JP6563394B2 - 人工弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム及び当該フレームを製造するための方法 - Google Patents

人工弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム及び当該フレームを製造するための方法 Download PDF

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JP6563394B2
JP6563394B2 JP2016537187A JP2016537187A JP6563394B2 JP 6563394 B2 JP6563394 B2 JP 6563394B2 JP 2016537187 A JP2016537187 A JP 2016537187A JP 2016537187 A JP2016537187 A JP 2016537187A JP 6563394 B2 JP6563394 B2 JP 6563394B2
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ミヒャエル ジェイ. ジラード
ミヒャエル ジェイ. ジラード
マルティン シュルン
マルティン シュルン
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イェーナヴァルヴ テクノロジー インコーポレイテッド
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2409Support rings therefor, e.g. for connecting valves to tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • A61F2/2418Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2469Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with resilient valve members, e.g. conical spiral
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2210/00Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2210/0014Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof using shape memory or superelastic materials, e.g. nitinol
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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    • A61F2220/0025Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • A61F2220/0075Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements sutured, ligatured or stitched, retained or tied with a rope, string, thread, wire or cable
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2230/00Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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    • A61F2230/0069Three-dimensional shapes cylindrical
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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    • A61F2250/0039Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in diameter

Description

本発明は、人工心臓弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム及び当該フレームを製造するための方法に関する。具体的には、本発明は、心臓弁の狭窄(狭小)及び/又は心臓弁機能不全の治療で使用される人工弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームに関する。また、本発明は、本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを備える体内プロテーゼに関する。
「心臓弁の狭窄(狭小)及び/又は心臓弁機能不全」なる表現は、遺伝的である或いは発現した1つ以上の心臓弁の機能上の欠陥を含むように意図される。この種の心臓欠陥は4つの心臓弁のそれぞれに影響を及ぼす場合があるが、左心室の弁(大動脈弁及び僧帽弁)は、殆どの場合、心臓の右心部(肺動脈弁及び三尖弁)よりもかなり大きく影響される。機能上の欠陥は、狭窄(狭小)、閉塞不能(機能不全)、又は、これらの2つの組み合わせ(複合的欠陥)をもたらし得る。
人工心臓弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームは、当該技術分野において知られている。特に、近年では、局所麻酔下で処置を行なうことができるようにすることによって特徴付けられる心臓弁の低侵襲な治療形態が開発されてきた。1つの手法は、折り畳み自在の弁プロテーゼに接続される自己拡張型フレームを埋め込むためのカテーテルシステムの使用をもたらす。そのような自己拡張型体内プロテーゼは、カテーテルシステムを介して心臓内の埋め込み部位へと鼠径動脈又は静脈を通じて案内され得る。埋め込み部位に達した後、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームは、体内プロテーゼを自然弁輪の近傍で固定するために広げることができる。
この目的を達成するために、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームが、例えば複数の自己拡張する略長手方向のアーチから構成されてもよいことが知られており、アーチは、所望の埋め込み部位で弁プロテーゼを所定位置に保持するように構成される。従来技術の文献である欧州特許出願公開第1980220A1号明細書は、例えば、弁プロテーゼ(40)を受け入れるための固定セグメントのためのベースを形成する3つの保持アーム(20)を有する自己拡張型ステントを開示する。欧州特許出願公開第1980220A1号明細書に記載されている共通のフレームを自動的に位置決めして方向付けるために、全部で3つの位置決めアーチ(10)が設けられる。位置決めアーチ(10)は、既知の体内プロテーゼと置き換えられるべき機能不全の心臓弁のポケットと係合する円形の頭部(12)を有する。これらの3つの位置決めアーチ(10)は、必要な位置決め精度を回転方向で得ることができるようにするとともに、所望の埋め込み部位でステントの埋め込みを支持するべく更なる径方向クランプ力をもたらす。
また、既知のフレーム(1)がその拡張状態にあるとき、位置決めアーチ(10)のそれぞれの位置決めアームは、病変した心臓弁のポケット内に位置し、したがって、本質的には、医用器具の確実な誤りのない位置決めを保証する。病変した心臓弁のポケットフラップは、その後、体内プロテーゼ1の拡張に起因して、ペーパークリップと同様の態様で、位置決めアーチ(10)と保持アーチ(20)との間でクランプされる。これは、既知の心臓弁フレームの最適な位置決め及び固定を達成することを更に助ける。
位置決めアーチ(10)と保持アーチ(20)との間でのクランプ効果の結果として、従来技術から知られる径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームは、弁プロテーゼと病変した自然心臓弁との間の摩擦接触を許容する傾向がある。これは、弁プロテーゼが、頻繁に折り畳み自在のフレームの保持アーチに直接に接続されるからである。病変した心臓弁と弁プロテーゼとの間のそのような摩擦接触は、病変した心臓弁との望ましくない摩擦に起因して、弁プロテーゼの摩耗の増大をもたらし得る。また、共通のフレーム形態に起因して、病変した心臓弁は、特に人工弁小葉の開放動作中に、弁プロテーゼの動きを妨げる。ある状況において、このことは、病変した心臓弁小葉の存在の結果として人工心臓弁小葉が十分に開放できない場合があることを意味する。また、共通のステント構造体は、しばしば、ステント構造体を所望の埋め込み部位に固定するのに十分な径方向力をもたらさない。結果として、ステントの埋め込み後の不用意な再配置が起こり得る。
先に概説した問題に基づき、本発明の特定の実施形態は、心臓弁プロテーゼの完璧な位置決めを保証すると同時に、自然心臓弁小葉との摩擦接触に起因する外部応力から人工弁小葉を効果的に保護する、人工弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを提供するという課題を扱う。また、本発明のフレームは、簡単な信頼できる処置によって狭窄した心臓弁又は心臓弁機能不全の治療をもたらして、患者に対する大きな応力を伴わない通常の治療を可能にしなければならない。
これに関し、また、以下で更に詳しく説明されるように、本発明は、フレームの基端にある流出端領域と、当該流出端領域とは反対側のフレームの先端にある流入端領域とを備える、人工心臓弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを提供する。径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームは、フレームの流出端領域に位置されるとともに、人工弁小葉の交連を受けるように構成される少なくとも2つの径方向に離間した交連取り付け領域を更に含む。複数の格子セルから構成されるセル構造体が、フレームの流れ軸線の周りで径方向に配置されるとともに、少なくとも2つの交連取り付け領域を接続する。最後に、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームは少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチを更に備え、前記少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチはセル構造体と径方向で少なくとも部分的に重なり合う。
医学用語において、心臓弁の交連は、心臓弁のそれぞれの小葉間の結合のポイント若しくは線又は接合部である。心臓弁の閉じられた状態において、交連は、特定の血管を閉じるために他の小葉と接触する小葉のポイント又は線と見なすことができる。勿論、心臓弁の小葉は、人工心臓弁の流れ軸線の周りで径方向に分布される2つ以上の交連縁部で互いに連続的に接触している。これに関連して、表現「交連取り付け領域」は、小葉の少なくとも2つの交連を受けるように構成される本発明のステントの流出端に位置する支柱の配置を表わす。通常、交連取り付け領域の数は、小葉により形成される交連縁部の数に従う。
また、「径方向で重なり合う」なる用語は、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチがセル構造体と同じフレーム流れ軸線区間に沿って位置することを表わす。しかしながら、固定/位置決めアーチは、セル構造体の一部ではなく、セル構造体から径方向に隔てられる。特に、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、セル構造体の外周から径方向外側に延びていてもよく、そのため、セル構造体と少なくとも部分的に重なり合う。
したがって、本発明のフレームは、複数の格子セルから構成されるセル構造体が自然心臓弁小葉と弁プロテーゼとの間の望ましくない接触を防止するという利点を有する。特に、セル構造体は、弁プロテーゼと自然弁の小葉との間に配置される。したがって、セル構造体は、これらの間で分離壁を形成するとともに、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチと共に自然心臓弁小葉のクランプ効果の向上をもたらす。また、本発明の折り畳み自在のフレームは必ずしも保持アーチをもたらす必要がない。これは、例えば糸を用いて弁プロテーゼをセル構造体の複数の格子セルに対して直接に取り付けることが考えられるからである。最後に、所望の埋め込み部位でセル構造体が本発明のフレームの更なる支持をもたらすことに留意すべきである。
本発明の他の実施形態によれば、折り畳み自在のフレームの少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域に強固に取り付けられてもよい。特に、少なくとも固定/位置決めアーチを少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域と一体に単一品として形成することが好ましい。このようにすると、本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームは、特に頑丈であるとともに、患者の血管内で弁プロテーゼの安定した支持をもたらす。以下で更に詳しく説明されるように、本発明のフレームの部品の全ては、形状記憶材料の単一の中空チューブから切り出されてもよい。その結果、径方向に重なり合う少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域とセル構造体とが中空金属チューブから切り出された後に、縫合、溶接、又は、接着を用いて折り畳み自在のフレームに固定される必要がない。代わりに、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームの残りの部分と同じ中空チューブから切り出され、その場合、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、フレームの流出端領域よりも基端側に形成されて、レーザ切断が行なわれた後に、セル構造体と径方向で重なり合うように先端方向に(流入端へ向けて)曲がる。
無論、固定/位置決めアーチをフレームに対して強固に取り付ける他の手段、例えば溶接、縫合、接着、又は、リベットなどを適用することも実現可能である。この代替案によれば、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、別個の部品として形成され、その後、フレームが中空金属チューブから切り出された後にフレーム構造体に取り付けられる。より詳細には、少なくとも1つの別個の固定/位置決めアーチは、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチがセル構造体と径方向で少なくとも部分的に重なり合ってフレームの流入端部へ向かう方向に延びるように交連取り付け領域に溶接されてもよい。結果として、フレームの形状設定プロセス中に少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチを曲げる必要がない。
本発明の他の態様によれば、本発明のフレームは、複数の周方向に配置される保持アーチを更に備え、各保持アーチは、保持アーチの先端で互いに結合される第1及び第2のアームを含む。各保持アーチの2つのアームは円形構造体によって結合される。周方向に配置される保持アーチを設けると、様々な有利な効果がもたらされる。特に、本発明のフレームの流出端から流入端までの範囲にほぼ及ぶ保持アーチは、フレームの拡張状態で径方向に突出して患者の血管の壁を押圧し、そこにおいて、フレームは、径方向に作用する接触力を伴って広げられる。保持アーチの形状は、自然弁輪よりも下側に位置するように或いは少なくとも自然弁輪上に位置するように構成されてもよく、それにより、弁プロテーゼが取り付けられた本発明のステントのための更なる固定がもたらされる。フレームのセル構造体に代えて或いは加えて、保持アーチは、折り畳み自在のフレームに対して弁プロテーゼを取り付けるために使用されてもよい。特に、弁プロテーゼの尖端は、小葉の自由交連縁部の反対側の端部で保持アーチに縫い合わされてもよい。これに関連して、各保持アーチの第1及び第2のアームは、自然心臓弁の尖端の自然な弓形形状を真似るように形成されてもよい。
この目的を達成するために、各保持アーチの2つのアームは、好ましくは略U形状又は略V形状の構造を有する接続部で互いに結合される。前述したように、保持アーチのこの特定の形状は、特に、心臓弁尖端領域の自然な形状を真似てもよい。U形状又はV形状の保持アーチは、U形状又はV形状の閉じられた部分がフレームの流入端へ向かう先端方向で2つのアームの接続部を形成するように配置されてもよい。逆に、U形状又はV形状の構造の開放端は、少なくとも2つの交連取り付け領域に取り付けられてもよい。したがって、保持アーチは、好ましくは、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームの流出端へ向けて方向付けられる開放端を有する。
他の実施形態によれば、全体で3つの固定/位置決めアーチと全体で3つの保持アーチとが本発明のフレームに設けられる。その結果、3つの固定/位置決めアーチ及び3つの保持アーチにそれぞれ接続される全体で3つの径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域を更にもたらすことが好ましい。これに関し、3つの固定/位置決めアーチ又は保持アーチのそれぞれの各第1のアームが第1の交連取り付け領域と接続されてもよく、一方、第2のアームのそれぞれが隣り合う第2の交連取り付け領域に取り付けられてもよい。このようにして、各固定位置決めアーチ及び各保持アーチは、フレームの径方向に離間された交連取り付け部のうちの少なくとも2つと接続される。例えば大動脈弁などの3つの可撓性のある小葉を有する弁プロテーゼを受け入れる場合には、3つの保持アーチを設けると特に有益である。同じことが固定/位置決めアーチの数にも当てはまり、固定/位置決めアーチの数は、所望の埋め込み部位で各小葉の適した方向付けを保証するべく弁プロテーゼの小葉の数に従うべきである。
先に示したように、2つの隣り合う保持アーチの隣接するアームは、フレームの流出端領域付近において、交連取り付け領域のうちの1つでつながることが好ましい。したがって、保持アーチのそれぞれは、交連取り付け領域のうちの1つで、隣り合う保持アーチに接続され、それにより、弁プロテーゼの尖端のための周方向に位置合わせされる取り付け領域が形成される。
他の実施形態において、フレームのセル構造体は、複数の第1のセルから構成される第1のセル領域を備え、第1のセルは、各保持アーチの第1及び第2のアーム間に配置される。また、セル構造体は、複数の第2のセルから構成される第2のセル領域を備えていてもよく、第2のセルは、2つの隣り合う保持アーチの隣接するアーム間に配置される。言い換えると、セル構造体は、フレームの流れ軸線の周りで径方向に交互に入れ替わる態様で配置される少なくとも2つの異なるセルタイプから構成されることが好ましい。第1及び第2のセル領域は、保持アーチのそれぞれのアームによって交差される。好ましくは、第1及び第2のセル領域の第1及び第2のセルは、同様のパターン及びサイズを伴って構成される。しかしながら、第1及び第2のセルを異なって構成することも考えられる。特に、第1のセル領域内のセル構造体の密度と比べてより高い密度のセル構造体を第2のセル領域で実現することが望ましい場合がある。これは、主に第2のセル領域が本発明のフレームの安定性をもたらすのに対し、第1のセル領域が主に自然心臓弁との直接的な接触から弁プロテーゼを保護するために設けられるからである。しかしながら、無論、各保持アーチの第1及び第2のアーム間に配置される第1のセル領域も、本発明のフレームの安定性を高める。
特に好ましい実施形態において、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、セル構造体の第1のセル領域と特に径方向で重なり合う。言い換えると、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、好ましくは、各保持アーチの第1及び第2のアーム間に配置され、したがって、保持アーチと周方向で位置合わせされる。
他の実施形態によれば、第1のセル又は第2のセルのそれぞれが複数の支柱によって形成される。したがって、各支柱は、それぞれのセル領域の隣り合うセルのうちの1つと接続され、或いは、保持アーチのアームのうちの1つとそれぞれ接続される。先に示したように、第1及び第2のセルの各支柱は、好ましくは、中空形状の記憶金属チューブのレーザ切断によって形成され、それにより、フレーム構造体の一体的に接続される第1及び第2のセルがもたらされる。
先に示したように、各位置決めアーチ及び各保持アーチは、フレームの流入端へ向けて方向付けられる閉端を含み、この場合、それぞれの固定/位置決めアーチの閉端は、関連する保持アーチの閉端に対して略周方向で位置合わせされる。言い換えると、位置決めアーチは、保持アーチに対して対称的に構成されるが、好ましくはフレームの流出領域の方へ幾分更に近づいて配置される。また、位置決めアーチの上端は、フレームの流出領域で少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域を用いて関連する保持アーチの上端に接続されてもよい。フレームの拡張状態では、交連取り付け領域と位置決めアーチ及び保持アーチのそれぞれの上端とがいずれも、径方向に作用する力が血管壁に及ぼされるように外側に広がり、それにより、埋め込み部位でステントを確実に固定できる。一方、固定/位置決めアーチの周方向に位置合わせされた下端は、自然心臓弁のポケットと係合できるように、保持アーチ及びセル構造体よりも更に一層外側に広がり、それにより、固定/位置決めアーチの下端とそれぞれの保持アーチの下端との間で自然心臓弁小葉がクランプされる。
他の実施形態では、本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームが少なくとも1つの締結部を備え、当該締結部を用いて弁プロテーゼがフレームに接続される。少なくとも1つの締結部は、好ましくは、フレームの長手方向軸線に沿って延びるとともに、少なくとも1つの締結部の長さに沿う別個の位置に長手方向で分布される複数の締結孔を備える。弁プロテーゼをステントに固定するために細いワイヤの糸が各締結孔を通じて案内されてもよい。この特徴の利点は、埋め込まれた時点でフレームに対する弁の長手方向の移動が実質的に最小限に抑えられ、したがって、心臓の蠕動運動の結果としてプロテーゼが過度に阻害され或いは脆弱化されないという点である。
締結孔に加えて、締結部は、縫合材料の着座及び保持に役立つための1つ以上の切り欠きを含んでもよい。切り欠きは、フレームに対する、同様に締結孔に対するプロテーゼの取り付けをも支援し、それにより、プロテーゼの長手方向移動を最小限に抑える。締結部は、保持アーチの一体部分として形成されることが好ましい。それにもかかわらず、交連取り付け領域などの本発明のフレームの保持構造体のいずれかに沿って締結部を設けることも考えられる。
他の実施形態によれば、フレームの拡張状態で、保持アーチは、フレームに取り付けられる人工弁の小葉と適合する形状を有する。保持アーチの各アームのこの特定の形態は、それが心臓弁耐久性の利点をもたらすため、カテーテル送出される弁にとって固有のものである。弁プロテーゼの小葉の尖端を支持するための保持アーチのそのように形成されるアームは、位置決めアーチ及びセル構造体のそれぞれの背後の隙間を横切ってフレームに取り付けられる。
埋め込み部位でフレームの支持を更に高めるために、本発明のフレームは、保持アーチの各アームの先端部分で円形構造体の一部に接続される少なくとも1つの環状カラーを備えてもよい。すなわち、保持アーチの各アームの下端部分が環状カラーに合流し、それにより、フレームに対する更なる固定手段がもたらされる。また、環状カラーは、第2のセル領域の下端に接続されてもよい。環状カラーは、フレームの折り畳み状態でフレームの長手方向軸線と平行に延びるとともに横ウェブによって相互接続される複数の支持ウェブを構成してもよい。しかしながら、フレームの拡張状態で、環状カラーの支持ウェブ及び横ウェブは、患者の血管壁に当接する菱形状又は蛇行状の環状カラーを形成してもよい。したがって、環状カラーが支持体としての役目を果たし、当該支持体により、自己拡張に起因して増大する径方向力が血管壁へ伝えられる。環状カラーの構造に起因して、フレームの比較的大きな接触面積が血管壁と相互に作用するため、径方向力の増大にもかかわらず、動脈又は組織に対する損傷のリスクを減らすことができる。また、環状カラーは、弁プロテーゼのスカート部を本発明のフレームに取り付けるために使用されてもよい。このようにすると、弁傍漏れの危険をかなり減らすことができる。
環状カラーの各支持ウェブは、更なる締結手段としてアイレットを更にもたらしてもよい。これに関し、アイレットは、フレームの流入端部分の周囲に均等に分布され、それにより、フレームに対する弁プロテーゼのより均一な固定がもたらされる。そのため、フレームに対する弁プロテーゼの実際の移動のリスクを減らすことができる。
本発明の他の態様によれば、フレームの拡張状態において、環状カラーの下端部分は少なくとも1つのフレアー部分又はテーパ部分を構成し、それにより、自然心臓弁の位置でのフレームのための固定が改善されるとともに、弁プロテーゼが取り付けられたフレームの順行性移動が防止される。
環状カラーは、放射形状を有するフレアー部分又はテーパ部分を有することが好ましい。しかしながら、フレアー部分又はテーパ部分がフレームの外周に沿って均等ではないことも考えられる。例えば、環状カラーが位置決めアーチの位置付近にのみフレアーを有してもよく、その場合、交連取り付け領域付近に、すなわち、2つの隣り合う位置決めアーチの2つのアーム間の領域にフレアーが設けられない。
最も有利な実施形態によれば、フレアー部分及びテーパ部分を同時に備えてもよい。特に、保持アーチの下端と第2のセル領域の下端とにそれぞれ接続される環状カラーの上端がフレアー状を成してもよく、一方、フレームの流入端に位置される環状カラーの下端がテーパ状を成してもよい。簡単に言えば、環状カラーがほぼ西洋ナシ形状の形態を有してもよく、この形態は、環状カラーとの接触により引き起こされる患者の心臓血管への損傷を効果的に防止する。例えば人工大動脈心臓弁の埋め込みをサポートするためにこのフレームが使用される場合には、環状カラーのこの特定の形態が特に有益である。これは、自然心臓弁輪よりも下側に位置される、すなわち、環状カラーが配置されるようになっている位置に位置するヒス束をフレームが刺激することによって心臓伝導系を刺激することを西洋ナシ形状の環状カラーが防止するからである。環状カラーを西洋ナシ形状に形成することにより、自然心臓弁輪の下側領域と排他的に接触して、本発明のフレームを埋め込み部位で支持することができる。一方、心腔内へと更に入った、いかなる領域も、環状カラーによって影響されない。これは、下端部がテーパ状を成し、そのため、下端部が心腔の壁と全体的に接触しないからである。
他の実施形態において、本発明のフレームは、当該フレームがその拡張状態にあるときに、その先端部分にホタテガイの縁のように波を打った流入縁形態を有する。したがって、フレームの流入縁部は、フレームの長手方向に対して垂直な平面内に完全に位置しない。むしろ、フレームのその流入端領域における縁部がホタテガイの縁のように波を打った形状を有していてもよい。また、ホタテガイの縁のように波を打った形状の流入縁部は、その外周にわたって或いは選択された位置でのみフレアー状又はテーパ状を成していてもよい。例えば、1つの実施形態は、位置決めアーチの位置付近でのみ流入縁部にフレアーを含み、2つの隣り合う位置決めアーチ間の領域でフレアー状ではない直線状の円筒形状へと移行してもよい。特に、それぞれのフレアー及びそれぞれの直線状の円筒形状の位置は、弁プロテーゼの組織成分が取り付けられる各保持アーチのアームの位置によって決定されてもよい。ホタテガイの縁のように波を打った形状は、一般に、自然弁輪に追従して、漏れないようにシールできる弁の能力を損なわない。
以下で更に詳しく説明されるように、本発明のフレームを製造する際には、中空チューブの一部から、特に小さい金属チューブから一体に切り取られる構造をフレームが成すことが考えられ、この構造はフレームの構造体の全てを同時に組み込む。具体的には、レーザビームを使用して小さい金属チューブからステント構造を切り取ることが考えられる。
小さい金属チューブは、最も好ましくは、フレームが第1の予め規定できる形状から第2の予め規定できる形状へと変化し得る一体形成構造を成すような形状記憶材料である。したがって、フレームは、患者の体内への挿入中に第1の予め規定できる形状(折り畳み形状)を成し、それが埋め込まれる時点で第2の予め規定できる形状(拡張形状)を成す。フレーム形態に起因して、第1の予め規定できる形状から第2の予め規定できる形状への移行中に、位置決めアーチ及びセル構造体は、フレームの断面拡張に応じて径方向に拡張する。フレームの第2の形状は、好ましくは、フレームが拡張されるときにフレームが内部で広げられる血管の壁にセル構造体が当接するように選択される。また、自然弁輪の下方に配置されるセル構造体の下端は、ステントの更なる固定をもたらす。
フレームが形状記憶材料から成る場合、当該材料は、外的刺激の影響下でフレームが一時的形状から恒久的形状へと変形できるように形成されることが好ましい。これに関し、一時的形状はフレームの第1の形状(すなわち、フレームの折り畳み状態)であり、一方、恒久的形状はフレームの第2の形状(すなわち、フレームの第2の状態)である。特に、例えばニチノール、すなわち、ニッケルとチタンとの等原子合金などの形状記憶材料の使用は、フレームを埋め込みときに特に穏やかな埋め込み処置を可能にする。形状記憶材料からフレームを製造する際、フレーム構造体は、それが中空チューブからステントパターンへと切り取られた後に成形されることが好ましい。以下で更に詳しく説明されるように、フレームの構造体を曲げることによって所望の形状が形成された時点で、この形状が「固定される」。このプロセスは「プログラミング」として知られている。プログラミングは、フレーム構造体を加熱し、フレームを所望の形状へと成形した後、フレームを冷却することによって行われてもよい。また、プログラミングは、フレーム構造体を低温で形成して成形することによって行われてもよく、これは「冷延伸」として知られる。したがって、恒久的形状が保存され、それにより、フレームを一時的な非成形形状で格納して埋め込むことができる。外的刺激がその後にステント構造体に作用すれば、形状記憶効果が引き起こされ、保存された恒久的形状が復元される。
特に好ましい実施形態は、外的刺激が規定可能なスイッチング温度であるようにする。そのため、形状記憶効果を引き起こし、したがってステントの保存された恒久的形状を再生すためにスイッチング温度よりも高い温度までステント材料を加熱する必要があると考えられる。特定のスイッチング温度は、形状記憶材料の化学的組成及びプログラミング中の加熱時間の選択によって予め設定され得る。
スイッチング温度を室温と患者の体温との間の範囲内に設定することが特に好ましい。そのようにすることは、特に患者の体内でインプラントとして使用される医用器具に関して有益である。したがって、フレームを埋め込む際に確保されるべき必要がある全ては、フレーム材料の形状記憶効果を引き起こすべく埋め込み部位でフレームが患者の体温(37℃)に至るまで温められることである。
本発明のフレームを用いて、病変した自然心臓弁が治療されてもよい。これに関連して、人工弁(弁プロテーゼ)が本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム上に支持される。その後、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチが自然心臓弁のポケット内に配置される。続いて、自然心臓弁の少なくとも一部が少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチとセル構造体の複数のセルとの間に位置する。最後に、例えば、フレーム及び人工弁を所望の埋め込み部位に固定するために、交連取り付け領域及びセル構造体を用いて血管壁の一部に抗して径方向力が印加される。
先に示したように、本発明は、更に、本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを備える体内プロテーゼに関する。体内プロテーゼは、好ましくは縫合糸を用いてフレームの内面に取り付けられる弁プロテーゼを更に含む。体内プロテーゼは、任意の不完全な心臓弁、最も好ましくは不完全な大動脈心臓弁を治療するために使用されてもよい。径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームの本発明の構造に起因して、体内プロテーゼは、自然心臓弁輪に強固に固定され得るとともに、特に高い摩耗抵抗を示す。
治療を受ける患者の大部分においては、23F送出システム(7.0mmの外径が与えられる)を用いて或いは17F送出システム(5.0mmの外径が与えられる)を用いて弁プロテーゼを導入できるように、体内プロテーゼがその第1の形状で約7.0mm〜約5.0mmの外径を有することが好ましい。
新規なフレーム形態に起因して、本発明の体内プロテーゼは、その第1の形状で約4.0mm〜約8.0mmの外径を達成できる。したがって、新規な体内プロテーゼは、20F送出システム、好ましくは18F送出システム、より好ましくは16F送出システム、及び、最も好ましくは14F送出システムを用いて導入されてもよい。そのため、本発明に係る体内プロテーゼは、患者の血管内へより容易に導入され得るとともに、損傷を殆ど引き起こさない。
それぞれが埋め込み状態で体内プロテーゼがカテーテル先端から解放された後、体内プロテーゼは、ステントと当該ステントに取り付けられる弁アセンブリとが拡張状態(拡張態様)にある第2の所定の形状を成す。患者が治療されるのに応じて、フレームがその第2の形状及び埋め込み状態で19.0mm〜27.0mmの直径を有することが好ましい。
また、本発明は、本発明に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを製造するための方法に関する。特に、本発明の方法は、形状記憶材料から形成される中空チューブを用意するステップに続いて、所望のパターンがチューブに切り込まれるように中空チューブの所望の領域にわたってレーザ放射ビームを走査することによってステントパターンを切り取るステップを含む。特に、レーザ走査ステップは、複数のセルから構成されるメッシュを規定する基本フレームセル構造体であって、各セルが複数の支柱によって形成される基本フレームセル構造体と、セル構造体の複数のセルから離れるように延びる少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチとをステントパターンが備えるように構成される。言い換えると、レーザ放射ビームを用いて中空チューブを走査することにより、セル構造体と、当該のセル構造体よりも上側に位置される少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチとを備えるステントパターンが、切り出される。
その後、形状設定プロセスでは、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチがセル構造体の複数のセルとほぼ同じ方向に延びるように少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチをセル構造体の方向へ曲げることによって、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームの最終構造が規定される。したがって、そのように曲げられた少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、セル構造体の複数のセルと径方向で少なくとも部分的に重なり合う。結果として、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、フレームのセル構造体から径方向で距離が隔てられる。すなわち、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチは、セル構造体よりも遠い径方向距離をフレームの流れ軸線から隔てて位置される。
レーザ放射ビームが形状記憶材料から形成される中空チューブの2つの対向する端部を同時に切断するのを防止するために、レーザ放射ビームを用いて金属チューブを走査するためのステップは、中空チューブをマンドレル上に配置するためのステップを含んでもよい。したがって、中空チューブの1つの表面を切断した後、レーザ放射ビームは、マンドレルの表面にぶつかり、そのため、中空チューブの他の反対側の部分に影響を及ぼさない。これに関連して、本発明の方法の前述した形状設定プロセスが行なわれる前に、切り出されたステントパターンがマンドレルから除去されることに留意すべきである。
この方法の他の実施形態によれば、形状設定プロセスが熱処理プロセスをステントパターンに適用してもよい。より詳細には、熱処理プロセスは、固定/位置決めアーチと径方向で少なくとも部分的に重なり合う形状にフレームの恒久的形状を設定するために使用され得る。無論、恒久的形状は、本発明の折り畳み自在のフレームの拡張形状となるように設定される。すなわち、一時的形状において、フレームは、可撓性があり、そのため、挿入器具によって導入されるように折り畳まれ得る。
以下、添付図面を参照して、本発明に係るフレームの好ましい実施形態について更に詳しく説明する。
弁プロテーゼを支持して固定できる、本発明に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームの第1の実施形態の拡張状態を示す斜視側面図である。 図1に示される第1の実施形態に係るフレームの第2の斜視側面図である。 本発明に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを製造するために使用され得る、切り出されたステントパターンの好ましい実施形態の平坦な展開図である。 第2の実施形態に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを製造するために使用され得る、固定位置決めアーチを伴わない切り出されたステントパターンの平坦な展開図である。 第2の実施形態に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームを製造するために使用され得る、固定/位置決めアーチの平坦な展開図である。 図4aの切り出されたステントパターンと図4aの固定/位置決めアーチとを備える本発明のフレームの第2の実施形態の平坦な展開図である。 本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームの第3の実施形態の平坦な展開図である。
図1及び図2は、本発明に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム1の第1の実施形態の第1及び第2の斜視図を示す。これに関連して、図1及び図2がそれぞれフレームの実施形態の前半分のみを描いて示すことに留意すべきである。詳細には、本発明の理解を容易にするために、更なる交連取り付け領域とセル構造体とを含むフレームの後半分は描かれない。
図1及び図2に描かれる本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム1の第1の実施形態は、フレームの基端にある流出端領域3と、流出端領域3とは反対側のフレームの先端にある流入端領域2とを備える。この折り畳み自在のフレーム1が例えば大動脈心臓弁置換のための支持構造体として使用される場合には、流出端領域3が下行大動脈の方へ向けて配置され、一方、流入端領域2は、自然弁輪の下方に、すなわち、患者の心臓の左心室の内側に位置付けられる。
図1及び図2から更に分かるように、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームは、フレーム1の流出端領域3に位置する少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連領域10,10’,10”を更に備える。描かれた実施形態では、フレーム1が3つの径方向に離間される交連領域を備え、それぞれの側面図から後半分が省かれるということに起因して、その交連領域のうちの2つだけが描かれている。交連取り付け領域10は、弁プロテーゼの人工弁小葉の交連縁部を受けるように構成される交連取り付け部12を備える。なお、図1及び図2には、本発明の折り畳み自在のフレームの構造の視認性を高めるために、弁プロテーゼが示されていない。人工弁小葉の交連縁部の取り付けに関連して、弁小葉をそれぞれの交連取り付け領域に取り付けるための様々なオプションを示す米国特許第6,460,382B1号明細書に注意が引かれる。
交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”の基端部には、保持部11,11’,11”が設けられる。保持部11,11’,11”は、本発明のフレームを医療用挿入器具に一時的に取り付けるために使用され得るアイレット(図示せず)を備えてもよい。或いは、保持部は、挿入器具に取り付けられる保持要素の溝に入れることもできる。保持部11,11’,11”は、描かれた円形形状を備えていてもよい。しかしながら、長方形又は多角形形状などの任意の他の形状に保持部11,11’,11”を形成することも考えられる。
径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”は、フレーム1の流れ軸線(図示せず)の周囲に径方向で配置される複数の格子セル31,31’,31”,32,32’,32”から構成されるセル構造体30を用いて互いに接続される。本発明のフレームの流れ軸線は、基本的に、フレームの長手方向軸線によって規定され、この長手方向軸線の周囲に、描かれたフレーム構造体の全てが周方向に配置される。図示されるように、セル構造体30は、径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”の下方に位置するとともに、交連取り付け部12,12’,12”の下端に取り付けられる。交連取り付け部12,12’,12”は、弁プロテーゼの小葉の交連縁部を受けるように形成される。このため、交連取り付け部12,12’,12”は、弁プロテーゼをフレーム1に縫い合わせるための手段を提供する複数の締結穴(図3)を備える。
セル構造体30は、弁プロテーゼの尖端(cusp edge)をフレームに取り付けるために使用されてもよい。しかしながら、描かれた実施形態において、セル構造体30は、自然心臓弁小葉との接触から弁プロテーゼの小葉を保護するように機能する。言い換えると、セル構造体30は、以下で更に詳しく説明するように、小葉ガードとして使用されてもよい。
セル構造体30及び径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”に加えて、本発明のフレームは、少なくとも1つの、特に3つの固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”を備える。固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”は、セル構造体30と径方向で少なくとも部分的に重なり合う。言い換えると、固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”は、流れ軸線からのセル構造体30の径方向距離よりも遠い径方向距離を流れ軸線から隔てて配置される。すなわち、固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”はセル構造体30に対して径方向外側に延びる。
また、各位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”はその先端にアイレット21,21’,21”を備える。アイレット21,21’,21”は、本発明のフレームを患者の血管内へ導入するのに役立つ放射線不透過性マーカー(図示せず)を担持するために使用されてもよい。
少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”のそれぞれは2つの隣り合う交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”に強固に取り付けられる。図1及び図2に示される実施形態によれば、固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”はそれぞれ、一体部品のフレーム1を形成するために、径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”のうちの2つと一体に形成される。
図1及び図2に示される第1の実施形態は、複数の周方向に配置される保持アーチ40,40’,40”を更に備える。各保持アーチ40,40’,40”は、保持アーチ40,40’,40”の先端で第2のアーム40b、40b’、40b”に結合される第1のアーム40a,40a’,40a”を備える。2つのアーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”は、フレーム1の流入部分2の方向である先端で円形構造体により結合される。しかしながら、かかる保持アーチは完全に随意的であり、本発明の更なる実施形態では保持アーチがセル構造体30に取って代えられていてもよいことに留意すべきである。
保持アーチ40,40’,40”は、所望の埋め込み部位で本発明のフレーム1のより良好な支持をもたらすとともに、弁プロテーゼの小葉の尖端のための取り付け領域をもたらす。より詳細には、弁プロテーゼの尖端は、糸又はワイヤを用いて保持アーチ40,40’,40”のそれぞれのアーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”に縫い合わせることができる。弁プロテーゼと保持アーチ40,40’,40”のアーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”との取り付けを改善するために、各アーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”は、実質的に保持アーチ40,40’,40”の孔範囲にほぼ沿って配置される複数の切り欠きを備えていてもよい。切り欠き41は保持アーチ40,40’,40”の可撓性を更に助けることができ、そのため、保持アーチ40,40’,40”は人工小葉の尖端に容易に適合され得る。切り欠きに加えて或いは切り欠きに代えて、保持アーチ40,40’,40”には、保持アーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”に沿って分布される複数の締結孔が設けられてもよい。
特に、図1には、保持アーチ40,40’,40”が位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”と周方向で位置合わせされることが示される。これは、自然弁小葉が好ましくは位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”と保持アーチ40,40’,40”との間でそれぞれクランプされるためである。同じ理由のため、保持アーチ40,40’,40”及び固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”は、ほぼ同じ形状、好ましくは略U形状又は略V形状の構造を有する。
2つの隣り合う保持アーチ40,40’,40”又は位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”の隣接するアームは、フレームの流出端領域3付近において、交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”のうちの1つでつながる。したがって、保持アーチ40,40’,40”及び位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”は、特に交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”の交連取り付け部12,12’,12”を介して、流出端領域3付近で互いに接続される。
前述したように、保持アーチ40,40’,40”の第1及び第2のアーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”は、第1の実施形態に係るフレーム1のセル構造体30と交差する。これに起因して、セル構造体30は、各保持アーチ40,40’,40”のそれぞれの第1及び第2のアーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”間に配置される複数の第1のセルから構成される第1のセル領域31と、複数の第2のセルから構成される第2のセル領域32とを備える。第1のセル領域31の第1のセルとは対照的に、第2のセル領域32の第2のセルは、2つの隣り合う保持アーチ40,40’,40”の隣り合うアーム間に配置される。第2のセル32,32’,32”の1つの例は、図2の斜視側面図から導き出すことができる。これに関し、第2のセル領域32は、第1の保持アーチ40の第1のアーム40aと第3の保持アーチ40”の第2のアーム40b”との間に位置する。
第1及び第2のセル領域31,31’,31”,32,32’,32”の第1のセル及び/又は第2のセルのそれぞれは、オニオン形状のセル構造体が形成されるように、保持アーチ40,40’,40”と接続されるか、又は互いに接続される複数の支柱311,321によって形成される。第1のセル領域31,31’,31”の密度は、第2のセル領域32,32’,32”の密度にほぼ等しい。或いは、第1及び第2のセル領域31,31’,31”,32,32’,32”が異なるセル密度を有するフレーム1を製造することも実現可能である。これに関し、第2のセル領域32,32’,32”の密度が第1のセル領域31,31’,31”の密度よりも高くなるように第1のセル領域31,31’,31”を構成することが最も好ましい。
描かれた実施形態では、第1及び第2のセル領域31,31’,31”及び32,32’,32”のそれぞれが異なる機能を有する。一方では、第2のセル領域32,32’,32”は、フレーム1の必要な環状安定性をもたらす。他方では、それぞれの各保持アーム40,40’,40”の2つのアーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”間に配置される第1のセル領域31,31’,31”は、小葉ガードとして構成される。すなわち、第1のセル領域31,31’,31”は、主に、自然心臓弁小葉が、フレーム1の内側に取り付けられ得る弁プロテーゼの小葉と接触するのを阻止する。無論、第1のセル領域31,31’,31”も本発明のフレーム1の何らかの安定性をもたらす。
図1〜図3は、本発明のフレーム1が保持アーチ40,40’,40”のそれぞれの先端で円形構造体の下部に接続される少なくとも1つの環状カラー50を有していてもよいことを更に示す。環状カラー50は、所望の埋め込み部位でフレーム1の更なる支持をもたらす。保持アーム40,40’,40”との接続に加えて、環状カラー50は、2つの隣り合う保持アーチ40,40’,40”の隣り合うアーム40a,40a’,40a”,40b、40b’、40b”間に配置される第2のセル領域32,32’,32”の下側セルのそれぞれに、或いはその幾つかに接続される。
環状カラー50は、患者の病変した弁の位置でのフレーム1の固定を改善するため、及び、人工弁が取り付けられたフレームの順行性移動を防止するために、フレームの少なくとも1つのフレアー部分及び/又はテーパ部分を構成してもよい。図1及び図2の実施形態は、特に、フレーム1のフレアー部分を構成するべく環状カラー50の支柱51が外側に広げられることを示す。しかしながら、他の好ましい代替案は、環状カラー50を略西洋ナシ形状に構成することである。より詳細には、西洋ナシ形状は、セル構造体30及び保持アーチ40,40’,40”のそれぞれに接続される環状カラー50のフレアー状の上部と、フレーム1の流入端2を形成する下側テーパ部分とによって表わされる。このようにすると、フレーム1の流入端2は、フレアー部分の安定性を与えるとともに、心臓伝導系の神経の前方刺激を防止するために内側へ先細る。
環状カラー50の特定のフレアー形状及び/又はテーパ形状は、好ましくは、図2及び図3の比較から導かれ得るように、フレーム1の拡張状態でのみ見ることができる。フレームのフレアー部分又はテーパ部分は円形形状を有することが好ましい。しかしながら、他の実施形態によれば、環状カラー50は、保持アーチの位置付近にのみフレアー部分又はテーパ部分が設けられ、隣り合う保持アーチ40,40’,40”の2つのアーム間の領域付近にフレアー部分又はテーパ部分が設けられなくてもよい。図1及び図2に示される環状カラー50は、菱形形状に形成される複数の支柱から構成される。
図3は、図1及び図2に描かれる実施形態に係るフレーム1の平坦な展開図である。図3から容易に分かるように、フレーム1は、チューブの一部から、特に小さい金属チューブから一体に切り取られる構造を成すことが好ましい。小さい金属チューブは、ニチノールなどの形状記憶材料から形成されることが好ましい。無論、他の形状記憶材料でも同様に実施可能である。図3は、フレーム1の平坦な展開図をその第1の折り畳み形態で示す。無論、フレーム1が患者の身体内へ導入されているとき、フレームは、図1及び図2に示されるその第2の拡張形態へと移行される。すなわち、フレームは、外的な刺激の影響下でフレームが一時的形状から恒久的形状へと変形できるような形状記憶材料から成る。フレームの一時的形状は、フレーム1の第1の圧縮形態(図3)に対応し、フレームの恒久的形状は、フレーム1の第2の拡張形態(図1及び図2)に対応する。
外的な刺激は、フレーム1が患者の血管と接触すると直ぐにフレーム1が拡張できるようにするために、好ましくは室温と患者の体温との間の範囲内にある規定可能なスイッチング温度ブリッジであってもよい。
本発明は、更に、径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム1を製造するための方法に関する。図3を参照して、この方法について更に詳しく説明する。最初に、形状記憶材料から形成された中空チューブが用意され、当該中空チューブの所望の領域にわたってレーザ放射ビームを走査することによってチューブが図3に示されるステントパターンへと切り取られる。切り出された図3のステントパターンは、特に重要な態様、すなわち、レーザ切断のためのステップ中に位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”が、セル構造体30、交連取り付け領域10,10’,10”、及び、保持アーチ40,40’,40”よりも上側に形成される態様を示す。これは、さもなければ、セル構造体30の第1のセル領域31,31’,31”と同時に位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”を形成できないからである。
レーザ放射線によってステントパターンを切り取った後、固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”の方向を再配置するために形状設定プロセスが行なわれる。このようにすると、図1及び図2に示される径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム1の最終的な構造を中空チューブの単一品から形成できる。形状設定プロセスは、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”がセル構造体30の複数のセル又は保持アーチ40,40’,40”と同じ方向にそれぞれ延びるように固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”を曲げるためのステップを含む。描かれた実施形態において、形状設定プロセスは、固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”をフレーム1の流入端2へ向けて下方へ曲げるためのステップを含む。
固定/位置決めアーチ20,20’,20”を本発明のフレームの流入端2へ向けて下方へ曲げることは、熱処理プロセスをステントパターンに適用することによって実施してもよい。この目的を達成するために、図3に示されるステントパターンは、本発明の図1及び図2に示される所望の形状へと変形されて固定される。その後、この成形されたステントパターンは、数分間にわたって400℃〜600℃の温度まで加熱されて、例えば水焼き入れによって或いは急速空気冷却を用いて急速に冷却される。このようにすると、フレーム1は、本発明の図1及び図2により表わされる恒久的形態と、フレームの折り畳まれた形態に関連する一時的形態とを得る。熱処理の時間及び温度に応じて、フレーム1の一時的形態と恒久的形態との間のスイッチング温度を調整できる。本発明によれば、転移温度を室温と患者の体温との間の温度、好ましくは約22℃に設定することが好ましい。
本発明の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームの第2の実施形態は、図4a〜図4cから導き出すことができる。図4cには、第2の実施形態に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム100が平坦な展開図で示される。第1の実施形態と同様に、本発明の第2の実施形態の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム100は、フレーム100の基端にある流出端領域103と、流出端領域103とは反対側のフレーム100の先端にある流入端領域102とを備える。図示された径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム100は、フレーム100の流出端領域103に位置する少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連領域110,110’,110”を更に備える。特に、図示されたフレーム100は3つの交連領域110,110’,110”を備える。各交連取り付け領域110,110’,110”は、弁プロテーゼの人工弁小葉の交連縁部を受けるように構成される交連取り付け部112,112’,112”を備える。
径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域110,110’,110”は、フレーム100の流れ軸線(図示せず)の周囲に配置される複数の格子セルから構成されるセル構造体を用いて互いに接続される。図示されるように、セル構造体130は、径方向に離間された取り付け領域110,110’,110”間に位置されるとともに、交連取り付け部112,112’,112”の下端に取り付けられる。交連取り付け部112,112’,112”は、弁プロテーゼをフレーム100に縫い合わせるための手段を与える複数の締結孔113を備える。第2の実施形態によれば、保持部111,111’,111”が交連取り付け領域110,110’,110”に直接に取り付けられない。代わりに、以下で更に詳しく説明するように、保持部111,111’,111”が第2の実施形態の固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”に取り付けられる。
第1の実施形態とは異なり、本発明の第2の実施形態に係るフレーム100は保持アーチを何ら備えていない。このため、セル構造体130は、弁プロテーゼの尖端をフレーム100に取り付けるために使用される。同時に、第2の実施形態のセル構造体130は、自然心臓弁小葉との接触から弁プロテーゼの小葉を保護するように機能する。すなわち、セル構造体130は、取り付け手段として使用されてもよいと同時に、小葉ガードとして使用されてもよい。
セル構造体130及び径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域110,110’,110”に加えて、本発明のフレーム100は、少なくとも1つの、特に3つの固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”を備える。固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”は、セル構造体130と径方向で少なくとも部分的に重なり合う。言い換えると、固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”は、流れ軸線からのセル構造体130の径方向距離よりも遠い径方向距離を流れ軸線から隔てて配置される。すなわち、固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”はセル構造体130に対して径方向外側に延びる。3つの固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”のそれぞれは、フレーム100の流入端102で互いに接続される2つのアーム120a,120b,120a’,120b’,120a”、120b”を備える。一般に、固定/位置決めアーチは、フレームの第1の実施形態に係る固定/位置決めアーチと同じ特徴を有する。
しかしながら、第1の実施形態とは対照的に、第2の実施形態の位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”は、図4aに示されるように、セル構造体130及び交連取り付け領域110,110’,110”などのステントフレームの残りの部分と一体に形成されない。むしろ、固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”は別個の部品として製造され、その展開図が図4bに示される。図4aのステントパターンと図4bの固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”とを別々に形成した後、2つの部品は、溶接、縫合、接着、又は、リベットにより接続される。図4bから導き出すことができるように、固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”は、最も好ましくは、第2の実施形態に係るフレーム100の交連取り付け領域110,110’,110”の縁部に溶接される。
固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”の基端には保持部111,111’,111”が設けられる。保持部111,111’,111”は、本発明のフレーム100を医療用挿入器具に一時的に取り付けるために使用され得るアイレット(図示せず)を備えていてもよい。或いは、保持部111,111’,111”は、挿入器具に取り付けられる保持要素の溝に入れることができる。保持部111,111’,111”は、図示された円形形状を備えていてもよい。しかしながら、長方形又は多角形形状などの任意の他の形状に保持部111,111’,111”を形成することも考えられる。
第2の実施形態の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム100を製造するためには、ステントパターンが中空チューブから切り出された後に形状設定プロセスで固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”を下方へ曲げる必要がない。むしろ、固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”は、個別に形成されて、別個の製造プロセスステップで取り付けられる。この代わりの製造方法は、形状設定プロセス中に曲げプロセスが固定/位置決めアーチ120,120’,120”に導入されないという利点を有する。
最後に、本発明の第2の実施形態に係るフレーム100が特定の環状カラーを備えていないことに留意すべきである。代わりに、本発明の第2の実施形態の折り畳み自在のフレーム100は、3つの更なる支持構造体140,140’,140”を備えることが図4a及び図4cから導き出され得る。更なる支持構造体140,140’,140”は、第2の実施形態に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム100の流入端領域102に配置される。3つの更なる構造体140,140’,140”のそれぞれは、セル構造体130の複数のそれぞれのセルのうちの1つの下端に取り付けられる。好ましくは、更なる支持構造体140,140’,140”は、更なる支持構造体140,140’,140”のうちの2つの間が約120°の角度を成してフレーム100の流れ軸線の周りで径方向に配置される。また、図4a及び図4cから導き出すことができるように、更なる支持構造体140,140’,140”は、自然心臓弁輪の下方の心臓弁心室の小領域と接触するための小さい円形形状を備える。また、更なる支持構造体140,140’,140”は、環状カラー40の効果と同様の効果を得るように外側に広げられることが好ましい。
本発明の第3の実施形態の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレームが図5に示される。より詳細には、図5は、本発明の第3の実施形態のフレーム200の平坦な展開図を示す。第3の実施形態に係る径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム200は、大部分が第2の実施形態の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム100に対応する。第2の実施形態のフレーム100と第3の実施形態のフレーム200との間の主な違いは、セル構造体240の構造である。別段に述べられなければ、第3の実施形態に係るフレーム200の一部は、第2の実施形態に係るフレーム100の一部に全く同じように対応する。同様の部分が第2の実施形態の参照符号を用いて示され、その場合、因数“100”が加えられた。
第2の実施形態のセル構造体130と比較して、第3の実施形態のセル構造体230は、フレーム200の長手方向で更に少ない量の格子セルを備える。特に、図5に示される第3の実施形態は、図4cに示されるセル構造体130のセルの最上列を備えていない。その結果、第3の実施形態のフレーム200は、複数の交連取り付けアーム215a,215b,215a’,215b’,215a”,215b”によって補償される更に小さいセル構造体130を有する。交連取り付けアーム215a,215b,215a’,215b’,215a”,215b”は、交連取り付け領域210,210’,210”の一部であり、交連取り付け部212,112’,212”をセル構造体230の上端に取り付けるように構成される。特に、交連取り付け部212,212’,212”は、2つのそれぞれの交連取り付けアーム215a,215b,215a’,215b’,215a”,215b”を用いてセル構造体230に取り付けられる。
交連取り付けアーム215a,215b,215a’,215b’,215a”,215b”のそれぞれは、図1〜図3に示される実施形態に関して既に説明された複数の切り欠き241を有する。第1の実施形態に係る保持アーチのアームと同様に、交連取り付けアーム215a,215b,215a’,215b’,215a”,215b”は、弁プロテーゼの尖端を、折り畳み自在のフレーム200に取り付けるのを助けるべく構成される。特に、弁プロテーゼの尖端は、交連取り付けアーム215a,215b,215a’,215b’,215a”,215b”の切り欠き214に縫い合わされてもよい。
前述した実施形態及び好ましい実施形態の全てを明示的に記載されない特徴の他の組み合わせでも実行できることは当業者が理解でき、また、そのような組み合わせも本発明の範囲内及び開示内に入る。特に、第1の実施形態のフレームのみが随意的に図によって描かれる保持アーチを備える。第2及び第3の実施形態と同様に、これらの保持アーチは、弁プロテーゼを取り付けるために使用され得るセル構造体と完全に置き換えることができる。また、本発明のフレームは、更に多くの或いは更に少ないフレアー部又はテーパ部をその長手方向に備えることができる。最後に、フレームが形状記憶材料のニチノールに限定されないことに留意すべきである。無論、特に前述したような製造中の曲げ応力を考慮して任意の他の適した形状記憶材料を採用することができる。
1,100,200 折り畳み自在のフレーム
2,102,202 流入端領域
3,103,203 流出端領域
10,10’,10” 交連取り付け領域
110,110’,110”
210,210’,210”
11,11’,11” 保持部
111,111’,111”
211,211’,211”
12,12’,12” 交連取り付け部
112,112’,112”
212,212’,212”
20,20’,20” 固定/位置決めアーチ
120,120’,120”
220,220’,220”
20a,20a’,20a” 固定/位置決めアーチの第1のアーム
120a,120a’,120a”
220a,220a’,220a”
20b,20b’,20b” 固定/位置決めアーチの第2のアーム
120b,120b’,120b”
220b,220b’,220b”
21,121,221 位置決めアーチのアイレット
30,130,230 セル構造体
31,31’,31” 第1のセル領域
32,32’,32” 第2のセル領域
40,40’,40” 保持アーチ
40a,40a’,40a” 保持アーチの第1のアーム
40b,40b’,40b” 保持アーチの第2のアーム
41,241 切り欠き
50 環状カラー
51 環状カラーの支柱
113 締結孔
140,140’,140” 更なる支持構造体
240,240’,240”
215a,215a’,215a” 第1の交連取り付けアーム
215b,215b’,215b” 第2の交連取り付けアーム
311 第1のセル領域の支柱
321 第2のセル領域の支柱

Claims (30)

  1. 人工弁のための径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム(1,100,200)であって、
    − 前記フレーム(1,100,200)の基端にある流出端領域(3,103,203)、及び、前記流出端領域(3,103,203)とは反対側の前記フレーム(1,100,200)の先端にある流入端領域(2,102,202)と、
    − 前記フレーム(1,100,200)の前記流出端領域(3,103,203)に位置するとともに、少なくとも2つの人工弁小葉の交連縁部を受けるように構成される少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域(10,10’,10”)と、
    − 前記フレーム(1,100,200)の流れ軸線の周りで径方向に配置される複数の格子セルから構成されるとともに、前記少なくとも2つの交連取り付け領域(10,10’,10”,110,110’,110”、210,210’,210”)を接続するセル構造体(30,130,230)と、
    − 少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”,120,120’,120”,220,220’,220”)であって、前記少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”,120,120’,120”,220,220’,220”)が前記セル構造体(30,130,230)と径方向で少なくとも部分的に重なり合う、少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”,120,120’,120”,220,220’,220”)と、
    を備え、
    前記フレーム(1)は、周方向に配置される複数の保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)を更に備え、前記各保持アーチは、前記保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の先端で互いに結合される第1及び第2のアーム(40a,40a’,40a”,40b,40b’,40b”)を含み、前記2つのアームが円形構造体によって結合され、
    前記セル構造体(30)は、複数の第1のセルから構成される第1のセル領域(31,31’,31”)を備え、前記第1のセルは、前記各保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の前記第1及び第2のアーム(40a,40a’,40a”,40b,40b’,40b”)間に配置され、前記セル構造体(30)は、複数の第2のセルから構成される第2のセル領域(32,32’,32”)を備え、前記第2のセルは、2つの隣り合う保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の隣接するアーム間に配置され、
    前記フレーム(1)は、チューブの一部から一体に切り取られる構造を有する
    径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム(1,100,200)。
  2. 前記少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”,120,120’,120”,220,220’,220”)は、前記少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域(10,10’,10”,110,110’,110”、210,210’,210”)に強固に取り付けられる請求項1に記載のフレーム(1,100,200)。
  3. 前記少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)は、前記少なくとも2つの径方向に離間された交連取り付け領域(10,10’,10”)と一体に単一品として形成される請求項1に記載のフレーム(1)。
  4. 前記各保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の前記2つのアーム(40a,40a’,40a”,40b,40b’,40b”)は、略U形状又は略V形状の構造を有する接続部で互いに結合される請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  5. 全体で3つの前記固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)と全体で3つの前記保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)とが設けられる請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  6. 2つの隣り合う保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の隣接するアームは、前記フレーム(1)の前記流出端領域(3)付近において、前記少なくとも2つの交連取り付け領域(10,10’,10”)のうちの1つでつながる請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  7. 前記第1のセル及び/又は前記第2のセルのそれぞれが複数の支柱(311,321)によって形成される請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  8. 前記各位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)及び前記各保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)が閉端を含み、それぞれの前記固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)の前記閉端は、関連する保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の前記閉端に対して略周方向で位置合わせされる請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  9. 前記複数の保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)のうちの少なくとも1つに設けられる少なくとも1つの締結部を更に備え、前記少なくとも1つの締結部は、縫合糸を受けるように構成される複数の締結孔を含む請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  10. 前記少なくとも1つの締結部は、縫合糸を受けるように構成される複数の切り欠きを更に含む請求項9に記載のフレーム(1)。
  11. 前記フレーム(1)の拡張状態で、前記保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)のそれぞれのアームは、前記フレーム(1)に取り付けられる人工弁の小葉と適合する形状を有する請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  12. 少なくとも1つの環状カラー(50)がそれぞれの前記保持アーム(40a,40a’,40a”,40b,40b’,40b”)の先端部分で前記円形構造体の一部に接続される請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  13. 前記少なくとも1つの環状カラー(50)は、前記2つの隣り合う保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の隣接するアーム(40a,40a’,40a”,40b,40b’,40b”)間に配置される前記第2のセル領域(32,32’,32”)の前記第2のセルを形成する支柱(312)の下端部分のそれぞれ又は一部に接続される請求項12に記載のフレーム(1)。
  14. 人工弁を前記フレーム(1)に固定するために前記少なくとも環状カラー(50)の下端部分の周囲に均等に分布する複数のアイレットを更に備える請求項12又は請求項13に記載のフレーム(1)。
  15. 前記フレーム(1)の拡張状態において、前記環状カラー(50)の下端部分は、患者の自然心臓弁の位置での前記フレーム(1)の固定を改善するために、及び、人工弁が取り付けられて成る前記フレーム(1)の順行性移動を防止するために設けられる前記フレーム(1)の少なくとも1つのフレアー部分又はテーパ部分を構成する請求項12から14のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  16. 前記フレーム(1)の拡張状態において、前記フレーム(1)は、その下端部分に、患者の自然心臓弁の位置での前記フレーム(1,100,200)の固定を改善するために、及び、人工弁が取り付けられて成る前記フレーム(1)の順行性移動を防止するために設けられる少なくとも1つのフレアー部分又はテーパ部分を備える請求項1から15のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  17. 前記フレーム(1)の前記少なくとも1つのフレアー部分又はテーパ部分が放射形状を有する請求項15又は請求項16に記載のフレーム(1)。
  18. 前記少なくとも1つのフレアー部分又はテーパ部分が前記保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)が位置する付近にのみ設けられ、前記隣り合う保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)の2つのアーム間の領域付近には前記フレアー部分又はテーパ部分が設けられていない請求項17に記載のフレーム(1)。
  19. 前記フレーム(1)は、当該フレーム(1)がその拡張状態にあるときに、その下端部分にホタテガイの縁のように波を打った流入縁形態を有する請求項1から18のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  20. 患者の体内へ導入されるときの第1の折り畳み形態と、埋め込まれるときの第2の拡張形態とを更に含む請求項1から19のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1、100、200)。
  21. 前記フレーム(1,100,200)は、外的刺激の影響下で前記フレーム(1,100,200)が一時的形状から恒久的形状へと変形できるような形状記憶材料から成り、前記フレーム(1,100,200)の前記一時的形状が前記フレーム(1,100,200)の第1の形態に対応し、前記フレーム(1,100,200)の前記恒久的形状が前記フレーム(1,100,200)の第2の形態に対応する請求項20に記載のフレーム(1、100、200)。
  22. 前記外的刺激が規定可能なスイッチング温度である請求項21に記載のフレーム(1、100、200)。
  23. 前記スイッチング温度は、室温と患者の体温との間の範囲内である請求項22に記載のフレーム(1、100、200)。
  24. 前記少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)は、自然心臓弁のポケット内に配置されるとともに複数の自然心臓弁小葉の第1の側に配置されるように構成され、前記複数の保持アーチ(40,40’,40”)は、前記第1の側と反対側にある前記複数の自然心臓弁小葉の第2の側に配置されるように構成される請求項1から23のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1)。
  25. 前記少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”,120,120’,120”,220,220’,220”)が、略U形状又は略V形状の構造を含む請求項1から24のいずれか一項に記載のフレーム(1、100、200)。
  26. 請求項1から25のいずれか一項に記載の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム(1,100,200)と、当該フレームの内面に取り付けられる弁プロテーゼとを備える体内プロテーゼ。
  27. 前記弁プロテーゼが心膜から形成される請求項26に記載の体内プロテーゼ。
  28. 請求項1から27のいずれか一項に記載の径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム(1)を製造するための方法であって、
    i)形状記憶材料から形成される中空チューブを用意するステップと、
    ii)所望のパターンが前記中空チューブに切り込まれるように前記中空チューブの所望の領域にわたってレーザ放射ビームを走査することによってステントパターンを切り出すステップと、
    iii)前記ステントパターンに形状設定プロセスを適用することにより、前記径方向に折り畳み自在のフレーム(1)の最終構造を規定するステップと、
    を備え、
    前記方法ステップii)で形成される前記ステントパターンは、
    − 複数のセルから構成されるメッシュを規定する基本フレーム(1)のセル構造体(30)であって、前記各セルが複数の支柱によって形成される、基本フレーム(1)のセル構造体(30)と、
    − 前記セル構造体(30)の前記複数のセルから離れるように延びる少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)と、
    を備え、
    前記方法ステップiii)における形状設定プロセス中に、前記少なくとも1つの固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)が前記セル構造体(30)の前記複数のセルと同じ方向に延びて前記セル構造体(30)と少なくとも部分的に径方向で重なり合うように前記固定/位置決めアーチ(20,20’,20”)が曲げられる、
    方法。
  29. 方法i)の後、方法ii)の前に、以下のステップ、すなわち、
    − 前記中空チューブをマンドレル上に配置するステップ
    を更に備え、
    前記ステントパターンは、前記方法ステップiii)において前記形状設定プロセスを適用する前に前記マンドレルから除去される、
    請求項28に記載の方法。
  30. 前記方法ステップiii)は、
    − 前記ステントパターンに対して熱処理プロセスを適用するステップ
    を備える請求項28又は請求項29に記載の方法。
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US11185405B2 (en) 2021-11-30
US9867694B2 (en) 2018-01-16
WO2015028209A4 (en) 2015-04-23
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US20160213465A1 (en) 2016-07-28
CN105491978A (zh) 2016-04-13
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US10433954B2 (en) 2019-10-08
US20180333258A1 (en) 2018-11-22

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