CN1325458A - 核酸扩增和测序方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供扩增和测序至少一种核酸的方法,包括以下步骤:(1)形成至少一种含待扩增或待测序的核酸的核酸模板,其中所述的核酸在5′端含有寡核苷酸序列Y,在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z,另外在5′端核酸带有将该核酸附着于固相支持物的装置;(2)将所述的核酸模板与一种或多种集落引物X混合,集落引物X可与寡核苷酸序列Z杂交,且在其5′端还携带了将该集落引物附着于固相支持物的装置,在存在固相支持物时,可使核酸模板和集落引物二者的5′端结合于固相支持物;(3)在结合的模板上进行一种或多种核酸的扩增反应,从而产生核酸集落,且任选地对产生的一个或多个核酸集落进行一测序步骤。本发明还提供用于这些方法的固相支持物、试剂盒和装置。
Description
本发明涉及核酸扩增和测序领域。更具体地说,本发明涉及核酸扩增和测序方法,以及用于核酸大规模高产率扩增和测序的装置和试剂盒。
核酸测序分析在生物、生物技术和医药的许多领域中已成为奠基石。测定核酸序列的能力随着开始尝试测定人和其它高等生物大基因组序列以及例如单个核苷酸多态性的测定和筛选以及基因表达的监测而变得日益重要。核酸测序提供的遗传信息可应用于许多领域,如药物靶标的发现和确认、疾病的诊断和危险性评分,以及生物鉴定和特性分析。
这些运用的第一步是确定感兴趣核酸的确切化学成分,更确切地说是测定组成核酸的四种碱基腺嘌呤(A)、胞嘧啶(C)、鸟嘌呤(G)和胸腺嘧啶(T)或尿嘧啶(U)的存在序列。但这些运用需要大规模核酸测序,从而极其需要高产率的核酸测序方法。
本领域中已有了核酸测序方法。两种最常用的方法是依赖于碱基特异性化学性质的Maxam和Gilbert提出的化学切割技术,和目前更常用的Sanger测序技术,它依赖于酶促链终止原理且现已用作核酸测序的常规方法。
在Sanger测序中,每种待测序的核酸在反应中被复制,参与反应的有DNA聚合酶、脱氧核苷酸三磷酸(dNTPs)和二脱氧核苷酸三磷酸(ddNTPs)。DNA聚合酶可将dNTPs和ddNTPs掺入到生长的DNA链中。但一旦掺入ddNTP,生长的DNA链的3’端将缺少羟基,从而不再是链延伸的底物,而终止核酸链。所以,在含一种类型ddNTP的具体反应中,产生一种不同长度核酸组成的混合物,全都是以相同的ddNTP结束。通常是用这四种类型ddNTP的每一种ddNTP进行分离反应的,产生的核酸片段的长度分布用变性凝胶电泳(按核酸片段的大小分辨核酸)分析,或最近更常用质谱分析。通常标记反应混合物中一种或多种脱氧核苷三磷酸,从而能检测不同长度的片段。
上述方法的缺点是待测序的每个核酸都要在生化反应中分别进行加工。凝胶电泳繁重、费力,即使采用毛细管电泳速度也慢,且不适合于大规模高产率测序。另外,随后的测序也是繁重的。质谱分析仍旧处在原型水平,需要非常昂贵的装置,而且每个样品必须单独分析。
增加生产率的一个方法将是同时分析多个样品。已使用了采用核酸探针进行DNA杂交的方法,可在生化和电泳过程中进行多个分析,但代价是冗长的附加操作。
最近可采用的方法是基于DNA芯片和DNA杂交的方法(Thomas和BurkeExp.Opin Ther.Patents 8:503-508(1998))。这些方法有缺点,因为每种应用必须先设计和制造DNA芯片:其操作冗长,且只有当芯片需求量很大时才能降低单个芯片的价格。还有,这些芯片不可重复使用,每个芯片只适用于一个核酸样品,如每次只能诊断一个患者。最后,可用这种芯片分析的序列长度限制在小于100,000个碱基,而且这对一些运用如DNA基因分型和基因表达概况分析受到限制。
在核酸测序分析的大多数已知方法中,为了得到分析所需的足够量核酸,扩增感兴趣核酸是先决步骤。
本领域熟知并发表了好几种核酸扩增方法。例如,扩增磺酸可将感兴趣的核酸插入到一表达载体构建物中,然后将这些载体引入适合的生物宿主细胞中,采用已建立的方法培养生物宿主来扩增载体DNA,包括感兴趣核酸。
可用本领域熟知的和发表的方法从宿主细胞分离出用这些方法扩增的核酸。但这些方法的缺点是费时、劳动强度高和难以自动化。
1985年(Saiki等人,Science 230,1350-1354)公开了用聚合酶链式反应扩增DNA的技术,目前它已是本领域熟知公开的方法。可用两个短的核苷酸序列(通常称为引物),它们对待扩增的DNA序列的已知侧翼序列是特异性的,来扩增感兴趣靶核酸片段。引物与变性后的双链DNA片段的相反链杂交并定向,从而在两引物之间的区域由DNA聚合酶进行DNA合成,聚合酶将核苷酸依次加入而延伸引物序列。这种延伸反应产生了两个双链靶区域,每个区域都可再次变性而进行第二轮杂交和延伸。第三轮产生的两个双链分子,精确地包含了双链形式的靶区域。重复热变性、引物扩增和延伸的循环,迅速指数式积累了DNA的特异性靶片段。通常,这种方法是在溶液中进行的,通过本领域熟知的方法(如凝胶电泳)从溶液中纯化出扩增的靶核酸片段。
最近,公开了用一移植到表面的引物与溶液中游离的引物相结合的方法。这些方法使得可以同时进行扩增并将PCR产物附着到表面上(Oroskar,A.A.等人,Clinical Chemistry 42:1547(1996))。
WO96/04404和(Mosaci Technologies,Inc等人)公开了检测可能含靶核酸的样品中靶核酸的方法。这种方法包括只在测试的样品中存在靶核酸时,才诱发靶核酸的PCR扩增。在靶序列扩增中,使两种引物附着于固相支持物,从而使扩增的靶核酸序列也附着于该固相支持物。该文献所公开的扩增技术有时也称为″桥式扩增″技术。在该方法中,对常规PCR而言两种引物是特异性设计的,它们可侧接于待扩增的具体靶DNA序列。所以,如果样品中存在该具体的靶核酸,此靶核酸可与引物杂交,并用PCR扩增。PCR扩增的第一步,是靶核酸与附着于支持物的第一特异性引物(″引物″1)杂交。然后通过延伸引物1序列,形成与靶核酸互补的第一扩增产物。在使支持物变性的条件下,释放此靶核酸,其可与附着于支持物的引物1的其他序列进行进一步的杂交反应。随后附着在支持物上的第一扩增产物可与附着在支持物上的第二特异性引物(″引物″2)杂交,通过引物2序列的延伸可形成含与第一扩增产物互补的核酸序列的第二扩增产物,它也附着于支持物。所以,靶核酸、第一和第二扩增产物能参与多个杂交和扩增反应,仅受初期存在的靶核酸和初期存在的引物1和引物2序列的数量的限制,结果是附着于表面靶序列产生大量的拷贝。
由于在该反应过程中,只有存在靶核酸时才形成扩增产物,监测支持物上一种或多种扩增产物存在与否就可表明特异性靶序列的存在与否。
可用Mosaic方法,通过对每种不同靶核酸序列特异性的第一和第二引物在固相支持物上不同区域进行不同设置的陈列安排,可同时扩增几种不同靶核酸序列,来实现多重扩增的量。
Mosaic方法的缺点是,第一和第二引物序列必须对每种待扩增的核酸是特异性的,所以它只可用于扩增已知序列。另外,它的产率受以下因素的限制:特异性引物的不同设置的数目,和随后扩增的靶核酸分子数目(可在给定的固相支持物的不同区域排成陈列),和在特定区域设置核酸陈列所需的时间。而且,Mosaic方法还需要两种不同引物通过5′端均匀附着于支持物的不同区域(在那儿形成扩增产物)。这不能用已有的DNA芯片制造技术来实现,而必须用样品分配的一些方法进行。所以,用这种方法实现的密度也与其它常规陈列安排技术具有相同的限制性。另一限制是监测支持物各不同区域是否存在扩增的靶核酸的速度。
通常在膜(如尼龙或硝酸纤维素膜)上进行DNA样品的陈列安排。用适合的机器人(如Q-botTM,Genetix Ltd,Dorset BH23 3TG UK)意味着可能得到高达10个样品/mm2的密度。在这些方法中,用物理化学方法(如,UV辐射)将DNA共价连接于膜,DNA大分子(如大于100个核苷酸长度)以及较小的DNA分子(如寡核苷酸引物)的陈列安排是可能的。
用其它已知的方法可得到寡核苷酸的较高密度陈列。例如,基于预先排布好陈列的载玻片方法,其上用喷墨技术(Blanchard,A.P.和L.Hood,Microbial andComparative Genomics,1:225(1996))获得反应区域的陈列,或反应性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶陈列(Yershov,G.等人,Proceeding of the National Academy of Science,USA,93:4913-4918(1996)),理论上可以得到至多100个样品/mm2的陈列排布。
也可用DNA芯片实现较高样品密度(Fodor,S.P.A.等人,Science 251:767(1991))。最近,分子生物技术中用了带625个寡核苷酸探针/mm2的芯片(Lockhart,D.J.等人,Nature Biotechnology 14:1675(1996))。公开了可实现高达250000个样品/cm2(2500/mm2)密度的探针(Chee,M.等人,Science 274:610(1996))。然而,至今在约2.5cm2的单个芯片上可安排至多132000个不同寡核苷酸的陈列。重要的是,这些芯片是将寡核苷酸的3′OH端连接于固体表面的方式制造的。这意味着以这种方式连接于芯片的寡核苷酸不能用作PCR扩增反应中的引物。
重要的是,当PCR产物连接于发生PCR扩增的容器时,产生的PCR产物陈列的密度受限于可用的容器。至今可用的容器仅为96孔微量滴定板形式。这使得只能得到约0.02个PCR产物样品/mm2表面。
例如,用可购得的NucleolinkTM(Nunc A/S,Roskilde,Denmark),可能实现同时扩增和密度为0.02个样品/mm2孔表面的样品陈列(其上已移植有寡核苷酸引物)。但技术问题是用这种方法不能实现样品密度的显著增加。
所以,可见为了增加生产率,本领域需要一种新的核酸扩增方法,它可以同时进行核酸样品的扩增和陈列排布,且密度较高,另外,还可以较快的速率监测样品(较佳的是平行的)。
另外,显然本领域需要一种新方法来进行大量样品的加工和平行测序,即需要一种测序方法,使这种过程明显多路化。测序过程的明显多路化将使产率比本领域已知的测序方法实现的产率高。如果新方法能费用合理、劳动强度较低(与常规测序方法相比)来实现这种高产率测序,则这种新方法甚至更为理想。
本发明描述了一种固相核酸扩增新方法,其能同时设置大量不同的核酸序列陈列并扩增,且密度高。本发明还描述了快速(如果需要以平行方式)监测大量扩增的不同核酸序列的方法。本发明描述的方法还可在短时间内同时测定大量不同的核酸序列。这些方法特别适用于(但不限于)全基因组的测序,或需要同时测定许多个体(如500)的许多基因(如500)等情况,或同时为大量基因(如上百万)的多态性评分,或同时监测大量基因(如100,000)的表达。
所以本发明提供扩增至少一种核酸的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)形成至少一种含待扩增核酸的核酸模板,其中所述的核酸在5′端含有寡核苷酸序列Y,在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z,另外该核酸在5′端带有将其附着于固相支持物的装置;
(2)将所述的核酸模板与一种或多种集落引物X混合,此集落引物X能与寡核苷酸序列Z杂交,其5’端携带有将集落引物附着于固相支持物的装置,存在固相支持物时,可使核酸模板和集落引物二者的5′端可结合于固相支持物;
(3)在结合的模板上进行一种或多种核酸的扩增反应,从而产生核酸集落。
在本发明的另一实例中,在该方法的步骤(2)中将两种不同的集落引物X与核酸模板混合。较佳的是,集落引物X的序列是使寡核苷酸序列Z能与集落引物X中的一种杂交,且寡核苷酸序列Y与集落引物中的一个是相同的。
在本发明的另一实例中,寡核苷酸序列Z与寡核苷酸序列Y互补,称为Y′,且集落引物X与寡核苷酸序列Y的序列相同。
在本发明的另一实例中,集落引物X可含有简并引物序列和含待扩增核酸的核酸模板,但在5′和3′分别不含寡核苷酸序列Y或Z。
在本发明的另一方面,所述的方法包括另一步骤,即进行至少一步对步骤(3)生成的一种或多种核酸集落的序列测定。
所以本发明还提供测定至少一种核酸序列的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)形成至少一种含待测定核酸的核酸模板,其中所述的核酸在5′端含有寡核苷酸序列Y,在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z,另外该核酸在5′端带有将其附着于固相支持物的装置;
(2)将所述的核酸模板与一种或多种集落引物X混合,此集落引物X能与寡核苷酸序列Z杂交,其5′端携带有将集落引物附着于固相支持物的装置,存在固相支持物时,可使核酸模板和集落引物二者的5′端可结合于固相支持物;
(3)在结合的模板上进行一种或多种核酸的扩增反应,从而产生核酸集落;和
(4)进行至少一步对至少一种生成的核酸集落的序列测定。
本发明的另一实例中,核酸模板和集落引物二者的5’端携带将该核酸序列共价附着于固相支持物的装置。较佳的是,这种用于共价附着的装置是化学修饰的官能团,如磷酸基团、羧酸或醛分子、硫醇、羟基、二甲氧基三苯甲基(DMT)或氨基,较佳的是氨基。
可用本发明方法扩增的核酸包括DNA,如基因组DNA、cDNA、重组DNA或任何形式合成的或修饰的DNA、RNA、mRNA或任何形式合成的或修饰的RNA。所述的核酸长度可各异,且可以是较大核酸分子的片段或较小部分。较佳的是,待扩增的核酸长度至少为50个碱基对,更佳的是长度为150-4000个碱基对。待扩增的核酸可以是已知的或未知的序列,可以是单链或双链形式。可从任何来源衍生待扩增的核酸。
本文所用的“核酸模板”指含有以单链形式待扩增或测序的核酸的实体。如下所述,待扩增或测序的核酸也可以双链形式提供。所以,本发明的“核酸模板”可以是单链或双链核酸。本发明方法中可用的核酸模板可以是各种长度。较佳的是,它们的长度至少为50个碱基对,更佳的是长度为150-4000个碱基对。组成核酸模板的核苷酸可以是天然形成的或非天然形成的核苷酸。本发明的核酸模板不仅含有待扩增的核酸,还可含有短寡核苷酸序列的5′和3′端。在5’端含的寡核苷酸序列本文称为Y。寡核苷酸序列Y是已知的序列,且长度可以各异。用于本发明方法的寡核苷酸序序列Y优选的长度至少为5个核苷酸,较佳的长度介于5-100个核苷酸之间,更佳的长度是约20个核苷酸。在寡核苷酸序列Y中可存在天然或非天然形成的核苷酸。如上所述,寡核苷酸Y优选的序列是与集落引物X相同的序列。本发明核酸模板在3′端含有的寡核苷酸序列称为Z寡核苷酸序列,Z是已知的序列,且长度可各异。用于本发明方法中所用的寡核苷酸序列Z的长度优选为至少5个核苷酸,较佳的长度介于5-100个核苷酸之间,更佳的长度是约20个核苷酸。在寡核苷酸序列Z中可存在天然或非天然形成的核苷酸。将核苷酸序列Z设计成能与集落引物X中的一个杂交,较佳地被设计成与寡核苷酸序列Y互补(本文称为Y′)。分别在核酸模板5′和3′含有的寡核苷酸序列Y和Z无需位于模板的最末端。例如,虽然较佳地寡核苷酸序列Y和Z分别位于或邻近于核酸模板的5′和3′端(或末端)(如在5′和3′末端的有0-100个核苷酸内),它们也可离核酸模板5′或3′末端更远(如大于100个核苷酸)。所以,寡核苷酸序列Y和Z可以位于核酸模板的任何位置,只要序列Y和Z各居一边,即侧接于待扩增的核酸序列。
本文所用的“核酸模板”指含有以双链形式待扩增或测序核酸的实体。当核酸模板是双链形式时,在双链的一条链的5′和3′端分别含有寡核苷酸序列Y和Z。由于DNA的碱基配对原则,另一链是互补于含有寡核苷酸序列Y和Z的链,从而在5′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z′,在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Y′。
本文所用的“集落引物”指含有能与互补序列杂交并引发特异性聚合酶反应的寡核苷酸序列的实体。选择含集落引物的序列,使其对互补序列具有最大杂交活性,对其它序列的非特异性杂交活性非常低。用作集落引物的序列可以包括任何序列,但较佳地包括5’-AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG或5’-CACCAACCCAAACCAACCCAAACC。集落引物的长度可以是5-100个碱基,但较佳的长度是15-25个碱基。引物中可存在天然或非天然形成的核苷酸。本发明方法中可用一种或两种不同的集落引物产生核酸集落。用于本发明的集落引物还可包括简并引物序列。
本文所用的“简并引物序列”指能与任何独立于所述核酸片段序列的核酸片段杂交的短寡核苷酸序列。所以虽然不排斥用简并引物与含寡核苷酸序列X或Y的模板杂交,这些简并引物并不需要核酸模板中存在待杂交于模板的寡核苷酸序列Y或Z。显然,在用于本发明的扩增方法中,简并引物必须与模板中的核酸序列杂交(在待扩增的核酸序列两边中的一个位置或侧接)。
本文所用的“固相支持物”指核酸可共价附着的任何固体表面,如乳胶珠、葡聚糖珠、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯表面、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶、金表面、玻璃表面和硅片。优选的固相支持物是玻璃表面。
本文所用的“将核酸附着于固相支持物的装置”指任何化学或非化学附着方法,包括化学修饰的官能团。“附着”指将核酸固定在固相支持物上,通过共价附着,或通过不可逆的被动吸附,或通过分子间的亲和力(如生物素酰化的分子固定于涂有亲和素的表面)。这种附着的强度必须足以在DNA变性条件下,不会因用水或缓冲水溶液洗涤而除去。
本文所用的“化学修饰的官能团”指基团,如磷酸基团、羧酸或醛部分、硫醇或氨基。
本文所用的“核酸集落”指含核酸链多个拷贝的不连续区域。在同一集落中也可能存在核酸链互补链的多个拷贝。组成集落的核酸链的多个拷贝通常被固定在固相支持物上,可以是单链或双链形式。产生的本发明的核酸集落可大小各异,密度取决于所用的条件。集落优选的大小为0.2μm到6μm,较佳的是0.3μm到4μm。用于本发明方法的核酸集落的密度通常为10,000/mm2到100,000/mm2。据信可实现较高的密度,如100,000/mm2到1,000,000/mm2和1,000,000/mm2到10,000,000/mm2。
可用本发明方法产生核酸集落。所以本发明的另一方面内容是提供一种或多种核酸集落。可从本发明的单个固定的核酸模板产生本发明的核酸集落。用本发明的方法也可同时产生许多这样的核酸集落,每个集落可含有不同的固定核酸链。
所以,本发明的另一方面内容是提供多种含待扩增核酸的核酸模板,所述的核酸在5′端含有寡核苷酸序列Y,在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z,另外该核酸在5′端还携带将其附着于固相支持物的装置。较佳地,将这种多重核酸模板与多重集落引物X混合(集落引物能与寡核苷酸序列Z杂交,且在5′端携带将集落引物附着于固相支持物的装置)。较佳地,所述的多重核酸模板和集落引物共价连接于固相支持物。
在本发明的另一实例中,将多重两种不同集落引物X与多重核酸模板混合。较佳地,集落引物X的序列是使寡核苷酸序列Z能与集落引物X中的一种杂交,而寡核苷酸序列Y与另一种集落引物X具有相同的序列。
在本发明的另一实例中,寡核苷酸序列Z与寡核苷酸序列Y互补(Y′),且多重集落引物X具有与寡核苷酸序列Y相同的序列。
在另一实例中,多重集落引物X可含有简并引物序列,多重核酸模板可含有待扩增的核酸,但在5′和3′端分别不含有寡核苷酸序列Y或Z。
可用本领域标准或常规技术制备本发明的核酸模板。通常这些技术是以基因工程技术为基础的。
可用本领域熟知和发表的方法得到待扩增的核酸。例如,可以用本领域熟知或发表的方法(如限制性内切酶消化或机械方法)得到核酸样品,如总DNA、基因组DNA、cDNA、总RNA、mRNA等,并从其中产生片段。
通常,首先得到双链形式待扩增的核酸。当以单链形式提供核酸时(如mRNA),先用本领域熟知或发表的方法(如用寡-dT引物和逆转录酶和DNA聚合酶)将它制成双链形式。一旦得到适当长度双链形式的待扩增核酸,将相应于寡核苷酸序列Y和Z的寡核苷酸序列与各末端相连,即与该核酸序列的5′和3′端相连形成核酸模板。这可用本领域熟知和发表的方法进行,如用连接反应,或在侧接于适当寡核苷酸序列的某位置上,将待扩增的核酸插入到生物载体。另外,如果待扩增的核酸序列至少一部分已知,可用适当的PCR引物(含有对待扩增核酸特异性的序列)用PCR产生在5′和3′分别含寡核苷酸序列Y和Z的核酸模板。将该核酸模板附着于固相支持物之前,可用本领域熟知和发表的方法(如加热至约94℃,然后在冰上迅速冷却到0℃)。将它制成单链形式。
核酸5′端所含的寡核苷酸序列可以是任何序列,任意长度,本文以序列Y表示。可用本领域熟知和发表的方法选择适合长度和序列的寡核苷酸。例如,附着于待扩增核酸两端的寡核苷酸通常是长度为5-100个核苷酸之间的相对较短的核苷酸序列。核酸3′端所含的寡核苷酸序列可以是任何序列,任意长度,本文以序列Z表示。可用本领域熟知和发表的方法选择适合长度和序列的寡核苷酸。例如,在待扩增核酸两端所含的寡核苷酸通常是长度为5-100个核苷酸之间的相对较短的核苷酸序列。
寡核苷酸序列Z的序列是能与一种集落引物X杂交的序列。较佳地,寡核苷酸序列Y的序列具有与一种集落引物X相同的序列。更佳的是,寡核苷酸序列Z与寡核苷酸序列Y互补(Y′),集落引物X具有与寡核苷酸序列Y相同的序列。
可用本领域标准或常规技术制备本发明的寡核苷酸序列Y和Z,或也可购得。
当产生本发明的核酸模板时,也可用本领域熟知和发表的方法插入其它所需的序列。所述的其它序列包括,如限制性内切位点或某些核酸标记物,从而可以鉴定出某给定核酸模板序列的扩增产物。其它所需的序列包括折回DNA序列(当变成单链时,形成发夹环或其它二级结构)、指导蛋白质/DNA相互作用的“调控”DNA序列,如启动子DNA序列(由核酸聚合酶识别)或操纵子DNA序列(由DNA结合蛋白识别)。
如果存在多重待扩增核酸序列,可在相同或不同反应中进行寡核苷酸Y和Z的附着。
一旦制备好核酸模板,可在用于本发明方法前扩增。这些扩增可用本领域熟知和发表的方法进行,例如将模板核酸插入到表达载体中,并在适当的生物宿主中扩增,或用PCR扩增。然而这种扩增步骤不是必须的,因为本发明方法能在由核酸模板单个拷贝产生的核酸集落中产生该核酸模板的多个拷贝。
较佳地,修饰上述制备的核酸模板的5′端以携带使该核酸模板能共价附着于固相支持物的装置。这种装置可以是,如化学修饰的官能团,如磷酸基团、羧酸或醛部分、硫醇或氨基。最佳的是用硫醇、磷酸或氨基基团对该核酸作5’修饰。
可用本领域的标准或常规方法制备本发明的集落引物。通常,本发明的集落引物是用本领域熟知或发表的方法产生的合成寡核苷酸,或者可购置。
按本发明的方法,可用一种或二种不同的集落引物X来扩增任何核酸序列。这有别于且优于本领域已知的许多扩增方法,如WO 96/04404中公开的,其中对于待扩增的每种特定核酸序列都要设计不同的特异性引物。
较佳地,修饰本发明集落引物X的5′端以携带使该集落引物能共价附着于固相支持物的装置。较佳地,共价附着的装置是上述化学修饰的官能团。如果需要,可将集落引物设计成含有其它所需序列的,如限制性内切酶位点或其它类型切割位点,如核酶切割位点。其它理想的序列包括折回DNA序列(当变成单链时,形成发夹环或其它二级结构)、指导蛋白质/DNA相互作用的“调控”DNA序列,如启动子DNA序列(由核酸聚合酶识别)或操纵子DNA序列(由DNA结合蛋白识别)。
通过5′端将集落引物X固定于支持物,使它的3′端远离支持物,从而一旦发生与核酸模板3’端所含互补寡核苷酸序列的杂交,可得到集落引物用于聚合酶进行链延伸。
一旦合成本发明的核酸模板和集落引物,就将它们以适当的比例混合在一起,从而当它们附着于固相支持物时,可得到适当密度的附着核酸模板和集落引物。较佳地,混合物中集落引物的比例高于核酸模板的比例。较佳地,集落引物与核酸模板的比例如下,当集落引物和核酸模板固定于固相支持物时,形成集落引物“苔”,在整个固相支持物或其一确定区域上以适当的均匀密度分布着多重集落引物,在集落引物苔中独立地间隔固定着一种或多种核酸模板。
可以单链形式提供核酸模板。但它们也可以完全或部分双链形式提供,一个5′端或两个5′端都被修饰,从而能附着于支持物。在这种情况中,当完成附着过程后,可用本领域熟知的方法(如在洗去释放的链之前,加热到94℃)来分离链。可以理解当双链分子的两条链都与表面反应并都附着时,其结果与一条链附着并进行一步扩增时的结果相同。换而言之,当双链模板核酸的两条链均附着时,两条链必然彼此靠近地附着,这与仅附着一条链和进行一步扩增的结果没有差异。所以,可用单链或双链模板核酸来提供附着于表面和适合于集落生成的模板核酸。
通过改变固定在支持物上的集落引物和核酸模板的浓度,可以控制单个集落引物和单个核酸模板之间的距离(并因而控制集落引物和核酸模板的密度)。集落引物的优选密度是至少1fmol/mm2,较佳的是10fmol/mm2,更佳的是在30-60fmol/mm2之间。用于本发明方法的核酸模板的密度通常为10,000/mm2到100,000/mm2。据信可实现较高的密度,如100,00/mm2到1,000,000/mm2和1,000,000/mm2到10,000,000/mm2。
控制附着的核酸模板和集落引物的密度,从而可控制支持物表面上核酸集落的最终密度。这是因为以下事实:按本发明的方法,一个核酸集落是由一个核酸模板附着而产生的,只要在固相支持物的适当部位上存在本发明的集落引物(见以下更详尽的描述)。也可通过控制附着的集落引物的密度来控制单个集落中核酸分子的密度。
一旦以适当的密度将本发明的集落引物和核酸模板固定在固相支持物上,可通过在共价连接的模板核酸上进行适当轮数的扩增,产生本发明的核酸集落,从而每个集落含有初始固定的核酸模板和其互补序列的多个拷贝。一轮扩增包括以下步骤:杂交、延伸和变性,这些步骤通常用本领域熟知的PCR试剂和条件进行。
通常扩增反应包括将固相支持物、附着的核酸模板和集落引物置于诱导引物杂交的条件下,如将它们置于65℃左右的温度。在这些条件下,核酸模板3′端的寡核苷酸序列Z将与固定的集落引物X杂交,在存在支持引物延伸的条件和试剂下,如72℃左右的温度,存在核酸聚合酶,如依赖于DNA的DNA聚合酶或逆转录酶分子(即依赖于RNA的DNA聚合酶)、或存在RNA聚合酶,加上存在一些核苷三磷酸分子或其他核苷酸前体分子(如修饰的核苷三磷酸分子),加入互补于模板核酸序列的核苷酸,集落引物就会延伸。
可用于本发明的核酸聚合酶的例子是DNA聚合酶(克列诺片段,T4 DNA聚合酶)、各种耐热细菌的热稳定DNA聚合酶(如Taq、VENT、Pfu、Tfl DNA聚合酶)以及它们遗传修饰的衍生物(TaqGold,VENTexo,Pfu exo)。也可联用RNA聚合酶和逆转录酶来产生DNA集落的扩增。较佳地,用于集落引物延伸的核酸聚合酶在PCR反应条件(即反复循环加热和冷却)下是稳定的,且在所用的变性温度(通常约为94℃)下也是稳定的。优选的DNA聚合酶是TaqDNA聚合酶。
较佳地,所用的核苷三磷酸分子是脱氧核糖核苷三磷酸,如dATP、dTTP、dCTP、dGTP,或核糖核苷三磷酸,如ATP、UTP、CTP、GTP。核苷三磷酸可以是天然或非天然形成的。
杂交和延伸步骤后,将支持物与固定的核酸置于变性条件下,将存在两种固定的核酸,第一种为初始固定的核酸模板,第二种是它的互补核酸,系从一种固定的集落引物X延伸而得。然后初始固定的核酸模板和形成的固定的延伸集落引物都能引发进一步的扩增,支持进一步杂交、延伸和变性的循环。这种扩增的进一步循环将产生含模板核酸和其互补序列的多个固定拷贝的核酸集落。
模板核酸的初始固定意味着模板核酸只能与在全长模板核酸内隔开一定距离的集落引物杂交。所以,形成的核酸集落的边界被限于相当于初始核酸模板被固定区域的局部区域内。显然,一旦通过下几轮的扩增(即下几轮的杂交、延伸和变性)合成了模板分子和其互补物的更多拷贝,则生成的核酸集落的边界线能进一步延伸,虽然形成的集落边界线仍被限于相当于初期核酸模板被固定的区域的局部区域内。
图1显示了按本发明实例产生核酸集落方法的示意图。图1(a)显示本发明的集落引物X(此处所示的带有序列ATT),和本发明的核酸模板,在5′端含有寡核苷酸序列Y(此处所示的为ATT),在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z(此处所示的为AAT),它能与集落引物序列X杂交。在示意图中,显示的集落引物X和寡核苷酸序列Y和Z长度仅三个核苷酸。然而实际上可理解通常采用更长的序列。集落引物和核酸模板二者的5′端都携带有使核酸附着子固相支持物的装置。图1中以黑色方框表示此装置。这种附着装置可产生共价或非共价附着。
为简单起便,图1(a)中仅显示了一种集落引物X和一种模板核酸。然而实际上存在多重集落引物X和多重核酸模板。多重集落引物X可由两种不同的集落引物X组成。但为了简化示意图,图1中仅显示了一种类型的集落引物X,其序列为ATT。多重核酸模板可包含寡核苷酸Y和Z之间中心部分的不同核酸序列,但5′和3′端分别含有相同的寡核苷酸序列Y和Z。在图1中只简单显示了一种类型的核酸模板,其中心部分的序列显示为CGG。
存在固相支持物时,核酸模板和集落引物二者的5′端都结合于支持物。图1(b)中对此进行了描述。将支持物、附着的核酸模板和集落引物置于诱导引物杂交的条件下。图1(c)显示了杂交于集落引物的核酸模板。依靠核酸模板3′端的寡核苷酸序列Z能与集落引物杂交的事实,而能进行这种杂交。在示意图中,显示的寡核苷酸序列Z互补于集落引物,虽然在实际运用中不需要精确互补的序列,只要核酸模板和集落引物在所处的条件下能发生杂交。
图1(d)显示了引物延伸期。在适当温度条件下,存在DNA聚合酶和大量核苷酸前体(如dATP、dTTP、dCTP和dGTP)时,DNA聚合酶将集落引物从其3′端延伸,以核酸模板为模板。当引物延伸完成时,见图1(e),可以看到产生了第二条固定的核酸链,它互补于初始的核酸模板。在分离两条核酸链(如用加热)时,将存在两条固定的核酸,第一条为初始固定的核酸模板,第二条是它的互补核酸,系从固定的集落引物X延伸而得,见图1(f)。
两条初始固定的核酸模板和所形成的固定的延伸集落引物二者都能与其它存在的集落引物(在图1(g)中以集落引物2和3表示)杂交,在另一轮引物延伸(图1(h)和链分离(图1(i))后,有四条固定的单链。其中有两条含有相应于初始核酸模板的序列,两条含有与其互补的序列。
可进行图1所示进一步的扩增,得到含多个拷贝的固定的模板核酸和其互补序列的核酸集落。
可以看出本发明的方法能从单条固定的核酸模板产生一个核酸集落,且通过改变核酸模板经历的扩增轮数,可控制这些集落的大小。所以在固相支持物表面形成的核酸集落的数量取决于初始固定在支持物上的核酸模板的数量,只要在每个固定的核酸模板部位内有足够量的固定的集落引物。出于这种原因,较佳的固定集落引物和核酸模板的固相支持物,包含有适当密度的固定的集落引物苔,和在引物苔中间隔固定的核酸模板。
被称为核酸集落的“自动模式”优于先前本领域的许多方法,在于因为可通过调节初始固定的核酸模板的密度,而控制密度从而获得较高密度的核酸集落。这种方法不受以下情况的特异性限制,如在支持物的特定局部区域上特异性引物的陈列排布,和将含有核酸模板的具体样品点样到引物的同一局部区域所引发集落形成。用先前本领域的方法可设置陈列的集落数量(如WO96/04404(Mosaic Technologies,Inc.)中所公开的方法),受限于在初始步骤中可设置陈列的特异性引物区的密度/间距。
由于能控制核酸模板的初始密度因而控制核酸模板所产生的核酸集落的密度,加上能控制形成的核酸集落的大小和单个集落中核酸模板的密度,就可能达到最佳状况,即在足够大尺寸且含有足够多数量的扩增序列(使得能在核酸集落上进行随后的分析或监测)的固相支持物上可能产生高密度的单个核酸集落。
一旦产生核酸集落,就可进行其它步骤,如集落的目测或测序(见下文)。例如若需要筛选产生的克隆是否存在或缺少某特定核酸片段的整体或部分,可能要求目测集落。在这种情况下,可通过设计一核酸探针(其能与感兴趣核酸片段特异性杂交),来检测含该特定核酸片段的集落。
较佳地,将这种核酸探针以可探测的标记如荧光基团、含生物素标记(可通过与例如荧光基团标记的链霉亲和素一起培育)、放射性同位素标记(可用本领域熟知和记载的方法将它掺入核酸探针,并通过与闪液一起培育检测放射性来测定)、或染料或其它染色试剂来标记。
另外,这些核酸探针也可以是无标记的,并设计用核酸聚合酶掺入大量标记的核苷酸的引物。然后可进行掺入标记的核酸集落的检测。
然后制备用于杂交的本发明的核酸集落。这种制备包括处理集落,使所有或部分组成集落的核酸模板以单链形式存在。这可通过,如加热变性集落中的双链DNA来实现。另外,可用对模板核酸中双链形式序列特异性的限制性内切核酸酶处理集落。这样内切核酸酶可以是对寡核苷酸序列Y或Z中所含的序列或模板核酸中存在的其它序列特异性的。消化后,加热集落,使双链DNA分子分开,洗涤集落除去未固定的链,从而在集落中留下附着的单链DNA。
制备好用于杂交的集落后,在适宜于探针与其特异性DNA序列杂交的条件下,将标记的或无标记的探针加入到集落中。可用已知的方法,由本领域熟练技术人员确定这些条件,且这些条件取决于例如探针的序列。
然后通过加热变性除去探针,如果需要可与对第二种核酸特异性的探针杂交并检测。如果需要这些步骤可重复多次。
然后可用装置(包括适当的检测仪器)检测杂交于核酸集落的标记探针。荧光标记优选的检测系统是电荷耦合仪(CCD)照相机,它可任选地与放大装置(如显微镜)连接。用这种技术可同时平行监测许多集落。例如,用带CCD照相机的显微镜以10x或20x物镜,可观察到在1mm2到4mm2之间表面上的集落,这相应于平行监测10000至200000之间的集落。而且可以预计随着镜片的改进和较大芯片的采用,此数目还将增加。
监测生成的集落的另一方法是扫描覆盖有集落的表面。例如,可以用那些系统,其能同时随着多至100000000个集落的陈列,并用CCD照相机拍摄整个表面进行监测。用这种方法,可以在短时间内监测多至100000000个集落。
本发明核酸集落的监测中可用其它装置,来检测和较佳地定量测定表面上的荧光。例如,可用荧光成像器或共聚焦显微镜。
如果标记是放射性的,要求用放射性检测系统。
在本发明的方法中,其中进行了至少一步对至少一种产生的核酸集落测序的步骤,所述的测序可用任何合适的固相测序技术进行。例如,一种可用于本发明的测序方法包括,将合适的引物(有时本文称为“测序引物”)与待测序的核酸模板杂交,延伸引物,检测用于延伸引物的核苷酸。较佳地,在将下一核苷酸加入到生长的核酸链之前,检测用于延伸引物的核酸,从而在原位核酸测序中使得能碱基对碱基。
在引物延伸反应中加入一种或多种标记的核苷酸,可便利于掺入的核苷酸的检测。可用任何适合的可检测标记,如荧光、放射性标记等。优选用荧光标记。对每种不同类型的核苷酸可用相同或不同的标记。但用荧光标记,且对每种不同类型的核苷酸用相同的标记时,掺入各核苷酸能累积性增加特定波长测得的信号。如果用不同的标记,则可在不同的适当波长测得这些信号。如果需要,也可用标记的和无标记的核苷酸混合物。
为了使适合的测序引物与待测序的核酸模板杂交,该核酸模板通常应为单链形式。如果组成核酸集落的核酸模板以双链形式存在,可用本领域熟知的方法(如变性、切割等)处理它们以提供单链核酸模板。
与核酸模板杂交并用于引物延伸的测序引物较佳地是短寡核苷酸,如长度为15-25个核苷酸。设计引物的序列使它们能与待测序的核酸模板的一部分杂交(宜在严谨条件下)。用于测序的引物序列可与用于产生本发明核酸集落的集落引物的序列相同或相似。可以溶液或固定的形式提供测序引物。
一旦将核酸模板和测序引物置于适当的条件下,将测序引物与待测序核酸模板退火(用本领域熟知的方法监测),即进行引物延伸,如用核酸聚合酶和大量核苷酸,其中至少一些是以标记形式提供的,且条件适合于引物延伸(如果提供适当的核酸聚合酶)。可用的核酸聚合酶和核苷酸的例子如上所述。
较佳地,在每次引物延伸步骤后,包括一洗涤步骤,以除去未掺入的核苷酸(其可能干扰后续的步骤)。一旦进行了引物延伸步骤,就监测核酸集落,以确定标记的核苷酸是否掺入到延伸的引物中。可重复引物延伸步骤,以确定下一个和后续核苷酸掺入到延伸引物中。
测序可采用任何能检测和宜定量测定适当标记(如荧光或放射性标记)的装置。如果标记是荧光,可任选采用连接有放大装置(如上所述)的CCD照相机。事实上,用于本发明测序的装置可与上述监测扩增的核酸集落的装置相同。
较佳地,将检测系统与分析系统联合使用,来测定引物延伸各步后掺入各集落的核苷酸的数量和性质。这种分析可紧接在各引物延伸步骤后进行,或随后用记录的数据来测定某给定集落中核酸模板的序列。
如果待测定的序列是未知的,通常以选定的顺序使用给予某给定集落的核苷酸,然后在整个分析中重复该顺序,如dATP、dTTP、dCTP、dGTP。如果待测定的序列是已知的并要再测序,例如分析该序列与已知的序列是否有小的差异,可在各步中以适当的按已知序列选择的顺序加入核苷酸,更迅速进行序列测定。在引物延伸的特定阶段发现某些核苷酸掺入的缺失,表明检测到与给定的序列的不同。
所以,可用本发明的方法来测定组成特定核酸集落的被扩增核酸模板的全或部分序列。
在本发明的另一实例中,通过测定一个以上核酸集落中存在的被扩增的核酸模板的全或部分序列,来确定一种以上核酸的全或部分序列。较佳地,可同时测定多个序列。
用本发明方法进行核酸测序的优点为,它是非常可靠的,因为在本发明各核酸集落中提供了大量待测序的各种核酸。如果需要,可进一步改进可靠性,即通过提供含待测序同一核酸模板的多个核酸集落,然后测定多个集落每一个的序列并作比较。
较佳地,集落引物和核酸模板与固相支持物的附着,在核酸扩增反应支持物所处的温度中是耐热的,如温度高达约100℃,如94℃左右。较佳地这种附着是天然共价的。
在本发明的另一实例中,通过交联剂介导集落引物和核酸模板与固相支持物的共价结合,如1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)、琥珀酰酐、苯基二异硫氰酸盐或马来酸酐、或异双官能团交联剂,如间-马来酰亚胺苯甲酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)、N-琥珀酰亚胺[4-碘乙酰基]氨基苯甲酸(SIAB)、琥珀酰亚胺4-[N-马来酰亚胺甲基]环己烷-1-羧化物(SMCC)、N-y-马来酰亚胺丁酰氧-琥珀酰亚胺酯(GMBS)、琥珀酰亚胺-4-[对-马来酰亚胺苯基]丁酸盐(SMPB)和相应的硫代化合物(水溶性的)。用于本发明的优选交联剂是s-SIAB、s-MBS和EDC。
在本发明的另一实例中,固相支持物具有衍生(derivatised)化的表面。在另一实例中,固相支持物的衍生表面随后用双官能团交联剂修饰,以得到功能化的表面,较佳地带有反应性交联基团。
本文所用的“衍生化表面”指被化学反应基团(如氨基、硫代或丙烯酸基团)修饰的表面。
本文所用的“功能化的表面”指已被特异性官能团(如马来酸或丁二酸官能部分)修饰的衍生表面。
本发明的方法中,为了能用于一些运用,集落引物和核酸模板与固相支持物的连接必须满足若干要求。理想的附着应不受核酸扩增过程中所用的重复加热/冷却循环和暴露于高温的影响。另外,应使支持物上附着的集落引物的密度至少为1fmol/mm2,较佳地为至少10foml/mm2,更佳的是在30-60foml/mm2之间。理想的支持物应具有均匀平坦的表面,低荧光背景,而且耐热(不变形)。某些塑料和合成的硝基纤维素膜类型固相支持物(被动吸附DNA)不适用。最后,固相支持物应是一次性使用的,因而成本应不高。
出于这些原因,虽然固相支持物可以是核酸能附着的任何固相表面,如乳胶珠、葡聚糖珠、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯表面、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶、金表面、玻璃表面和硅片,优选的固相支持物是玻璃表面,且其上核酸的附着是共价附着。
可用本领域已知和发表的方法,进行集落引物和核酸模板与固相支持物的共价结合。例如将寡核苷酸经环氧硅烷-氨基共价连接键附着在固相支持物(如多孔玻璃珠)上,已广泛用于固相原位寡核苷酸合成(通过3′端附着),也适合于寡核苷酸的5′端附着。用羧酸或醛基修饰的5′端寡核苷酸可共价附着于肼-衍生的乳胶珠上(Kremsky等人,1987)。
其它将寡核苷酸附着于固相表面的方法采用交联剂,如琥珀酰酐、苯基二异硫氰酸盐(Guo等人,1994),或马来酸酐(Yang等人,1998)。其它广泛使用的交联剂是1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)。Gilham等人(1968)首先描述了EDC的化学性质,它通过5′末端的磷酸基团将DNA模板附着于纸(纤维素)上。利用EDC的化学性质,可使用其它支持物,如乳胶珠(Wolf等人,1987,Lund等人,1988)、聚苯乙烯微孔(Rasmussen等人,1991)、孔隙大小控制的玻璃(Ghosh等人,1987)和葡聚糖分子(Gingeras等人,1987)。Chu等人(1983)已描述了碳二亚胺介导试剂与5’氨基修饰的寡核苷酸的缩合,Egan等人(1982)描述了5’末端磷酸基团的修饰。
用碳二亚胺通过5′末端使寡核苷酸附着的产率可达到60%,但通过寡核苷酸内核苷酸的非特异性附着是一主要缺点。Rasmussen等人(1991)采用仲氨基团衍生的表面使通过5′端的特异性附着提高到85%。
最近,许多文献报道了异双功能交联剂的优点。异或同双功能交联剂已被广泛用于制备肽载体偶联分子(肽-蛋白质)以提高在动物中的免疫原性(Peeters等人,1989)。已报道这些移植试剂大都能在水溶液中形成稳定的共价键。已用这些交联剂将DNA结合到固相表面上(仅在分子的一个点上)。
Chrisey等人(1996)研究了用6种不同的异双功能交联剂使DNA固相附着的效果和稳定性。在该实例中,仅在由硫醇基团修饰的DNA低聚物的5′端发生附着。O′Donnell-Maloney等人(1996)也描述了这种类型的附着,用于MALDI-TOF测序分析中DNA靶附着,Hamamatsu Photonics P.K.company(EP-A-665293)则描述了用于固相表面上核酸碱基序列的测定。
极少有研究涉及寡核苷酸吸附于固相支持物的热稳定性。Chrisey等人(1996)报道了琥珀酰亚胺-4-[对-马来酰亚胺苯基]丁酸盐(SMPB)交联剂,在热处理过程中从玻璃表面释放出约60%分子。但没有描述其它试剂的热稳定性。
为了通过固相扩增反应产生核酸集落(如本申请所述),需将集落引物和核酸模板在它们的5′端特异性附着到固相表面(较佳地是玻璃)。简单地说,可用氨基-烷氧基硅烷通过硅烷化衍生出具有反应性氨基的玻璃表面。合适的硅烷试剂包括氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷和4-氨基丁基三乙氧基硅烷。也可用其它反应基团衍生玻璃表面,如用环氧硅烷、丙烯酸硅烷和丙烯酰胺硅烷等丙烯酸基或环氧基。衍生步骤后,用交联剂(如上所述)将在5′端具有化学修饰官能团(如磷酸、硫醇或氨基基团)的核酸分子(集落引物或核酸模板)共价附着于衍生的表面。
另外,衍生步骤后可将双功能交联剂附着于表面氨基,从而提供修饰的功能化表面。具有5′-磷酸、硫醇或氨基基团的核酸分子(集落引物或核酸模板)与功能化表面作用,形成核酸和玻璃之间的共价键连接。
可用于将DNA/寡核苷酸共价连接移植到固相支持物上的可能交联剂和移植试剂包括琥珀酰酐、(1-乙基-3[3-二甲基氨基丙基]碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)、间-马来酰亚胺苯甲酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(MBS)、N-琥珀酰亚胺[4-碘乙酰基]氨基苯甲酸(SIAB)、琥珀酰亚胺4-[N-马来酰亚胺甲基]环己烷-1-羧化物(SMCC)、N-y-马来酰亚胺丁酰氧-琥珀酰亚胺酯(GMBS)、琥珀酰亚胺-4-[对-马来酰亚胺苯基]丁酸盐(SMPB)和相应的硫代化合物(水溶性的)。对本发明而言优选的交联剂是s-SIAB、s-MBS和EDC。s-MBS是马来酰亚胺-琥珀酰亚胺异双功能交联剂,s-SIAB是碘乙酰基-琥珀酰亚胺异双功能交联剂。两者分别能与SH基团和伯氨基形成共价键。EDC是碳二亚胺试剂,其介导磷酸和氨基基团的共价连接。
通常用磷酸基团或伯氨基(对EDC移植试剂)或硫醇基团(对s-SIAB或s-MBS交联剂)在5′端修饰集落引物和核酸模板。
所以,本发明的另一方面内容是提供一种固相支持物,其上附着有多个上述集落引物X和至少一种上述核酸模板,其中所述的核酸模板在5′端含有上述的寡核苷酸序列Y,其3′端含有上述的寡核苷酸序列Z。较佳地,多个核酸模板附着于上述的固相支持物(优选的是玻璃)。较佳地,核酸模板和集落引物与固相支持物的附着是共价的。通过用上述方法在固定的核酸模板上进行一轮或几轮核酸扩增后,形成本发明的核酸集落。本发明的另一方面是含一个或多个本发明核酸集落的支持物。本发明的还有一方面提供了在核酸扩增和测序方法中使用的本发明固相支持物。这些核酸扩增或测序方法中包括了本发明的方法。
本发明的另一方面提供在核酸扩增或测序方法中如上所述制备的衍生的或功能化的支持物的用途。这些核酸扩增或测序方法包括了本发明的方法。
本发明的另一方面内容是提供实施本发明方法的装置或制造含本发明核酸集落的固相支持物的装置。这些装置可包括,例如本发明的多个核酸模板和集落引物(它们较佳地共价结合于以上所列出的固相支持物)、以及核酸聚合酶、上述多个核苷酸前体(其中一部分是有标记的)、和控制温度的装置。另外,这些装置可能还包括,例如含一种或多种本发明核酸集落的支持物。较佳地,这些装置还包括检测装置,用于检测和区分按本发明方法在固相支持物上排布的单个核酸集落的信号。例如,这种检测装置可包括操作性连接于放大装置(如上述的显微镜)的电荷耦合仪。
较佳地,本发明的装置是以自动化形式提供的。
本申请提供了对当前和新兴需求的解决方案:即科学家和生物技术产业在基因组学、药物基因组学(pharmacogenomics)、药物开发、食品特性分析和基因分型领域中正在致力解决的需求。所以本发明的方法,在例如:核酸测序和重测序、诊断和筛选、基因表达的监测、遗传多样性分布图、全基因组多态性的发现和评分,基因组玻片的制造(在显微镜载玻片上某患者的全基因组)和全基因组的测序中具有潜在用途。
所以可用本发明进行核酸的测序和重测序,如将选定数量的基因特异性扩增成集落,用于全DNA测序。基因重测序使得能对所研究基因的所有已知的或新的遗传多态性进行鉴定。也可用于活生物的医学诊断和基因鉴定。
在将本发明运用于诊断和筛选时,可将全基因组或基因组组分扩增成集落,用于已知单个核苷酸多态性(SNP)的DNA测序。SNP鉴定已用于医学遗传研究,来鉴定与疾病相关的遗传危险因素。SNP基因分型也可诊断性运用于药物基因组学中,来鉴定和用特异性药物治疗患者。
对于本发明在遗传多样性分布研究中的运用,可通过将样品DNA扩增成集落,然后对各独立遗传实体的特异性“标记”作DNA测序,来鉴定生物或细胞或组织群体。在这种方法中,样品的遗传多样性可通过各独立实体标记的计数来确定。
对于本发明在基因表达监测中的运用,将研究的组织或生物表达的mRNA转化成cDNA分子,再扩增成集落用于DNA测序。编码某给定mRNA的集落的频率与初始组织中存在的mRNA分子的频率成正比。基因表达监测运用在生物医学研究中。
可用本发明的方法制备全基因组的玻片,其上存在的活生物的全基因组的DNA集落数量足以包括该基因组的所有序列。这种基因组玻片是活生物的遗传身份卡。这种遗传身份卡可用于医学研究和具有产业价值的活生物的遗传鉴定。
本发明也可用于进行全基因组的测序,其中将活生物的全基因组扩增为许多集落用于大规模的DNA测序。全基因组测序使得可以,例如1)对活生物的遗传品系进行精确的鉴定;2)发现基因组中编码的新基因和3)发现新的遗传多态性。
本发明的运用并不限于分析单个生物/患者的核酸样品。例如,可将核酸标记掺入核酸模板中并扩增,可将不同的核酸标记用于各生物/患者。所以,当测定扩增的核酸序列时,也可测定标记的序列和所鉴定样品的起源。
所以,本发明的另一方面内容是提供本发明方法的用途,或本发明核酸集落,或本发明多个核酸模板,或本发明固相支持物的用途,用于提供测序和重测序、基因表达监测、遗传多样性分布图、诊断、筛选、全基因组测序、全基因组多态性的发现和评分、和制备全基因组玻片(即在一支持物上某个体的全基因组)的核酸分子,或其它包括核酸扩增或其测序的用途。
本发明的另一方面是提供一种试剂盒,用于测序、重测序、基因表达监测、遗传多样性分布图、诊断、筛选、全基因组测序、全基因组多态性的发现和评分、或其它包括核酸扩增和测序的用途。这种试剂盒包含有结合于固相支持物(以上列出的)的本发明的多个核酸模板和集落引物。
本发明将在以下非限制性实施例和附图中作更详尽的描述:
图1:显示了本发明实例产生核酸集落的方法示意图。
图2:是模板制备和随后附着于固相表面的示意图。图2a显示了模板A、B和B′(含有集落引物序列)的制备。用PCR引物TP1和TP2从基因组DNA中产生3.2Kb的模板。分别用PCR引物TPA1/TPA2或TPB1/TPB2产生模板A(854bp)和B(927bp)。用磷酸或硫醇基团在TPA1和TPB1寡核苷酸的5′端进行修饰,用于随后的化学附着(★)。注意:得到的模板含有相应于集落引物CP1和/或CP2的序列。该基因的11个外显子以“E1到E11”表示。图2b显示了集落引物和模板与玻璃表面的化学附着。例举了ATS(氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷)的衍生。
图3:由集落引物生成的DNA集落。它显示了每个20X视野观察到的集落数是结合于孔的模板浓度的函数。可测得的模板最低浓度为10-13M。
图4:两种不同模板产生的集落之间的区别。图4a显示了由两种模板阴性对照产生的集落的图像。图4b显示了在同一孔的相同位置用两种不同颜色显影的两种模板形成的集落和阴性对照。图4c显示了显微镜视野的分段中两种集落类型的配位。图4c证明了不同模板生成的集落互不一致。
图5:附着在玻璃上的模板或寡核苷酸的反应图解。步骤A是表面的衍生:用酸溶液处理载玻片,以提高表面上游离的羟基。将预处理的载玻片浸入氨基硅烷溶液中。ATS(氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷):B1或B2是用交联剂功能化的玻璃表面,然后附着寡核苷酸。通过酰胺键,氨基与交联剂相互作用:步骤B1;s-MBS(硫代间-马来酰亚胺苯甲酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯)。步骤B2:s-SIAB(硫代N-琥珀酰亚胺基[4-碘乙酰]氨基苯甲酸)通过在马来酰亚胺的硫醇和双键之间形成的共价键,寡核苷酸(5′端硫醇修饰的寡核苷酸)附着于表面。磷酸盐缓冲液:(PBS,0.1M NaH2PO4,pH:6.5,0.15M NaCl)。B3:用EDC和咪唑附着寡核苷酸。存在EDC时,将修饰的寡核苷酸的5’端磷酸与咪唑反应,产生5′-磷-咪唑衍生物(未显示)。氨基磷酸酯的衍生物与衍生的玻璃表面氨基结合。EDC:1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺盐酸盐。
图6:显示作为结合于孔的模板浓度的函数,观察到的每个20X视野集落的数量。通过偶联剂(EDC)中介DNA模板以不同浓度结合于氨基衍生的玻璃表面(A)s-MBS功能化的玻璃表面(B)。用限制性内切酶处理双链DNA集落,将回收的单链与互补的寡核苷酸(cy5荧光标记)杂交。
图7:显示了在玻璃上产生的DNA集落原位测序的实例。图7A显示了在未与引物p181培育的样品上用Cy5TM-dCTP培育后的结果。只能观察到5个模糊的点,表明没有发生明显的干扰作用(如Cy5TM-dCTP凝集沉淀,吸附或简单的非特异性掺入集落中的DNA或表面上的DNA)。图7B显示了在与引物p181培育的样品上用Cy5TM-dUTP培育后的结果。没有观察到荧光斑点,表明当用于掺入的核苷酸与杂交的引物产生的模板序列不相应时,不产生可检测量的荧光碱基的掺入。图7C显示了在与引物p181培育的样品上用Cy5TM-dCTP培育后的结果。可以观察到许多荧光斑点,表明当用于掺入的核苷酸与杂交的引物产生的模板序列相对应时,确实可产生可检测量的荧光碱基的掺入。
图8:显示了PCR循环之前和之后,附着于Nucleolink的寡核苷酸与探针的杂交。此图显示了R58与CP2(5′-(磷酸)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)的杂交,空心环,与CP8(5′-(氨基-1,6亚己基)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)的杂交,实心三角形,与CP9(5′(羟基)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)的杂交,菱形,与CP10(5′(二甲氧基三苯甲基)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)的杂交,实心环,及与CP11(5′(生物素)-TTTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)的杂交,空心三角形。
实施例
实施例1:制备适用于产生DNA集落的DNA模板
已从DNA模板和集落引物产生了DNA集落。本文所用的术语“集落引物序列”指相应于集落引物序列的序列,有时也称为“寡核苷酸序列Y”或“寡核苷酸序列Z′”。
根据选择的寡核苷酸引物来选择集落引物的性能,选择的寡核苷酸引物应在存在耐热DNA聚合酶时表现出极小的非特异性核苷酸掺入。选出集落引物CPα(5′-pCACCAACCCAAACCAACCCAAACC)和CPβ(5′-pAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG),因为存在稳定的DNA聚合酶(AmpliTaq,PerkinElmer,Foster City,CA)时,在标准缓冲液中和热循环条件下(94℃30秒,65℃1分钟,72℃2分钟,50轮)它们的放射标记的α32p-dCTP掺入低。
将3.2Kb DNA片段作为模型系统来证明用集落引物和DNA模板产生集落的可行性。选择的模板含有前述糖基化终产物受体的人基因(HUMOXRAGE,GenBank Acc.No.D28769)。表1中列出了RAGE-特异性引物。用PCR扩增在标准缓冲液和热循环条件(94℃30秒,65℃1分钟,72℃5分钟,40轮)下,从0.1μg人基因组DNA和1μM引物TP1和TP2,以及1单位DNA聚合酶(AmpliTaq,Perkin Elmer,Foster City,CA),产生了3.2Kb模板。将此3.2Kb的DNA片段用作模板进行第二次PCR,产生两个较短的模板用于产生集落(模板A和B)。用于产生较短模板的引物含有对模板和集落引物CP1和CP2的序列特异性的序列,来扩增固相表面上的DNA。通常,用磷酸或硫醇基因在5′端修饰用于产生DNA模板的PCR引物。所以,PCR扩增后,产生的DNA片段在连接于感兴趣RAGE DNA片段的一个末端或两个末端上含有集落引物序列(见图2a)。
在标准缓冲液和热循环条件(94℃30秒,65℃1分钟,72℃1分钟,30轮)下,用0.1ng 3.2Kb模板和1μM引物TPA1和TPA2,以及1单位DNA聚合酶(AmpliTaq,Perkin Elmer,Foster City,CA),产生模板A(在两个末端含集落引物序列、CPβ的双链模板)。然后将产物在Qiagen Qia-快速柱(QiagenGmbH,Hilden,Germany)上纯化。
在标准缓冲液和热循环条件(94℃30秒,65℃1分钟,72℃1分钟,30轮)下,用0.1ng 3.2Kb模板和1μM引物TPB1和TPB2,以及1单位DNA聚合酶(AmpliTaq,Perkin Elmer,Foster City,CA),产生模板B(含相应于CPβ的集落引物序列的双链模板)。然后将产物在Qiagen Qia-快速柱(Qiagen GmbH,Hilden,Germany)上纯化。
在标准缓冲液和热循环条件(94℃30秒,65℃1分钟,72℃1分钟,30轮)下,用0.1ng 3.2Kb模板和1μM引物TPB3和TPB4,以及1单位DNA聚合酶(AmpliTaq,Perkin Elmer,Foster City,CA),产生模板B′(在两个末端之一含相应于CPα和CPβ的集落引物序列的双链模板)。然后将产物在Qiagen Qia-快速柱(Qiagen GmbH,Hilden,Germany)上纯化。
表1中列出了所有用于DNA模板制备和生成DNA集落的特异性寡核苷酸以及化学修饰。
图2b中列出了将集落引物和模板化学附着于玻璃表面的常规流程,其中显示了用ATS来衍生作为非限制性实例。
表1
用于制备模板和产生集落的寡核苷酸目录
名称 | DNA序列 | 座标(方向) | 寡核苷酸的修饰 | 用途 |
TP1 | GAGGCCAGAACAGTTCAAGG | 9810(R) | 模板3.2Kb | |
TP2 | CCTGTGACAAGACGACTGAA | 6550(F) | 模板3.2Kb | |
CP1 | TTTTTTTTTTCACCAACCCAAACCAACCCAAACC | 无 | 5′P | 生成集落 |
CP2 | TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG | 无 | 5′P | 生成集落 |
CP3 | TTTTTTTTTTCACCAACCCAAACCAACCCAAACC | 无 | 5′SH | 生成集落 |
CP4 | TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG | 无 | 5′SH | 生成集落 |
CP5 | AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTNN | 无 | 5′P | 生成集落 |
CP6 | AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGGG | 无 | 5′P | 生成集落 |
CP7 | TTTTTTTTTTCACCAACCCAAACCAACCCAAACC | 无 | 5′(NH2) | 生成集落 |
CP8 | TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG | 无 | 5′(NH2) | 生成集落 |
CP9 | TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG | 无 | 5′(OH) | 对照寡核苷酸 |
CP10 | TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG | 无 | 5′(DMT) | 对照寡核苷酸 |
CP11 | TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG | 无 | 5′(生物素) | 对照寡核苷酸 |
TPA1 | AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGCCTGTGACAAGACGACTGAA | 6550(F) | 5′P | 模板A |
TPA2 | TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGGCGGCCGCTGAGGCCAGTGGAAGTCAGA | 7403(R) | 5′P | 模板A |
TPB3 | TTTTTTTTTTCACCAACCCAAACCAACCCAAACGAGCTCAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATTG | 9049(F) | 无 | 模板B |
TPB1 | AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGGGAGCTGAGGAGGAAGAGAGG | 9265(F) | 无 | 模板B |
TPB2 | AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGGCGGCCGCTCGCCTGGTTCTGGAAGACA | 8411(R) | 无 | 模板B |
TPB4 | AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGGCGGCCGCTCGCCTGGTTCTGGAAGACA | 9265(R) | 无 | 模板B′ |
HUMOXRAGE基因登录号D28769的座标(R)表示“反向”(F)表示“正向”。
实施例1a:制备侧接简并引物的随机DNA模板
将3.2Kb DNA片段作为模型系统来证明从随机引物PCR扩增生成集落的可行性。这种策略也可用于长度约为100Kb的DNA片段的测序(将片段与全基因组结合)。用PCR约为从人基因组DNA生成3.2Kb的DNA片段PCR引物为;TP1 5′-pGAGGCCAGAACAGTTCAAGG和TP2 5′-pCCTGTGACAAGACGACTGAA(如实施例1所述)。用组合的限制性内切酶将3.2Kb的片段切割成较小的片段(EcoR1和HhaⅠ产生约800bp的4个片段)。然后将切开的或未切开的片段DNA与简并引物,p252(5′-P TTTTTTTTTTISISISISISIS,其中I代表肌苷(与A、T和C配对),S代表G或C)混合,并共价偶联于Nucleolink孔(Nunc,Denmark)。然后将管作随机固相PCR扩增,与标记的DNA探针杂交来观察(如实施例2a所述)。
实施例2:将DNA模板和集落引物共价结合于固相支持物(塑料)上并与集落引物形成集落
将模板和集落引物共价结合于固相支持物(塑料)上
在存在不同剂量的模板A(如实施例1所述制备)时,将5′末端磷酸化的集落引物(CP2,5′-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)(Microsynth GmBH,Switzerland)附着于Nucleolink塑料微量滴定孔(Nunc,Denmark)中。用CP2设置了8个孔,一式两份,7种模板的1/10稀释度,以最高浓度1nM起始。
如下制备共价结合了CP2集落引物和模板的微量滴定孔。在每个Nucleolink孔中加入30μl以10mM1-甲基-咪唑(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemical)配制的1μM集落引物溶液和从1nM开始稀释的不同浓度的模板。在每个孔中,将10μl用10mM1-甲基-咪唑配制的40mM 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemicals)加入到集落引物和模板的溶液中。然后将孔密封,50℃培育过夜。培育后,用200μl RS(0.4N NaOH,0.25%Tween20)漂洗诸孔两次,与200μl RS培育15分钟,用200μl RS漂洗两次,用200μlTNT(100mM TrisHCl pH7.5,150mM NaCl,0.1%Tween 20)漂洗两次。50℃干燥管,4℃储存在密封的塑料袋中。
生成集落
在每个孔中加入20μl PCR混合物;四种dNTP(0.2mM)、0.1%BSA(牛血清白蛋白)、0.1%Tween 20、8%DMSO(二甲基亚砜,Fluka,Switzerland)、1X PCR缓冲液和0.025单位/μl AmpliTaq DNA聚合酶(Perkin Elmer,Foster City,CA),来引发集落生长。然后将诸孔置于热循环仪中,94℃培育密封的孔5分钟,并进行50次下述条件的循环:94℃30秒,65℃2分钟,72℃2分钟,使其生长。完成这一过程后,将诸孔保持在8℃直至下一步使用。杂交前,将50μl TE(10mM Tris,1mM EDTA,pH7.4)加入各孔,94℃加热5分钟,冰上冷却,然后在45℃加入探针。
集落的观察
探针:探针是1405个碱基对的DNA片段,含有3′端的模板序列(核苷酸位置8405到9259)。DNA探针是用PCR扩增合成的,两个引物为:p47(5′-GGCTAGGAGCTGAGGAGGAA),从碱基8405开始扩增,和TP2(在5’端生物素酰化),从反义链的碱基9876开始扩增。
杂交和检测:以“easyhyb”(Boehringer-Mannheim,Germany)将探针稀释到1nM,并在每个孔中加入20μl。将探针和集落94℃变性5分钟,然后50℃培养6小时。50℃以含0.1%Tween的2x SSC洗去过量的探针。室温,将DNA探针结合于TNF中的直径0.04μ(Molcular Probes)的包被亲和素的绿荧光球1小时。用TNT洗涤过量的小珠。用显微镜观察集落,如实施例2a所述作影像分析。图3显示了作为结合于孔的模板浓度的函数所观察到的每20X视野的集落数。可测得模板的最低浓度为10-13M。
实施例2a:DNA模板和集落引物共价附着于固相支持物(塑料)并与简并引物形成集落
模板和集落引物共价附着于固相支持物(塑料)
如下用p252和模板DNA片段制备微量滴定孔:在每个Nucleolink孔中加入30μl以10mM 1-甲基-咪唑(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemical)配制的1μM集落引物p252溶液和从0.5nM开始稀释的不同浓度的模板。在每个孔中,将用10mM1-甲基-咪唑配制的10μl,40mM 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemicals)加入到集落引物和模板的溶液中。然后将诸孔密封,50℃培育过夜。培育后,用200μl RS(0.4N NaOH,0.25%Tween 20)漂洗诸孔两次,与200μl RS培育15分钟,用200μl RS漂洗两次,用200μlTNT(100mM TrisHCl pH7.5,150mM NaCl,0.1%Tween 20)漂洗两次。50℃干燥管,4℃储存在密封的塑料袋中。
生成集落
DNA集落生成是用改进的方案进行的以便随机引导,在每个孔中加入20μlPCR混合物;四种dNTP(各0.2mM)、0.1%BSA、0.1%Tween 20、8%DMSO(二甲亚砜,Fluka,Switzerland)、1X PCR缓冲液和0.025单位/μl AmpliTaq DNA聚合酶(Perkin Elmer,Foster City,CA)。然后将诸孔置于热循环仪中,通过94℃培育密封的孔5分钟,并进行50次下述条件的循环:94℃30秒,65℃2分钟,72℃2分钟,进行扩增。完成这一过程后,将诸孔保持在8℃直至进一步使用。杂交前,将50μl TE(10mM Tris,1mM EDTA,pH7.4)加入各孔,94℃加热5分钟,冰上冷却,然后在45℃加入探针。
集落的观察
探针:两个546个碱基对和1405个碱基对的DNA片段,含有待PCR扩增的初始模板的两末端之一的序列。通过用5′-生物素酰化PCR引物,用生物素标记该探针的反义链。探针的碱基对座标是6550到7113和6734到9805。
杂交和检测:以“easyhyb”(Boehringer-Mannheim,Germany)将探针稀释到1nM,并在每个孔中加入20μl。94℃使探针和集落变性5分钟,然后50℃培育6小时。50℃以含0.1%Tween的2x SSC洗去过量的探针。室温,将DNA探针结合于TNF中的直径0.04μm(Molcular Probes,Portland OR)的包被亲和素的绿荧光球1小时。用TNT洗涤过量的小珠。用连接于768(H)×512(V)像素-CCD照相机(Princeton Instruments Inc.Trenton,NJ,USA)的倒置显微镜(用Axiovert S100TV上的20x/0.400LD Achroplan物镜,和电弧汞灯HBO100W/2,Carl Zeiss,Oberkochen,Germany)检测荧光。对FITC和Cy5分别通过Omega Optical的滤色装置XF22(Ex:485DF22,Dichroic:505DRLPO2 Em:530DF30)和XF47(Ex:640DF20,Dichroie:670DRLPO2 Em:682DF22)曝光20秒。用Winwiew软件(Princeton Instruments Inc.,Trenton NJ,USA)分析数据。用内部开发的图像分析软件计算一式二孔中每视野的集落数。
实施例3:对由各种比例的2种不同共价结合的模板和集落引物产生的不同集落的序列区别
将模板和集落引物共价结合于固相支持物(塑料)上
在存在不同剂量的两模板A和B(如实施例1所述制备)时,将5′末端磷酸化的集落引物(CP2:5′-pTTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)(Microsynth GmBH,Switzerland)移植到Nueleolink塑料微量滴定孔(Nunc,Denmark)中。设置8个孔为一系列一式二孔两种模板,各7种1/10稀释度,以最高浓度1nM起始。模板稀释是以相反的方向设置的,一种模板的最高浓度与另一种模板的最低浓度恰好重合。
如下制备CP2引物和两种模板共价结合的微量滴定孔。在每个Nucleolink孔中加入301μl以10mM 1-甲基-咪唑(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemical)配制的1μM集落引物溶液和从1nM开始稀释的不同浓度的两种模板。在每个孔中,将10μl用10mM 1-甲基-咪唑(pH7.0)配制的40mM 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemicals)加入到集落引物和模板的溶液中。然后将孔密封,50℃培育4小时。培育后,用50μl RS(0.4N NaOH,0.25%Tween20)漂洗诸孔3次,与50μl RS培育15分钟,用50μl RS漂洗3次,用50μl TNT(100mM TrisHCl pH7.5,150mM NaCl,0.1%Tween 20)漂洗3次。将管4℃保藏在TNT中。
生成集落
在每个孔中加入20μl PCR混合物;四种dNTP(0.2mM)、0.1%BSA、0.1%Tween 20、8%DMSO(二甲基亚砜,Fluka,Switzerland)、1X PCR缓冲液和0.025单位/μl AmpliTaq DNA聚合酶(Perkin Elmer,Foster City,CA),来引发集落生长。
然后将诸孔置于热循环仪中,94℃培育密封的孔5分钟,并进行50次以下条件的循环:94℃30秒,65℃5分钟,72℃5分钟,使其生长。完成这一过程后,将诸孔保持在8℃直至下一步使用。杂交前,将50μl TE(10mMTris,1mM EDTA,pH7.4)加入各孔,94℃加热5分钟,冰上冷却,然后在45℃加入探针。
集落的观察
探针:相应于3.2Kb DNA片段的5′-和3′-端序列的两个546个碱基对和1405个碱基对的DNA片段,用一种生物素酰化的引物(见实施例2)进行PCR扩增。94℃加热5分钟使这两种探针变性,然后在1M NaCl、10mM Tris(pH7.4)中迅速冷却,并让它们结合于包被链霉亲和素的标记有不同颜色的直径0.04μm的荧光球上。将结合于小珠的探针以预热到50℃的″easyhyb″溶液稀释20倍。在每个含变性集落的孔中加入20μl探针。
杂交和检测:50℃进行杂交5小时。50℃以含0.1%SDS的2x SSC洗涤过量的探针。用20X物镜的显微镜观察集落,20秒曝光,如实施例2a所述作成像分析。图4a显示了由两种模板和阴性对照产生的集落的图像。图4b显示了用两种不同颜色和负对照观察到的同一孔中相同位置由两种模板产生的集落。图4c显示了显微镜视野的分段中两种集落类型的座标。图4c显示了不同模板生成的集落不恰好重合。
实施例4:DNA模板和寡核苷酸共价结合于玻璃固相表面
用异-双功能交联剂,以氨基硅烷衍生的载玻片为固相支持物,来共价结合硫醇修饰的寡核苷酸探针。选择的试剂具有硫醇反应活性(马来酰亚胺)和氨基反应活性基团(琥珀酰亚胺酯)。寡核苷酸附着率和固定分子的稳定性主要取决于交联剂对所进行的不同处理条件的稳定性。图5显示了DNA模板或寡核苷酸附着于玻璃的反应流程。
已评估了由交联剂s-MBS和s-SIAB制备的载玻片的储存稳定性和其热稳定性。影响固定的寡核苷酸探针杂交程度的重要因素是附着的探针的密度(Beattie等人,1995;Joss等人,1997)。我们研究了改变固定期间寡核苷酸浓度和分析经杂交而附着的寡核苷酸密度的这种影响。
材料和方法
将酸预处理的显微镜载玻片-Microscope glass slides(Knittel,MerckABS)浸泡在碱性Helmanex溶液(HelmanexⅡ0.25%,1N NaOH)中1小时。用水漂洗载玻片,在1N HCl中浸泡过夜,再用水漂洗,在硫酸溶液(H2SO4/H2O,1/1,v/v,加入少量新鲜高硫酸铵)中处理1小时。在水、乙醇中漂洗载玻片,最后用纯丙酮漂洗。干燥载玻片,真空下储存至进一步使用。
硅烷化表面-将预处理过的载玻片浸入用丙酮配制的5%ATS(氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷,Aldrich)中。室温进行硅烷化2小时。在丙酮中洗涤3次后,用乙醇漂洗载玻片1次,干燥,真空储存。
交联剂附着-将交联剂s-MBS和s-SIAB(分别为硫代间-马来酰亚胺苯甲酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、硫代N-琥珀酰亚胺[4-碘乙酰基]氨基苯甲酸,Pierce,Rockford IL),制备成以PBS(磷酸盐缓冲液,0.1M NaH2PO4,pH7.2,0.15M NaCl)配的20mM溶液。将80μL交联剂溶液加到硅烷化载玻片上,覆盖洁净的微型盖玻片,20℃反应5小时。以PBS淋洗载玻片,以水简单漂洗一下,然后以乙醇淋洗。随后干燥载玻片,暗处真空储存至下一步使用。
寡核苷酸附着-利用标准亚磷酰胺的化学性能,合成含有5′硫醇修饰(CP3和CP4 Eurogentec,Brussels)或磷酸基团修饰(CP1和CP2,Eurogentec,Brussels)的寡核苷酸。
制备-5′-硫醇寡核苷酸引物(CP3和CP4)成为以磷酸盐缓冲液(NaPi:0.1M NaH2PO4 pH:6.6,0.15M NaCl)配的100μM溶液,并以1μl滴加到功能化的载玻片(用交联剂功能化)上,室温5小时。将载玻片置于饱和湿润的气氛中,以避免蒸发。摇床上在NaPi缓冲液中洗涤载玻片。在热稳定性研究中,将载玻片浸入Tris缓冲液(10mM,pH8)中100℃5分钟,2次,4℃直接浸入5xSSC(0.75M NaCl,0.075M柠檬酸钠pH7)5分钟。将载玻片储存在4℃ 5XSSC中以备后用。
室温以含40mM 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基-丙基)碳二亚胺(EDC,Pierce,Rockfore IL)的10mM 1-甲基-咪唑(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemicals)的1μM溶液,将-5′-磷酸寡核苷酸引物(CP1和CP2)加到(1μl滴加)氨基衍生的玻璃上5小时。100℃在Tris缓冲液(10mM,pH8)中洗涤载玻片2次,直接浸泡在4℃5XSSC中5分钟。4℃将载玻片储存在5XSSC中以备后用。
寡核苷酸和DNA模板附着
在磷酸盐缓冲液(NaPi:0.1M NaH2PO4 pH:6.6,0.15m NaCl)中将5′-硫醇寡核苷酸引物(CP3和CP4)和5′-硫醇模板B′混合。DNA模板的浓度从0.001到1μM不同,引物浓度从0.1到100μM不同,但模板和引物分别以1μM和100μM为最佳浓度。然后如上所述进行使CP3和CP4在功能化玻璃表面附着的步骤。
在含40mM 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基-丙基)碳二亚胺(EDC,Pierce,Rockford IL)的10mM 1-甲基-咪唑(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemicals)溶液中,将5’-磷酸寡核苷酸引物(CP1和CP2)和5’-磷酸模板B混合。DNA模板的浓度从0.001到10nM不同,引物浓度从0.1到1μM不同,但模板和引物分别以10nM和1uM为最佳浓度。然后如上所述进行使CP1和CP2在氨基衍生的玻璃表面附着的步骤。
在荧光探针-寡核苷酸探针杂交中,由Eurogentec(Brussels)合成了5’端荧光标记有Cy5或FITC的探针。为了防止非特异性杂交,在封闭溶液(5xSSC,Tween 0.1%,BSA 0.1%)中培育载玻片1小时,置于5xSSC中在摇床上洗涤(2次,5分钟)。在5xSSC,Tween 0.1%中将寡核苷酸探针稀释到0.5μM,室温加样到玻璃表面2小时。37℃在摇床上漂洗载玻片,一次用5xSSC洗5分钟,两次用含1%SDS的2xSSC洗5分钟。
用放射标记的探针-放射标记的寡核苷酸(互补于共价连接的寡核苷酸)的杂交作为杂交探针,来定量测定杂交率。用噬菌体T4多聚核苷酸激酶(NewEngland Biolabs,Beverly,MA),在寡核苷酸的5’端用[γ-32P]dATP(Amersham,UK)进行酶促标记。用Chroma Spin柱TE-10(Clontech,Palo Alto CA)除去过量的[γ-32P]dATP。然后室温将放射标记的寡核苷酸(0.5μM以5xSSC,Tween0.1%配)加样到衍生的载玻片上2小时。然后将载玻片置于摇床上,37℃以5xSSC漂洗5分钟,以2xSSC SDS 0.1%漂洗2次,5分钟。杂交后,用闪烁计数测定特异性活性。
显微镜观察-用5xSSC溶液和微型盖玻片覆盖载玻片。用氩汞灯HBO100W/2(Carl Zeiss,Oberkochen,Germany)倒置显微镜Axiovert S100TV,其连接了装备有CCD陈列的Kodak CCD照相机,模式为768(H)×512(V)像素;6.91×4.6mm总尺寸,像素尺寸9×9μm2(Princeton Instruments Inc.Treton,NJ,USA),来测定荧光。用物镜LD Achroplan 20x/0.400(Carl Zeiss,Oberkochen,Germany)和滤光装置XF22(Ex:485DF22,二向色:505DRLPO2 EM:530DF30)和XF47(Ex:640DF20,二向色:670DRLPO2 EM:682DF22)(Omega Optical(Brattleboro VT),分别用于FITC和Cy5荧光),曝光时间在1和50秒之间。用Winwiew软件(Princeton Instruments Inc.,Trenton NJ,USA)来分析数据。
结果
评估附着储存稳定性和热稳定性
我们评估了用s-MBS和s-SIAB制备的玻璃板的储存稳定性。由于这些试剂对水解敏感,寡核苷酸附着率将取决于它们的稳定性。用新鲜制备的交联剂s-MBS和s-SIAB功能化氨基衍生的玻璃板。交联剂附着后,将功能化的载玻片储存于室温、暗处真空干燥器中10天。然后分析储存的载玻片(t=10天)和用交联剂新鲜制备的载玻片(t=0)。比较二化学试剂在硫醇-寡核苷酸反应后和互补荧光探针杂交后,在t=0和t=10天得到的数据。
如t=0和t=10天得到相同杂交率所证明:一旦固定,10天储存后s-SIAB-功能化的载玻片完全稳定。相反,发现偶联s-MBS的玻璃稳定性较差,10天储存后寡核苷酸附着率和杂交率减少30%。结论是s-SIAB功能化的载玻片在暗处真空干燥储存至少10天,如同其先前制备的那样,探针附着率无任何降低。
为了评估附着于玻璃的寡核苷酸的热稳定性,将载玻片在10mM Tris-HCl(pH8)中100℃处理5分钟,2次。洗涤后将残留的仍固定的寡核苷酸与荧光标记的互补寡核苷酸杂交进行分析。在第一次5分钟洗涤后,从s-SIAB载玻片释放出约14%附着的分子,从s-MBS载玻片释放出约17%附着的分子,但第二次洗涤后就这两种化学物而言,都未测得进一步的释放(表1A)。这些结果可与Chrisey等人(1996)得到的结果相比,他们测得80℃在PBS中处理10分钟后,通过交联剂SMPB(琥珀酰亚胺4-[对-马来酰亚胺苯基]丁酸酯)附着于熔凝硅石载玻片上的寡核苷酸有62%以上的释放。
表1A
杂交结果(任意单位,标准化到100%) | |||
新鲜附着的 | 100℃洗涤5分钟后 | 100℃洗涤2×5分钟后 | |
s-MBS | 80±6 | 69±4 | 73±4 |
s-SIAB | 100±9 | 84±8 | 87±3 |
表1A:热稳定性研究
寡核苷酸附着于s-MBS或s-SIAB功能化的载玻片。通过与荧光标记的互补寡核苷酸杂交来分析附着的寡核苷酸。将得到的最高荧光信号标准化成100。列出了重复3次分析的平均值。
作为探针附着函数的杂交
我们研究了作为附着的寡核苷酸(用s-MBS、s-SIAB交联剂和EDC-介导的反应)表面覆盖的函数,共价结合的寡核苷酸探针的杂交程度。用于固定的寡核苷酸的浓度为1μM(对EDC),对交联剂则可在1到800μM之间变化,通过与32P-标记探针的杂交来分析表面密度。用异双功能交联剂引物附着的最佳浓度为500μM,这与60fmol/mm2(s-MBS)和270fmol/mm2(s-SIAB)杂交分子附着的表面密度相等。用EDC/咪唑-介导的5’磷酸寡核苷酸附着于氨基硅烷化的玻璃获得了与s-MBS类似的覆盖密度。但得到相同附着率仅需要1μM寡核苷酸溶液,这就表示与EDC/咪唑偶联策略相比,对于s-MBS化学试剂附着的寡核苷酸需要过量500倍(表1B)。
表1B
寡核苷酸杂交(fmol/mm2) | |||
用于附着的寡核苷酸的浓度(μM) | s-MBS | s-SIAB | |
EDC | |||
1 | NT | NT | 50 |
100 | 10 | 100 | NT |
500 | 60 | 270 | NT |
表1B:作为探针附着函数的杂交
使寡核苷酸附着于用s-MBS或s-SIAB或通过介导的活性试剂EDC功能化的载玻片。通过与放射标记的互补寡核苷酸杂交来分析附着的寡核苷酸。通过闪液来测定杂交的分子的特异活性和密度。NT:没有测试。
60fmol/cm2表面密度相应于8nm结合寡核苷酸之间的平均分子间距。按我们的结果,30foml/mm2覆盖密度(间隔20nm)足以得到DNA集落。这种产率可用EDC介导的方法,用异双功能交联剂s-SIAB或1μM探针100μM固定引物获得。我们得到的杂交密度在先前报道的其他移植方法在载玻片使得到的最高密度范围中(Guo等人,1994,Joss等人,1997,Beattie等人,1995)。
在玻璃上生成DNA集落:集落的形成取决于模板的长度、浓度和引物的浓度
理论上,DNA集落的形成要求相应于DNA模板适当长度的附着于表面的引物的适当密度。对于最佳DNA集落生成而言,重要的是确定结合的引物和模板的密度范围,以及模板和引物的化学计量比。
材料和方法
制备载玻片
如上所述(材料和方法),衍生和功能化载玻片。DNA集落引物为CP1和CP2。如实施例1对模板B′所述,制备了集落模板,但用引物TPB3和TPB2。将不同浓度的修饰的集落引物和集落模板加样到玻璃表面。
产生集落
将储存在5XSSC中的载玻片以微过滤水洗涤除去盐。在玻璃表面用PCR混合物(四种dNTP(0.2mM),0.1%BSA,0.1%Tween 20,1XPCR缓冲液和0.05U/μl AmpliTaq DNA聚合酶(Perkin Elmer Foster City,CA))引发集落的生长。将PCR混合物置于一框架密封室中(MJ Research,Watertown,MA)。将载玻片置于热循环仪(The DNA Engine,MJ Research Watertown,MA)中,如下进行热循环:步骤1在94℃1分钟,步骤2在65℃3分钟,步骤3在74℃6分钟,并将此程序重复50次。完成这程序后,将载玻片置于6℃以备后用。
双链DNA集落的消化
通过覆盖以1X消化缓冲液配制的限制性内切酶,用限制性内切酶切割含DNA的玻璃表面。37℃将此反应进行2次为时1小时30分钟。将载玻片浸入100℃ tris缓冲液(10mM,pH8)中2次5分钟,然后4℃在5XSSC中漂洗,使双链DNA集落变性。将载玻片储存在5XSSC中以备后用。
单链DNA集落的杂交
为了防止非特异性杂交,在封闭溶液(5XSSC,0.1%Tween,0.1%BSA)中培育载玻片1小时,然后在5XSSC中漂洗载玻片(2次,5分钟)。以SSC5X,Tween 0.1%将5’端有荧光Cy5标记的寡核苷酸(Eurogntec Brussels)稀释到0.5μM,并加样到玻璃表面至少2小时。37℃在摇床上漂洗载玻片,在SSC5X中漂洗5分钟,在SSC 5X,SDS 0.1%中漂洗2次5分钟。
如上所述观察载玻片。
我们先前观察到杂交程度是寡核苷酸附着密度的函数。对用结合的DNA模板作的类似研究表明,集落的形成也是附着于载玻片模板浓度的函数。根据用于寡核苷酸和模板附着的化学试剂,对双功能交联剂s-MBS(图6B)而言模板的最佳浓度为1μM,对EDC碳二亚胺而言(图6A),最佳浓度为1nM。令人感兴趣的是,对EDC化学试剂而言,较高浓度的模板不增加集落的数量,且似乎达到相应于最大集落数的平台。
我们研究了作为加样到表面的引物浓度和DNA模板浓度以及DNA模板长度函数的集落形成(数)。
我们也评估了各集落中模板的拷贝数。定量测定是基于用Cy5-,Cy3-作的荧光测定或添加了抗漂白剂(Prolong,Molecular Probes,Portland OR)的荧光标记的荧光团测定。通过在附着于表面的引物上作杂交试验进行标定,作为通过放射性测定的确切相应的密度。
实施例5:集落原位DNA测序
首先室温将载玻片(5mm直径,Verrerie de Carouge,Switzerland)置于Helmanex 0.2%(在水中)、NaOH 1N浴中1小时,然后用蒸馏水漂洗,在纯己烷中漂洗,用蒸馏水漂洗2次,用HCl 1M处理过夜(室温)。然后,用蒸馏水漂洗它们2次,室温用H2SO4(50%)+K2S2O8处理1小时。将它们在蒸馏水中漂洗,然后在乙醇中漂洗2次。用ATS衍生载玻片(如实施例4所述)。
将5’磷酸化(Microsynth GmbH,Switzerland)的集落引物CP1(5’-pTTTTTTTTTTCACCAACCCAAACCAACCCAAACC)和CP2(5’-pTTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)和DNA模板B(如实施例1所述制备)5’共价附着于5mm直径的载玻片(Verrerie de Carouge,Switzerland)使,使得终浓度分别为1μM和10nM,过程如下:将两种引物各2nmol加入到0.2nmol模板中,该模板以1ml溶液A(用50ml水配制的41μl甲基咪唑(Sigma,#M-8878),用HCl将pH调节到7)配,然后1∶1与溶液D(用10ml溶液A配制的0.2mM EDC)混合。在载玻片的两边加3.5μl混合物,并室温培育过夜。然后用5xSSC缓冲液简单漂洗载玻片,置于100℃10mM Tris缓冲液(pH8.0)中,2次5分钟。
室温以5xSSC缓冲液配的1mg/ml牛血清白蛋白(BSA,BoehringerMannheim GmbH,Germany,#238040)封闭玻璃非特异性位点1小时,然后用蒸馏水漂洗。
然后将各载玻片单独置于含170μl PCR混合物的MicroampTM反应管(Perkin Elmer)中,用Taq聚合酶(AmpliTaq,PE-Applied Biosystems Inc.,FosterCity CA)生成DNA集落,在MTC200热循环仪(MJ Research,Watertown,MA)中进行50轮(94C/60″,60C/3′,72C/6′)。37℃,用以NEB2缓冲液(NewEngland Biolabs)配制的1.3单位的PvuⅡ(Stratagene)消化各载玻片2次,45分钟。消化后,将管置于100℃10mM Tris缓冲液pH8.0中(2×5′),然后室温用过滤过的(Millex GV4,Millipore)用2xSSC缓冲液配制的1mg/ml BSA封闭30分钟,在2xSSC 0.1%SDS缓冲液中漂洗,然后在5xSSC缓冲液中漂洗。室温,将各载玻片与含1μM测序引物p181(CGACAGCCGGAAGGAAGAGGGAGC)的5xSSC/0.1%Tween 20缓冲液培育过夜。将无引物的对照置于5xSSC0.1%Tween 20缓冲液中。37℃将载玻片用5xSSC 0.1%SDS洗涤2次,5分钟,然后在5xSSC中漂洗。引物p181可与模板B’杂交,p181后面的序列是CAGCT……为了便于聚焦,通过室温与用5X SSC配制的20μl 1/2000稀释的200nm黄/绿荧光、包被有链霉亲和素的FluoSpheres(R)珠(Molecular Probes,Eugene,OR)培育20秒,将绿色荧光珠吸附到孔的底部。
与引物杂交后,在每个载玻片上加入2μl含0.1%BSA、6mM二硫苏糖醇(Sigma Chemicals)、5μM Cy5TM-dCTP或5μM Cy5TM-dUTP(Amersham,UK)和1X测序酶缓冲液的溶液。Cy5TM-核苷酸的加入是以室温加入1.3单位T7测序酶TMDNA聚合酶(Amersham,UK)2分钟开始的。在5X SSC/0.1%SDS浴中洗涤各孔15分钟,并用5xSSc缓冲液漂洗。
用带Micromax 512×768 CCD照相机和Winview软件(PrincetonInstruments,Trenton,NJ)的倒置显微镜(Axiovert S100TV,Carl Zeiss AG,Oberkochen,Germany)观察样品。对聚焦而言,用20X物镜和XF 22滤光装置(Omega Optical,Brattleboro,VT),对观察Cy5TM渗入样品而言,用20X物镜和XF47滤光装置(Omega Optical)并用2×2像素重新分级(pixel binning)曝光50秒。用XF47滤光装置和50秒曝光,黄/绿FluoSpheres(R)(约100/视野区域)没有得到可检测的信号(数据没有显示)。用该程序Winview(PrincetonInstruments)得到照像。
图7A显示了在未与引物p181培育的样品上用Cy5TM-dCTP培育后的结果。只能观察到5个模糊的斑点,表明没有发生明显的不合逻辑作用(如Cy5TM-dCTP凝集沉淀,吸收或简单的非特异性掺入集落中的DNA或表面上的DNA)。图7B显示了在与引物p181培育的样品上用Cy5TM-dUTP培育后的结果。没有观察到荧光斑点,表明当用于掺入的核苷酸与杂交的引物后面的模板序列不相应时,不产生可检测量的荧光碱基的掺入。图7C显示了在与引物p181培育的样品上用Cy5TM-dCTP培育后的结果。可以观察到许多荧光斑点,表明当用于掺入的核苷酸与杂交的引物后面的模板序列相应时,确实可产生可检测量的荧光碱基的掺入。总之,我们证实可将序列特异性形式荧光核苷酸渗入集落所含的DNA中,可用上述方法和装置监测这种渗入。但这仅是一个例子。也可以理解如果需要,可将荧光碱基的渗入重复多次。由于这是以序列特异性方式进行的,所以可以推论出集落中所含的DNA部分序列。
实施例6:5’mRNA序列标记分析
监测细胞或组织中基因表达的最精确方法是减少样品收集和mRNA评分之间的步骤数目。可从商业上得到快速分离mRNA的新方法。最有效的方法包括快速分离样品、即刻将细胞破裂到盐酸胍溶液中,完全裂解成蛋白质并使RNAses失活。然后用寡核苷酸-dT亲和层析纯化裂解细胞上清液中的mRNA。最后,可用简单的方法特异性导向5’-加帽的mRNA将其转化入cDNA(SMART cDNA synthesis,Clontech,Palo Alto)。
这种方法可以合成仅有翻译活性的5’-加帽mRNA的cDNA拷贝。通过将上述迅速分离mRNA的方法与本申请所述的产生DNA集落的移植模板法制备的cDNA相结合,就有了高产率鉴定大量5’mRNA序列标记的方法。本发明的优点是通过直接移植cDNA合成反应的产物、将cDNA扩增成千上万的拷贝,然后同时原位测定cDAN的序列,而能够来测定大量cDNA的序列。
材料和方法:
合成的寡核苷酸和质粒-由Eurogentec或Microsynth用5’-磷酸合成了寡核苷酸。用标准方法产生了在T3 RNA聚合酶启动子后含小鼠钾通道基因mSlo的3′-非翻译和部分编码序列的质粒。
mRNA的合成-在此质粒聚A+序列后的单个SalⅠ或SacⅠ限制性内切酶位点将mSlo质粒线化。用蛋白酶K处理切割好的质粒后,用苯酚/CH3Cl/异戊醇提取一次线性质粒DNA,并用乙醇沉淀。将DNA沉淀重溶解在H2O中,浓度为10μg/μl。按制造说明书(Ambion,Austin TX),在体外用mRNA合成试剂盒中mMessage mMachine合成了5′-甲基鸟苷加帽的合成的mRNA。将合成的mRNA储存于80℃。
酶-从New England Biolabs(Beverly,MA)得到限制性内切酶。
cDNA的合成-以不同摩尔比例(1∶1,1∶10,1∶100)将合成的mRNA与小鼠肝聚A+mRNA混合,并用有某些改进的“SMART PCR cDNA合成试剂盒”(Clontech,Palo Alto CA)在合成的和小鼠肝mRNA的混合物上进行cDNA的合成。在cDNA反应中,将约1μg mRNA混合物与引物CP5混合,该引物具有CPβ的序列的5’端(5′p-AGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTNN)。该引物可用于制造第一条链cDNA合成。对第二条链的合成,可用“SMART”技术。SMART合成的基础是:当mRNA含有5’-甲基鸟苷-加帽时,利用Moloney鼠病毒逆转录酶的特性在第一条cDNA链的3’末端添加3到5个脱氧胞嘧啶残基(SMART user manual,Clontech,Palo AltoCA)。用在3’端含有CPβ序列和AAAGGGGG的CP6引物(5′-pAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGGGG),来合成第二条cDNA。如说明书所述使用Moloney鼠白血病毒的SUPERSCRIPTTM Ⅱ RNase H-逆转录酶和缓冲液(LifeTechnologies,Ltd.),并在42℃下进行反应1小时。通过PCR分析cDNA,所用的引物p251含有CPβ序列的片断,(5’-GAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGG)和Taq DNA聚合酶(Platinum Taq,Life Technologies,Ltd.)。
制备DNA集落-将5’p-cDNA与不同浓度的固相集落引物CP2(5’p-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)混合,并按制造商说明用化学方法结合于Nucleolink PCR管(NUNC)上。然后在MTC 200热-循环仪(MJ Research,Watertown,MA)中用Taq聚合酶(AmpliTaq Gold,PE-Applied Biosystems Inc.,Foster City CA)进行30轮(94C/30″,65C/1′,72C/1.5′)生成DNA集落。
DNA探针和杂交-用5’-生物素酰化的引物和常规的下游引物,通过PCR在模板(mSlo质粒DNA)上合成对mSlo DNA序列特异性的32生物素酰化的和32P-放射标记的DNA探针。在PCR反应中以300∶1(α〔32P〕-dCTP对dCTP)的比例,将探针掺入α〔32P〕-dCTP(Amersham,Amersham UK),四种三磷酸脱氧核苷的终浓度为50μM。将得到的生物素酰化的和放射标记的DNA探针在Chromaspin-1000柱(Clontech,Palo Alto CA)上脱盐。用以下温度方案(在MTC200热循环仪中)使DNA探针与“easyhyb”缓冲液(Boehringer-Mannheim,Germany)中的样品杂交:94℃5分钟,随后每30秒温度降低0.5℃共68次(换而言之,即在34分钟中将温度降至60℃),用密封的孔。然后室温用200μl TNT洗涤样品3次。再用含0.1mg/ml BSA(New England Biolabs,Beverly,MA)的50μl TNT培育这些孔30分钟。然后用15μl红色荧光包被有链霉亲和素的40纳米微型小球(Molecular Probes,Portland,OR)的溶液培育这些孔。这种微型小球的溶液是由2μl微型小球的母液制备的,该母液在50W超声波水浴(Elgasonic,Bienne,Switzerland)中超声处理5分钟,以含0.1mg/mlBSA的1ml TNT溶液稀释,用Millex GV40.22μm孔径滤膜(Millipore,Bedford,MA)过滤。
DNA集落的观察-用Axiovert 10倒置显微镜、装备有Micromax 512×768CCD照相机(Princeton instruments,Trenton,NJ)的20X物镜(Carl Zeiss AG,Oberkochen,Germany)、PB546/FT580/LP590滤光装置和10秒光聚焦,来观察着色的样品。将文件转化成TIFF格式,用适合的软件(PhotoPaint,Corel Corp.Ltd,Dublin,Ireland)处理。这种处理包括倒置(inversion)和线性反差增强,以提供在激光打印机上打印出黑白适当的图像。
结果
合成的mRNA和cDNA的合成-cDNA合成后,用p251引物(在cDNA第一条链的两端生成的)来检验PCR中的cDNA,是否为如琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析那样能产生正确长度的产物。将合成的mSlo mRNA稀释入肝mRNA中,这可用mSlo-特异性条带密度的降低和肝cDNA非特异性印迹的增加证明。
DNA集落的检测和定量-用荧光成像CCD显微镜检查或闪烁计数分析DNA集落。如图6所示,可检测到荧光的集落的数量为移植的模板数量的函数而递增。这种增加可用检测到的32P-放射标记量来反映。
有了放射标记的探针就可以约1∶100检测mRNA拷贝。但用荧光显微镜CCD成像技术,可以1∶10000稀释度检测mRNA。
实施例7:引物共价结合于固相支持物(塑料)
将寡核苷酸引物附着于Nucleolink塑料微量滴定孔(Nunc,Denmark),以确定最佳偶联次数和化学性质。如下将寡核苷酸、CP2(5′-(磷酸)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)、CP8(5′-(氨基-1,6亚己基)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)、CP9(5′(羟基)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)、CP10(5′-(二甲氧基三苯甲基)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)和CP11(5′(生物素)-TTTTTTTTTTAGAAGGAGAAGGAAAGGGAAAGGG)(Microsynth GmbH,Switzerland)附着于Nucleolink微量滴定孔(每种8个孔):在每个孔中加入20μl用10mM 1-甲基-咪唑配制的含0.1μM寡核苷酸、10mM 1-甲基-咪唑(pH7.0)(Sigma Chemicals)和10mM 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳二亚胺(pH7.0(Sigma Chemicals)溶液。然后将这些孔密封,50℃培育不同的时间。在特定时间用200μl RS(0.4N NaOH,0.25%Tween 20)漂洗2次,用20μl TNT(100mM TrisHCl pH7.5,150mMNaCl,0.1%Tween 20)漂洗2次,终止偶联反应。50℃干燥这些管30分钟,4℃将它们储存在密封的塑料袋中。
在生成PCR集落条件下结合的寡核苷酸的稳定性
通过加入PCR混合物(20μl四种dNTP(0.2mM)、0.1%BSA、0.1%Tween20、8%DMSO(二甲基亚砜,Fluka,Switzerland)、1X PCR缓冲液),来测试在集落生长条件下的稳定性。然后将这些孔置于热循环仪中,在以下条件进行33轮重复:94℃45秒,60℃4分钟,72℃4分钟。完成此程序后,用5xSSC、0.1%Tween 20漂洗这些孔,将它们置于8℃以备后用。杂交前,将50μl 5xSSC、0.1%Tween 20(在94℃加热5分钟)加入各孔,并在室温保存。
探针:寡核苷酸探针、R57(5′(磷酸)-GTTTGGGTTGGTTTGGGTTGGTG、对照探针)和R58(5′-磷酸)-CCCTTTCCCTTTCCTTCTCCTTCT,互补于CP2、CP8、CP9、CP10和CP11),用噬菌体T4多聚核苷酸激酶(New Englandbiolabs,Beverly,MA),在它们的5’端用[γ-32P]dATP(Amersham,UK)进行酶促标记。用Chroma Spin柱TE-10(Clontech,Palo Alto CA)除去过量的32PdATP。然后将放射标记的寡核苷酸(0.5μM以5xSSC,0.1%Tween 20配)与寡核苷酸衍生的Nucleolink孔37℃杂交2小时。室温,用5xSSC、0.1%Tween20洗涤这些孔,再用0.5xSSC、0.1%Tween 20洗涤15分钟(37℃)。随后用闪烁计数分析各孔的结合探针。
结果
取决于寡核苷酸上5′功能基团的特性,寡核苷酸偶联的速率和特异性有明显差异。具有5′-氨基偶联的寡核苷酸比5′磷酸基团功能化的寡核苷酸的速度快约2倍(见表2和图8)。另外,由5’羟基、5′-DMT或5′-生物素功能化的对照寡核苷酸偶联的速度都与5′磷酸功能化的寡核苷酸的速度相似,这就提出了用5′磷酸基团化学附着的5′特异性性质的问题。
表2
5′-磷酸 | 5′-氨基 | 5′-羟基 | 5′-DMT | 5′-生物素 | |
Ka(min-1) | 0.0068 | 0.0135 | 0.0063 | 0.0070 | 0.0068 |
附着的寡核苷酸(fmol/孔) | 608 | 1344 | 542 | 602 | 650 |
PCR稳定性(%残留的) | 56 | 69 | 66 | 66 | 62 |
序列表(1)总说明:(ⅰ)申请人:
(A)名称:应用研究系统ARS股份公司
(B)地址:14 John B.Gorsiraweg
(C)城市:库拉索市
(E)国家:荷兰属安的列斯
(F)邮政编码(ZIP):无(ⅱ)发明名称:核酸扩增和测序方法(ⅲ)序列数量:19(ⅳ)计算机可读形式:
(A)媒体类型:软盘
(B)计算机:IBM PC兼容
(C)操作系统:PC-DOS/MS-DOS
(D)软件:PatentIn Release#1.0,#1.30版本(EPO)(2)SEQ ID NO:1的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:24个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:1:AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGG 24(2)SEQ ID NO:2的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:24个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:2:CACCAACCCA AACCAACCCA AACC 24(2)SEQ ID NO:3的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:20个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:3:GAGGCCAGAA CAGTTCAAGG 20(2)SEQ ID NO:4的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:20个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物” (ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:4:CCTGTGACAA GACGACTGAA 20(2)SEQ ID NO:5的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:34个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:5:TTTTTTTTTT CACCAACCCA AACCAACCCA AACC 34(2)SEQ ID NO:6的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:34个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:6:TTTTTTTTTT AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGG 34(2)SEQ IDNO:7的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:34个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:7:TTTTTTTTTT CACCAACCCA AACCAACCCA AACC 34(2)SEQ ID NO:8的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:34个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:8:TTTTTTTTTT AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGG 34(2)SEQ ID NO:9的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:42个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:9:AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGGTTTTTT 30TTTTTTTTTT NN 42(2)SEQ ID NO:10的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:26个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:10:AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGGGG 26(2)SEQ ID NO:11的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:52个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:11:AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGGGCGGCC 30GCTCGCCTGG TTCTGGAAGA CA 52(2)SEQ ID NO:12的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:44个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:12:AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGGCCTGTG 30ACAAGACGAC TGAA 44(2)SEQ ID NO:13的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:62个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:13:TTTTTTTTTT AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA 30AGGGGCGGCC GCTGAGGCCA GTGGAAGTCAGA 62(2)SEQ ID NO:14的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:60个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:14:TTTTTTTTTT CACCAACCCA AACCAACCCA 30AACCGAGCTC AGGCTGAGGC AGGAGAATTG 60(2)SEQ ID NO:15的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:44个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:15:AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGGGAGCTG 30AGGAGGAAGA GAGG 44(2)SEQ ID NO:16的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:52个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性 (ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:16:AGAAGGAGAA GGAAAGGGAA AGGGGCGGCC GCTCG 35CCTGG TTCTGGAAGA CA 52(2)SEQ ID NO:17的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:22个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅸ)特征:
(A)名称/关键字:修饰的_碱基
(B)位置:11
(C)其他信息:/mod_base=i(ⅸ)特征:
(A)名称/关键字:修饰的_碱基
(B)位置:13
(C)其他信息:/mod_base=i(ⅸ)特征:
(A)名称/关键字:修饰的_碱基
(B)位置:15
(C)其他信息:/mod_base=i (ⅸ)特征:
(A)名称/关键字:修饰的_碱基
(B)位置:17
(C)其他信息:/mod_base=i(ⅸ)特征:
(A)名称/关键字:修饰的_碱基
(B)位置:19
(C)其他信息:/mod_base=i(ⅸ)特征:
(A)名称/关键字:修饰的_碱基
(B)位置:21
(C)其他信息:/mod_base=i(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:17:TTTTTTTTTT NSNSNSNSNS NS 22(2)SEQ ID NO:18的信息:(ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:24个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:18:CGACAGCCGG AAGGAAGAGG GAGC 24(2)SEQ ID NO:19的信息: (ⅰ)序列特征:
(A)长度:18个碱基对
(B)类型:核酸
(C)链:单链
(D)拓扑结构:线性(ⅱ)分子类型:其他核酸
(A)描述:/desc=“寡核苷酸引物”(ⅹⅰ)序列描述:SEQ ID NO:19:GAGAAGGAAA GGGAAAGG 18
Claims (34)
1.一种扩增至少一种核酸的方法,其特征在于,所述的方法包括以下步骤:
(1)形成至少一种含待扩增核酸的核酸模板,其中所述的核酸在5′端含有寡核苷酸序列Y,在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z,另外在5′端该核酸带有将其附着于固相支持物的装置;
(2)在存在固相支持物时,将所述的核酸模板与一种或多种集落引物X混合,集落引物X可与寡核苷酸序列Z杂交,且在其5′端还携带了将集落引物附着于固相支持物的装置,从而使核酸模板和集落引物的5′端结合于固相支持物;
(3)在结合模板上进行一种或多种核酸的扩增反应,从而产生核酸集落。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的寡核苷酸序列Z互补于寡核苷酸序列Y,且集落引物X与寡核苷酸序列Y的序列相同。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤(2)中两种不同的集落引物X与所述的模板混合,且集落引物X的序列是使寡核苷酸序列Z能与集落引物X中的一种杂交,寡核苷酸序列Y与一种集落引物X的序列相同。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的集落引物X包含简并引物序列,所述的核酸模板不含有寡核苷酸序列Y或Z。
5.如权利要求1-4任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的方法还包括其他步骤,即对产生的一个或多个核酸集落进行至少一个测序步骤。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的测序步骤(5)包括掺入和测定标记的寡核苷酸。
7.如权利要求5或6所述的方法,其特征在于,同时测定一种以上核酸集落中存在的扩增核酸模板的全部序列或部分序列。
8.如权利要求1-7任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的方法还包括观察产生的集落步骤。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的观察步骤包括使用标记的或未标记的核酸探针。
10.如权利要求1-9任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的将核酸模板和集落引物附着于固相支持物的装置包括将这些核酸序列共价附着于所述的支持物的装置。
11.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的将核酸序列共价附着于固相支持物的装置是化学修饰的功能基团。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的化学修饰的功能基团是磷酸基团、羧酸或醛基、硫醇、羟基、二甲氧基三苯甲基(DMT)、或氨基。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的化学修饰的功能基团是氨基。
14.如权利要求1-13任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的固相支持物选自:乳胶珠、葡聚糖珠、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯表面、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶、金表面、玻璃表面和硅片。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的固相支持物是玻璃。
16.如权利要求1-15任一所述的方法,其特征在于,产生的核酸集落的密度是10,000/mm2到100,000/mm2。
17.如权利要求1-16任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的集落引物X附着于所述的固相支持物的密度至少是1fmol/mm2。
18.如权利要求1-17任一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述的核酸模板的密度是10,000/mm2到100,000/mm2。
19.一种含待扩增核酸的多重核酸模板,其特征在于,所述的核酸在它们的5’端含有寡核苷酸序列Y,在3′端含有寡核苷酸序列Z,另外在5’端还携带将该核酸附着于固相支持物的装置。
20.如权利要求19所述的多重核酸模板,其特征在于,所述的模板与多重集落引物X混合。
21.如权利要求19或20所述的多重核酸模板,其特征在于,所述的寡核苷酸序列Z互补于寡核苷酸序列Y,集落引物X与寡核苷酸序列Y的序列相同。
22.如权利要求19或20所述的多重核酸模板,其特征在于,其中将两种不同的集落引物X与所述的模板混合,集落引物X的序列使寡核苷酸序列Z能与一种集落引物X杂交,寡核苷酸序列Y与一种集落引物X的序列相同。
23.如权利要求19或20所述的多重核酸模板,其特征在于,所述的集落引物X包含简并引物序列,而核酸模板不含有寡核苷酸序列Y或Z。
24.一种固相支持物,其上附着多重集落引物X和至少一种核酸模板,其特征在于,所述的核酸模板和集落引物的定义如上述任一权利要求所述。
25.如权利要求24所述的固相支持物,其特征在于,所述的多重核酸模板附着于所述的固相支持物。
26.如权利要求24或25所述的固相支持物,其特征在于,所述的固相支持物的定义如权利要求14和15所述。
27.如权利要求24-26任一所述的固相支持物,其特征在于,所述的核酸模板和集落引物与固相支持物的附着是共价的。
28.一种固相支持物,其特征在于,它含有由权利要求1-18任一所述的方法产生的一种或多种核酸集落。
29.如权利要求24-28任一所述的固相支持物的用途,其特征在于,可用于核酸扩增或测序的方法中。
30.如权利要求29所述的用途,其特征在于,所述的方法是权利要求1-18任一所述的方法。
31.如权利要求1-18所述的方法的用途,其特征在于,可用于核酸扩增或测序。
32.如权利要求1-18任一所述的方法,或由所述的方法产生的核酸集落,或如权利要求19-23任一所述的多重核酸模板,或权利要求24-28任一所述的固相支持物的用途,其特征在于,用于提供以下所需的核酸分子:测序和重测序、基因表达监控、遗传多样性分布图、诊断、筛选、全基因组测序、全基因组多态性的发现和评分、和制备全基因组玻片、或包括核酸扩增或测序的其他运用。
33.一种用于核酸扩增或测序的试剂盒,其特征在于,它包括如上述任一权利要求所定义的结合于固相支持物的多重核酸模板和集落引物。
34.如权利要求33所述的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述的试剂盒可用于测序和重测序、基因表达监控、遗传多样性分布图、诊断、筛选、全基因组测序、全基因组多态性的发现和评分、或包括核酸扩增或测序的其他运用。
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- 1999-09-30 TR TR2001/00911T patent/TR200100911T2/xx unknown
- 1999-09-30 PL PL99347125A patent/PL347125A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-09-30 EA EA200100402A patent/EA004271B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-09-30 US US09/806,531 patent/US7115400B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-30 EP EP99947713A patent/EP1117827B8/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-30 AU AU61088/99A patent/AU771073B2/en not_active Ceased
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2001
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2002
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN106566855A (zh) * | 2006-07-31 | 2017-04-19 | 毕万里 | 使用可逆修饰寡核苷酸扩增核酸 |
CN106566855B (zh) * | 2006-07-31 | 2021-11-09 | 苏州新海生物科技股份有限公司 | 使用可逆修饰寡核苷酸扩增核酸 |
CN106086203A (zh) * | 2016-07-12 | 2016-11-09 | 深圳绿倍生态科技有限公司 | 一种小球藻核酸模板的制备方法及其应用 |
CN109688817A (zh) * | 2016-10-03 | 2019-04-26 | Illumina公司 | 胺和肼的荧光检测及其分析方法 |
CN110684829A (zh) * | 2018-07-05 | 2020-01-14 | 深圳华大智造科技有限公司 | 一种高通量的单细胞转录组测序方法和试剂盒 |
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