre-sekvenshomolog i med sekvenserne, der omtales ovenfor for H subtilisin 147, subtilisin 309, subtilisin 168, subtilisin Η BPN', subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin DY, subtilisin amylo- 10 sacchariticus, mesentericopeptidase, thermitase, proteinase K og thermomycolase. Disse serinproteaser beskrives også heri som "homologe serinproteaser".
Tabel I sammenligner de afledte aminosyresekvenser fra subtilisin 309, subtilisin 147, subtilisin BPN', subtili-^R 15 sin Carlsberg og subtilisin 168 (Spizizen et al., 1958, ' Proc.Nat 1.Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 44: 1072 - 1078). Tabel II viser subtilisin 309 genets nucleinsyresekvens, og Tabel III viser ^R subtilisin 147 genets nucleinsyresekvens. Sekvenserne for H subtilisin 309 eller 147 eller deres funktionelle ækvivalenter H 20 kan anvendes i overensstemmelse med opfindelsen. For eksempel H kan de i Tabellerne I, II eller III viste sekvenser fra 309 H eller 147 ændres ved substitutioner, additioner eller deletio- I ner, som sørger for funktionelt ækvivalente molekyler. På j - grund af degenerationen i nucleotidkodningssekvenseme kan ! 25 andre DNA sekvenser, som i det væsentlige koder for den samme · aminosyresekvens som vist i Tabel I, anvendes ved udøvelsen af den foreliggende opfindelse. Disse omfatter, men er ikke begrænset til nucleotidsekvenser omfattende det hele eller dele af subtilisin 309 eller 147 sekvenserne vist i Tabellerne 30 II eller III, som ændres ved substitution af forskellige kodoner, som koder for den samme eller en funktionelt ækviva- lent aminosyrerest inden for sekvensen, idet der således frem- bringes en stum ændring. For eksempel kan en eller flere aminosyrerester inden for sekvensen substitueres med en anden I 35 aminosyrerest med lignende polaritet, der virker som en funk- I tionel ækvivalent. Substitutioner for en aminosyre inden for
DK 175697 B1 I
9 I
sekvensen kan udvælges blandt andre medlemmer af den klasse, I
som aminosyren hører til. For eksempel omfatter de ikke-polære I
(hydrofobe) aminosyrer alanin, leucin, isoleucin, valin, I
Iprolin, phenylalanin, tryptophan og methionin. De polære I
5 neutrale aminosyrer omfatter glycin, serin, threonin, cystein, I
tyrosin, asparagin og glutamin. De positivt ladede (basiske) I
aminosyrer omfatter arginin, lysin og histidin. De negativt I
ladede (sure) aminosyrer omfatter asparaginsyre og glutamin- I
syre. I
10 Nær overensstemmelse kan måles ved sammenligning af I
aminosyresekvenserne. Der findes mange metoder til sammenstil- I
ling af proteinsekvenser, men forskellene viser sig kun, når I
graden af overensstemmelse er ret lille. Metoderne beskrevet i I
Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Margaret O. Dayhoff I
15 ed., vol. 5, supp. 2, 1976, National Biomedical Research Foun- I
dation, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, I
i D.C., p. 3 ff., med titlen SEARCH and ALIGN, definerer over- I
ensstemmelse. Det er kendt teknik, at beslægtede proteiner kan I
variere i antal af aminosyrer så vel som identitet af hver I
20 aminosyre langs kæden. Det vil sige, at der kan forekomme I
deletioner eller indsættelser, når to strukturer sammenstilles I
med henblik på maksimal identitet. For eksempel har subtilisin Carlsberg kun 274 aminosyrer, medens subtilisin BPN' har 275 aminosyrer. Sammenstilling af de to aminosyrer viser, at 25 Carlsberg ikke har en rest, der svarer til Asn56 fra subtili sin BPN' . Aminosyresekvensen fra Carlsberg synes derfor meget forskellig fra BPN', medmindre der anføres et hul ved lokation 56. Derfor kan det med en høj grad af sikkerhed forudsiges, at erstatning af Asn med Ser ved lokation 218 i subtilisin Carls-30 berg vil forøge thermostabiliteten, forudsat at resterne i
Carlsberg nummereres med homologi til BPN'.
Ifølge den foreliggende opfindelse kan de for subtilisin 309 og 147 bestemte sekvenser sammenlignes med sekvenser fra kendte subtilisiner (se tabel I) eller nyligt opdagede 35 subtilisiner for at udlede positioner for ønskede mutationer.
I DK 175697 B1 i t 10
For at gøre dette skal nær overensstemmelse mellem de sammenlignede subtilisiner bestemmes.
Forsøg på at bestemme forholdet mellem subtilisins primære struktur og dens fysiske egenskaber har afsløret 5 betydningen af methionin-222 resten så vel som de i det aktive site funktionelle aminosyrer, nemlig asparaginsyre-32, histi-din-64 og serin-221. Asparagin-155 og Serin-221 ligger inden for oxyanionbindingssitet. Mutationer ved disse positioner mindsker sandsynligvis den proteolytiske aktivitet. Ifølge den 10 foreliggende opfindelse blev aminosyresekvenserne fra subti lisin 309 og 147 sammenlignet med hinanden og med andre subtilisinsekvenser (se Tabel II). Rester, som varierede mellem subtilisin 309 eller 147 og andre subtilisiner blev identificeret. For eksempel indeholder subtilisin 309 en 15 serinrest ved rest 153, hvorimod subtilisin 147, BPN', Carls- berg og 168 indeholder en alaninrest. Hvis derfor serin 153 resten fra subtilisin 309 blev ændret til en alaninrest, kunne de fysiske egenskaber af subtilisin 309 ændres i en ønsket retning. På samme måde indeholder subtilisin 147 en serinrest 20 ved position 218, hvorimod de andre subtilisiner udtrykte en asparaginrest. Fordi subtilisin 147 har forbedret thermosta-bilitet i forhold til andre subtilisiner, kan mutation af asparagin 218 fra subtilisin 309 til en serinrest forbedre thermostabiliteten for subtilisin 309. Som et andet eksempel 25 blev det sluttet, at eftersom Thr 71 er tæt på det aktive site, kunne indførelsen af en negativt ladet aminosyre, såsom asparaginsyre, undertrykke oxidative angreb ved elektrostatisk frastødning. De for subtilisins fysiske egenskaber sandsynligvis mest relevante sites er sådanne, i hvilke der er bevaring 30 af aminorester mellem de fleste subtilisiner, for eksempel de ovenfor omtalte Asp-153 og Asn-218 og også Trp-6, Arg-170,
Pro-168, His-67, Met-175, Gly-219, Arg-275. Ved mutation af nucleinsyresekvenserne således at en aminosyre, som er forskellig fra andre subtilisiner substitueres med en amino-35 syre, som stemmer overens, kan resultatet være en mere stabil form for subtilisin. --------- 11 DK 175697 B1
Wells et al. (1987, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. U.S.A. 84:
1219 - 1233) har anvendt sammenligning af aminosyresekvenser I
og stedsrettet mutation til at frembringe subtilisinsub- I
stratspecificitet. Forskellige subtilisiners katalytiske I
5 aktiviteter kan være væsentlig forskellige over for udvalgte I
substrater. Wells har vist, at kun tre aminosyresubstitutioner I
kan bevirke, at B. amyloliquefaciens subtilisins substratspe- I
cificitet nærmer sig B. licheniformis subtilisins, enzymer, I
som er forskellige med faktor 10 - 50 med hensyn til kataly- I
10 tisk effektivitet i deres naturlige tilstand. Sammenlignings- I
analyse mellem subtilisin 147 og 309 og andre subtilisiner har I
vist, at mutation i de følgende positioner kan ændre de fysiske eller kemiske egenskaber hos subtilisin: 6, 9, 11-12, I
19, 25, 36-38, 53-59, 67, 71, 89, 104, 111, 115, 120, 121-122, 15 124, 128, 131, 140, 153-166, 168, 169-170, 172, 175, 180, 182, 186, 187, 191, 194, 195, 199, 218, 219, 222, 226, 234-238, 241, 260-262, 265, 268 eller 275. Deletioner forekommer ved i følgende positioner i subtilisinerne 147 og/eller 309, indsættelse af passende aminosyrerester i disse positioner 20 kunne forbedre oprindelsesenzymernes stabilitet: 1, 36, 56, 159, 164-166. Ifølge fremgangsmåden illustreret med disse eksempler, som ikke er begrænsende, fremkommer adskillige mulige mutationspositioner.
H DK 175697 B1
Tabel I
Sammenligning af aminosyresekvens for forskellige proteaser 10 20 30 5 a) A-Q-S-V-P-W-G-I-S-R-V-Q-A-P-A-A-H-N-R-G-L-T-G-S-G-V-K-V-A-V- b) *-Q-T-V-P-W-G-I-S-F-I-N-T-Q-Q-A-H-N-R-G-I-F-G-N-G-A-R-V-A-V-H c) A-Q-S-V-P-Y-G-V-S-Q-I-K-A-P-A-L-H-S-Q-G-Y-T-G-S-N-V-K-V-A-V- H d) A-Q-T-V-P-Y-G-I-P-L-I-K-A-D-K-V-Q-A-Q-G-F-K-G'A-N-V-K-V-A-V- H e) A-Q-S-V-P“Y“G-I-S-Q-I-K-A-P-A-L-H-S-Q-G-Y-T-G~S-N-V-K-V-A-V- H 10 40 50 60 H a) L-D-T-G-I-*-S-T-H-P-D-L-N~I-R-G-G-A-S-F-V-P-G-E-P-*-S-T-Q-D- H b) L-D~T-G-I-*-A-T-H-P-D-L-R-I-A-G-G-A-S-F-I-S-S-E-P-*-S-Y-H-D- C) I-D-S-G-I-D-S-S-H-P-D-L'K-V-A-G-G-A-S^M-V-P-S-E-T-N-P-F-Q-D- H d) L-D-T-G-I-Q-A-S-H-P-D-L-N-V-V-G-G-A-S-F-V-A-G-E-A-*-Y-N-T-D- H 15 e) L-D-S-G-I-D-S-S-H-P-D-L-N-V-R-G-G-A-S-F-V-A-S-E-T-N-P-Y-Q-D- 70 80 90 a) G-N-G-H-G-T-H-V-A-G-T-I-A-A-L-N-N-S-I-G-V-L-G-V-A-P-S-A-E-L- b) N-N-G-H-G-T-H-V-A-G-T-I-A-A-L-N-N-S-I-G-V-L-G-V-A-P-S-A-D-L- 20 c) N-N-S-H-G-T-H-V-A-G'T-V-A-A-L-N-N-S-I-G-V-L-G-V-A-P-S-A-S-L- d) G-N-G-H-G-T-H-V-A-G-T-V-A-A-L-D-N-T-T-G-'V-L-G-V-A-P-S-V-S-L- ; e) G-S-S-H-G-T-H-V-A-G-T-I-A-A-L-N-N-S-I-G-V-L-G-V-S-P-S-A-S-L- I 100 110 120 25 a) Y-A-V-K-V-L-G-A-S-G-S-G-S-V-S-S-I-A-Q-G-L-E-W-A-G-N-N-G-M-H- ' b) Y-A-V-K-V-L-D-R-N-G-S-G-S-L-A-S-V-A-Q-G-I-E-W-A-I-N-N-N-M-H- I C) Y-A-V-K-V-L-G-A-D-G-S-G-Q-Y-S-W-I-I-N-G-I-E-W-A-I-A-N-N-M-D- d) Y-A-V-K-V-L-N-S-S-G-S-G-T-Y-S-G-I-V-S-G-I-E-W-A-T-T-N-G-M-D- e) Y-A-V-K-V-L-D-S-T-G-S-G-Q-Y-S-W-I-I-N-G-I-E-W-A-I-S-N-N-M-D- I 30 I ! 130 140 150 I a) V-A-N-L-S-L-G-S-P-S-P-S-A-T-L-E-Q-A-V-N-S-A-T-S-R-G-V-L-V-V- b) I-I-N-M-S-L-G-S-T-S-G-S-S-T-L-E-L-A-V-N-R-A-N-N-A-G-I-L-L-V-C) V-I-N-M-S-L-G-G-P-S-P-S-A-A-L-K-A-A-V-D-K-A-V-A-S-G-V-V-V-V-35 d) V-I-N-M-S-L-G-G-P-S-G-S-T-A-M-K-Q-A-V-D-N-A-Y-A-R-G-V-V-V-V- e) V-I-N-M-S-L-G-G-P-T-G-S-A-A-L-K-T-V-V-D-K-A-V-S-S-G-I-L-V-Å-'
I DK 175697 B1 I
160 170 180 I
; a) A-A-S-G-N-S-G-A-*-G-S-I-S-*-*-*-Y-P-A-R-Y-A-N-A-M-A-V-G-A-T- I
b) G-A-A-G-N-T-G-R-*-Q-G-V-N-*-*-*-Y-P-A-R-Y-S-G-V-M-A-V-A-A-V- I
5 c) A-A-A-G-N-E-G-T-S-G-S-S-S-T-V-G-Y-P-G-K-Y-P-S-V-I-A-V-G-A-V- I
d) A-A-A-G-N-S-G-S-S-G-N-T-N-T-I-G-Y-P-A-K-Y-D-S-V-I-A-V-G-A-V- I
e) A-A-A-G-N-E-G-S-S-G-S-S-S-T-V-G-Y-P-A-K-Y-P-S-T-I-A-V-G-A-V- I
190 200 210 I
10 a) D-Q-N-N-N-R-A-S-F-S-Q-Y-G-A-G-L-D-I-V-A-P-G-V-N-V-Q-S-T-Y-P- I
b) D-Q-N-G-Q-P-P-S-F-S-T-Y-G-P-E-I-E-I-S-A-P-G-V-N-V-N-S-T-Y-T- I
c) D-S-S-N-Q-R-A-S-F-S-S-V-G-P-E-L-D-V-M-A-P-G-V-S-I-Q-S-T-L-P I
d) D-S-N-S-N-R-A-S-F-S-S-V-G-A-E-L-E-V-M-A-P-G-A-G-V-Y-S-T-Y-P- I
e) N-S-S-N-Q-R-A-S-F-S-S-A-G-S-E-L-D-V-M-A-P-G-V-S-I-Q-S-T-L-P- I
220 230 240 I
a) G-S-T-Y-A-S-L-N-G-T-S-M-A-T-P-H-V-A-G-A-A-A-L-V-K-Q-K-N-P-S- I
b) G-N-R-Y-V-S-L-S-G-T-S-M-A-T-P-H-V-A-G-V-A-A-L-V-K-S-R-Y-P-S- I
C) G-N-K-Y-G-A-Y-N'G-T-S-M-A-S-P-H-V-A-G-A-A-A-L-I-L-S-K-H-P-N- I
20 d) T-S-T-Y-A-T-L-N-G-T-S-M-A-S-P-H-V-A-G-A-A-A-L-I-L-S-K-H-P-N- I
j e) G-G-T-Y-G-A-Y-N-G-T-S-M-A-T-P-H-V-A-G-A-A-A-L-I-L-S-K-H-P-T- I
a) W-S-N-V-Q-I-R-N-H-L-K-N-T-A-T-S-L-G-S-T-N-L-Y-G-S-G-L-V-N-A- I
b) Y-T-N-N-Q-I-R-Q-R-I-N-Q-T-A-T-Y-L'G-S-P-S-L-Y-G-N-G-L-V-H-A- I
25 C) W-T-N-T-Q-V-R-S-S-L-E-N-T-T-T-K-L-G-D-S-F-Y-Y-G-K-G-L-I-N-V- d) L-S-A-S-Q-V-R-N-R-L-S-S-T-A-T-Y-L-G'S-S-F-Y-Y-G-K-G-L-I-N-V-e) W-T-N-A-Q-V-R-D-R-L-E-S-T-A-T-Y-L-G-N-S-F-Y-Y-G-K-G-L-I-N-V-
a) E-A-A-T-R 30 b) G-R-A-T-Q C) Q-A-A-A-Q d) E-A-A-A-Q e) Q-A-A-A-Q
35 a = subtilisin 309 b = subtilisin 147 H DK 175697 B1 Η c s subtilisin BPN' d = subtilisin Carlsberg e = subtilisin 168 * = angivet deletion
Der findes inden for teknikkens stade mange velkendte metoder til indføring af mutationer i gener. Efter en kort diskussion af kloning af subtil isingener, vil fremgangsmåder 10 til dannelse af mutationer i subtil isingenet på både tilfæl-H dige positioner og specifikke positioner blive diskuteret.
H Det gen, der koder for subtilisin, kan klones fra en H hvilken som helst Gram-positiv bakterie eller svamp ved hjælp H 15 af forskellige inden for teknikken velkendte metoder. Først H skal der konstrueres et genom og/eller cDNA bibliotek af DNA, idet der anvendes kromosomalt DNA eller messenger RNA fra .
organismen, der fremstiller den subtilisin, der skal undersø- ges. Hvis aminosyresekvensen af subtilisin er kendt, kan homo- 20 loge, mærkede oligonucleotidprober derpå syntetiseres og anvendes til identifikation af kloner, der koder for subtili- sin, fra et genom bibliotek af bakterielt DNA eller fra et fungus cDNA bibliotek. Eller der kan anvendes en mærket I oligonucleotidprobe indeholdende sekvenser, der er homologe I 25 med subtilisin fra en anden bakteriestamme eller svamp, som en probe til identifikation af subtilisinkodende kloner, idet hybridisering og. vaskebetingelser med lavere stringens anven- I des.
I En yderligere metode til identifikation af subtili- 30 sinproducerende kloner kunne indebære indsættelse af fragmen- I ter af genom DNA i en udtrykkelsesvektor, såsom et plasmid, transformering af protease-negative bakterier med det fremkomne genome DNA bibliotek, og efterfølgende udspredning I af de transformerede bakterier på agar indeholdende et I 35 substrat for subtilisin, såsom skummetmælk. Bakterier indehol- I dende subtilisinbærende plasmid vil frembringe kolonier omgi- I _____________ !
15 I
DK 175697 B1 I
vet af en ring af klar agar, på grund af at skummetmælken ned- I
brydes af secerneret subtilisin. I
Når først subtilisingenet er klonet i en egnet I
5 vektor, såsom et plasmid, kan adskillige fremgangsmåder til I
indførelse af tilfældige mutationer i genet anvendes. I
En fremgangsmåde kunne være indføring af det klonede I
subtilisingen som en del af en optagelig vektor i en muta- I
torstamme af Eschericia coli. I
10 En anden fremgangsmåde ville indebære frembringelse I
af en enkeltstrenget form af subtilisingenet og derpå I
I baseparring af DNA-fragmentet indeholdende subtilisingenet med I
et andet DNA-fragment, således at en del af subtilisingenet I
forbliver enkeltstrenget. Denne diskrete, enkeltstrengede I
15 region kunne derpå udsættes for et hvilket som helst af en · I
række mutagener, herunder, men ikke begrænset til, natrium- I
bisulfit, hydroxylamin, salpetersyrling, myresyre eller hydra- I
lazin. Et særligt eksempel på denne fremgangsmåde til dannelse I
af tilfældige mutationer er beskrevet af Shortle og Nathans I
20 (1978, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci., U.S.A., 75: 2170-2174). Ifølge I
Shortle og Nathans fremgangsmåde ville plasmidet bærende subtilisingenet blive "knækket" af et restriktionsenzym, som spalter inden for genet. Det fremkomne hak ville blive j udvidet til en åbning af exonucleasevirkningen fra DNA poly- 1 25 merase I. Den fremkomne enkeltstrengede åbning kunne derpå mutageniseres, ved at et hvilket som helst af de nævnte muta-genesemidler anvendtes.
Som en anden mulighed kan subtilisingenet fra en Bacillus-art omfattende den naturlige promoter og andre 30 kontrolsekvenser klones i en plasmidvektor indeholdende repli-koner for både E. coli og B. subtilis, en selekterbar pheno-typisk markør og M13 replikationsorigo til fremstilling af enkeltstrenget plasmid DNA på superinfektion med hjælpefag j IR1. Enkeltstrenget plasmid DNA indeholdende det klonede sub-35 tilisingen isoleres og baseparres med et DNA-fragment indeholdende vektorsekvenser, men ikke subtilisins kodende region, H DK 175697 B1 H hvilket bevirker til et åbent duplex molekyle. Mutationer indføres i subtilisingenet enten med natriumbisulfit, salpetersyrling eller myresyre eller ved replikation i en mutatorstamme af E. coli som beskrevet ovenfor. Eftersom 5 natriumbisulfit udelukkende reagerer med cytosin i et enkelt- strenget DNA, er de med dette mutagen skabte mutationer kun begrænset til de kodende regioner. Reaktionstid og bisulfit-^R koncentration varieres i forskellige forsøg, således at der gennemsnitligt skabes fra en til fem mutationer per subtili-^R 10 si'ngen. Inkubation af 10 pg åbent dobbelt DNA i 4 M Na-bisul- ^R fit, pH 6,0, i 9 minutter ved 37°C i en reaktionsvolumen på ^R 400 μΐ, deaminerer ca. 1% cytosiner i den enkeltstrengede II region. Den kodende region for modent subtilisin indeholder H ca. 200 cytosiner afhængigt af DNA strengen. Reaktionstiden H 15 kan med fordel varieres fra ca. 4 minutter (til frembringelse H af en mutationsfrekvens på ca. 1 ud af 200) til ca. 20 minut- ter (ca. 5 ud af 200).
Efter mutagenese behandles de åbnede molekyler in vitro med DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) til dannelse af H 20 fuldstændigt dobbeltstrengede molekyler og for at fiksere H mutationerne. Kompetente E. coli transformeres derpå med det mutageniserede DNA til fremstilling af et forstærket bibliotek I af mutante subtilisiner. Forstærkede mutant biblioteker kan H også fremstilles ved dyrkning af plasmid DNA i en Mut D stamme I 25 af E. coli, som forøger rækken af mutationer på grund af fejl- H . behæftet DNA-polymerase.
Mutagenerne salpetersyrling og myresyre kan også an- I vendes til fremstilling af mutantbiblioteker. Fordi disse stoffer ikke er så specifikke for enkeltstrenget DNA som na- 30 triumbisulfit, udføres mutagenesereaktionerne efter følgende I fremgangsmåde. Den kodende del af subtilisingenet klones i M13 I phagen ifølge standardmetoder og enkeltstrenget DNA forbe- I redes. Den enkeltstrengede DNA omsættes derpå med l M salpe-
I tersyrling, pH 4,3 i 15 - 60 minutter ved 23°C eller 2,4 M
I 35 myresyre i 1 - 5 minutter i 23°C. Disse reaktionstidsområder I frembringer en mutationsfrekvens på fra 1 ud af 1000 til 5 ud
17 I
DK 175697 B1 I
af 1000. Efter mutagenese baseparres en universel primer med I
M13 DNA og dobbelt DNA syntetiseres, idet mutageniseret en- I
keltstrenget DNA anvendes som templat, således at den kodende I
del af subtilisingenet bliver fuldstændigt dobbeltstrenget. På I
5 dette punkt kan den kodende region skæres ud af M13 vektoren I
med restriktionsenzymer og ligeres i en umutageniseret I
ekspressionsvektor, således at mutationer kun forekommer i I
restriktionsfragmentet {Myers et al., Science 229: 242 - 257 I
(1985)). I
10 Ifølge yderligere en fremgangsmåde kan mutationer I
dannes ved at underkaste to forskellige former for subtilisin I
in vivo rekombination. Ifølge denne fremgangsmåde fører homo- I
loge regioner inden for de to gener til en krydsning af I
tilsvarende regioner, hvilket resulterer i udvekslingen af I
15 genetisk information. Dannelsen af hybride amylasemolekyler I
ifølge denne teknik er fuldstændigt beskrevet i dansk patent I
I nr. 160840, som der herefter skal henvises til. Et eksempel på I
et plasmid, som kan danne hybride subtilisinformer er afbildet I
i fig. 5. Både subtilisin 309 og 147 generne, indført i I
20 plasmid pSX143, er trunkerede og kan derfor ikke selv føre til I
subtilisinekspression. Hvis rekombinationen imidlertid I
forekommer mellem de to gener, for at korrigere manglen I
. hidrørende fra trunkering, d.v.s. den N-terminale region af I
! subtilisin 309 genet bliver kædet sammen med den C-terminale ; 25 region af subtilisin 147 genet, kan der fremstilles aktivt mutant subtilisin. Hvis pSX143 indføres i en proteasenegativ bakteriestamme, og bakterier, som udvikler en proteasepositiv phenotype, derpå selekteres, kan der identificeres forskellige mutanter, subtilisin 309/147 kimærer.
Når subtilisingenet er blevet klonet og de ønskede mutationssteder fastlagt, kan disse mutationer indføres ved at anvende syntetiske oligonucleotider. Disse oligonucleotider indeholder nucleotidsekvenser, som flankerer de ønskede muta- 35. tionspositioner; mutante nucleotider indsættes under oligonucleotidsyntese. Ifølge en foretrukket fremgangsmåde i H DK 175697 B1 skabes en enkelt strenget DNA-åbning, som danner bro i H subtilisingenet, i en vektor, der bærer subtilisingenet. Derpå baseparres det syntetiske nucleotid, der bærer den ønskede H mutation, til en homolog del af det enkeltstrengede DNA. Den 5 resterende åbning udfyldes derpå af DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) og konstruktionen ligeres, idet der anvendes T4 ligase. Et specifikt eksempel på denne fremgangsmåde er beskrevet i Morinaga et al., (1984, Biotechnology 2:636-639). Ifølge Morinaga et al., fjernes et indre fragment fra genet, 10 idet der anvendes restriktionsendonuclease. . Vektoren/genet, der nu indeholder en åbning, denatureres derpå og hybridiseres H til en vektor/gen, som, i stedet for at indeholde en åbning, H er blevet spaltet med en anden restriktionsendonuclease ved en position uden for det område, som er berørt af åbningen. En H 15 enkeltstrenget region i genet er derpå tilgængelig for hybridisering med muterede oligonucleotider, den resterende H åbning udfyldes af Klenow-fragmentet fra DNA polymerase I, indskudene ligeres med T4 DNA ligase, og efter en replikationscyklus frembringes et dobbeltstrenget plasmid, som H 20 bærer den ønskede mutation. Ved fremgangsmåden ifølge Morinaga undgås den yderligere manipulation konstruktion af nye restriktionspositioner, og derfor lettes dannelsen af mutationer ved multiple sites. Ifølge US patentskrift nr.
I 4.760.025 (Estell et al., juli 26, 1988) er det muligt at 25 indføre oligonucleotider, der bærer multiple mutationer ved I udførelse af mindre ændringer i kassetten,· imidlertid kan endnu flere forskellige mutationer indføres på et hvilket som I helst tidspunkt ifølge Morinaga-metoden, da en række oligonucleotider af forskellig længde kan indføres.
30 I Et muteret subtilisingen fremstilles ifølge de I beskrevne fremgangsmåder eller en hvilken som helst I fremgangsmåde inden for kendt teknik udtrykkes i enzymform, I idet en ekspressionsvektor anvendes. En ekspressionsvektor I 35 falder almindeligvis inden for definitionen af en I kloningsvektor,· eftersom en ekspressionsvektor oftest omfatter
19 I
DK 175697 B1 I
bestanddelene i en typisk kloningsvektor, d.v.s. et element, I
Isom tillader autonom replikation af vektoren i en mikro- I
organisme uafhængig af mikroorganismens genom og en eller I
flere phenotypiske markører til selektionsformål. En ekspres- I
5 sionsvektor omfatter kontrolsekvenser, der koder for en I
promoter, operator, ribosombindingssted, translationsinitie- I
ringssignal og eventuelt et repressorgen. For at tillade I
secerneringen af det udtrykte protein, kan nucleotider, der I
koder for en "signalsekvens", indsættes inden genets kodnings- I
10 sekvens. Med henblik på ekspression under styringen af kon- I
trolsekvenser, bindes et målgen, som skal behandles ifølge I
opfindelsen, operabelt til kontrolsekvenserne i den korrekte I
læseramme. Promotersekvenser, som kan indføres i plasmid- I
vektorer, og som kan understøtte transskriptionen af det I
15 mutante subtil isingen, omfatter, men er ikke begrænset til, I
den prokaryote β-laetamasepromoter (Villa-Kamaroff et al., I
1978, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci., U.S.A. 75: 3727-3731) og tac I
promoteren (DeBoer et al., 1983, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci., U.S.A. I
80:21-25). Yderligere henvisninger kan også findes i "Useful I
20 proteins from recombinant bacteria" i Scientific American, I
1980, 242: 74-94. I
Ifølge en udførelsesform transformeres B. subtilis I
med en ekspressionsvektor, der bærer det muterede DNA. Hvis I
ekspression skal ske i en secernerende mikroorganisme, såsom I
25 B. subtilis, kan en signalsekvens følge translationsinitia- I
tionssignalet og gå forud for den relevante DNA-sekvens.
Signalsekvensen fungerer ved at transportere ekspressionsproduktet til cellevæggen, hvor det spaltes fra produktet ved secernering. Det er hensigten, at udtrykket "kontrolsekvenser" 30 som defineret ovenfor, skal omfatte en signalsekvens, når den er tilstede. :
Til screening af mutanter kan transformeret B.
subtilis dyrkes i nærvær af et filtermateriale (såsom nitro-35 cellulose), hvortil det secernerede ekspressionsprodukt (f.eks. enzym) binder. For at screene for "et ekspressions- Η DK 175697 B1 Η Η produkt med en ønsket egenskab udsættes et filterbundet ekspressionsprodukt for betingelser, som adskiller det rele- ' vante ekspréssionsprodukt fra det naturligt forekommende 1 ekspressionsprodukt. For eksempel kan det filterbundne 5 ekspressionsprodukt udsættes for betingelser, som ville inak-tivere et naturligt forekommende produkt. Bevaret enzym-aktivitet, der følger ødelæggende behandling, viser, at muta-tionen giver enzymet øget stabilitet, og at det derfor er en nyttig mutation.
10 Ifølge en udførelsesform for opfindelsen udføres screening for stabile varianter, idet der anvendes en prote-asedefekt B. subtilis stamme transformeret med variantplas-H midet og spredt ud på plader som følger: et nitrocellulose- H ' filter anbringes på en næringsbase i en petriskål, og et H 15 celluloseacetatfilter anbringes ovenpå nitrocellulosen.
H Kolonier dyrkes på celluloseacetatet, og protease fra indivi- duelle kolonier secerneres gennem celluloseacetatet til nitro- cellulosefiltret, hvor det bindes stabilt. Protease fra H hundereder af kolonier bindes til et enkelt filter, hvilket H 20 tillader efterfølgende screening af tusinder af forskellige H varianter ved behandling af adskillige filtre.
Til identifikation af kolonier, der fremstiller subtilisin med forøget thermostabilitet, kan filtrene inku- beres i pufferopløsninger ved temperaturer, som vil inaktivere I 25 i det væsentlige al vildtypeaktivitet. Varianter med forøget stabilitet eller aktivitet beholder aktiviteten efter dette trin. Det passende behandlede filter dyppes derpå i en opløs- I ning indeholdende Tosyl-L-Arg methyl ester (TAME) Benzoyl-Arg- I ethyl-ester (BAEE), Acetyl-Tyr-ethyl-ester (ATEE) (Sigma) I 30 eller lignende forbindelser. Fordi TAME, BAEE og ATEE er sub- I . strater for proteaserne, spaltes de i de zoner på filtret, der I indeholder subtilisinvarianter, som forbliver aktive efter I behandling. Når spaltning forekommer, frigøres protoner i I reaktionsblandingen og bevirker, at phenolrødt ændrer farve I 35 fra rød til gul på områder, der beholder proteaseaktivitet.
DK 175697 B1 I
Denne . fremgangsmåde kan anvendes til at screene for
forskellige variantklasser blot med mindre modifikationer. For H
eksempel kunne filtrene behandles ved høj temperatur, ved høj I
pH, med denatureringsmidler, oxidationsmidler eller under I
5 andre betingelser, som normalt inaktiverer et enzym, såsom en I
protease, for at finde resistente varianter. Varianter med I
ændret substratspecificitet kunne screenes ved at erstatte I
TAME, BAEE eller ATEE med andre substrater, som normalt ikke I
spaltes med naturligt forekommende vildtypesubtilisin. I
10 Når først en variant med forstærket stabilitet er I
identificeret ved screening, isoleres kolonien, hvorfra I
varianten er deriveret, og den ændrede subtilisin oprenses. I
I Forsøg kan udføres med det oprensede enzym til bestemmelse af I
stabilitetsbetingelserne mod oxidation, thermisk inaktivering, I
15 denatureringstemperatur, kinetiske parametre så vel som andre fysiske målinger. Det ændrede gen kan også sekvensbestemmes for at bestemme de aminosyreændringer, der er ansvarlige for den forbedrede stabilitet. Ved at anvende denne fremgangsmåde er varianter med forbedrede vaskeegenskaber blevet isoleret.
Eksempel
Stedsspecifik mutation af subtilisingenet frembringer mutanter ! med nyttige kemiske egenskaber 2 5 Bakteriestammer.
B. subtilis 309 og 147 er varianter af Bacillus len-tus, deponeret hos NCIB og tildelt accessionsnumrene NCIB 10147 og NCIB 10309 og beskrevet i US patentskrift nr.
3.723.250 (27. marts 1973), som der skal henvises til. B.
30 subtilis DN 497 er beskrevet i US patent nr. 5.036.002, som der også skal henvises til, og er en aro+ transformant af RUB 200 med kromosomalt DNA fra SL 438, en sporulerings- og proteasedeficient stamme fra Dr. Kim Hardy fra Biogen. E. coli MC 1000 r-m+ (Casadaban, M. J. og Cohen, S.N. (1980) , 35 J.Mol.Biol. 138: 179-207, blev gjort r-m+ ved hjælp af I DK 175697 B1
Η I
^H konventionelle metoder og er også beskrevet i US patent nr. I
H 5.036.002. I
Plasmider I
5 pSX50 (beskrevet i US patent nr. 5.036.002, som der I
skal henvises til) er et derivat af plasmid pDN 1050 I
omfattende promoter-operatoren plOl, B. pumilus xyn B genet og I
Η B. subtilis xyl R genet. I
H pSX65 (beskrevet i US patent nr. 5.036.002 ovenfor) I
10 er et derivat af plasmid pDN 1050, omfattende promoter- I
operatoren p202, B. pumilus xyn B genet, og B. subtilis xyl R I
genet. I
pSX93 vist i figur 3a, er pUC13 (Vieira og Messing, I
1982, Gene 19: 259-268) omfattende et 0,7 kb Xbal-Hindlll
15 fragment af subtilisin 309 genet inklusiv terminatoren indsat I
i en polylinkersekvens. I
pSX119 er pUC13 indeholdende et EcoRI-Xbal fragment I
af subtilisin 309-genet indsat i polylinkeren. I
pSX62 (beskrevet i US patent nr. 5.036.002 ovenfor) I
I 20 er et derivat af pSX52 (ibid.), som omfatter et fusionsgen I
I mellem kalveprochymosingenet og B. pumilus xyn B genet indsat I
I i pSX50 (ovenfor). pSX62 blev frembragt ved indsættelse af E. I
I coli rrn B terminatoren i pSX52 bag prochymosingenet. I
I pSX92 blev fremstillet ved kloning af subtilisin 309 I
I 25 i plasmid pSX62 (ovenfor) skåret ved Clal og Hind III og fyldt I
H inden indsættelsen af fragmenterne Dral-Nhel og Nhel-Hindlll I
H fra det klonede subtilisin 309-gen. I
Hi I
I ! Oprensning af subtilisiner I
I I 30 Fremgangsmåden angår en typisk oprensning af en I
fermentering i 10 liter skala af subtilisin 147 enzymet, I
I subtilisin 309 enzymet eller mutanter deraf. I
I Ca. 8 liter næringsmedium blev centrifugeret ved 5000 I
opm i 35 minutter i 1 liters bægre. Supernatanterne blev I
I 35 indstillet til pH 6,5 under anvendelse af 10% eddikesyre og I
I filtreret på Seitz Supra S100 filterplader. I
23 DK 175697 B1
Filtraterne blev koncentreret til ca. 400 ml med en Amicon CH2A UF enhed udstyret med en Amicon S1Y10 UF patron. UF-koncentratet blev centrifugeret og filtreret inden adsorption på en Bacitracin affinitetssøjle ved pH 7. Proteasen blev 5 elueret fra Bacitracin søjlen med 25% 2-propanol og 1 M natriumchlorid i en pufferopløsning med 0,01 M dimethylglutar-syre, 0,1 M borsyre og 0,002 M kalciumchlorid indstillet til pH 7.
Fraktionerne med proteaseaktivitet fra Bacitracin-10 oprensningstrinnet blev kombineret og anbragt på en 750 ml Sephadex G25 søjle (5 cm dia.) ækvilibreret med en puffer indeholdende 0,01 M dimethylglutarsyre, 0,2 M borsyre og 0,002 M kalciumchlorid indstillet til pH 6,5.
Fraktioner med proteolytisk aktivitet fra Sephadex 15 G25 søjlen blev kombineret og en 150 ml CM Sepharose CL 6B
kationbyttersøj le (5 cm dia.) ækvilibreret med en puffer indeholdende 0,01 M dimethylglutaminsyre, 0,2 M borsyre og 0,002 M kalciumchlorid indstillet til pH 6,5.
Proteasen blev elueret med en lineær gradient af 0 -i 20 0,1 M natriumchlorid i 2 liter af samme puffer (0 - 0,2 M
natriumchlorid i tilfælde af subtilisin 147).
I et sidste oprensningstrin blev proteaseholdige fraktioner fra CM Sepharose søjlen kombineret og koncentreret i en Amicon ultrafiltreringscelle udstyret med en GR81P 25 membran (fra De Danske Sukkerfabriker A/S).
Subtilisin 309 og mutanter Met 222 til Ala
Gly 195 til Glu
Asn 218 til Ser 30 Arg 170 til Tyr
Gly 195 til Glu, Arg 170 til Tyr
Gly 195 til Glu, Met 222 til Ala blev oprenset med denne fremgangsmåde.
35
I DK 175697 B1 I
Oligonucleotidsyntese I
Alle umage primere blev syntetiseret på en Applied I
Biosystems 380 A DNA syntesiser og oprenset ved hjælp af poly- I
acrylamidgelelektroforese (PAGE). I
Bestemmelse af oxidationsstabilitet. I
Det oprensede enzym fortyndes til et enzymindhold på I
ca. 0,1 mg/ml i 0,01 M dimethylglutarsyre, pH 7, og i den I
samme puffer med 0,01 M pereddikesyre (pH 7). I
10 Begge fortyndinger blev opvarmet til 50°C i 20 minut- I
ter. Proteolytisk aktivitet blev målt i fortyndingerne før og I
efter varmebehandlingen. I
Prøve for proteolytisk aktivitet I
15 OPA Casein metode I
Proteolytisk aktivitet blev bestemt med casein som I
substrat. En Caseinproteaseenhed (CPU) defineres som den I
mængde enzym, der frigør 1 millimol primære aminogrupper I
(bestemt ved sammenligning med en serinstandard) per minut I
20 under standardbetingelser, d.v.s. inkubation i 30 minutter ved I
25°C og pH 9,5. I
En 2% (w/v) caseinopløsning (Hammarstein fra Merck I
AG, Vesttyskland) blev fremstillet med Universal Buffer I
beskrevet af Britton og Robinson (Journ.Chem.Soc. 1931, p. I
25 1451), indstillet til pH 9,5. I
, To ml substratopløsning blev præinkuberet i et vand- I
bad i 10 minutter ved 25°C. 1 ml enzymopløsning indeholdende I
ca. 0,2 - 0,3 CPU/ml Britton-Robinson puffer (pH 9,5) blev I
tilsat. Efter 30 minutters inkubation ved 25°C standsedes I
3 0 reaktionen ved tilsætning af et stopmiddel (5 ml af en opløs- I
ning indeholdende trichloreddikesyre (17,9 g), natriumacetat I
(29,9 g) og eddikesyre (19,8 g), og suppleret op til 500 ml I
med ionfrit vand). En blindprøve blev fremstillet på samme I
måde. som prøveopløsningen med undtagelse af, at stopmidlet I
35 blev tilsat før enzymopløsningen. I
25 I
DK 175697 B1 I
Reaktionsblandingerne blev holdt i 20 minutter i I
vandbad, hvorefter de blev filtreret gennem Whatman®42 papir- I
filtre. I
Primære aminogrupper blev bestemt ved deres farve- I
5 udvikling med o-phthaldialdehyd (OPA). I
Dinatriumtetraboratdecahydrat (7,62 g) og natrium- I
dodecylsulfat (2,0 g) blev opløst i 150 ml vand). OPA (160 mg)
opløst i 4 ml methanol blev derpå tilsat sammen med 400 μΐ I
beta-mercaptoethanol, hvorefter opløsningen blev suppleret op I
10 til 200 ml med vand. I
Til OPA reagenset (3 ml) blev tilsat 40 μΐ af de I
I ovenfor nævnte filtrater blanding. Den optiske tæthed (OD) ved I
340 nm blev målt efter ca. 5 minutter. I
OPA testen blev også udført med en serinstandard I
15 indeholdende 10 mg serin i 100 ml Britton-Robinson puffer (pH I
9,5). Pufferen blev anvendt som en blindprøve. I
Proteaseaktiviteten blev beregnet, fra målinger af den I
optiske tæthed ved hjælp af følgende formel: I
2 0 CPU/ml enzymopløsning = (ODt - ODb) x C3er x Q I
(ODser - ODb) X MWser X ti I
CPU/g enzympræparat = CPU/ml: b 25 hvor 0Dt, ODb, ODeer og 0DB er den optiske tæthed for henholdsvis prøveopløsningen, blindprøven, serinstandarden og pufferen, Cser serinkoncentrationen i mg/ml i standarden, MWser molekylvægten af serin. Q er fortyndingsfaktoren (i dette tilfælde lig med 8) for enzymopløsningen og ti er inkubations-30 tiden i minutter.
I den følgende tabel V er vist resultater fra den ovenstående prøve i forhold til det oprindelige enzym.
Prøve for vaskeegenskab 35 Prøvelapper (7 cm x 7 cm, ca. 1 g) blev fremstillet
ved at passere krympebehandlet bomuldsstof (100% bomuld, DS
H DK 175697 B1 Η 71) gennem karret i en Mathis vaske- og tørremaskine af typen TH (Werner Mathis AG, Zurich, Schweiz) indeholdende spinatsaft (fremstillet af frisk spinat) og derpå gennem maskinens tryk-valse for at fjerne overskydende spinatsaft.
IH 5 Til slut blev tøjet tørret i en kraftig luftstrøm ved stuetemperatur, opbevaret ved stuetemperatur i 3 uger og derpå opbevaret ved -18°C inden anvendelse.
I1 Prøverne blev udført isothermisk i en Terg-O-tometer prøvevaskemaskine (beskrevet i Jay C. Harris "Detergency 10 Evaluation and Testing", Interscience Publishers Ltd., 1954, H p. 60-61) ilO minutter ved 100 opm. Som detergent blev H følgende standardpulverdetergent anvendt: LAS, Nansa S 80 0,4 g/1 15 AE, Berol O 65 0,15 g/1 I Sæbe 0,15 g/1 STPP 1,75 g/1
Natriumsilikat 0,40 g/1 I CMC 0,05 g/1 I 20 EDTA 0,01 g/1 I Na2S04 2,10 g/1 H Perborat 1.00 g/1 I TAED 0,10 g/1 I 25 TAED = Ν,Ν,Ν',N' -tetraacetyl-ethylendiamin; pH blev indstillet
I med 4 N NaOH til 9,5. Vandet, der anvendtes, var ca. 9° GH
I (German Hardness) .
Forsøgene blev udført ved enzymkoncentrationer på: 0, I 0,05 CPU/1 og 0,1 CPU/1 og to uafhængige rækker forsøg blev H 30 udført for hver af mutanterne.
I Til hvert forsøg anvendtes otte tøj lapper og et bæger (800 ml) detergent. Af de otte lapper var fire rene og fire I var plettede med spinatsaft. Efter vask blev lapperne skyllet I i rindende vand i 25 minutter i en spand.
35 Lapperne/stykkerne blev derpå lufttørret natten over I (beskyttet mod dagslys) og remissionen, R, bestemt på et DK 175697 B1 27 E1REPH0 2000 spektrophotometer fra Datacolor S.A., Dietkikon, Schweiz, ved 460 nm.
Som målestok for vaskeevnen anvendtes differential-remission, AR, hvor AR er lig med remissionen efter vask med 5 tilsat enzym minus remissionen efter vask uden enzym.
Prøve for thermostabilitet
Samme fremgangsmåde som ovenfor for vaskeevne blev anvendt ved bedømmelse af thermostabiliteten hos de frembragte 10 mutanter, ved at udføre prøven ved temperaturer på henholdsvis 40°C og 60°C.
Kloning af subtilisin 309 og 147 gener
Kromosomalt DNA fra "309" stammen blev isoleret ved 15 at behandle en celleopløsning med Lysozym i 30 minutter ved 37°C og derpå med SDS i 5 minutter ved 60°C. Derefter blev opløsningen ekstraheret med phenolchloroform (50:50), udfældet med ethanol, og præcipitatet opløst igen i TE. Denne opløsning blev behandlet med RNase i 1 time ved 37°C.
20 Ca. 30 pg kromosomalt DNA blev delvist nedbrudt med restriktionsenzym Sau 3A (New England Biolabs) og fragmenter fra- ca. 1,5 kb til ca. 6,5 kb blev isoleret på DEAE cellulosepapir fra en 1% agarosegel (subtilisingenet i andre arter er ca. 1,2 kb langt).
, 25 Som vist i fig. 1 blev fragmenterne baseparret og ligeret til BamHI skåret plasmid pSX50 (beskrevet i US patent nr. 5.036.002, som der henvises til). Plasmiderne blev derpå transformeret til kompetent B. subtilis DN 497.
Cellerne blev derpå bredt ud på LB agarplader med 10 30 mM phosphat, pH 7, 6 pg/ml kloramphenicol, og 0,2% xylose for at inducere xyn-promoteren i plasmidet. Pladerne indeholdt også 1% skummetmælk, så de proteaseproducerende transformanter kunne detekteres ved den klare ring, hvor skummetmælken var nedbrudt.
35 Kloner, der udtrykte protease, blev fremstillet med ------- en frekvens på 10-4. Der fandtes to kloner indeholdende
I DK 175697 B1 I
I I
H plasmider, der bærer genet for subtilisin 309, pSX86 og pSX88. I
H Genet blev derpå sekvensbestemt, idet fremgangsmåden ifølge I
H Maxam og Gilbert anvendtes. Den fremkomne nucleotidsekvens fra I
subtilisin 309 er vist i tabel II. I
I
Tabel II I
'! Subtilisin 309 genet . I
Signal I
ATGAAGAAACCG TTGGGGAAAATT GTCGCAAGCACC GCACTACTCATT TCTGTTGCTTTT I
10 1 pro I
I AGTTCATCGATC GCATCGGCTGCT GAACAACGAAAA GAAAAATATTTA ATTGGCTTTAAT I
Η I
GAGCAGGAAGCT GTCAGTGAGTTT GTAGAACAAGTA GAGGCAAATGAC GAGGTCGCCATT I
CTCTCTGAGGAA GAGGAAGTCGAA ATTGAATTGCTT CATGAATTTGAA ACGATTCCTGTT I
15 TTATCCGTTGAG TTAAGCCCAGAA GATGTGGACGCG CTTGAACTCGAT OCAGCGATTTCT I
H Mature I
I i TATATTGAAGAG GATGCAGAAGTA ACGACAATGGCG CAATCAGTGCCA TGGGGAATTAGC I
I 334 I
I CGTGTGCAAGCC CCAGCTGCCCAT AACCGTGGATTG ACAGGTTCTGGT GTAAAAGTTGCT I
H 20 GTCCTCGATACA GGTATTTCCACT CATCCAGACTTA AATATTCGTGGT GGCGCTAGCTTT I
I GTACCAGGGGAA CCATCCACTCAA GATGGGAATGGG CATGGCACGCAT GTGGCCGGGACG I
ATTGCTGCTTTA AACAATTCGATT GGCGTTCTTGGC GTAGCGCCGAGC GCGGAACTATAC I
GCTGTTAAAGTA TTAGGGGCGAGC GGTTCAGGTTCG GTCAGCTCGATT GCCCAAGGATTG I
I GAATGGGCAGGG AACAATGGCATG CACGTTGCTAAT TTGAGTTTAGGA AGCCCTTCGCCA I
I 25 Xbal I
I AGTGCCACACTT GAGCAAGCTGTT AATAGCGCGACT TCTAGAGGCGTT CTTGTTGTAGCG I
I GCATCTGGGAAT TCAGGTGCAGGC TCAATCAGCTAT CCGGCCCGTTAT GCGAACGCAATG I
GCAGTCGGAGCT ACTGACCAAAAC AACAACCGCGCC AGCTTTTCACAG TATGGCGCAGGG I
I CTTGACATTGTC GCACCAGGTGTA AACGTGCAGAGC ACATACCCAGGT TCAACGTATGCC I
I 30 Clal I
I AGCTTAAACGGT ACATCGATGGCT ACTCCTCATGTT GCAGGTGCAGCA GCCCTTGTTAAA I
CAAAAGAACCCA TCTTGGTCCAAT GTACAAATCCGC AATCATCTAAAG AATACGGCAACG I
I AGCTTAGGAAGC ACGAACTTGTAT GGAAGCGGACTT GTCAATGCAGAA GCGGCAACACGC I
Stop I
I 35 TAA I
I 1141 I
29 I
DK 175697 B1 I
j Samme fremgangsmåde som ovenfor anvendtes til kloning
af subtilisin 147 genet med undtagelse af, at DNA fragmenter I
blev ligeret i plasmid pSX56 (også beskrevet i US patent nr. I
5.036.002 ovenfor) der som angivet i fig. 2 i stedet for xyn I
5 promoteren indeholder xyl promoteren. Der fandtes en klon I
indeholdende et plasmid pSX94, der bærer genet for subtilisin I
1147. Sekvensen for dette gen er vist i tabel III nedenfor. I
Tabel III I
10 Subtilisin 147 genet I
Signal I
ATGAGACAAAGT CTAAAAGTTATG GTTTTGTCAACA GTGGCATTGCTT TTCATGGCAAAC I
CCAGCAGCAGCA GGCGGGGAGAAA AAGGAATATTTG ATTGTCGTCGAA CCTGAAGAAGTT I
TCTGCTCAGAGT GTCGAAGAAAGT TATGATGTGGAC GTCATCCATGAA TTTGAAGAGATT I
CCAGTCATTCAT GCAGAACTAACT AAAAAAGAATTG AAAAAATTAAAG AAAGATCCGAAC I
Mature I
GTAAAAGCCATC GAAGAGAATGCA GAAGTAACCATC AGTCAAACGGTT CCTTGGGGAATT I
20 280
TCATTCATTAAT ACGCAGCAAGCG CACAACCGCGGT ATTTTTGGTAAC GGTGCTCGAGTC GCTGTCCTTGAT ACAGGAATTGCT TCACACCCAGAC TTACGAATTGCA GGGGGAGCGAGC TTTATTTCAAGC GAGCCTTCCTAT CATGACAATAAC GGACACGGAACT CACGTGGCTGGT ACAATCGCTGCG TTAAACAATTCA ATCGGTGTGCTT GGTGTACGACCA TCGGCTGACTTG 25 TACGCTCTCAAA GTTCTTGATCGG AATGGAAGTGGT TCGCTTGCTTCT GTAGCTCAAGGA ATCGAATGGGCA ATTAACAACAAC ATGCACATTATT AATATGAGCCTT GGAAGCACGAGT GGTTCTAGCACG TTAGAGTTAGCT GTCAACCGAGCA AACAATGCTGGT ATTCTCTTAGTA GGGGCAGCAGGT AATACGGGTAGA CAAGGAGTTAAC TATCCTGCTAGA TACTCTGGTGTT ATGGCGGTTGCA GCAGTTGATCAA AATGGTCAACGC GCAAGCTTCTCT ACGTATGGCCCA 3 0 GAAATTGAAATT TCTGCACCTGGT GTCAACGTAAAC AGCACGTACACA GGCAATCGTTAC GTATCGCTTTCT GGAACATCTATG GCAACACCACAC GTTGCTGGAGTT GCTGCACTTGTG AAGAGCAGATAT CCTAGCTATACG AACAACCAAATT CGCCAGCGTATT AATCAAACAGCA ACGTATCTAGGT TCTCCTAGCCTT TATGGCAATGGA TTAGTACATGCT GGACGTGCAACA
35 CAATAA 1084 DK 175697 B1
I I
Frembringelse af stedsspecifikke mutationer af subtilisin 309 . I
genet I
Stedsspecifikke mutationer blev udført ifølge I
5 Morinaga et al. (Biotechnology, ovenfor). Følgende oligonucle- I
H otider anvendtes til indføring af mutationerne: : I
' a) Gly-195 Glu: I
En 27 mer umage primer, Nor-237, som også danner et I
H 10 nyt SacI restriktionssite I
5' CACAGTATGGGCGCAGGGCTTGACATTGTCGCACCAGG 3' I
NOR-237 5’ GTATGGCGCAGAGCTCGACATTTGTCGC 3' I
Sad I
I 15 I
I b> Gly-195 Asp: I
H En 23-mer umage primer, NOR-323, som også danner et I
nyt Bglll site I
I AT I
I 2 0 5’ CACAGTATGGGCGCAGGGCTTGACATTGTC3' I
I 31 CATACCGCGTCTAGAACTGTAAC 5' I
I Bglll I
I c) Met-222 Cys: I
I 25 En 24-mer umage primer, NOR-236 I
I Clal I
I 5 · AGCTTAAACGGTACATCGATGGCTACTCCTCATGTT 31 I
I NOR-236 5’ ACGGTACATCGTGCGCTACTCCTC 3’ I
30 d) Met-222 Ala: I
I En 22-mer umage primer, NOR-235 I
I Clal I
I 5' AGCTTAAACGGTACATCGATGGCTACTCCTCATGTT31 I
I NOR-235 5’ CGGTACATCGGCGGCTACTCCT 3' I
I 35 I
I Begge disse primere ødelægger det unikke Clal site. I
DK 175697 B1 I
|e > Ser-153 Ala: I
En 18-mer umage primer, NOR-324, som også danner et H
nyt PvuII site I
5' CTTGTAGCGGCATCTGGGAATTCAGGT .3' I
NOR-324 3'CATCGCCGTCGACCCTTA 5' I
PvuII I
10 f) Asn-218 Ser: I
En 23-mer umage primer, NOR-325, som også danner et I
nyt MspI site 5' TATGCCAGCTTAAACGGTACATCGATG 3' 15 NOR-324 3’ TACGGTCGAATAGGCCATGTAGC5'
MspI
g) Thr-71 Asp:
En 23-mer umage primer, NOR-483,
2 0 GAC
5' TGTGGCCCGGGACGATTGCTGCTT 3’ NOR-483 3' ACACCGGCCCCCTGTAACGACGAA 5’ h) Met-222_Cys og Gly-219_Cys: 25 En 32-mer umage, NOR-484,
T TGT
5' CAGCTTAAACGGTACATCGATGGCTACTCCTC 3' 219 222 NOR-484 3' GTCGAATTTGACATGTAGCACACGATGAGGAG 5' 1 — - - I- + j) Gly-195 Glu og Met-222 Ala eller Met-222 Cys:
For disse dobbelte mutanter udførtes kombinationer af NOR-237 og NOR-235 eller NOR-236 ved at forbinde de enkelte 35 mutante DNA-fragmenter.
I DK 175697 B1 I
H ! i
k) Ser-153 Ala og Asn-218 Sert I
En kombination af NOR-324 og NOR-325 blev udført som I
beskrevet: ovenfor. I
Åben duplex mutagenese udførtes med plasmid pSX93 som I
5 templat. pSX93 er vist i fig. 3a og 3b, og er pUC13 (Vieira, I
H J. og Messing, J.,· 1982, Gene 19: 259-268) indeholdende et 0,7 I
i kb Xbal-Hindlll fragment af subtilisin 309 genet omfattende I
H terminatoren indsat i polylinkeren. Terminatoren og Hindlll I
H site er ikke vist i Tabel II. I
10 Til indføring af mutationerne i den N-terminale del I
af enzymet anvendtes plasmid pSX119. pSXH9 er pUC13 indehol- I
dende et EcoRI-Xbal fragment af subtilisin 309 genet indsat i I
polylinkeren. Templaterne pSX93 og pSX119 dækker således hele I
subtilisin 309 genet. I
H 15 Mutationerne a), b) og e) udførtes ved at skære pSX93 I
med Xbal og Clal som angivet på fig. 3a; c) , d) , f) og h) I
udførtes ved at skære pSX93 med Xbal og Hindi 11 som angivet i I
I fig. 3b. I
Mutation g) udførtes tilsvarende i pSX119 ved at I
I .20 skære med EcoRI og Xbal. I
De dobbelte mutanter i) og j) fremstilledes ved at I
skære 0,7 kb Xba-HindIII fragmentet fra a) delvist med HgiAI I
(HgiAI skærer også i SacI, som blev indført ved mutationen). I
Dette 180 bp Xbal-HgiAI fragment og 0,5 kb HgiAI fragmentet I
25 fra henholdsvis c) og d) mutanterne blev ligeret til det store I
I Hindlll-Xbal fragment fra pSX93. I
I Den dobbelte mutant k) fremstilledes som ovenfor ved I
I at kombinere mutanterne e) og f). I
I i Efter baseparring, udfyldning og ligering anvendtes ’ I
I 30 blandingen til at transformere E. coli MC 1000 r-m+. Mutanter I
blandt transformanterne blev screenet for kolonihybridisering I
som beskrevet i Vlasuk et al.; 1983, J.Biol .Chem., 258: 7141- I
I 7148 og i Vlasuk, G.P. og Inouye, S. : p. 292-303 i I
I "Experimental Manipulation of Gene Expression" Inouye, Μ. I
I 35 (ed.) Academic Press, Nev? York. Mutationerne bekræftedes ved I
I hjælp af DNA sekvensbestemmelse. I
DK 175697 B1 33
Udtrykkelse af mutante subtilisiner f Efter sekvensbekraef telse af den korrekte mutation blev de muterede DNA fragmenter indsat i plasmid pSX92, som 5 anvendtes til fremstilling af mutanterne.
Plasmid pSX92 er vist i fig. 4 og fremstilledes ved kloning af Sub 309 genet i plasmid pSX62 skåret ved Clal, udfyldt med Klenow fragmentet fra DNA polymerase I og skåret med Hindlll inden indsættelse af fragmenterne Dral-Nhel og 10 Nhel-Hindlll fra det klonede Sub 309 gen.
For at udtrykke mutanterne blev de muterede fragmenter (Xbal-Clal, Xbal-Hindlll eller EcoRI-Xbal) udskåret fra den passende mutation henholdsvis plasmid pSX93 eller pSX119 og indsat i pSX92.
15 Det muterede pSX92 anvendtes derpå til transformation af B. subtilis stamme DN497, som derpå dyrkedes i det samme medium og under samme betingelser som anvendt til kloning af det oprindelige gen.
Efter passende dyrkning udvandtes de muterede enzymer I 20 og oprensedes.
Oxidationsstabilitet af mutante subtilisiner
Mutanterne a) og d) blev afprøvet for oxidations-stabilitet i 0,01 M pereddikesyre efter 20 minutter ved 50°C 25 og pH 7. Den oprindelige stamme NCIB 10309 protease anvendtes som reference.
: Resultaterne er vist i tabel IV nedenfor, som viser restproteolytisk aktivitet i de varmebehandlede prøver i j forhold til prøver, der ikke er behandlet med oxidationsmiddel 30 eller varme.
DK 175697 B1 I
34 I
Tabel IV I
Oxidationsstabilitet over for pereddikesyre I
Enzym Restaktivitet efter 20 minutter ved 50°C I
5 _uden oxidationsmiddel med oxidationsmiddel_· I
sub 309 89% 48% I
mutant a 83% 45% I
mutant d 92% 93% I
i 10 Det ses, at mutant d (Met 222 til Ala) udviser overlegen H
! oxidationsstabilitet i forhold til det oprindelige enzym og I
mutant a,
Alle mutanter undtagen g) og h) er også blevet H
15 afprøvet kvalitativt i 100 - 500 ppm hypochlorit ved stuetem- H
peratur og 35°C, pH 6,5 og 9,0 i fra 15 minutter til 2 timer. H
Disse forsøg viste, at mutanter c), d) , i) og j) H
(alle Met-222) kunne modstå 3-5 gange mere hypochlorit end I
de andre mutanter. H
20 Ved afprøvning i et flydende detergent af den sædvan- H
lige type fandt man, at mutant f) udviste overlegen stabilitet H
i sammenligning med både de øvrige mutanter og det oprindelige H
enzym. H
25 Proteolytisk aktivitet hos mutante subtilisiner H
Den proteolytiske aktivitet hos forskellige mutanter H
i blev afprøvet mod casein som proteinsubstrat ifølge de ovenfor H
beskrevne fremgangsmåder. Resultaterne er vist i tabel V.
I Af tabellen ses, at mutant a) udviser forbedret akti- I
; 30 vitet i sammenligning med det oprindelige enzym. Det ses også, H
at Met-222 mutanterne har lavere aktivitet end det oprindelige I
enzym, men på grund af deres forbedrede oxidationsstabilitet I
er deres anvendelse i detergentforbindelser indeholdende I
oxidanter ikke udelukket. H
36 DK 175697 B1
Tabel VI .
' Vaskeevne hos mutanten
5 AR
Mutant Koncentration (CPU/1) 0,05 0,1 ingen 14,4 20,4 a) 18,8 21,5 10 b) 16,9 19,7 c) 21,8 23,8 i d) 22,2 23,4 j e) 15,4 21,8 I f) 16,6 19,3 ! 15 i) 21,6 22,1 j) 20,6 22,6 95% konfidensinterval: ±0,9 20
Termostabilitet hos mutante subtilisiner
Thermostabiliteten af mutant f) blev afprøvet over for vildtype enzymet ved at anvende vaskeevneprøven ved henholdsvis 40°C og 60°C. Resultaterne er vist i tabel VII.
25 Af tabellen ses, at mutant f) ved 60°C udviser en meget forbedret vaskeevne sammenlignet med vildtype enzymet, hvorimod vaskeevnen af mutant f) kun er lidt bedre ved 40°C end af vildtype enzymet.
30
I DK 175697 B1 I
I 37 I
I Tabel Vil I
I Vaskeevne ved forskellige temperaturer , I
I åR I
I 5 Mutant Koncentration (CPU/1) I
I 0,05 0,1 I
ingen (40°C) 14,4 20,4 I
I f) (40°C) 16,6 19,3 I
I ingen (60°C) 15,1 24,9 I
10 f) (60°C) 30,4 31,3 I
I 95% konfidensinterval ±0,9 (40°C) og ±0,7 (60°C) I
15 Diskussion I
Subtilisin gener blev klonet fra 147 og 309 varian- I
I terne af Bacillus lentus, og de klonede gener sekvensbestemt. I
Ved at sammenligne de afledte aminosyresekvenser for subtili- I
sin 147 og 309 med hinanden og med andre subtilisinsekvenser I
20 blev der identificeret steder, som ved mutation kunne ændre I
det oprindelige enzyms fysiske egenskaber. Stedsrettet muta- I
genese anvendtes til at frembringe mutationer adskillige I
steder i subtilisin 309 genet. De resulterende mutante enzymer I
blev derpå udtrykt i en Bacillus stamme og afprøvet mod I
25 forskellige fysiske og kemiske parametre. Adskillige af I
mutanterne viste sig af have forbedret stabilitet over for I
H oxidation, forøget proteolytisk evne eller forbedret vaskeevne I
sammenlignet med det oprindelige subtilisin 309 enzym. Disse I
H mutanter udviser egenskaber, der er ønskværdige for enzymer i I
30 detergentsammensætninger. I
Claims (9)
1. Et detergentpræparat, kendetegned ved, at det omfatter et oxidationsmiddel og et mutant subtilisinenzyme med en amino-syresekvens, der er mindst 80% homolog med aminosyresekvensen for subtilisin 309 som vist i Tabel 1(a), og som kan fremstil les af B. lentus C360 (NCIB 10309), i hvilken mutant methionin-resten i position 222, er ændret ved substitution med en anden aminosyrerest.
2. Detergentpræparat ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at også aminosyreresten i position 195 i nævnte mutant subtilisinenzyme er ændret ved substitution med en anden aminosyrerest.
3. Detergentpræparat ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at methioninresten i position 222 er substitueret med cystein eller alanin.
• 4. Detergentpræparat ifølge krav 2, kendetegnet ved, at glycinresten i position 195 er substitueret med glutaminsyre og methioninresten i position 222 er substitueret med alanin eller : cystein.
5. Et mutant subtilisinenzyme, kenetegnet ved, at det omfatter en aminosyresekvens, der er mindst 80% homologt med aminosyresekvensen for subtilisin 309 som vist i Tabel 1(a), og som kan fremstilles af B. lentus C360 (NCIB 10309) , og at methioninresten i position 222 er substitueret med cystein eler alanin.
6. Et mutant subtilisinenzyme, kenetegnet ved, at det omfatter en aminosyresekvens, der er mindst 80% homologt med aminosyresekvensen for subtilisin 309 som vist i Tabel 1(a), og som kan fremstilles af B. lentus C360 (NCIB 10309), at glycinresten i position 195 er substitueret med glutaminsyre, og at methioninresten i position 222 er substitueret med cystein eler alanin. ---------- I DK 175697 B1 I I 2 I
7. Rekombinant DNA-molekyle, kendetegnet ved, at det har I I en nukleotidsekvens, der koder for et subtilisinenzyme med en I H aminosyresekvens, der er mindst 80% homolog med aminosyrese- , I kvensen, der er vist i Tabel 1(a), og at nukleinsyresekvensen I er ændret således, at den aminosyresekvens, der kodes for I svarer til et mutant subtilisinenzyme ifølge krav 5 eller 6. I
8. Rekombinant DNA-molekyle, kendetegnet ved, at det har I en nukleotidsekvens, der koder for subtilisin 303 i det væsent- I lige som vist i Tabel II, og at nukleinsyresekvensen er blevet I ændret således, at den aminosyresekvens, der kodes for svarer I til et mutant subtilisinenzyme 309 ifølge krav S eller 6. I
9. Anvendelse af et rekombinant DNA-molekyle ifølge krav I 7 eller 8 til fremstilling af et subtilisinenzyme. I
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK199001612A DK175697B1 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1990-07-04 | Muterede subtilisin-gener |
| DK199600361A DK176102B1 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1996-03-29 | Muterede subtilisin-gener |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK6488 | 1988-01-07 | ||
| DK006488A DK6488D0 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1988-01-07 | Enzymer |
| PCT/DK1989/000002 WO1989006279A1 (en) | 1988-01-07 | 1989-01-06 | Mutated subtilisin genes |
| DK8900002 | 1989-01-06 | ||
| DK161290 | 1990-07-04 | ||
| DK199001612A DK175697B1 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1990-07-04 | Muterede subtilisin-gener |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK161290D0 DK161290D0 (da) | 1990-07-04 |
| DK161290A DK161290A (da) | 1990-09-07 |
| DK175697B1 true DK175697B1 (da) | 2005-01-24 |
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ID=8089323
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK006488A DK6488D0 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1988-01-07 | Enzymer |
| DK199001612A DK175697B1 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1990-07-04 | Muterede subtilisin-gener |
| DK199600361A DK176102B1 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1996-03-29 | Muterede subtilisin-gener |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK006488A DK6488D0 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1988-01-07 | Enzymer |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK199600361A DK176102B1 (da) | 1988-01-07 | 1996-03-29 | Muterede subtilisin-gener |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (6) | US6506589B1 (da) |
| EP (4) | EP0675196A3 (da) |
| JP (3) | JPH0675504B2 (da) |
| AT (1) | ATE136329T1 (da) |
| DE (1) | DE68926163T2 (da) |
| DK (3) | DK6488D0 (da) |
| WO (1) | WO1989006279A1 (da) |
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-
1988
- 1988-01-07 DK DK006488A patent/DK6488D0/da not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1989
- 1989-01-06 EP EP95107678A patent/EP0675196A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-01-06 JP JP1501511A patent/JPH0675504B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-01-06 AT AT89901711T patent/ATE136329T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-06 WO PCT/DK1989/000002 patent/WO1989006279A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-01-06 DE DE68926163T patent/DE68926163T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-01-06 EP EP04025116A patent/EP1498481A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-01-06 EP EP05004172A patent/EP1538204A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-01-06 EP EP89901711A patent/EP0396608B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-07-04 DK DK199001612A patent/DK175697B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1994
- 1994-02-10 JP JP6016202A patent/JP2726799B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-06-07 US US08/486,846 patent/US6506589B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-07 US US08/486,415 patent/US5741694A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-03-29 DK DK199600361A patent/DK176102B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-10-01 JP JP9268984A patent/JPH10113179A/ja active Pending
-
2002
- 2002-11-27 US US10/306,089 patent/US6808913B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-12-05 US US10/310,730 patent/US6835821B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-12-06 US US10/313,853 patent/US6908991B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-07-21 US US10/896,177 patent/US20050003986A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0396608A1 (en) | 1990-11-14 |
| EP0396608B1 (en) | 1996-04-03 |
| US5741694A (en) | 1998-04-21 |
| US20030148495A1 (en) | 2003-08-07 |
| US6506589B1 (en) | 2003-01-14 |
| US6808913B2 (en) | 2004-10-26 |
| DK161290D0 (da) | 1990-07-04 |
| US20050003986A1 (en) | 2005-01-06 |
| DK36196A (da) | 1996-03-29 |
| EP1538204A2 (en) | 2005-06-08 |
| JPH0675504B2 (ja) | 1994-09-28 |
| US6908991B2 (en) | 2005-06-21 |
| US20030175933A1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
| EP1538204A3 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
| DE68926163D1 (de) | 1996-05-09 |
| JPH03503477A (ja) | 1991-08-08 |
| JP2726799B2 (ja) | 1998-03-11 |
| EP0675196A3 (en) | 1995-11-22 |
| DK161290A (da) | 1990-09-07 |
| EP0675196A2 (en) | 1995-10-04 |
| DK6488D0 (da) | 1988-01-07 |
| EP1498481A1 (en) | 2005-01-19 |
| US20030186378A1 (en) | 2003-10-02 |
| JPH06292577A (ja) | 1994-10-21 |
| JPH10113179A (ja) | 1998-05-06 |
| ATE136329T1 (de) | 1996-04-15 |
| US6835821B2 (en) | 2004-12-28 |
| DE68926163T2 (de) | 1996-10-02 |
| WO1989006279A1 (en) | 1989-07-13 |
| DK176102B1 (da) | 2006-06-12 |
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