Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J31/00—Normal steroids containing one or more sulfur atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
  • C07J31/006—Normal steroids containing one or more sulfur atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J31/003
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J31/00—Normal steroids containing one or more sulfur atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/08—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for nausea, cinetosis or vertigo; Antiemetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/02—Nasal agents, e.g. decongestants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/08—Bronchodilators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/04—Antipruritics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
  • A61P27/14—Decongestants or antiallergics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/38—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the suprarenal hormones
  • A61P5/44—Glucocorticosteroids; Drugs increasing or potentiating the activity of glucocorticosteroids

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic compound of the androstane series and to processes for its preparation.
• the present invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations containing the compound and to therapeutic uses thereof, particularly for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic conditions.
• Glucocorticoids which have anti-inflammatory properties are known and are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders or diseases such as asthma and rhinitis.
• US Patent 4335121 discloses 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -(1- oxopropoxy)-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (known by the generic name of fluticasone propionate) and derivatives thereof.
• fluticasone propionate known by the generic name of fluticasone propionate
• glucocorticoids include suppression of the Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, effects on bone growth in children and on bone density in the elderly, ocular complications (cataract formation and glaucoma) and skin atrophy.
• HPA Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Adrenal
• Certain glucocorticoid compounds also have complex paths of metabolism wherein the production of active metabolites may make the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of such compounds difficult to understand. Whilst the modern steroids are very much safer than those originally introduced, it remains an object of research to produce new molecules which have excellent anti-inflammatory properties, with predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, with an attractive side effect profile, and with a convenient treatment regime.
• the chemical name of the compound of formula (1) is 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2- furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta- ,4-diene-17 ⁇ - carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester.
• references hereinafter to the compound according to the invention include both the. compound of formula (I) and solvates thereof, particularly pharmaceutically acceptable solvates.
• the compound of formula (I) has potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory or antiallergic effects, particularly upon topical administration, demonstrated by, for example, its ability to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor and to illicit a response via that receptor. Hence, the compound of formula (I) is useful in the treatment of inflammatory and/or allergic disorders.
• Inhaled steroids are also absorbed through the lung and this route of absorption makes a significant contribution to systemic exposure. Reduced lung absorption could therefore provide an improved safety profile.
• Studies with compound of formula (I) have shown significantly lower exposure to compound of formula (I) than with fluticasone propionate after dry powder delivery to the lungs of anaesthetised pigs.
• Examples of disease states in which the compound of the invention has utility include skin diseases such as eczema, psoriasis, allergic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, pruritis and hypersensitivity reactions; inflammatory conditions of the nose, throat or lungs such as asthma (including allergen-induced asthmatic reactions), rhinitis (including hayfever), nasal polyps, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, and fibrosis; inflammatory bowel conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; and auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
• skin diseases such as eczema, psoriasis, allergic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, pruritis and hypersensitivity reactions
• inflammatory conditions of the nose, throat or lungs such as asthma (including allergen-induced asthmatic reactions), rhinitis (including hayfever), nasal polyps, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, and
• the compound of the invention may also have use in the treatment of conjunctiva and conjunctivitis.
• the compound of formula (I) is useful in human or veterinary medicine, in particular as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent.
• the compound of formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable solvate thereof for use in human or veterinary medicine, particularly in the treatment of patients with inflammatory and/or allergic conditions, especially for treatment once-per-day.
• a method for the treatment of a human or animal subject with an inflammatory and/or allergic condition comprises administering to said human or animal subject an effective amount of the compound of formula (I) or physiologically acceptable solvate thereof, especially for administration once-per-day.
• the compound according to the invention may be formulated for administration in any convenient way, and the invention therefore also includes within its scope pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound of formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable solvate thereof together, if desirable, in admixture with one or more physiologically acceptable diluents or carriers.
• Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for once-per-day administration are of particular interest.
• the compound according to the invention may, for example, be formulated for oral, buccal, sublingual, parenteral, local or rectal administration, especially local administration.
• Local administration includes administration by insufflation and inhalation.
• preparation for local administration include ointments, lotions, creams, gels, foams, preparations for delivery by transdermal patches, powders, sprays, aerosols, capsules or cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator or drops (eg eye or nose drops), solutions/suspensions for nebulisation, suppositories, pessaries, retention enemas and chewable or suckable tablets or pellets (eg for the treatment of aphthous ulcers) or liposome or microencapsulation preparations.
• compositions for topical administration to the lung include dry powder compositions and spray compositions.
• Dry powder compositions for topical delivery to the lung may, for example, be presented in capsules and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator of, for example, gelatine.
• Formulations generally contain a powder mix for inhalation of the compound of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
• a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
• Each capsule or cartridge may generally contain between 20 ⁇ g-10mg of the compound of formula (I).
• the compound of the invention may be presented without excipients.
• Packaging of the formulation may be suitable for unit dose or multi-dose delivery.
• the formulation can be pre-metered (eg as in Diskus, see GB 2242134 or Diskhaler, see GB 2178965, 2129691 and 2169265) or metered in use (eg as in Turbuhaler, see EP 69715).
• An example of a unit-dose device is Rotahaler (see GB 2064336).
• the Diskus inhalation device comprises an elongate strip formed from a base sheet having a plurality of recesses spaced along its length and a lid sheet hermetically but peelably sealed thereto to define a plurality of containers, each container having therein an inhalable formulation containing a compound of formula (I) preferably combined with lactose.
• the strip is sufficiently flexible to be wound into a roll.
• the lid sheet and base sheet will preferably have leading end portions which are not sealed to one another and at least one of the said leading end portions is constructed to be attached to a winding means. Also, preferably the hermetic sea! between the base and lid sheets extends over their whole width.
• the lid sheet may preferably be peeled from the base sheet in a longitudinal direction from a first end of the said base sheet.
• Spray compositions may for example be formulated as aqueous solutions or suspensions or as aerosols delivered from pressurised packs, such as a metered dose inhaler, with the use of a suitable liquefied propellant.
• Aerosol compositions suitable for inhalation can be either a suspension or a solution and generally contain the compound of formula (1) and a suitable propellant such as a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon or mixtures thereof, particularly hydrofluoroalkanes, especially 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n- propane or a mixture thereof.
• a suitable propellant such as a fluorocarbon or hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon or mixtures thereof, particularly hydrofluoroalkanes, especially 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3-heptafluor
• the aerosol composition may optionally contain additional formulation excipients well known in the art such as surfactants eg oleic acid or lecithin and cosolvents eg ethanol.
• additional formulation excipients well known in the art such as surfactants eg oleic acid or lecithin and cosolvents eg ethanol.
• One example formulation is excipient free and consists essentially of (eg consists of) compound of formula (I) (preferably in unsolvated form eg as Form 1) (optionally in combination with another therapeutically active ingredient) and a propellant selected from 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1 ,1,1 ,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane and mixture thereof.
• Another example formulation comprises particulate compound of formula (I), a propellant selected from 1 ,1 ,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1 ,1 ,1 ,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane and mixture thereof and a suspending agent which is soluble in the propellant eg an oligolactic acid or derivative thereof as described in WO94/21229.
• the preferred propellant is 1 ,1 ,1 ,2- tetrafluoroethane.
• compound of formula (I) does not appear to form a solvate with 1,1,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane.
• Pressurised formulations will generally be retained in a canister (eg an aluminium canister) closed with a valve (eg a metering valve) and fitted into an actuator provided with a mouthpiece.
• Pressurised aerosol formulations preferably do not comprise particulate medicament, a propellant and a stabiliser comprising a water addition (i.e. water added in addition to nascent formulation water). Pressurised aerosol formulations also preferably do not comprise particulate medicament, a propellant and a stabiliser comprising an amino acid, a derivative thereof or a mixture thereof.
• Medicaments for administration by inhalation desirably have a controlled particle size.
• the optimum particle size for inhalation into the bronchial system is usually 1-1 O ⁇ m, preferably 2-5 ⁇ m. Particles having a size above 20 ⁇ m are generally too large when inhaled to reach the small airways.
• the particles of compound of formula (I) as produced may be size reduced by conventional means eg by micronisation.
• the desired fraction may be separated out by air classification or sieving.
• the particles will be crystalline, prepared for example by a process which comprises mixing in a continuous flow cell in the presence of ultrasonic radiation a flowing solution of compound of formula (I) as medicament in a liquid solvent with a flowing liquid antisolvent for said medicament (eg as described in International Patent Application PCT/GB99/04368) or else by a process which comprises admitting a stream of solution of the substance in a liquid solvent and a stream of liquid antisolvent for said substance tangentially into a cylindrical mixing chamber having an axial outlet port such that said streams are thereby intimately mixed through formation of a vortex and precipitation of crystalline particles of the substance is thereby caused (eg as described in International Patent Application PCT/GB00/04327).
• the particle size of the excipient will be much greater than the inhaled medicament within the present invention.
• the excipient is lactose it will typically be present as milled lactose, wherein not more than 85% of lactose particles will have a MMD of 60- 90 ⁇ m and not less than 15% will have a MMD of less than 15 ⁇ m.
• Formulations for administration topically to the nose include pressurised aerosol formulations and aqueous formulations administered to the nose by pressurised pump. Formulations which are non-pressurised and adapted to be administered topically to the nasal cavity are of particular interest.
• the formulation preferably contains water as the diluent or carrier for this purpose.
• Aqueous formulations for administration to the lung or nose may be provided with conventional excipients such as buffering agents, tonicity modifying agents and the like. Aqueous formulations may also be administered to the nose by nebulisation.
• Ointments, creams and gels may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agent and/or solvents.
• bases may thus, for example, include water and/or an oil such as liquid paraffin or a vegetable oil such as arachis oil or castor oil, or a solvent such as polyethylene glycol.
• Thickening agents and gelling agents which may be used according to the nature of the base include soft paraffin, aluminium stearate, cetostearyl alcohol, polyethylene glycols, woolfat, beeswax, carboxypolymethylene and cellulose derivatives, and/or glyceryl monostearate and/or non-ionic emulsifying agents.
• Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilising agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents or thickening agents.
• Powders for external application may be formed with the aid of any suitable powder base, for example, talc, lactose or starch.
• Drops may be formulated with an aqueous or non-aqueous base also comprising one or more dispersing agents, solubilising agents, suspending agents or preservatives.
• formulations of the invention may be buffered by the addition of suitable buffering agents.
• the proportion of the active compound of formula (I) in the local compositions according to the invention depends on the precise type of formulation to be prepared but will generally be within the range of from 0.001 to 10% by weight. Generally, however for most types of preparations advantageously the proportion used will be within the range of from 0.005 to 1% and preferably 0.01 to 0.5%. However, in powders for inhalation or insufflation the proportion used will usually be within the range of from 0.1 to 5%.
• Aerosol formulations are preferably arranged so that each metered dose or "puff' of aerosol contains 1 ⁇ g-2000 ⁇ g eg 20 ⁇ g-2000 ⁇ g, preferably about 20 ⁇ g-500 ⁇ g of a compound of formula (I).
• Administration may be once daily or several times daily, for example 2, 3, 4 or 8 times, giving for example 1 , 2 or 3 doses each time.
• the compound of formula (I) is delivered once or twice daily, more preferably once per day.
• the overall daily dose with an aerosol will typically be within the range 10 ⁇ g-10mg eg 100 ⁇ g-10mg preferably, 200 ⁇ g-2000 ⁇ g.
• Topical preparations may be administered by one or more applications per day to the affected area; over skin areas occlusive dressings may advantageously be used. Continuous or prolonged delivery may be achieved by an adhesive reservoir system.
• the compound according to the invention may, for example, be formulated in conventional manner for oral, parenteral or rectal administration.
• Formulations for oral administration include syrups, elixirs, powders, granules, tablets and capsules which typically contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, wetting agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, preservatives, buffer salts, flavouring, colouring and/or sweetening agents as appropriate.
• Dosage unit forms are, however, preferred as described below.
• dosage unit forms i.e. tablets and capsules.
• Such dosage unit forms contain from 0.1 mg to 20mg preferably from 2.5 to 10mg of the compound of the invention.
• the compound according to the invention may in general may be given by internal administration in cases where systemic adreno-cortical therapy is indicated.
• preparations for internal administration may contain from 0.05 to 10% of the active ingredient dependent upon the type of preparation involved.
• the daily dose may vary from 0.1 mg to 60mg, eg 5-30mg, dependent on the condition being treated, and the duration of treatment desired.
• Slow release or enteric coated formulations may be advantageous, particularly for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders.
• compositions according to the invention may also be used in combination with another therapeutically active agent, for example, a ⁇ 2 adrenoreceptor agonist, an anti-histamine or an anti-allergic.
• another therapeutically active agent for example, a ⁇ 2 adrenoreceptor agonist, an anti-histamine or an anti-allergic.
• Examples of ⁇ 2 -adrenoreceptor agonists include salmeterol (eg as racemate or a single enantiomer such as the R-enantiomer), salbutamol, formoterol, salmefamol, fenoterol or terbutaline and salts thereof, for example the xinafoate salt of salmeterol, the sulphate salt or free base of salbutamol or the fumarate salt of formoterol.
• Examples of anti-histamines include methapyrilene or loratadine.
• NSAIDs eg sodium cromoglycate, nedocromil sodium, PDE4 inhibitors, leukotriene antagonists, iNOS inhibitors, tryptase and elastase inhibitors, beta-2 integrin antagonists and adenosine 2a agonists
• antiinfective agents eg antibiotics, antivirals
• the PDE4-specific inhibitor useful in this aspect of the invention may be any compound that is known to inhibit the PDE4 enzyme or which is discovered to act as a PDE4 inhibitor, and which are only PDE4 inhibitors, not compounds which inhibit other members of the PDE family as well as PDE4.
• a PDE4 inhibitor which has an IC50 ratio of about 0.1 or greater as regards the IC50 for the PDE4 catalytic form which binds rolipram with a high affinity divided by the IC50 for the form which binds rolipram with a low affinity.
• the cAMP catalytic site which binds R and S rolipram with a low affinity is denominated the "low affinity” binding site (LPDE 4) and the other form of this catalytic site which binds rolipram with a high affinity is denominated the "high affinity” binding site (HPDE 4).
• LPDE 4 low affinity binding site
• HPDE 4 high affinity binding site
• the preferred PDE4 inhibitors of use in this invention will be those compounds which have a salutary therapeutic ratio, i.e., compounds which preferentially inhibit cAMP catalytic activity where the enzyme is in the form that binds rolipram with a low affinity, thereby reducing the side effects which apparently are linked to inhibiting the form which binds rolipram with a high affinity.
• the preferred compounds will have an IC50 ratio of about 0.1 or greater as regards the IC50 for the PDE4 catalytic form which binds rolipram with a high affinity divided by the IC50 for the form which binds rolipram with a low affinity.
• a further refinement of this standard is that of one wherein the PDE4 inhibitor has an IC50 ratio of about 0.1 or greater; said ratio is the ratio of the IC5 Q value for competing with the binding of 1nM of [ ⁇ HjR-rolipram to a form of PDE4 which binds rolipram with a high affinity over the IC50 value for inhibiting the PDE4 catalytic activity of a form which binds rolipram with a low affinity using 1 ⁇ M[3H]-cAMP as the substrate.
• PDE4 inhibitors which have an IC50 ratio of greater than 0.5, and particularly those compounds having a ratio of greater than 1.0.
• Preferred compounds are cis 4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1- carboxylic acid, 2-carbomethoxy-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4- difluoromethoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one and c/s-[4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopropylmethoxy- 4-difluoromethoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol]; these are examples of compounds which bind preferentially to the low affinity binding site and which have an IC50 ratio of 0.1 or greater.
• Isolated human monocyte PDE4 and hrPDE (human recombinant PDE4) was determined to exist primarily in the low affinity form. Hence, the activity of test compounds against the low affinity form of PDE4 can be assessed using standard assays for PDE4 catalytic activity employing 1 ⁇ M [3H]CAMP as a substrate (Torphy et al., J. of Biol. Chem., Vol. 267, No. 3 pp1798-1804, 1992).
• Rat brain high speed supematants were used as a source of protein and both enantiomers of [ ⁇ Hj-rolipram were prepared to a specific activity of 25.6 Ci/mmol.
• Standard assay conditions were modified from the published procedure to be identical to the PDE assay conditions, except for the last of the cAMP: 50mM Tris HCI (pH 7.5), 5 mM MgCI 2 , 50 ⁇ M 5'-AMP and 1 nM of [ 3 H]-rolipram (Torphy et_al., J. of Biol. Chem., Vol. 267, No. 3 pp1798-1804, 1992). The assay was run for 1 hour at 30° C.
• the reaction was terminated and bound ligand was separated from free ligand using a Brandel cell harvester. Competition for the high affinity binding site was assessed under conditions that were identical to those used for measuring low affinity PDE activity, expect that [ 3 H]-cAMP was not present.
• PDE activity was assayed using a [ ⁇ HJcAMP SPA or [ ⁇ HJcGMP SPA enzyme assay as described by the supplier (Amersham Life Sciences).
• the reactions were conducted in 96-well plates at room temperature, in 0.1 ml of reaction buffer containing (final concentrations): 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, 8.3 mM MgCI 2 , 1.7 mM EGTA, [ 3 H]cAMP or [ 3 H] cGMP (approximately 2000 dpm/pmol), enzyme and various concentrations of the inhibitors.
• the assay was allowed to proceed for 1 hr and was terminated by adding 50 ⁇ l of SPA yttrium silicate beads in the presence of zinc sulfate. The plates were shaken and allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 min. Radiolabeled product formation was assessed by scintillation spectrometry.
• [ 3 H]R-rolipram binding assay The [ 3 H]R-rolipram binding assay was performed by modification of the method of Schneider and co-workers, see Nicholson, et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci., Vol. 12, pp.19-27 (1991) and McHale et al., Mol. Pharmacol., Vol. 39, 109-113 (1991).
• R- Rolipram binds to the catalytic site of PDE4 see Torphy et al., Mol. Pharmacol., Vol. 39, pp. 376-384 (1991). Consequently, competition for [ 3 H]R-rolipram binding provides an independent confirmation of the PDE4 inhibitor potencies of unlabeled competitors.
• the assay was performed at 30°C for 1 hr in 0.5 ⁇ l buffer containing (final concentrations): 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCI 2 , 0.05% bovine serum albumin, 2 nM [ 3 H]R-rolipram (5.7 x 104 dpm/pmol) and various concentrations of non-radiolabeled inhibitors.
• the reaction was stopped by the addition of 2.5 ml of ice-cold reaction buffer (without [ 3 H]-R-rolipram) and rapid vacuum filtration (Brandel Cell Harvester) through Whatman GF/B filters that had been soaked in 0.3% polyethyienimine. The filters were washed with an additional 7.5 ml of cold buffer, dried, and counted via liquid scintillation spectrometry.
• the invention thus provides, in a further aspect, a combination comprising the compound of formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable solvate thereof together with a PDE4 inhibitor.
• compositions comprising a combination as defined above together with a physiologically acceptable diluent or carrier represent a further aspect of the invention.
• the individual compounds of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical formulations. Appropriate doses of known therapeutic agents will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
• solvates are essentially stoichiometric eg the ratio of compound of formula (I) to solvent is close to 1 :1 eg according to Applicant's analysis has been determined to be in the range 0.95- 1.05: .
• solvents such as acetone, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), tetrahydrofuran (THF), N- methyl-2-pyrrolidone, isopropanol and methylethylketone.
• the compound of formula (I) in unsolvated form may exist in a number of polymorphic forms. Specifically we have identified polymorphic forms which may be distinguished by means of X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) which we have named as Form 1 , Form 2 and Form 3. Form 3. appears to be an unstable minor polymorphic modification of Form 2.
• XRPD X-Ray Powder Diffraction
• Form 1 Peak at around 18.9 degrees 2Theta
• Form 2 Peaks at around 18.4 and 21.5 degrees 2Theta
• Form 3 Peaks at around 18.6 and 19.2 degrees 2Theta.
• Form 3 shows a single peak whereas Form 2 shows a pair of peaks.
• a peak at 7 degrees 2Theta is present in all cases however it is present at much higher intensity in the case of Forms 2 and 3 than is the case for Form 1.
• the XRPD patterns of the polymorphs are shown overlaid in Figure 1.
• the conversion of Form 2 to Form 1 with time in an aqueous slurry at ambient temperature is shown in Figure 2.
• Form 3 converts first to Form 2 over the temperature range 30-170 °C and then converts to Form 1 over the temperature range 170-230 °C.
• the division of one peak in the range 21-23 degrees 2Theta into two peaks within the same range and the shifting leftwards of the peak at around 18.6 degrees 2Theta to around 18.4 degrees 2Theta are particularly noticeable.
• the conversion of Form 2 to Form 1 similar changes to those noted in the previous paragraph may be observed.
• the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) profiles of Form 1 are shown in Figure 3.
• the profiles are characterised by a transition at around 280-300 °C (typically close to 298 °C) corresponding to an endothermic event in the DSC and chemical degradation in the TGA.
• the DSC profiles of Forms 2 and 3 were not materially different under the conditions of the experiments performed and thus DSC is not a suitable technique for distinguishing between the 3 Forms.
• the absence of activity in the TGA and DSC profiles below around 298 °C implies that the substance shows good physical and chemical stability at normal operating temperatures.
• a process according to the invention for preparing a compound of formula (I) or a solvate thereof comprises alkylation of a thioacid of formula (II)
• the compound of formula (II) may be reacted with a compound of formula FCH 2 L wherein L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• the fluoromethyl halide reagent is bromofluoromethane.
• the compound of formula (II) is employed as a salt, particularly the salt with diisopropylethylamine.
• the compound of formula (II) or a salt thereof is treated with bromofluoromethane optionally in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.
• a preferred solvent is methylacetate, or more preferably ethylacetate, optionally in the presence of water. The presence of water improves solubility of both starting material and product and the use of a phase transfer catalyst results in an increased rate of reaction.
• phase transfer catalysts examples include (but are not restricted to) tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium chloride, benzyltributylammonium bromide, benzyltributylammonium chloride, benzyltriethylammonium bromide, methyltributylammonium chloride and methyltrioctylammonium chloride.
• THF has also successfully been employed as solvent for the reaction wherein the presence of a phase transfer catalyst again provides a significantly faster reaction rate.
• the product present in an organic phase is washed firstly with aqueous acid eg dilute HCI in order to remove amine compounds such as triethylamine and diisopropylethylamine and then with aqueous base eg sodium bicarbonate in order to remove any unreacted precursor compound of formula (II).
• aqueous acid eg dilute HCI
• aqueous base eg sodium bicarbonate
• aqueous base eg sodium bicarbonate
• the step typically comprises the addition of a reagent suitable for performing the esterification eg an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride (employed in at least 2 times molar quantity relative to the compound of formula (III)) in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• a reagent suitable for performing the esterification eg an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride (employed in at least 2 times molar quantity relative to the compound of formula (III)) in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• the second mole of 2-furoyl chloride reacts with the thioacid moiety in the compound of formula (III) and needs to be removed eg by reaction with an amine such as diethylamine.
• step (b) removal of the sulphur-linked 2-furoyl moiety from compound of formula (I I A) by reaction of the product of step (a) with an organic primary or secondary amine base capable of forming a water soluble 2-furoyl amide.
• step (d) when the product of step (b) is dissolved in a substantially water immiscible organic solvent, purifying the compound of formula (II) by washing out the amide by-product from step (b) with an aqueous wash, or (c2) when the product of step (b) is dissolved in a water miscible solvent, purifying the compound of formula (II) by treating the product of step (b) with an aqueous medium so as to precipitate out pure compound of formula (II) or a salt thereof.
• the activated derivative of 2-furoic acid may be an activated ester of 2-furoic acid, but is more preferably a 2-furoyl halide, especially 2-furoyl chloride.
• a suitable solvent for this reaction is ethylacetate or methyiacetate (preferably methyiacetate) (when step (d) may be followed) or acetone (when step (c2) may be followed).
• an organic base eg triethylamine will be present.
• the organic base is diethanolamine.
• the base may suitably be dissolved in a solvent eg methanol.
• steps (a) and (b) will be performed at reduced temperature eg between 0 and 5 °C.
• the aqueous wash may be water, however the use of brine results in higher yields and is therefore preferred.
• the aqueous medium is for example a dilute aqueous acid such as dilute HCI.
• the activated derivative of 2-furoic acid may be an activated ester of 2-furoic acid, but is more preferably a 2-furoyl halide, especially 2-furoyl chloride.
• a suitable solvent for his step is acetone. Normally an organic base eg triethylamine will be present.
• a suitable solvent is DMF or dimethylacetamide. Normally an organic base eg triethylamine will be present.
• steps (a) and (b) will be performed at reduced temperature eg between 0 and 5 °C. The product may be isolated by treatment with acid and washing with water.
• the compound of formula (II) may advantageously be isolated in the form of a solid crystalline salt.
• the preferred salt is a salt formed with a base such as triethylamine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, diisopropylethylamine or N-ethylpiperidine.
• Such salt forms of compound of formula (II) are more stable, more readily filtered and dried and can be isolated in higher purity than the free thioacid.
• the most preferred salt is the salt formed with diisopropylethylamine.
• the triethylamine salt is also of interest.
• Compounds of formula (III) may be prepared in accordance with procedures described in GB 2088877B.
• Compounds of formula (111) may also be prepared by a process comprising the following steps:
• Step (a) comprises oxidation of a solution containing the compound of formula (V).
• step (a) will be performed in the presence of a solvent comprising methanol, water, tetrahydrofuran, dioxan or diethylene glygol dimethylether.
• a solvent comprising methanol, water, tetrahydrofuran, dioxan or diethylene glygol dimethylether.
• preferred solvents are methanol, water or tetrahydrofuran, and more preferably are water or tetrahydrofuran, especially water and tetrahydrofuran as solvent.
• Dioxan and diethylene glygol dimethylether are also preferred solvents which may optionally (and preferably) be employed together with water.
• the solvent will be present in an amount of between 3 and 10vol relative to the amount of the starting material (1 wt.), more preferably between 4 and 6 vol., especially 5 vol.
• the oxidising agent is present in an amount of 1-9 molar equivalents relative to the amount of the starting material.
• the oxidising agent may be present in an amount of between 1.1 and 10wt. relative to the amount of the starting material (1wt.), more preferably between 1.1 and 3wt., especially 1.3wt.
• the oxidation step will comprise the use of a chemical oxidising agent.
• the oxidising agent will be periodic acid or iodic acid or a salt thereof. Most preferably, the oxidising agent will be periodic acid or sodium periodate, especially periodic acid.
• the oxidation step may comprise any suitable oxidation reaction, eg one which utilises air and/or oxygen. When the oxidation reaction utilises air and/or oxygen, the solvent used in said reaction will preferably be methanol.
• step (a) will involve incubating the reagents at room temperature or a little warmer, say around 25°C eg for 2 hours.
• the compound of formula (IV) may be isolated by recrystallisation from the reaction mixture by addition of an anti-solvent.
• a suitable anti-solvent for compound of formula (IV) is water. Surprisingly we have discovered that it is highly desirable to control the conditions under which the compound of formula (IV) is precipitated by addition of anti-solvent eg water. When the recrystallisation is performed using chilled water (eg water/ice mixture at a temperature of 0-5 °C) although better anti-solvent properties may be expected we have found that the crystalline product produced is very voluminous, resembles a soft gel and is very difficult to filter. Without being limited by theory we believe that this low density product contains a large amount of solvated solvent within the crystal lattice.
• Step (b) will typically comprise the addition of a reagent suitable for converting a carboxylic acid to a carbothioic acid eg using hydrogen sulphide gas together with a suitable coupling agent eg carbonyldiimidazole (GDI) in the presence of a suitable solvent eg dimethylformamide.
• a suitable coupling agent eg carbonyldiimidazole (GDI)
• GDI carbonyldiimidazole
• An alternative process for preparing a compound of formula (II) comprises treating a compound of formula (X) with a reagent suitable for converting a carboxylic acid to a carbothioic acid eg using hydrogen sulphide gas together with a suitable coupling agent such as CDI in the presence of a suitable solvent eg DMF.
• a suitable coupling agent such as CDI
• Compounds of formula (X) may be prepared by methodology analogous to that described herein.
• An alternative process for preparing a compound of formula (I) or a solvate thereof comprises reacting a compound of formula (VI)
• Suitable sources of fluorine include fluoride (eg sodium fluoride) or, more preferably, HF.
• fluoride eg sodium fluoride
• HF e.g., HF
• the preferred reagent is aqueous HF.
• a solvent such as THF or DMF may be employed.
• a compound of formula (VI) may be prepared by a process comprising (a) alkylating a compound of formula (VII)
• analogous conditions to those described above for the conversion of a compound of formula (II) to a compound of formula (I) may be employed.
• compound of formula (VII) will be reacted with a compound of formula FCH 2 L wherein L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• the fluoromethyl halide reagent is bromofluoromethane.
• Process (b) is preferably performed in two steps: (i) formation of a halohydrin especially a bromohydrin (eg by reaction with bromodan or equivalent reagent), followed by (ii) treatment with base such as sodium hydroxide so as to effect ring closure.
• a halohydrin especially a bromohydrin
• base such as sodium hydroxide
• X represents halogen, especially Br.
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• This reaction may be performed at elevated temperature eg around 60 °C or else at ambient temperature in the presence of an acylation catalyst eg dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP).
• DMAP dimethylamino pyridine
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• Compound of formula (XI) is known (J Labelled Compd Radiopharm (1997) 39(7) 567-584).
• a compound of formula (VIII) may be prepared by a process comprising (a) alkylating a compound of formula (XII)
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• Compounds of formula (IX) and (XIII) may be prepared by alkylating the corresponding thioacids (XI) and (XIV) (defined below) using methodology analogous to that already described (eg by reaction with a compound of formula FCH 2 L wherein L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• the fluoromethyl halide reagent is bromofluoromethane.
• the thioacid (XI) is a known compound (J Labelled Compd Radiopharm (1997) 39(7) 567-584).
• Compound of formula (XII) may be prepared by a process comprising esterifying a compound of formula (XIV):
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2- furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• Compounds of formula (XIV) may be prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acid eg by a process analogous to that described above for the conversion of a compound of formula (IV) to a compound of formula (III).
• the aforesaid corresponding carboxylic acid is known (Upjohn, WO 90/15816).
• a further alternative process for preparing a compound of formula (I) or a solvate thereof comprises deprotecting or unmasking a compound of formula (I) in which the 11- ⁇ -hydroxy group is protected or masked.
• a first such process comprises deprotecting a compound of formula (XV)
• P represents a hydroxy protecting group.
• hydroxy protecting groups P are described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry Ed JFW McOmie (Plenum Press 1973) or Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis by Theodora W Green (John Wiley and Sons, 1991).
• hydroxy protecting groups P include groups selected from carbonate, alkyl (eg t-butyl or methoxymethyl), aralkyl (eg benzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, diphenylmethyl or triphenylmethyl), heterocyclic groups such as tetrahydropyranyl, acyl (eg acetyl or benzyl) and silyl groups such as trialkylsilyl (eg t-butyldimethylsilyl).
• the hydroxy protecting groups may be removed by conventional techniques.
• carbonate may be removed by treatment with base and alkyl, silyl, acyl and heterocyclic groups may be removed by solvolysis eg by hydrolysis under acid or basic conditions.
• Aralkyl groups such as triphenylmethyl may similarly be removed by solvolysis eg by hydrolysis under acidic conditions.
• Aralkyl groups such as benzyl or p-nitrobenzyi may be cleaved by hydrogenolysis in the presence of a Noble metal catalyst such as palladium on charcoal.
• p-Nitrobenzyl may also be cleaved by photolysis.
• the 11- ⁇ -hydroxy group may be masked as a carbonyl group.
• a second such process comprises reduction of a compound of formula (XVI)
• Reduction to the compound of formula (I) may be achieved eg by treatment with a hydride reducing agent such as borohydride eg sodium borohydride.
• a hydride reducing agent such as borohydride eg sodium borohydride.
• the 11-ketone (XVI) may also be masked.
• masked derivatives of compound of formula (XVI) include (i) ketal derivatives eg ketals formed by treatment of the compound of formula (XVI) with an alcohol eg methanol, ethanol or ethan-1 ,2- diol, (ii) dithioketal derivatives eg dithioketals formed by treatment of the compound of formula (XVI) with a thiol eg methanethiol, ethanethiol or ethan-1 ,2-dithiol, (iii) monothioketal derivatives eg monothioketals formed by treatment of the compound of formula (XVI) with eg 1-hydroxy-ethane-2-thiol, (iv) derivatives formed by treatment of the compound of formula (XVI) with an alcoholamine eg ephedrine, (v) imines formed by treatment of the compound of formula (XVI) with amines, (
• masked derivatives may be converted back to the ketone by conventional means eg ketals, imines and oximes are converted to carbonyl by treatment with dilute acid and dithioketals are converted to the ketone by a variety of methods as described by P. C. Bulman Page et al (1989), Tetrahedron, 45, 7643-7677 and references therein.
• Compounds of formula (XV) may be prepared by a process comprising (a) alkylating a compound of formula (XVII)
• step (a) analogous conditions to those described above for the conversion of a compound of formula (II) to a compound of formula (I) may be employed.
• compound of formula (XVII) will be reacted with a compound of formula FCH 2 L wherein L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• the fluoromethyl halide reagent is bromofluoromethane.
• step (b) analogous conditions to those employed above for the conversion of a compound of formula (IX) to a compound of formula (VI) may be employed.
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• Compound of formula (XVIII) may be prepared by alkylating the corresponding thioacid using methodology analogous to that already described (eg by reaction with a compound of formula FCH 2 L wherein L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• the fluoromethyl halide reagent is bromofluoromethane.
• the corresponding thioacids are known compounds or may be prepared by standard methodology.
• Compound of formula (XVIII) may alternatively be prepared by protection of the corresponding hydroxy derivative.
• Compound of formula (XVII) may be prepared by a process comprising esterifying a compound of formula (XIX)
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• Compounds of formula (XIX) may be prepared by protecting the corresponding hydroxy derivative (III), having first protected the thioacid which would then be deprotected.
• Compounds of formula (XVI) may be prepared by a process comprising (a) alkylating a compound of formula (XX)
• step (a) analogous conditions to those described above for the conversion of a compound of formula (III) to a compound of formula (II) may be employed.
• compound of formula (XX) will be reacted with a compound of formula FCH 2 L wherein L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• the fluoromethyl halide reagent is bromofluoromethane.
• step (b) analogous conditions to those employed above for the conversion of a compound of formula (IX) to a compound of formula (VI) may be employed.
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2-furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• Compound of formula (XXI) or a derivative thereof wherein the 11-ketone group is masked may be prepared by alkylating the corresponding thioacid using methodology analogous to that already described (eg by reaction with a compound of formula FCH 2 L wherein L represents a leaving group (eg a halogen atom, a mesyl or tosyl group or the like) for example, an appropriate fluoromethyl halide under standard conditions.
• the fluoromethyl halide reagent is bromofluoromethane.
• the corresponding thioacids are known compounds or may be prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acids by methods analogous to those previously described.
• Compound of formula (XX) may be prepared by a process comprising esterifying a compound of formula (XXII)
• a suitable reagent would be an activated derivative of 2- furoic acid such as an activated ester or preferably a 2-furoyl halide eg 2-furoyl chloride in the presence of an organic base eg triethylamine.
• a further alternative process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) or a solvate thereof comprises reaction of a compound of formula (XXIII)
• L represents a leaving group (eg halide other than fluoride such as chloride, iodide or a sulphonate ester such mesylate, tosylate, triflate) with a fluorine source.
• a leaving group eg halide other than fluoride such as chloride, iodide or a sulphonate ester such mesylate, tosylate, triflate
• the fluorine source is fluoride ion eg KF. Further details for this conversion may be obtained by reference to G. H. Phillipps et al., (1994) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 37, 3717-3729 or J Labelled Compd Radiopharm (1997) 39(7) 567-584).
• a further alternative process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) or a solvate thereof comprises deprotection or unmasking of a derivative of a compound of formula (I) in which the 3-carbonyl group is protected or masked.
• the 3-carbonyl group may be masked in a manner analogous to that described above in relation to masking of the 11 -carbonyl position.
• the 3-carbonyl may be masked eg as a ketal, monothioketal, dithioketal, derivative with an alcoholamine, oxime or imine.
• the carbonyl group may be recovered by conventional means eg ketals are converted to carbonyl by treatment with dilute acid and dithioketals are converted to the ketone by a variety of methods as described by P. C. Bulman Page et al (1989), Tetrahedron, 45, 7643-7677 and references therein.
• step (b) the desolvation will generally be performed at a temperature exceeding 50 °C preferably at a temperature exceeding 100 °C. Generally heating will be performed under vacuum.
• a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 1 polymorph which comprises dissolving compound of formula (I) in methylisobutylketone, ethyl acetate or methyl acetate and producing compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 1 by addition of a non-solvating anti-solvent such as iso-octane or toluene.
• the compound of formula (I) may be dissolved in ethyl acetate and compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 1 polymorph may be obtained by addition of toluene as anti-solvent.
• the ethyl acetate solution is hot and once the toluene has been added the mixture is distilled to reduce the content of ethyl acetate.
• the compound of formula (I) may be dissolved in methylisobutylketone and compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 1 polymorph may be obtained by addition of isooctane as anti- solvent
• a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 2 polymorph comprises dissolving compound of formula (I) in unsolvated form in methanol or dry dichloromethane and recrystallising the compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 2 polymorph.
• the compound of formula (I) will be dissolved in hot in methanol or dry dichloromethane and allowed to cool.
• a process for preparing a preparing a compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 3 polymorph comprises dissolving compound of formula (I) or a solvate thereof (in particular as the acetone solvate) in dichloromethane in the presence of water (typically 1-3% water by volume) and recrystallising the compound of formula (I) as unsolvated Form 3 polymorph.
• the advantages of the compound of formula (I) and/or its solvates or polymorphs may include the fact that the substance appears to demonstrate excellent anti- inflammatory properties, with predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour, with an attractive side-effect profile and is compatible with a convenient regime of treatment in human patients. Further advantages may include the fact that the substance has desirable physical and chemical properties which allow for ready manufacture and storage.
• Figure 1 Overlay of the XRPD profiles of Form 1 , Form 2 and Form 3 polymorphs of unsolvated Compound of formula (I)
• Figure 2 Overlay of the XRPD profiles of Form 1 , Form 2 and a 50:50 mixture of
• Form 1 and Form 2 polymorphs of unsolvated Compound of formula (I) together with the time dependence of the profile of the 50:50 mixture of Form 1 and Form 2 Figure 3: DSC and TGA profiles of Form 1 polymorph of Unsolvated Compound of formula (I)
• LCMS was conducted on a Supelcosil LCABZ+PLUS column (3.3 cm x 4.6 mm ID) eluting with 0.1 % HCO 2 H and 0.01 M ammonium acetate in water (solvent A), and 0.05% HCO 2 H 5% water in acetonitrile (solvent B), using the following elution gradient 0-0.7 min 0%B, 0.7-4.2 min 100%B, 4.2-5.3 min 0%B, 5.3-5.5 min 0%B at a flow rate of 3 ml/min.
• the mass spectra were recorded on a Fisons VG Platform spectrometer using electrospray positive and negative mode (ES+ve and ES-ve).
• DSC and TGA profiles were obtained using a Netzsch STA449C simultaneous thermal analyser using an unsealed pan with nitrogen gas flow and a thermal gradient of 10 °C/min.
• the moisture sorption characteristics were obtained using a Hiden Igasorb water sorption microbalance.
• the programme provides for stepwise increase in relative humidity (RH) from 0 to 90% RH and then decrease back to 0% RH in steps of 10% RH.
• the XRPD analysis shown in Figure 1 and 2 were performed on a Phillips X'pert MPD powder diffractometer, serial number DY667. The method runs from 2 to 45 degrees 2Theta with 0.02 degree 2Theta step size and a 1 second collection time at each step.
• the XRPD analysis shown in Figure 4 employed the same instrument with an Anton Parr TTK thermal accessory using a method running from 2 to 35 degrees 2Theta with 0.04 degree 2Theta step size and a 1 second collection time.
• the resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed successively with 3.5% aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, water, 1M hydrochloric acid, and water and dried in vacuo at 60 °C to give a cream coloured solid.
• the dichloromethane filtrate was washed successively with 3.5% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, water, 1 M hydrochloric acid, water, dried (Na 2 SO ) and evaporated to give a cream coloured solid which was combined with that isolated above.
• the combined solids (26.9g) were suspended in acetone (450ml) and stirred. Diethylamine (16.8ml, 162mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 4.5h.
• 2-Furoyl chloride (0.65wt, 2.05eq) is then added over a minimum of 20min, maintaining a reaction temperature at 0-5°C.
• the reaction is stirred for 30min at 0-5°C then sampled for analysis by HPLC.
• a solution of diethanolamine (1.02wt, 4eq) in methanol (O. ⁇ vol) is added over ca 15min followed by a line wash of methanol (0.2vol) and the reaction stirred at 0-5°C for 1 h.
• the reaction is again sampled for analysis by HPLC then warmed to approximately 20°C and treated with water (1.1wt).
• reaction mixture is then treated with a solution of HCI (SG1.18 (11.5M), 1vol) in water (10vol) over ca 20min maintaining a reaction temperature below 25°C.
• HCI SG1.18 (11.5M), 1vol
• the suspension is stirred at 20-23°C for at least 30 minutes then filtered.
• the filter cake is washed with water (3x2vol).
• the product is dried in vacuo at approximately 60°C overnight to give the title compound as a white solid (58.7g, 96.5%).
• 2-Furoyl chloride (0.65wt, 2.05eq) is then added over a • minimum of 20min, maintaining a reaction temperature at 0-5°C.
• the reaction mixture is stirred for at least 30minutes and diluted with water (1 Ovol) maintaining a reaction temperature in the range 0-5°C.
• the resultant precipitate is collected by filtration and washed sequentially with acetone/water (50/50 2vol) and water (2x2vol).
• a portion of the product (0.56g) is mixed with 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -difluoro-11 ⁇ , 17 ⁇ -dihydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid (0.41g) in a 1 :1 molar ratio in DMF (lOvolumes wrt total steroid input).
• the reaction mixture is treated with triethylamine (approximately 2.1 equivalents) and the mixture is stirred at approximately 20°C for approximately 6 hours.
• Water (50vol) containing excess cone HCI (O. ⁇ vol) is added to the reaction mixture and the resultant precipitate collected by filtration.
• the bed is washed with water (2x5vol) and dried in vacuo at approximately 55°C overnight to leave the title compound as a white solid (0.99g,102%).
• 2-Furoyl chloride 25ml is added and the mixture stirred at 0-5°C for 1 hour.
• a solution of diethanolamine (52.8g) in methanol (50ml) is added and the mixture stirred at 0-5°C for at least 2 hours.
• Dilute hydrochloric acid approximately 1 M, 550ml is added maintaining a reaction temperature below 15°C and the mixture stirred at 15°C.
• the organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase is back extracted with methyl acetate
• Example 1 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hvdroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Unsolvated Form
• the functional assay was based on that described by K.P.Ray et al., Biochem J. (1997), 328, 707-715.
• A549 cells stably transfected with a reporter gene containing the NF- ⁇ B responsive elements from the ELAM gene promoter coupled to sPAP (secreted alkaline phosphatase) were treated with test compounds at appropriate doses for 1 hour at 37°C.
• the cells were then stimulated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF, 10ng/ml) for 16 hours, at which time the amount of alkaline phosphatase produced is measured by a standard colourimetric assay.
• TNF tumour necrosis factor
• the glucocorticoid receptor can function in at least two distinct mechanisms, by upregulating gene expression through the direct binding of GR to specific sequences in gene promotors, and by downregulating gene expression that is being driven by other transcription factors (such as NFKB or AP-1) through their direct interaction with GR.
• the first cell line contains the firefly luciferase reporter gene under the control of a synthetic promoter that specifically responds to activation of the transcription factor NFKB when stimulated with TNF ⁇ .
• the second cell line contains the renilla luciferase reporter gene under the control of a synthetic promotor that comprises 3 copies of the consensus glucocorticoid response element, and which responds to direct stimulation by glucocorticoids.
• Anaesthetised pigs (2) were dosed intra-tracheally with a homogenous mixture of compound (I) (1 mg) and fluticasone propionate (1 mg) as a dry powder blend in lactose (10% w/w). Serial blood samples were taken for up to 8h following dosing. Plasma levels of compound (I) and fluticasone propionate were determined following extraction and analysis using LC-MS/MS methodology, the lower limits of quantsi ation of the methods were 10 and 20pg/mL for compound (I) and fluticasone propionate respectively. Using these methods compound (I) was quantifiable up to 2 hours after dosing and fluticasone propionate was quantifiable up to 8 hours after dosing.
• Plasma half-life data obtained from IV dosing (0.1 mg/kg) was used to calculate AUC (0-inf) values for compound (I). This compensates for the plasma profile of Compound (I) only being defined up to 2 hours after an IT dose and removes any bias due to limited data between compound (I) and fluticasone propionate.
• Example 1 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -r(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxyl-11 ⁇ -hvdroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1.4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Unsolvated Form 1 (first alternative method)
• a mobile suspension of Intermediate 1A (12.61g, 19.8mmol; equivalent to 10g of Intermediate 1) in ethyl acetate (230ml) and water (50ml) is treated with a phase transfer catalyst (benzyltributylammonium chloride, 10mol%), cooled to 3°C and treated with bromofluoromethane (1.10ml, 19.5mmol, 0.98 equivalents), washing in with prechilled (0°C) ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (20ml).
• a phase transfer catalyst benzyltributylammonium chloride, 10mol
• the suspension is stirred overnight, allowing to warm to 17°C.
• the aqueous layer is separated and the organic phase is sequentially washed with 1M HCI (50ml), 1%w/v NaHCO 3 solution (3x50ml) and water (2x50ml).
• the ethylacetate solution is distilled at atmospheric pressure until the distillate reaches a temperature of approximately 73°C at which point toluene (150ml) is added. Distillation is continued at atmospheric pressure until all remaining EtOAc has been removed (approximate distillate temperature 103°C).
• the resultant suspension is cooled and aged at ⁇ 10°C and filtered off.
• the bed is washed with toluene (2x30ml) and the product oven dried under vacuum at 60°C to constant weight to yield the title compound (8.77g, 82%)
• Example 1 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -f(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Unsolvated Form 1 (second alternative method)
• Example 1 product The XRPD pattern of Example 1 product is shown in Figure 1.
• the DSC and TGA profiles are shown in Figure 3.
• Example 2 6 ⁇ . 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -r(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxyl-11B-hvdroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Unsolvated Form 2
• a suspension of 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ - methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (prepared for example according to Example 1 , first method) (6.0g) in dichloromethane (180ml) was heated to reflux giving a bright solution.
• the solution was clarified by hot filtration (Whatman 54 filter paper) and the solution was distilled at atmospheric pressure (approx 100ml solvent collected) giving crystallisation at reflux.
• the mixture was held at reflux for approximately 30 minutes and slowly cooled to ambient temperature.
• the mixture was further cooled and aged at 10-20°C for 2 hours.
• the slurry was cooled to below 10°C and the product was filtered off, sucked dry and dried at approximately 60°C under vacuum overnight to leave a white solid (4.34g, 71 %).
• Example 4 Interconversion of Forms 1 , 2 and 3 of unsolvated Ox, 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-
• Form 1 is the thermodynamically more stable polymorphic form out of the two forms.
• Example 5 Moisture sorption of Forms 1. 2 and 3 of Unsolvated 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ - Difluoro-17 ⁇ -r(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta- 1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester
• the moisture sorption characteristics of the three forms were determined by monitoring the weight change of solid when exposed to stepwise increased and then decreased humidity. The results obtained were as follows:
• Form 1 uptake of 0.18% w/w of moisture over the range 0-90% relative humidity at 25 °C.
• Form 2 uptake of 1.1-2.4% w/w of moisture over the range 0-90% relative humidity at 25 °C.
• Form 3 uptake of 1.2-2.5% w/w of moisture over the range 0-90% relative humidity at 25 °C.
• Example 6 Enthalpy of dissolution of Forms 1 and 3 of unsolvated 6 ⁇ . 9 ⁇ - difluoro-17 ⁇ -f(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hvdroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta- 1.4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Enthalpies of dissolution in DMSO and acetonitrile were determined at 25 °C. The results were as follows:
• Example 7 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -r(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1.4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Methylethylketone solvate A suspension of 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ - methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (prepared eg according to Example 1) (400mg) in methylethylketone (3.2ml) is heated to reflux giving a clear solution.
• Example 8 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -f(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Isopropanol solvate
• Example 9 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -f(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Tetrahydrofuran solvate A suspension of 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ - methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester (prepared eg according to Example 1) (150mg) in THF (20vol) is warmed to give a clear solution.
• NMR ⁇ (CDCI 3 ) includes the peaks described in Example 1 for the parent compound and the following additional solvent peaks: 3.74 (4H, m), 1.85 (4H, m).
• Example 9 6 ⁇ . 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3- oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester Tetrahydrofuran solvate (alternative method)
• a mobile suspension of 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy- 16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 , 4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid triethylamine salt (prepared eg according to Intermediate 1 B) (1.2g) in THF (10ml) is treated with a phase transfer catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide, typically between 8 and 14mol%), cooled to approximately 3°C and treated with bromofluoromethane (0.98 equivalents). The suspension is stirred for between 2 and 5 hours, allowing to warm to 17°C.
• a phase transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide, typically between 8 and 14mol
• Example 10 6 ⁇ . 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hvdroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl- 3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester DMF solvate
• the filter cake (the DMF solvate of 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy- 16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester) is washed with water (4x4vol) and the product is pulled dry on the filter.
• the damp cake is returned to the vessel, acetone (5.75vol) added and heated at reflux for 2h.
• the mixture is cooled to 52 ⁇ 3°C and water (5.75vol) added, keeping temperature at 52 ⁇ 3°C.
• Example 12 Dry powder composition containing 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2- furanylcarbonyl)oxyl-11 ⁇ -hvdroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ - carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, Unsolvated Form 1
• a dry powder formulation was prepared as follows: 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo- androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, unsolvated Form 1 (prepared according to Example 1 , first alternative method and micronised to a MMD of 3 ⁇ m): 0.20mg milled lactose (wherein not greater than 85% of particles have a MMD of 60-90 ⁇ m, and not less than 15% of particles have a MMD of less than 15 ⁇ m): 12mg
• a peelable blister strip containing 60 blisters each filled with a formulation as just described was prepared.
• Example 13 Aerosol formulation containing 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 -f(2- furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ - carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, Unsolvated Form 1
• An aluminium canister was filled with a formulation as follows:
• Example 14 Nasal formulation containing 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -r(2- furanylcarbonyl)oxy1-11 ⁇ -hvdroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo-androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ - carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester, Unsolvated Form 1
• a formulation for intranasal delivery was prepared as follows: 6 ⁇ , 9 ⁇ -Difluoro-17 ⁇ -[(2-furanylcarbonyl)oxy]-11 ⁇ -hydroxy-16 ⁇ -methyl-3-oxo- androsta-1 ,4-diene-17 ⁇ -carbothioic acid S-fluoromethyl ester
• Unsolvated Form 1 (prepared according to Example 1 , first alternative method, micronised): 10mg Polysorbate 20 0.8mg Sorbitan monolaurate 0.09mg
• Demineralised water to 10ml The formulation was fitted into a spraypump capable of delivering a plurality of metered doses (Valois).

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