JP2005512533A - アデノ随伴ウイルス(aav)血清型8の配列 - Google Patents
アデノ随伴ウイルス(aav)血清型8の配列 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005512533A JP2005512533A JP2003552918A JP2003552918A JP2005512533A JP 2005512533 A JP2005512533 A JP 2005512533A JP 2003552918 A JP2003552918 A JP 2003552918A JP 2003552918 A JP2003552918 A JP 2003552918A JP 2005512533 A JP2005512533 A JP 2005512533A
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Abstract
Description
1つの観点では、本発明は新規AAV配列、これらの配列を含む組成物およびそれらの使用を提供する。有利にはこれらの組成物は治療または予防目的にrAAVの再投与を要する組成物での使用に特に良く適している。
発明の詳細な説明
本発明は、新規AAV血清型であるAAV8の核酸配列およびアミノ酸を提供する。またこれらAAV配列のフラグメントも提供する。これら各フラグメントは種々のベクター系および宿主細胞で直ちに利用することができる。中でも望ましいAAV8フラグメントはvp1、vp2、vp3および超可変領域を含むcapタンパク質、rep78、rep68、rep52およびrep40を含むrepタンパク質、ならびにこれらタンパク質をコードする配列である。これらのフラグメントは種々のベクター系および宿主細胞で直ちに利用することができる。そのようなフラグメントは単独で、他のAAV8配列もしくはフラグメントと組み合わせて、または他のAVVもしくは非AAVウイルス配列に由来する要素と組み合わせて使用することができる。1つの特に望ましい態様では、ベクターは本発明のAAV8capおよび/またはrep配列を含む。
I.AAV血清型8の配列
A.核酸配列
本発明のAAV8の核酸配列は、4396ヌクレオチドからなる図1[配列番号1]のDNA配列を含む。本発明のAAV8の核酸配列はさらに図1[配列番号1]に相補的である鎖、ならびに図1[配列番号1]およびその相補鎖に対応するRNAおよびcDNA配列を包含する。また本発明の核酸配列に含まれるのは、図1[配列番号1]およびその相補鎖の天然の変異体および工作した修飾である。そのような修飾には例えば当該技術分野で知られている標識、メチル化および1以上の自然に存在するヌクレオチドと縮重ヌクレオチドとの置換を含む。
B.AAV8アミノ酸配列、タンパク質およびペプチド
本発明はさらに本発明のAAV8核酸によりコードされるタンパク質およびそのフラグメント、および他の方法により生成されるAAV8アミノ酸を提供する。本発明はさらに合成、組換えまたは当業者に既知の他の技術を使用して生成される本発明の新規AAV血清型の配列を使用して生成されるAAV血清型を包含する。本発明は本発明の新規なAAV核酸配列から発現される新規AAVアミノ酸配列、ペプチドおよびタンパク質に限定されず、そして例えば化学合成により、他の合成技法により、または他の方法によることを含む当該技術分野で既知な他の方法により生成されるアミノ酸配列、ペプチドおよびタンパク質を包含する。例えば任意の配列が種々の技術を使用して容易に生成される。
IV.AAV8キャプシドを持つrAAVの生産
本発明は新規な野生型AAV8を包含し、その配列はこれらウイルスが天然に付随するDNAおよび/または細胞物質を含まない。別の観点では、本発明は標的細胞にヘテロロガスな遺伝子または他の核酸配列を送達するのに有用な分子の生産に、本発明の新規AAV配列(そのフラグメントを含む)を利用する分子を提供する。
A.ミニ遺伝子
ミニ遺伝子は最低限、導入遺伝子およびその調節配列、および5’および3’AAV逆方向末端反復(ITRs)を含んでなる。1つの望ましい態様では、AAV血清型2のITRsを使用する。しかし他の適当な血清型に由来するITRも選択することができる。このミニ遺伝子はキャプシドタンパク質にパッケージングされ、そして選択した宿主細胞に送達される。
1.導入遺伝子
導入遺伝子は、問題のポリペプチド、タンパク質または他の産物をコードする導入遺伝子を挟むベクター配列にヘテロロガスな核酸配列である。核酸コード配列は、宿主細胞中で導入遺伝子の転写、翻訳および/または発現を可能とする様式で調節成分に操作可能に連結される。
2.調節要素
ミニ遺伝子に関して上記で確認した主要な要素に加えて、ベクターは本発明により生産されたプラスミドベクターでトランスフェクトした、またはウイルスに感染した細胞での転写、翻訳および/または発現を可能とする様式で導入遺伝子に操作可能に連結された、通常の必要な制御要素も含む。本明細書で使用するように「操作可能に連結した」配列には、問題の遺伝子に連続する発現制御配列、およびトランスで、つまり一定の距離を離れて作用して問題の遺伝子を制御する発現制御配列の両方を含む。
3.ミニ遺伝子のパーケッジンング宿主細胞への送達
ミニ遺伝子は宿主細胞へ送達される任意の適当なベクター、例えばプラスミド上で運ぶことができる。本発明に有用なプラスミドは、それらが複製、そして場合により原核細胞、哺乳動物細胞または両方への組み込みに適当となるように工作することができる。これらのプラスミド(または5’AAV ITR−ヘテロロガス分子−3’ITRを持つ他のベクター)は、真核および/または原核細胞中でのミニ遺伝子の複製およびこれらの系に関する選択マーカーを可能とする配列を含む。選択可能なマーカーまたはレポーター遺伝子は、中でもジェネティシン、ハイグロマイシンまたはプリマイシン(purimycin)耐性をコードする配列を含むことができる。プラスミドはアンピシリン耐性のような細菌細胞中でのベクターの存在の信号を出すために使用できる特定の選択可能なレポーターまたはマーカー遺伝子を含むこともできる。プラスミドの他の成分には複製起点およびエプスタイン・バーウイルス核抗原を使用するアンプリコン系のようなアンプリコンを含むことができる。このアンプリコン系または他の類似のアンプリコン成分は細胞中での高コピーのエピソーム複製を可能とする。好ましくはミニ遺伝子を持つ分子は細胞にトランスフェクトされ、ここで一時的に存在することができる。あるいはミニ遺伝子(5’AAV ITR−ヘテロロガス分子−3’ITRを持つ)は、染色体にまたはエピソームのいずれかとして宿主細胞のゲノムに安定に組込まれることができる。特定の態様では、ミニ遺伝子は場合により頭−対−頭、頭−対−尾または尾−対−尾のコンカテマーの多コピーで存在することができる。適当なトランスフェクション技術が知られており、そしてミニ遺伝子を宿主細胞に送達するために容易に利用することができる。
B.RepおよびCap配列
ミニ遺伝子に加えて、宿主細胞は宿主細胞中でAAV8キャプシドタンパク質(またはAAV8キャプシドのフラグメントを含んでなるキャプシドタンパク質)の発現を駆動する配列、およびミニ遺伝子中に見いだされるAAV ITRsの血清型と同じ血清型または交差−相補血清型のrep配列を含む。AAV capおよびrep配列は上記のようにAAVの供給源から独立して得ることができ、そして上記のように当該技術分野で知られている任意の既知の様式で宿主細胞に導入することができる。さらにAAV8キャプシド中のAAVベクターをシュードタイプ化する時、必須の各repタンパク質をコードする配列はAAV8により供給されてもよく、またはrepタンパク質をコードする配列は異なるAAV血清型(例えばAAV1、AAV2、AAV3、AAV4、AAV5、AAV6、AAV7、AAV9)により供給されてもよい。例えばrep78/68配列はAAV2に由来することができ、一方rep52/40配列はAAV8に由来することができる。
C.ヘルパー機能
パッケージング宿主細胞も、本発明のrAAVをパッケージングするためにヘルパー機能を必要とする。場合によりこれらの機能は、ヘルペスウイルスにより供給される。最も望ましくは必要なヘルパー機能はそれぞれ、上記のおよび/またはバージニア州(米国)マナッサスのアメリカンタイプカルチャーコレクション(ATCC)を含む様々な供給源から入手可能であるようなヒトまたは非ヒト霊長類のアデノウイルス源から提供される。現在好適な1つの態様では、宿主細胞はE1a遺伝子産物、E1b遺伝子産物、E2a遺伝子産物および/またはE4 ORF6遺伝子産物で供給されるか、かつ/またはそれらを含む。宿主細胞はVAI RNAのような他のアデノウイルス遺伝子も含むことができるが、これらの遺伝子は必要ではない。好適な態様では、宿主細胞に他のアデノウイルス遺伝子または遺伝子機能は存在しない。
D.宿主細胞およびパッケージング細胞系
宿主細胞自体は原核(例えば細菌)細胞、および昆虫細胞、酵母細胞および哺乳動物細胞を含む真核細胞を含む任意の生物から選択することができる。特に望ましい宿主細胞は限定するわけではないがA549、WEHI、3T3、10T1/2、BHK、MDCK、COS1、COS7、BSC1、BSC40、BMT10、VERO、WI38、HeLa、293細胞(機能的アデノウイルスE1を発現する)、Saos、C2C12、L細胞、HT1080、HepG2、およびヒト、サル、マウス、ラット、ウサギおよびハムスターを含む哺乳動物に由来する初代繊維芽細胞、肝細胞および筋芽細胞のような細胞を含む任意の哺乳動物種から選択される。細胞を提供する哺乳動物種の選択は本発明を限定せず;哺乳動物細胞の種類、すなわち繊維芽細胞、肝細胞、腫瘍細胞等も本発明を限定しない。使用する細胞の要件は、細胞がE1、E2aおよび/またはE4ORF6以外のアデノウイルス遺伝子を持たず;細胞はrAAVの生産中に混入ウイルスの相同的組換えを生じる可能性がある他の任意の他のウイルス遺伝子を含まず;そして細胞はDNAの感染またはトランスフェクション、およびトランスフェクトしたDNAの発現を行うことができる。好適な態様では、宿主細胞は細胞に安定にトランスフェクトされたrepおよびcapを有するものである。
V.組換えウイルスおよびその使用
本明細書に記載する技術を使用して、当業者は本発明の血清型8のキャプシドを有するか、またはAAV8の1以上のフラグメントを含むキャプシドを有するrAAVを生成することができる。1つの態様では、単一の血清型、例えばAAV8[配列番号2]に由来する完全長のキャプシドを利用することができる。別の態様では、別の選択したAAV血清型に由来するか、またはAAV8のヘテロロガスな部分に由来する配列に枠内で融合したAAV8の1以上のフラグメントを含む完全長のキャプシドを生成することができる。例えばrAAVはAAV8の1以上の新規な超可変領域配列を含むことができる。あるいは本発明の独自なAAV8配列を、他のウイルスまたは非ウイルス配列を含む構築物に使用することができる。場合により組換えウイルスは1以上のAAV8repタンパク質をコードするAAV8rep配列を持つことができる。
A.ウイルスの送達
別の観点では、本発明は導入遺伝子を宿主に送達するための方法を提供し、この方法には選択した宿主細胞を本発明のAAV8配列(またはその機能的フラグメント)を用いて生成した組換えウイルスベクターでトランスフェクトまたは感染させることが含まれる。送達法は当業者には周知であり、そして本発明を限定しない。
B.治療用の導入遺伝子
導入遺伝子によりコードされる有用な治療用産物には、限定するわけではないがインスリン、グルカゴン、成長ホルモン(GH)、副甲状腺ホルモン(PTH)、成長ホルモン放出因子(GRF)、濾胞刺激ホルモン(FSH)、黄体形成ホルモン(LH)、ヒト絨毛性性腺刺激ホルモン(hCG)、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)、アンジオポエチン、アンジオスタチン、顆粒球コロニー刺激因子(GCSF)、エリトロポエチン(EPO)、結合組織増殖因子(CTGF)、塩基性繊維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)、酸性繊維芽細胞増殖因子(aFGF)、上皮増殖因子(EGF)、血小板由来増殖因子(PDGF)、インスリン増殖因子IおよびII(IGF−IおよびIGF−II)、TGFα、アクチビン、インヒビンを含むトランスフォーミング増殖因子αスーパーファミリーの任意のもの、あるいは任意の骨形成タンパク質(BMP)のBMPs1〜15、増殖因子のヒレグリン/ニューレグリン/ARIA/neu 分化因子(NDF)ファミリーの任意のもの、神経増殖因子(NGF)、脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)、ニューロトロフィンNT−3およびNT−4/5、毛様体神経栄養因子(CNTF)、グリア細胞株由来神経栄養因子(GDNF)、ノルチュリン(neurturin)、アグリン、セマフォリン/コラポスリンファミリーの任意のもの、ネトリン−1およびネトリン−2、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、エフリン類(ephrins)、ノギン、ソニックヘッジホッグおよびチロシンヒドロキシラーゼを含むホルモンおよび増殖および分化因子を含む。
C.免疫原性導入遺伝子
あるいはまたは加えて、本発明のベクターは本発明のAAV配列および選択した免疫原に対して免疫応答を誘導するペプチド、ポリペプチドまたはタンパク質をコードする導入遺伝子を含むことができる。例えば免疫原は種々のウイルス科から選択することができる。免疫応答が望まれる望ましいウイルス科の例は、望ましくは一般的な風邪の原因の約50%を占めるライノウイルス属;ポリオウイルス、コクサッキーウイルス、エコーウイルスおよびA型肝炎ウイルスのようなヒト腸内ウイルスを含む腸内ウイルス属;および主に非−ヒト動物において足および口の疾患の原因であるアフトウイルス属を含むピコルナウイルス科を含む。ピコルナウイルス科内のウイルスで、標的抗原はVP1、VP2、VP3、VP4およびVPGを含む。別のウイルス科には、流行性胃腸炎の重要な病原体であるウイルスのノーウォーク群を包含するカルシウイルス科を含む。ヒトおよび非−ヒト動物に免疫応答を誘導するための標的抗原として使用するために望ましいさらに別のウイルス科は、シンドビスウイルス、ロス川ウイルスおよびベネゼエラ、東部および西部ウマ脳髄膜炎を含むアルファウイルス属、および風疹ウイルスを含むルビウイルスを含むトガウイルス科である。フラビウイルス科にはデング、黄熱、日本脳炎、セントルイス脳炎およびダニ媒介性脳炎ウイルスを含む。他の標的抗原は、感染性気管支炎ウイルス(家禽)、ブタ伝染性胃腸炎ウイルス(ブタ)、ブタ赤血球凝集脳脊髄炎ウイルス(ブタ)、ネコ伝染性腹膜炎ウイルス(ネコ)、ネコ腸内コロナウイルス(ネコ)、イヌコロナウイルス(イヌ)のような多数の非−ヒトウイルス、および普通の風邪および/または非−A、BまたはC型肝炎の原因となり得るヒト呼吸コロナウイルスを含むC型肝炎またはコロナウイルス科から生成することができる。コロナウイルス科内で、標的抗原にはE1(Mまたはマトリックスタンパク質とも呼ばれる)、E2(Sまたはスパイクタンパク質とも呼ばれる)、E3(HEまたは赤血球凝集素−エルテロース(elterose)とも呼ばれる)、糖タンパク質(すべてのコロナウイルスに存在するわけではない)、またはN(ヌクレオキャプシド)を含む。さらに別の抗原は、ベシキュロウイルス(例えば水疱性口内炎ウイルス)および一般的な狂犬病ウイルス(例えば狂犬病)を含むラブドウイルス科を標的とすることができる。ラブドウイルス科内で適当な抗原は、Gタンパク質またはNタンパク質に由来することができる。マールブルグおよびエボラウイルスのような出血性の発熱ウイルスを含むフィロウイルス科も抗原の適当な供給源となり得る。パラミクソウイルス科には、1型パラインフルエンザウイルス、3型パラインフルエンザウイルス、ウシ3型パラインフルエンザウイルス、ルブラウイルス(ムンプスウイルス)、2型パラインフルエンザウイルス、4型パラインフルエンザウイルス、ニューカッスル病ウイルス(ニワトリ)、牛疫、麻疹およびイヌジステンバーを含むモルビリウイルス、および呼吸合胞体ウイルスを含むニューモウイルスを含む。インフルエンザウイルスはオルトミクソウイルスの科に分類され、そして抗原の適切な供給源である(例えばHAタンパク質、N1タンパク質)。ブニヤウイルス科には、ブニヤウイルス属(カリフォルニア脳炎、ラ クロス(La Crosse))、フレボウイルス属(リフト渓谷熱)、ハンタウイルス属(プレマーラ(puremala)はヘマハギン(hemahagin)熱ウイルスである)、ナイロウイルス属(ナイロビヒツジ病)および種々の割り当てられていないブンガウイルス属(bungavirus)を含む。アレナウイルス科は、LCMおよびラッサ熱ウイルスに対する抗原の供給源を提供する。レオウイルス科には、レオウイルス属、ロタウイルス属(これは小児の急性胃腸炎の原因である)、オルビウイルス属およびカルチウイルス属(cultivirus)(コロラドダニ熱、レボンボ(Lebombo)(ヒト)、ウマ脳症、ブルータング)を含む。レトロウイルス科には、ネコ白血病ウイルス、HTLV1およびHTLVII、レンチウイルス(lentivirinal)(これはHIV、サル免疫不全ウイルス、ネコ免疫不全ウイルス、ウマ感染性貧血ウイルスおよびスプーマウイルスを含む)のようなヒトおよび獣医学上の疾患を包含するオンコリウイルス(oncorivirinal)の亜科を含む。パポバウイルス科にはポリオーマウイルス(BKUおよびJCUウイルス)の亜科およびパピローマウイルス(癌または乳頭腫の悪性の進行に関連する)の亜科を含む。アデノウイルス科には呼吸疾患および/または腸炎を引き起こすウイルス(EX、AD7、ARD、O.B.)を含む。パルボウイルス科のネコパルボウイルス(ネコ腸炎)、ネコパンロイコペニアウイルス(panleucopeniavirus)、イヌパルボウイルスおよびブタパルボウイルス。ヘルペスウイルス科には、シンプレックスウイルス属(simplexvirus)(HSVI、HSVII)、バリセーロウイルス属(varicellovirus)(仮性狂犬病、水痘帯状疱疹)を含むアルファヘルペスウイルス亜科、およびサイトメガロウイルス属(HCMV、ムロメガロウイルス属(muromegalovirus))を含むベータヘルペスウイルス亜科、およびリンホクリプトウイルス属(lymphocryptovirus)、EBV(バーキットリンパ腫)、伝染性鼻気管支炎、マルク病ウイルスおよびラジノウイルス属(rhadinovirus)を含むガンマヘルペスウイルス亜科を含む。ポックスウイルス科にはオルソポックスウイルス(バリオーラ(Variola)(痘瘡)およびワクシニア(Vaccinia)(牛痘))、パラポックスウイルス、アビポックスウイルス、カプリポックスウイルス、レポリポックスウイルス、スイポックスウイルスを包含する脊椎動物ポックスウイルス亜科、およびエントモポックスウイルスの亜科を含む。ヘパドナウイルス科には、B型肝炎ウイルスを含む。適当な抗原源となり得る1つの分類されていないウイルスは、デルタ肝炎ウイルスである。さらに抗原の供給源である別のウイルスはニパン(Nipan)ウイルスである。さらに別のウイルス源には、鳥類感染性嚢疾患ウイルスおよびブタ呼吸および生殖症候群ウイルスを含む。アルファウルイス科にはウマ関節炎ウイルスおよび種々の脳炎ウイルスを含む。
AAV2repを新規AAV血清型のcap配列と融合することによりキメラパッケージング構築物を作成する。これらキメラパッケージング構築物は、最初にAd5ヘルパープラスミドを使用して293細胞での3回のトランスフェクションにより、AAV2 ITRsを持つ組換えAAVゲノムのシュードタイプ化に使用する。これらのシュードタイプ化ベクターはこれら新規血清型の完全かつ感染性ウイルスが単離される前に、形質導入に基づく血清型の実験における性能を評価し、そしてNHPおよび齧歯類を含む種々の動物モデルを対象として新規AAV血清型の遺伝子転移効率を評価するために使用する。
A.pAAV2GFP
AAV2プラスミドは、構成的プロモーターの制御下で発現するAAV2 ITRsおよび緑色蛍光タンパク質を含む。このプラスミドは以下の要素を含む:AAV2ITRs、CMVプロモーターおよびGFPコード配列。
B.トランスプラスミドのクローニング
組換えシュードタイプ化AAV8ベクター生産用のキメラトランス−プラスミドを構築するために、p5E18プラスミド(Xiao et al.,1999,J.Virol.73:3994−4003)をXhoIで部分消化して、プラスミドを3169bpのみの位置のXhoI部位で線状とした。次いでXhoI切断末端をフィルインし、そして戻し連結した。この修飾されたp5E18プラスミドをXbaIおよびXhoIで完全に消化するまで制限処理してAAV2cap遺伝子配列を除去し、そしてpCRAAV86−5+15−4プラスミドから単離したAAV8cap遺伝子を含む2267bpのSpeI/XhoIフラグメントに置き換えた。
C.シュードタイプ化rAAVの生産
rAAV粒子(AAV8キャプシド中のAAV2ベクター)は、アデノウイルスを含まない方法を使用して生成する。簡単に説明すると、シスプラスミド(AAV2 ITRsを含むpAAV2.1 lacZプラスミド)、およびトランスプラスミドpCRAAV86−5+15−4(AAV2repおよびAAV8capを含む)およびヘルパープラスミドをそれぞれ同時に293細胞に1:1:2の比率でリン酸カルシウム沈殿によりコトランスフェクトした。
AAV1(2/1)、AAV5(2/5)およびAAV2(2/2)に基づくベクターは、本質的には実施例1のAAV8について記載したように開発した。AAVベクターのゲノムコピー(GC)力価は、TaqMan分析によりすでに記載したように[Gao,G.et al.,(2000)Hum Gene Ther11,2079−91]、SV40ポリA領域を標的とするプローブおよびプライマーを使用して決定した。組換えビリオンはヘパリンクロマトグラフィーにより精製したAAV2/2を除き、すべての場合でCsCl2沈降により回収した。
C57BL/6マウスに異なる血清型のAAVCBA1ATベクターのベクターを筋肉内注射し(5x1011GC)、そして血清サンプルを34日後に集めた。AVVの各血清型に対する血清の中和および交差中和活性を試験するために、血清は形質導入に基づく中和抗体アッセイで分析した[Gao,G.P.,et al.,(1996)J.Virol.70,8934−43]。より具体的には、中和抗体の存在は異なる血清型のレポーターウイルス(AAVCMVEGFP)による84−31細胞の形質導入を阻害する血清の能力を評価することにより決定した。具体的には各血清型のレポーターウイルスAAVCMVEGFP[表示細胞の90%の形質導入を導く感染多重度(MOI)]を、異なる血清型のAAVを受けた動物、またはナイーブなマウスに由来する熱不活化血清とプレインキューベーションした。37℃で1時間インキューベーションした後、ウイルスを96ウェルプレートの84−31細胞に、ウイルスの血清型に依存して48〜72時間、加えた。GFPの発現はFluoroImagin(モレキュラーダイナミックス:Molecular Dynamics)により測定し、そしてImage Quant Softwareにより定量した。中和抗体力価は50%未満まで形質導入を阻害した最高の血清希釈として報告した。
この実験では、7種の組換えAAVゲノムであるAAV2CBhA1AT、AAV2AlbhA1AT、AAV2CMVrhCG、AAV2TBGrhCG、AAV2TBGcFIX、AAV2CMVLacZおよびAAV2TBGLacZを、種々の血清型のキャプシドタンパク質でパッケージングした。すべての7種の構築物において、ミニ遺伝子カセットをAAV2 ITRsで挟んだ。ヒトα−アンチトリプシン(A1AT)[Xiao,W.,et al.,(1999)J.Virol.73,3994−4003]、アカゲザルのコリオゴナドトロピンホルモン(CG)のβ−サブユニット[Zoltick,P.W.& Wilson,J.M.(2000)Mol.Ther2,657−9]、イヌ第IX因子[Wang,L.,et al.,(1997)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 94,11563−6]、および細菌のβ−ガラクトシダーゼ(すなわちLacZ)遺伝子のcDNAをレポーター遺伝子として使用した。肝臓に向けた遺伝子転移には、マウスのアルブミン遺伝子プロモーター(Alb)[Xiao,W.(1999)、同上]またはヒトの甲状腺ホルモン結合グロブリン遺伝子プロモーター(TBG)[Wang,(1997)同上]を使用して肝臓に特異的なレポーター遺伝子の発現を駆動した。筋肉に向けられた遺伝子転移実験では、サイトメガロウイルス初期プロモーター(CMV)またはCMVエンハンサー(CB)を持つニワトリβ−アクチンプロモーターをレポーターの発現を支配するために採用した。
新規AAV構築物の高処理量機能的スクリーニングスキームの設計では、非組織特異的な、そして高度に活性なプロモーターであるCBプロモーター(CMV強化型ニワトリβ−アクチンプロモーター)が、容易に検出可能で、しかも定量可能なレポーター遺伝子であるヒトα−アンチ−トリプシン遺伝子を駆動するために選択された。特定のAAV構築物を組織トロピズムをスクリーニングするために、各新規AAVクローン用に唯一のベクターが、3つの異なる組織、肝臓、肺および筋肉を標的とする遺伝子転移実験のために作られることが必要である。以下の表は組織トロピズム実験において新規AAVベクターから生成されたデータをまとめる(AAVCBA1AT)。表5は実験の14日目に得られたデータを報告する(血清1mLあたりのA1ATのμg数)。
本発明のAAV2/8構築物によるrAAV媒介型導入遺伝子発現の影響をさらに評価するために、さらなる実験を行った。
A.ベクターの構築
AAV8キャプシドタンパク質でパッケージングされたAAVベクターは、シュードタイプ化法[Hildinger M,et al.,J.Virol 2001;75:6199−6203]を使用して構築した。AAV2逆方向末端反復(ITR)を含む組換えAAVゲノムは、シス−プラスミド、アデノウイルスヘルパープラスミドおよびキメラパッケージング構築物、AAV2のrep遺伝子を持つ新規AAV血清型のキャプシドの融合物を用いた293細胞の3回のトランスフェクションによりパッケージングした。キメラパッケージングプラスミドはすでに記載したように構築した[Hildinger et al,同上]。組換えベクターは標準的なCsCl2沈降法により精製した。収量を検討するためのTaqMan(アプライドバイオシステムズ:Applied Biosystems)分析は、ベクターのSV40ポリ(A)領域を標的とするプローブおよびプライマーを使用して行った[Gao GP,et al.,Hum Gene Ther.2000 Oct 10:11(15):2079−91]。生成したベクターはヒト甲状腺ホルモン結合グロブリン遺伝子プロモーター(TBG)の制御下で導入遺伝子を発現する。
B.動物
C57Bl/6バックグラウンドのLDLレセプター欠損マウスをジャクソンラボラトリー(Jackson Laboratory)(バーハーバー、メリーランド州、米国)から購入し、そして育種集団として維持した。マウスには水を自由に与え、そしてベクター注射の3週間前から始めた高脂肪の西洋食(高%のコレステロール)を与えた。7日に0日と同様に後眼窩出血を介して血液を得、そして脂質プロフィールを評価した。マウスは無作為に7群に分割した。ベクターは前述したように門脈内注射を介して注射した([Chen SJ et al.,Mol Therapy 2000;2(3),256−261]。簡単に説明すると、マウスはケタミンおよびキシラジンで麻酔をかけた。側腹切開を行い、そして門脈を露出した。30gニードルを使用して、100μlのPBSで希釈した適切な用量のベクターを門脈に直接注射した。注射部位に圧力をかけて止血を確実とした。皮膚の創傷を閉じ、そして滅菌布で覆い、そしてマウスは翌日から慎重にモニタリングされた。肝臓に向けられた遺伝子転移から14日後に毎週の採血を開始して、血中の脂質を測定した。各群2匹の動物をベクター注射から6週および12週後の時点で屠殺して、アテローム硬化症プラークのサイズならびにレセプター発現を調査した。残りのマウスはプラークの測定および導入遺伝子発現の決定に20週で屠殺した。
血液サンプルは6時間の絶食後、後眼窩叢(retroorbital plexus)から得た。血清は遠心により血漿から分離した。血漿リポタンパク質および血清中の肝臓トランスアミナーゼの量は、自動化臨床化学分析機(ACE、スキャパレリ バイオシステムズ(Schiapparelli Biosystems)、アルファ ヴァッセルマン)を使用して検出した。
D.導入遺伝子発現の検出
LDLレセプター発現は免疫−蛍光染色およびウエスタンブロッティングにより評価した。ウエスタンブロットには、凍結した肝臓組織を溶解バッファー(20mM Tris、pH7.4、130mM NaCl、1% Triton X100、プロティナーゼインヒビターコンプリート、EDTA無し、ロッシュ(Roche)、マンハイム、ドイツ)で均一化した。タンパク質濃度はMicro BCAタンパク質アッセイ試薬キット(ピアス(Pierce)、ロックフォールド、イリノイ州)を使用して決定した。40μgのタンパク質を4〜15% Tris−HClレディゲル(バイオラッド(BioRad)、ヘラクレス、カリフォルニア州)に溶解し、そしてニトロセルース膜(インビトロゲン)に移した。抗−hLDLレセプター抗体を生成するために、ウサギにAdhLDLr prep(1×1013gc)を静脈内注射した。4週間後にウサギの血清を得、そしてウエスタンブロットに使用した。血清の1:100希釈を1次抗体として使用して、続いてHRP−結合抗−ウサギIgGおよびECL化学発光検出(ECLウエスタンブロット検出キット、アマーシャム(Amersham)、アーリントンハイツ、イリノイ州)を行った。
D.免疫細胞化学
凍結した肝臓切片中のLDLレセプター発現を決定するために、免疫組織化学分析を行った。10umの低温切片をアセトン中で5分間固定するか、または固定しなかった。ブロッキングは10%のヤギ血清を用いて1時間のインキューベーション時間を介して得た。次いで切片を1時間、1次抗体と室温でインキューベーションした。ウサギポリクローナル抗体抗ヒトLDL(バイオメディカルテクノロジーズ社(Biomedical Technologies Inc,)、ストートン、マサチューセッツ州)を製造元の使用説明に従い希釈して使用した。切片をPBSで洗浄し、そして1:100で希釈したフルオレセインヤギ抗ウサギIgG(シグマ、セントルイス、ミズーリ州)とインキューベーションした。検体は最終的に蛍光顕微鏡ニコン(Nikon)Microphot−FXA下で調査した。すべての場合で、各インキューベーションに続いてPBSで徹底的に洗浄した。陰性対照はPBSとのプレインキューベーション、1次抗体の省略および1次抗体のアイソタイプが合った非免疫対照抗体による置換からなった。上に挙げた3種の対照は各実験について同日に行った。
E.遺伝子転移効率
肝臓組織はマウスを計画した時点で屠殺した後に得た。組織は液体窒素中でショック凍結し(shock frozen)、そしてさらに処理するまで−80℃で保存した。DNAは製造元のプロトコールに従いQIAamp DNA Miniキット(キアゲン社(QIAGEN GmbH)、ドイツ)を使用して肝臓組織から抽出した。肝臓組織中のAAVベクターのゲノムコピーは、上記のようにSV40ポリ(A)テイルに対するプローブおよびプライマーを使用してTaqman分析を使用して評価した。
F.アテローム硬化症プラークの測定
マウス大動脈中のアテローム硬化症のプラークを定量するために、マウスに麻酔をかけ(10%ケタミンおよびキシラジン、ip)、開胸し、そして動脈系に左心室を通して氷冷リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水を潅流した。次いで大動脈を慎重に回収し、腹中線に沿って大動脈弓から大腿動脈にかけて切り開き、そしてホルマリンで固定した。脂質に富むアテローム硬化症のプラークがスーダンIV(シグマ、ドイツ)で染色され、そして大動脈を黒いワックス面上にピンで平らにして止めた。 ソニー(Sony)DXC−960MDカラービデオカメラを用いて像を取った。プラークならびに完全な大動脈表面の面積をPhase 3 Imaging Systems(メディア サイバーネティックス:Media Cybernetics)を使用して決定した。
G.I125LDLのクリアランス
実験群あたり2匹の動物を試験した。I125で標識したLDL(Dan Rader、アペン(Upenn)の好意により提供された)のボーラスを30秒間にわたり尾の静脈を通してゆっくりと注入した(100μlの滅菌PBSで希釈した1,000,000カウントの[I125]LDL/動物)。注射から3分、30分、1.5時間、3時間、6時間の時点で、血液サンプルを後眼窩叢を介して得た。血漿を全血から分離し、そして10μl血漿をガンマカウンターで計数した。最後にリポタンパク質クリアランスデータから分画異化率(fractional catabolic rate)を算出した。
H.肝臓の脂質蓄積の評価
凍結した肝臓切片のオイルレッド(Oil Red)染色を行って脂質の蓄積を測定した。凍結した肝臓切片は蒸留水で簡単にすすぎ、続いて無水プロピレングリコール中で2分間、インキューベーションした。次いで切片はオイルレッド溶液中(プロピレングリコール中0.5%)で16時間染色し、続いてMayerのヘマトキシリン溶液で30秒間カウンター染色し、そして暖めたグリセリンゼリー溶液に乗せた。
A.ノック−アウトマウス
機能的なイヌの第IX因子(FIX)発現を、血友病Bのマウスで評価した。AAV1、AAV2、AAV5またはAAV8のキャプシドを持つベクターを構築して、AAV2 5’ITR−肝臓特異的プロモーター[LSP]−イヌFIX−ウッドチャック肝炎後−調節要素(WPRE)−AAV2 3’ITRを送達した。ベクターは適切なキャプシドを使用して、Wang et al,2000,Molecular Therapy2:154−158に記載されているように構築した。
1.ELISA
マウス血漿中のイヌのFIX濃度は、本質的にはAxelrod et al.,1990,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,87:5173−5177に記載されている方法を変更して行うイヌの第IX因子に特異的なELISAアッセイにより決定した。第1抗体としてヒツジ抗−イヌ第IX因子(エンザイム リサーチ ラボラトリーズ:Enzyme Research Laboratories)を使用し、そして第2抗体としてウサギ抗−イヌ第IX因子(エンザイム リサーチ ラボラトリーズ)を使用した。注射から2週間後に始まる血漿レベルのcFIXの上昇がすべての試験ベクターで検出された。この上昇したレベルは実験期間を通して、すなわち12週まで治療的レベルで持続した。治療的レベルは正常レベルの5%、すなわち約250ng/mLになると考えられる。
2.インビトロ活性化部分トロンボプラスチン時間(aPTT)アッセイ
FIXノック−アウトマウスの血漿中の機能的第IX因子活性をインビトロ活性化部分トロンボプラスチン時間(aPTT)アッセイにより決定し−マウスの血液サンプルは1/10容量のクエン酸バッファー中に後−眼叢から集めた。APTTアッセイはWang et al,により1997,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 94:11563−11566に記載されているように行った。
B.血友病Bの犬
モデル実験に基づき、F.IX遺伝子の触媒ドメインに点突然変異を有する犬はタンパク質が不安定になり、血友病Bに罹患すると思われる[Evans et al,1989,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,86:10095−10099)。そのような犬の集団がチャペルヒルのノースカロライナ大学で20年間以上維持されてきた。これらの犬の恒常性パラメーターは十分に説明され、そして血漿F.IX抗原の不存在、正常な犬では6〜8分である60分を越える全血凝固時間、および正常な犬では13〜28秒である50〜80秒の長期化した活性化部分トロンボプラスチン時間を含む。これらの犬は再発する自然な出血を経験する。典型的には重大な出血の病歴が10ml/kgの正常なイヌ血漿の単回静脈内注入により成功裏に管理され;場合によっては出血を制御するには繰り返し注入することが必要である。
結果を以下の表にまとめる。犬C51、メスは、最初の注射時に13.6kg、そして6.5カ月齢であった。犬C52、オスは、最初の注射時に17.6kg、そして6.5カ月齢であった;そして2回目の注射時に17.2kg、45.2カ月齢であった。犬C55、オスは、最初の注射時に19.0kg、そして12.0カ月齢であった。犬D39、メスは、最初の注射時に5.0kg、そして2.8カ月齢であり;2回目の注射時に22.6kg、そして35.4カ月齢であった。表では、GCはAAVベクターのゲノムコピーを指す。WBCTは注射前に>60分(C52=42分を除く)であった。C51のベースラインaPTT=98.4秒、C52=97.7秒;C55=145.1秒;D39=97.8秒。処置後の出血は、血漿注入の処置を必要としたAAVベクター処置後の血友病Bの犬における自発的な出血病状の発現であった。
AAV2/2ベクター注射後のWBCTは幾分、変動性であり、約6.5分から30分の範囲であった。正常な犬に関するWBCTは6〜12分である。WBCTにおける急激な鋭い低下がAAV2/8またはAAV2/5ベクターを注射すると即座に観察された。この鋭い低下はAAV2を注射したC55(d2=9分)、およびC51およびC52でも観察され、WBCTについては初期のデータ時点はチェックしなかった。鋭い低下は手術前後の犬の血漿注入によると考えられる。WBCTは低レベルのFIXに大変感受性のアッセイであり、FIXの実際のレベルにはそれほど感受性ではない(aPTTがより関連する)。
2.aPTTアッセイ
ベクターを注射したすべての犬の血漿サンプルについて、aPTTによる凝固時間は、最初の約700日間にわたり可変性であったが、その時点で凝固時間は正常範囲のレベルであった(40〜60秒、正常な犬:24〜32秒)。正常範囲への鋭い低下は、各2回目の注射(AAV2/8またはAAV2/5)後に観察された。凝固時間は正常範囲内で持続しなかったが、凝固時間は2回目の注射前に観察されたレベル未満に低下した。
cFIXレベルはたとえ治療レベル未満でも、第1組の注射後に検出可能であった。AAV2/8およびAAV2/5での注射後、cFIXのレベルは治療範囲にスパイクされて上がり、ついで治療範囲内のレベルで平らになった(正常は血漿中5μg/mlであり、治療レベルは正常レベルの5%、これは250ng/mlである)。
本明細書に記載したように生成したAAV2/8ベクターを、OTC疾患に関して認められた動物モデルにおいて[X.Ye et al.,Pediatric Research,41(4):527−534(1997);X.Ye et al.,J.Biol.Chem.,271(7):3639−3646(Feb.1996)] 、肝臓の酵素の遺伝子オルニチントランスカルバミラーゼ(OTC)を転移する効率について実験した。この実験結果は(データは示さず)、オルニチントランスカルバミラーゼ(OTC)遺伝子を持つ本発明のAAV2/8ベクターがOTC欠損を矯正したことを示した。
Claims (17)
- AAV8のアミノ酸配列、配列番号2のアミノ酸1〜737を有するAAVキャプシドを含んでなる単離されたアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)。
- 上記ウイルスが配列番号1の核酸配列を有する、請求項2に記載の単離されたAAV。
- 上記AAVがさらにAAV逆方向末端反復および宿主細胞で発現を支配する調節配列に操作可能に連結されたヘテロロガスな遺伝子を有するミニ遺伝子を含んでなる、請求項1に記載の単離されたAAV。
- (a)vp1キャプシドタンパク質、アミノ酸(aa)1〜737;
vp2キャプシドタンパク質、aa138〜737;
vp3キャプシドタンパク質、aa203〜737;
aa146〜152;aa182〜187;aa262〜264;aa263〜266;aa263〜266;aa381〜383;383〜385;aa450〜474;aa451〜475;aa490〜495;aa491〜496;aa500〜504;aa501〜505;aa514〜522;aa533〜554;aa534〜555;aa581〜594;aa583〜596;aa658〜667;aa660〜669;およびaa705〜719;aa707〜723;
aa24〜42;aa25〜28;aa81〜85;aa133〜165;aa134〜165;aa137〜143;aa154〜156;aa194〜208;aa261〜274;aa262〜274;aa171〜173;aa185〜198;aa413〜417;aa449〜478;aa494〜525;aa534〜571;aa581〜601;aa660〜671;aa709〜723;および
aa1〜184;aa199〜259;aa274〜446;aa603〜659;aa670〜706;aa724〜736;aa185〜198;aa260〜273;aa447〜477;aa495〜602;aa603〜659;aa660〜669;およびaa707〜723、ここでアミノ酸番号はAAV2キャプシド、配列番号4のアミノ酸番号およびAAV8のキャプシド、配列番号2中の対応する領域の番号である、
からなる群から選択される超可変領域(HVR)1から12またはそれらのより小さいフラグメントを包含するフラグメント、
からなる群から選択されるAAV8キャプシドタンパク質またはそのフラグメント
ならびに
(b)配列番号3のaa1〜625;aa1〜102;aa103〜140;aa141〜173;aa174〜226;aa227〜275;aa276〜374;aa375〜383;aa384〜446;aa447〜542;aa543〜555;およびaa556〜625
からなる群から選択されるAAV8repタンパク質またはそのフラグメント、
からなる群から選択されるAAV8タンパク質またはそのフラグメントを含んでなるタンパク質。 - 請求項4aに記載する1以上のAAV8キャプシドタンパク質フラグメントを含んでなる人工アデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)キャプシドタンパク質。
- 請求項5に記載の人工キャプシドを含んでなる組換えアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)。
- 請求項4に記載のタンパク質をコードする核酸配列を含んでなる分子。
- 上記核酸配列が:
vp1、nt2121〜4335;
vp2、nt2532〜4335;および
vp3、nt2730〜4335、ここでヌクレオチド番号はAAV8、配列番号1の番号である、
からなる群から選択される請求項7に記載の分子。 - 上記分子がAAVキャプシドタンパク質および機能的AAVrepタンパク質をコードするAAV配列を含んでなる、請求項7または8に記載の分子。
- 上記核酸配列が:配列番号1の核酸905〜2104;配列番号1の核酸237〜2104;配列番号1の核酸905〜2104;および配列番号1の核酸237〜2104;からなる群から選択される配列を含んでなる、請求項7ないし9のいずれかに記載の分子。
- 上記分子がAAV1、AAV2、AAV3、AAV4、AAV5およびAAV6からなる群から選択される血清型に由来するcapタンパク質または機能的AAVrep遺伝子を含んでなる請求項9に記載の分子。
- 上記分子がプラスミドである請求項7ないし11のいずれかに記載の分子。
- AAV血清型キャプシドを含んでなる組換えアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)を生成する方法であって:(a)AAVキャプシドタンパク質をコードする分子;(b)機能的rep遺伝子;(c)AAV逆方向末端反復(ITRs)および導入遺伝子を含んでなるミニ遺伝子;および(d)ミニ遺伝子のAAVキャプシドタンパク質へのパッケージングを可能にする十分なヘルパー機能を含む宿主細胞を培養する工程を含んでなり、該宿主細胞が請求項7ないし12のいずれかに記載の分子を含んでなる上記方法。
- 請求項1ないし3または請求項6のいずれかに記載のアデノ随伴ウイルスまたは請求項7ないし12のいずれかに記載の分子でトランスフェクトした宿主細胞。
- 請求項1ないし3または請求項6のいずれかに記載のAAVおよび生理学的に適合性のある担体を含んでなる組成物。
- 導入遺伝子を細胞に送達する方法であって、細胞を請求項1ないし3または請求項6のいずれかに記載のAAVと接触させる工程を含んでなり、該rAAVが導入遺伝子を含んでなる上記方法。
- 導入遺伝子を細胞に送達する薬剤の調製における、請求項1ないし3または請求項6のいずれかに記載のアデノ随伴ウイルスまたは請求項7ないし11のいずれかに記載の分子の使用。
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JP2021519099A (ja) * | 2018-04-03 | 2021-08-10 | ストライドバイオ,インコーポレイテッド | 抗体を回避するウイルスベクター |
JP7406677B2 (ja) | 2018-04-03 | 2023-12-28 | ギンコ バイオワークス インコーポレイテッド | 抗体を回避するウイルスベクター |
WO2023182476A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-25 | 2023-09-28 | 学校法人自治医科大学 | アデノ随伴ウイルス(aav)ベクターの効率の良い産生システム |
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