CN1423559A - 包含阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂的控释组合物 - Google Patents
包含阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂的控释组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种控释剂型,含有阿片样激动剂,阿片样物质拮抗剂和控释材料;该剂型可在给药间期释放出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂,同时释放其量足以降低所述阿片样激动剂副作用的阿片样物质拮抗剂,所述剂型在给人服用后的镇痛效果至少可维持8小时。另一些实施方式中,给药间期内的拮抗剂释放量能增强阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果。
Description
背景技术
阿片样物质即阿片样激动剂是表现出类似鸦片或吗啡特性的一类药物。阿片样激动剂记载在文献中,并为本领域熟练技术人员所熟知(Merck Manual,第16版,1992)。因为具有镇痛效果,阿片样激动剂一直被用来止痛。但使用阿片样镇痛剂也有副作用,例如,曾有报道:使用阿片样激动剂—例如吗啡—与恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、尿潴留和呼吸抑制的副作用有关。Gan等,
麻醉学,Vol.87,No.5,1075-1081(1997)。另据报道,长期使用吗啡还会加剧生理依赖性和耐药性。Shen等,
脑研究,Vol.597,74-83(1992)。
据报道,人们一直试图降低阿片样激动剂的副作用,但不影响其镇痛效果。例如,Gan等,
麻醉学,Vol.87,No.5,1075-1081(1997)报道:静脉注射吗啡的同时输液给予0.25μg/kg·hr或1μg/kg·hr纳洛酮(阿片样物质拮抗剂)可有效降低吗啡的某些副作用(例如恶心、呕吐和瘙痒)。
发明目的
本发明目的之一是改善患者的顺应性,从而提高阿片样激动剂治疗的效果。
本发明的目的还在于降低阿片样激动剂治疗的副作用。
本发明的目的还在于提供一种阿片样激动剂治疗方法,该方法可更持久地保持阿片样激动剂的镇痛有效血液水平,同时保持拮抗剂的降低阿片样激动剂治疗副作用药学有效水平。
本发明的目的还在于增强控释阿片样激动剂的镇痛效力,同时降低生理依赖性、耐药性及其他长期使用阿片样激动剂引起的副作用。
本发明的目的还在于提供一种阿片样激动剂疗法,其中,阿片样激动剂的镇痛有效血液水平维持得更久,同时,其镇痛效果被选择性地增强。较好的是,阿片样激动剂镇痛效果被选择性增强的同时,长期使用阿片样激动剂引起的生理依赖性、耐药性等副作用被降低。
综上所述,本发明涉及一种包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释口服剂型,以控释方式释放其中的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂。
本发明还涉及一种包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释剂型,其中的阿片样激动剂或阿片样物质拮抗剂在混合之前先接受预处理以改变其释放速度,在混合成控释剂型后,其中的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂基本上同时释放。
本发明还涉及一种包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释剂型,其中阿片样激动剂的含量为对人的镇痛有效量,其中阿片样物质拮抗剂的含量则不会使该剂型失去镇痛效果。某些实施方式中,所述阿片样物质拮抗剂的含量还应能够有效降低阿片样物质的副作用。
本发明部分实施方式中,所述控释剂型包括:透皮给药系统,口腔粘膜给药系统,鼻内给药组合物,注射剂组合物,和口服固体组合物。
某些优选实施方式中,本发明是一种可实现阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂长时间给药的控释剂型。在这些口服剂型实施方式中,所述剂型包含一定量的阿片样激动剂(以双峰作用型阿片样激动剂为佳)和一定量的阿片样物质拮抗剂,服用后,该剂型可在给药的间期内给出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂和其两足以增强阿片样物质的镇痛效果并同时降低其抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性的阿片样物质拮抗剂。
本发明的某些实施方式涉及包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释剂型,其中的阿片样激动剂或阿片样物质拮抗剂在混合之前先接受预处理以改变其释放速度,从而在混合成控释剂行后,其中的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂基本上同时释放。
本发明还涉及上述控释制剂用于治疗脱毒阿片样物质成瘾的用途。
某些优选实施方式中,所述阿片样激动剂选自:氢吗啡酮,羟考酮,氢可酮,吗啡,以及各自的药用盐,和它们的混合物。
某些优选实施方式中,所述阿片样激动是双峰作用型阿片样激动剂,选自:例如,吗啡,可待因,芬太尼类似物,喷他佐辛,丁丙诺啡,美沙酮,脑啡肽,强啡肽,内啡肽和作用类似的阿片样生物碱和阿片样肽。
某些优选实施方式中,所述阿片样物质拮抗剂选自:纳曲酮,纳洛酮,纳美芬,各自的药用盐,以及它们的混合物。
本发明的详细说明
本发明是关于包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释剂型,该剂型可实现阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释。优选实施方式中,所述激动剂和拮抗剂从所述剂型中释放的速度被控制为:血液内的所述激动剂水平在整个给药间期内维持于镇痛有效水平,所述拮抗剂的浓度在整个给药间期内维持于足以降低阿片样激动剂副作用但不会降低其镇痛效果的水平。优选实施方式中,本发明还涉及可持久释放阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的固体控释剂型。在这些口服实施方式中,所述剂型包含一定量的阿片样激动剂(以双峰作用型阿片样激动剂为佳)和一定量的阿片样物质拮抗剂,服用后,该剂型可在给药的间期内给出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂和其量足以增强阿片样物质的镇痛效果且同时降低其抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性等副作用的阿片样物质拮抗剂。
本发明还涉及一种包含阿片样激动剂和阿培样剂拮抗剂的控释固体口服剂型,该剂型可控制阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的释放,口服后,该剂型可在镇痛的同时降低阿片样激动剂的副作用。最好,该剂型以基本上成比例的速度释放阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂。最好,所述速度在一段时间内成比例,更好的是在整个给药间期内成比例。
某些实施方式中,本发明的控释组合物能降低阿片样物质的以下副作用:例如恶心、呕吐、瘙痒、尿潴留、呼吸抑制、便秘、生理依赖性、耐药性、兴奋过度和痛觉过敏。
美国专利5,512,578;5,472,943;5,580876;和5,767,125(Grain等)描述了阿片样物质拮抗剂与吗啡或其他双峰作用型阿片样物质激动剂的联用。其中认为,所述联用可增强双峰作用型阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果,同时降低长期使用双峰阿片样激动剂引起的生理依赖性、耐药性、兴奋过度、痛觉过敏等不良(兴奋性)副作用。然而,以上专利都没有涉及提供一种机制或方式来制备一种合剂剂型,其中,所述激动剂和拮抗剂各自以受控方式从剂型中释放,各自被患者吸收,从而可在更长的给药间期内既获得所需的镇痛效果又降低阿片样激动剂的副作用和/或提高阿片样物质的效果。而且,以上专利都没有提供可持久维持阿片样激动剂镇痛有效血液水平,同时维持阿片样物质拮抗剂药学有效血液水平足可降低阿片样物质治疗副作用的控释制剂。此类控释组合物的优点在于,例如,它们能够限制最高浓度,并因服药频率降低而提高患者的顺应性。
“控释剂型”指这样的剂型:在给予所述激动剂和所述拮抗剂之后,能提供比速释剂型更持久的药学效应。本发明的某些优选实施方式中,所述控释剂型释放阿片样激动剂的速度使得阿片样激动剂的血液(血浆)浓度(水平)在整个给药间期内维持在镇痛有效范围内(高于有效镇痛浓度下限即“MEAC”)。在本发明的某些实施方式中,阿片样物质拮抗剂从所述剂型中释放的速度使得阿片样物质拮抗剂的血液(血浆)浓度(水平)在整个给药间期内维持在可降低阿片样激动剂副作用的药学有效范围内。另一些优选实施方式中,阿片样物质拮抗剂从所述剂型中释放的速度使得所述控释制剂具有前述Grain等的专利所具有的优点,即增强阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果,同时降低其抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性等副作用。本领域技术人员可以看出,由于本发明阿片样激动剂/阿片样物质拮抗剂的特殊组合增强了镇痛效果,实际镇痛效果可能超出阿片样激动剂血液血浆水平所代表的效果。出于本发明目的,可用体外溶出试验测得的制剂的控释特征(即测定阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的释放)代表该控释制剂尤其是口服制剂在体内释放特征。所述的体外试验可用U.S.药典XXII(1990)中的USP桨式法,以100rpm转速,在900ml,37℃水性缓冲液(pH1.6-7.2)中进行。分析方法可以是例如高性能液相层析。
优选实施方式中,本发明的控释剂型可以每隔至少8小时给药一次(即能够提供前述要求的效果)。某些优选实施方式中,所述剂型可每日给药2次(间隔12小时),或每日给药1次(间隔24小时)。在所述控释制剂为透皮给药系统的实施方式中,该透皮给药系统所提供的有效作用最好能持续至少约3天。某些实施方式中,所述透皮给药系统可在患者的皮肤上保留至少约5天,约7天更好,同时降低抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性等副作用。较好的是,阿片样物质拮抗剂同时还能增强阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果。
本发明中,用极少量的阿片样物质拮抗剂与一定剂量的阿片样激动剂混合以增强镇痛效果,同时降低不良副作用。所述剂型的制备方式应能使所述剂型被人患者服用后能够释放出阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂。
阿片样激动剂的给药速度应该是:如果控释剂型是口腔粘膜给药系统、透皮给药组合物、注射组合物和固体口服剂型,剂型所含的阿片样激动剂在给药后基本上全部释放。所述阿片样物质拮抗剂的释放速度则是:在特定的给药间期内给出有效量的阿片样物质拮抗剂,即足以在给药间期内降低阿片样激动剂的抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性等副作用。较好的是,阿片样物质拮抗剂在控释制剂给药间期内的释放速度能够增强阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果。为此,并不需要所述控释剂型中阿片样物质拮抗剂全部释放。
当所述控释剂型为透皮给药系统时,阿片样激动剂的传输速度应为:给药后,剂型中的阿片样激动剂以一种充分有效的平均相对速度(或流量)释放。阿片样物质拮抗剂的传输速度则是:在特定的给药间期内给出有效量的阿片样物质拮抗剂,即足以在药间期内降低给阿片样激动剂的抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性等副作用。较好的是,阿片样物质拮抗剂在控释制剂给药间期内的释放速度能够增强阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果。为此,并不需要所述控释剂型中阿片样物质拮抗剂全部释放。
根据本发明,给药间期内阿片样物质拮抗剂从所述剂型中的释放量比阿片样激动剂(最好是双峰作用型激动剂)低约100-1000倍。如Crain等的专利所述,兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂与伤害感受路径中神经元上的兴奋性阿片样物质受体结合,从而使其失活。本发明的优选兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂选自:纳洛酮,纳曲酮,二丙诺啡,埃托啡和二氢埃托啡,尤其是纳洛酮和纳曲酮。
较好的是,本发明的控释剂型以这样的水平递送阿片样物质拮抗剂(例如兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂):阿片样物质拮抗剂选择性地对兴奋性阿片样物质受体具有拮抗作用,而对抑制性阿片样物质受体则没有。此外,由于所述拮抗剂可能增强所述激动剂的镇痛效果,原本低于镇痛有效量的所述激动剂也可能变得有效。在与本发明的兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂联用时,产生镇痛效果所需的(双峰作用型)阿片样激动剂剂量可能比其单用时低10-100倍。这是因为,兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂可能通过降低阿片样激动剂的抗镇痛兴奋性副作用而增强其总效果。所以,在本发明的某些优选实施方式中,所述剂型中包含释放量低于常规镇痛量的阿片样激动剂。本发明某些实施方式中,阿片样物质拮抗剂使得剂型内的阿片样激动剂含量比该相同药间期内阿片样激动剂的常规有效量低约10-100倍。
本发明的某些实施方式涉及一种包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释剂型,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂或阿片样激动剂在相互混合前先接受预处理,以改变其释放速度,这样,当它们混合成控释剂型后,阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂基本上同时释放。例如,以上两种药物之一可用控释剂预处理从而改变其释放速度,这样,当与另一药物混合成控释剂型后,两种药物的释放速度大致相同。
当所选药物因例如溶解度差异造成从所述控释剂型中释放速度不同时,还可以通过选用两种药物之一的盐形式使两者溶解度接近,继而使得阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的释放速度相近。此外(或者),可以根据阿片样镇痛剂的溶解度,尽可能选择溶解度与之接近的阿片样物质拮抗剂。
或者,在本发明某些实施方式中,如果选择半寿期长的激动剂和/或拮抗剂,就不一定要调整以上释放速度等参数。
此外,兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂可在本发明控释制剂中与低于镇痛剂量的阿片样激动剂联用,用于对脱毒鸦片、可卡因和酒精成瘾的长期治疗,且不至于引起长期的牛理依赖性。
可用于本发明的阿片样激动剂包括但不限于:阿芬太尼,烯丙罗定,阿法罗定,阿尼利定,苄吗啡,苯腈米特,丁丙诺啡,布托诺啡,氯尼他秦,可待因,地索吗啡,右美拉胺,地佐辛,地恩丙胺,二醋吗啡,二氢可待因,二氢吗啡,地美沙朵,地美庚醇,二甲噻丁,吗苯丁酯,地匹哌酮,依他佐辛,依索庚嗪,乙甲噻丁,乙基吗啡,依托尼秦,芬太尼,海洛因,氢可酮,氢吗啡酮,羟哌替啶,异美沙酮,凯托米酮,左啡诺,左芬啡烷,洛芬太尼,哌替啶,美替他芬,美他佐辛,美沙酮,美托酮,吗啡,麦罗啡,那碎因,尼可吗啡,去甲左啡诺,去甲美沙酮,烯丙吗啡,纳布啡,去甲吗啡,诺匹哌酮,鸦片,羟考酮,羟吗啡酮,阿片全碱,喷他佐辛,苯吗庚酮,非诺啡烷,非那佐辛,丙哌利定,匹米诺定,匹美酰胺,propheptazine,二甲哌替啶,丙哌利定,右丙氧芬,舒芬太尼,替利定,曲马朵,以及它们的混合物。
某些优选实施方式中,所述双峰作用型阿片样激动剂选自:吗啡,可待因,芬太尼类似物,喷他佐辛,美沙酮,丁丙诺啡,脑啡肽,强啡肽,内啡肽和作用相同的阿片样生物碱和阿片样肽。
某些优选实施方式中,所述阿片样激动剂选自:氢可酮,吗啡,氢吗啡酮,羟考酮,可待因,左啡诺,哌替啶,美沙酮,或各自的盐,或它们的混合物。某些优选实施方式中,所述阿片样激动剂是羟考酮和氢可酮。表1中是这些阿片样物质与15mg氢可酮相比的等镇痛剂量:
表1:阿片样物质的等镇痛剂量
阿片样物质 | 算得剂量(mg) |
羟考酮 | 13.5 |
可待因 | 90.0 |
氢可酮 | 15.0 |
氢吗啡酮 | 3.375 |
左啡诺 | 1.8 |
哌替啶 | 135.0 |
美沙酮 | 9.0 |
吗啡 | 27.0 |
本发明某些实施方式中,所述阿片样激动剂是双峰作用型阿片样激动剂。“双峰作用型阿片样激动剂”指结合并激活诱导痛觉的伤害感受神经元上抑制性和兴奋性阿片样物质受体的阿片样激动剂。激活抑制性受体可产生阿片样物质镇痛效果,激活兴奋性受体则产生不良的副作用,例如形成对阿片样激动剂的生理依赖性和耐药性,抗镇痛作用,兴奋过度和痛觉过敏。双峰作用型阿片样激动剂的例子包括:吗啡,可待因,芬太尼类似物,喷他佐辛,美沙酮,丁丙诺啡,脑啡肽,强啡肽,脑啡肽,以及作用类似的阿片样生物碱和阿片样肽。
本发明的优选兴奋性阿片样物质受体拮抗剂选自:纳洛酮,纳曲酮,二丙诺啡,埃托啡,二氢埃托啡,各自的药用盐,和它们的混合物。其他阿片样物质拮抗剂还包括纳美芬,环佐辛,左啡诺,各自的药用盐,和它们的混合物。某些优选实施方式中,阿片样物质拮抗剂是纳洛酮和纳曲酮。
本发明中,“阿片样激动剂”与“阿片样物质”或“阿片类镇痛剂”同义,包括阿片样物质,激动剂-拮抗剂混合物,部分激动剂,各自的药用盐、立体异构体、醚、酯,及它们的混合物。
本发明中的“阿片样物质拮抗剂”包括它们的碱、药用盐、立体异构体、醚、酯,及它们的混合物。
本发明涵盖了在此披露的阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂的所有药用盐。所述药用盐包括但不限于:金属盐,例如钠盐,钾盐,铯盐;碱土金属盐,例如钙盐,镁盐等;有机胺盐,例如三乙基胺盐,吡啶盐,甲基吡啶盐,乙醇胺盐,三乙醇胺盐,二环己基胺盐,N,N′-二苄基亚乙基二胺盐等;无机酸盐,例如盐酸盐,氢溴酸盐,硫酸盐,磷酸盐等;有机酸盐,例如甲酸盐,乙酸盐,三氟乙酸盐,马来酸盐,酒石酸盐等;磺酸盐,例如甲磺酸盐,苯磺酸盐,对甲苯磺酸盐等;氨基酸盐,例如精氨酸盐,天冬氨酸盐,谷氨酸盐等。
本文所述的某些阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂可能含有一个或多个不对称中心,因此可能产生对映体,非对映体等立体异构形式。本发明涵盖了所有这些可能的形式,包括它们的外消旋体,拆分形式,混合物。当所述化合物含有烯属双键或其他几何不对称中心时,除非另作说明,本发明包括该化合物的E型和Z型几何异构体。本发明包括所有的互变异构体。
本发明中,“立体异构体”是一个一般概念,包括一个分子的所有异构体,它们的差异仅在于所含原子的空间取向。这包括化合物的对映体和具有一个以上手心中心的化合物的非镜像异构体(非对映体)。
“手性中心”指接有四个不同基团的碳原子。
“对映体”指与其镜像不重合,因而具有光学活性的分子,对映体使偏振光平面向一个方向旋转,其镜像则使之向相反的方向旋转。
“外消旋体”指等量对映体的混合物,因而没有光学活性。
“拆分”指将一个分子的两种对映体分开,或浓集或去除其中之一。
本发明还包括一种降低口服阿片样激动剂滥用可能性的方法。该方法包括提供本文所述的阿片样激动剂口服剂型。
本发明的组合物包括但不限于:透皮给药系统,口腔粘膜给药系统,鼻内给药组合物,注射组合物和固体口服组合物。
透皮给药系统
本发明的控释制剂可以是透皮给药系统,例如:透皮药贴。本发明某些实施方式中,所述透皮药贴包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,它们包含在一个储库(reservoir)或基质中,还包含胶粘剂,用于将所述透皮系统贴合在皮肤上,使得系统内的活性物质穿透患者的皮肤。当所述激动剂/拮抗剂透过皮层,就会被吸收进入血流,并在其中发挥出所需的药效。所述透皮药贴以控释方式释放阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而在整个给药间期内将阿片样激动剂的血液水平保持在镇痛有效水平,将阿片样物质拮抗剂的血液水平保持在足以降低阿片样激动剂副作用但不至于抵消其镇痛作用的浓度。较好的是,透皮给药系统所释放的拮抗剂量能够增强从中释放的阿片样激动剂的镇痛效力。
实现阿片样激动剂控释的透皮给药系统是已知的。例如Duragesic药贴(Janssen Pharmaceutical的产品),其中包含阿片样激动剂(芬太尼),据称镇痛效果可持续48-72小时(2-3天)。
包含丁丙诺啡(一种阿片样激动剂)的长效透皮给药系统也是已知的。虽然文献还记载了其他类型的阿片样物质镇痛透皮制剂(例如前述芬太尼制剂),其中尤其重要的是丁丙诺啡透皮给药系统,因为丁丙诺啡是一种强效、部分激动剂型阿片样物质镇痛剂,具有理想的治疗性能。例如,丁丙诺啡的效力比吗啡强50-100倍,且治疗安全指数也远高于吗啡(见,Wallenstein SL等,
临床镇痛剂试验中的 交叉试验:对丁丙诺啡和吗啡的研究,药物治疗,G(5):225-235,1986)。
文献中记载了多种丁丙诺啡透皮制剂,例如美国专利5,240,711(Hille等),5,225,199(Hidaka等),5,069,909(Sharma等),4,806,341(Chien等),5,026,556(Drust等)。
本发明的透皮给药系统还可以按照美国专利5,069,909(Sharma等)来制备。该专利描述了一种治疗疼痛的丁丙诺啡透皮复合层。本发明所用的透皮给药系统还可以按照美国专利4,806,341(Chien等)来制备。该专利描述了一种透皮吗啡镇痛剂或拮抗剂(包括丁丙诺啡)药物聚合物基质剂型单元,具有一层丁丙诺啡不能透过的支持(backing)层,一层与支持层粘合的聚合物基质片,其中微分散了有效量的丁丙诺啡。
本发明所用的透皮给约系统也可以如美国专利5,026,556(Drust等)所述。其中,用于丁丙诺啡透皮给药系统的组合物中,丁丙诺啡包含在作为载体的极性溶剂和极性脂类中,所述极性溶剂选自:C3-4二元醇,C3-6三元醇,和它们的混合物;所述极性脂类选自:脂肪醇酯,脂肪酸酯,和它们的混合物;所述极性溶剂和酯类的重量比为60∶40至99∶1。本发明所用的透皮给药系统还可以如美国专利4,588,580(Gale等)所述。该系统具有一个药物储库,该储库具有一个贴合皮肤的释放表面,面积约为5-100cm2,其中含有0.5-50wt%的透皮形式的丁丙诺啡。该储库含有水性凝胶,其中含有47-95%乙醇,1-10%胶凝剂,0.1-10%丁丙诺啡,和释放速度控制机制,这些机制分散在药物到达皮肤的流动路径上,限制系统内丁丙诺啡透过皮肤的流量。
本发明意在涵盖所有透皮制剂,例如前文所述的技术,但其中需含有阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而令阿片样物质拮抗剂以控释方式与阿片样激动剂一同释放。
本发明的透皮给药系统能释放出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂,同时给出其量足以降低阿片样激动剂的抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性的阿片样物质拮抗剂。较好的是,同时释放的阿片样物质拮抗剂量能够增强释放出的阿片样激动剂的镇痛效力。
所述透皮给药系统能够在给药间期内按照一级药物动力学,零级药物动力学或同时按照一级和零级药物动力学释放阿片样激动剂和/或阿片样物质拮抗剂。“一级”药物动力学指一段时间内,药物血浆浓度随时间升高。“零级”药物动力学指丁丙诺啡制剂释放的药物量使得血浆水平基本上维持于一个相对稳定的水平。本发明中,相对稳定的血浆浓度指48小时内浓度降低不超过30%。
“给药”就透皮给药系统而言指:透皮给药系统以平均相对释放速度或流量释放出药物,并透过患者皮肤。“平均相对释放速度”是测得的单位时间内透皮给药系统释放并透过皮肤进入患者血液的药物释放量。平均相对释放速度可表示为g/cm2/hr。例如,一透皮给药系统在72小时内释放1.2mg丁丙诺啡,则其相对释放速度为16.67g/hr。就本发明而言,应当认识到,在一个特定给药间期内的特定时刻之间,相对释放速度是变化的,因此,它反映的是特定给药间期内的总体释放速度。就本发明而言,相对释放速度与“流量”同义。
例如,透皮给予丁丙诺啡是已知的,例如美国专利5,968,547,因此,平均相对释放速度为:从给药间期开始到第72小时,平均相对释放速度约为3g/hr至98g/hr;从给药开始后72小时到至少120小时后的平均相对释放速度约为0.3g/hr至9g/hr。
透皮剂型的某些实施方式是一种透皮贴,包括一层活性物质不可透过的支持层,一层压敏胶粘性储库,和一层可选的可去除保护层,储库层含有20-90wt%聚合物基质,0.1-3wt%软化剂,0.1-20wt%所述阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,和0.1-30wt%阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的溶剂。
控释剂型还可以是一种透皮膏药,其中包含:
(1)一层厚约0.5-4.9μm的聚酯膜,基本成直角的两个方向上的强度分别为8-85g/mm,基本成直角的两个方向上的拉伸率为30-150%,A与B的拉伸率之比为1.0-5.0,A和B代表基本成直角的两个方向上的值,其中A值大于B值,所述聚酯膜中含有(基于该聚酯膜总重)0.01-1.0wt%固体细小颗粒,其中(a)平均粒径为0.001-3.0μm,(b)平均粒径不超过聚酯膜厚度的1.5倍;
(2)胶粘剂层(a),由包含所述阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的胶粘剂构成,所述胶粘剂层与前述膜层复合,其厚度为2-60μm。
控释剂型可以是用于透皮给予阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的包含复合层的透皮贴,其中包含:(a)所述阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂基本不能透过的支持层;和(b)聚合物储库层,其中包含水基丙烯酸酯类压敏胶粘剂,1-12wt%阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,和2-25wt%渗透增强剂,其中包含丙二醇单十二烷酸酯和癸酸或油酸,复合层的皮肤接触面积约10-100cm2,该复合层的释放速度约为1-100μg/hr。
控释剂型可以包含:(a)所述阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂基本不能透过的支持层;(b)聚合物储库层,该储库层与支持层粘合,其中预先分散有所述阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,所述聚合物是生物可接受的,并允许所述阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂通过从而被透皮吸收,所述阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂在所述聚合物基质内是稳定的。
控释剂型可以是一种透皮贴,其中包含:(a)极性溶剂,选自:C3-4二元醇,C3-6三元醇,和它们的混合物;和(b)极性脂类,选自脂肪醇酯,脂肪酸酯,和它们的混合物;所述极性溶剂与所述脂类的重量比约为60∶40至99∶1。
口腔粘膜给药系统
本发明某些实施方式中,所述控释阿片样激动剂/阿片样物质拮抗剂制剂是口腔粘膜给药系统。这样的系统例如McQuinn,R.L.等在“志愿者体内的缓释口腔粘膜给药”,
控释杂志,(34)1995(243-250)。其中,用双辊磨机将丁丙诺啡游离碱(8%),Carbopol 934(52%),聚异丁烯(35%)和聚异戊二烯(5%,w/w)均匀混合,然后将此混合物压成合适的厚度,制成口腔粘膜贴。在压制材料的一面加上一层支持膜(乙基纤维素),然后冲切成圆片(0.5cm2)。加支持层是为了阻抑圆片一面药物的释放,并防止其与对面组织粘合。每个柔韧圆片的厚度均为约0.6mm,并含有2.9mg丁丙诺啡。使用者贴用该药贴12小时。本发明试验对牙床和嘴唇给药,其中,与牙床的粘合力较好。首次测得血浆丁丙诺啡(≥25pg/ml)后,血浆水平迅速升高,并可维持至去除药贴。去除药贴后,丁丙诺啡水平迅速下降,24小时后已相当低(但仍可测得)。据估计,牙床给药约释放出0.42±0.18mg药物。根据以上所述,显然,口腔粘膜药贴能够提供理想的血浆浓度。
本发明意在涵盖所有的口腔粘膜给药系统,例如以上所述,但其中需含有阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而使得阿片样物质拮抗剂以控释方式与阿片样激动剂一同释放。
例如,整个口腔粘膜给药系统可以是一种压制而成的混合体,包含一种带有纤维素类支持层的聚合物。该聚合物可选自Carpopol 934,聚异戊二烯,及它们的混合物,所述纤维素可以是烷基纤维素,例如乙基纤维素。
栓剂
本发明的控释剂型可以是直肠给药的栓剂,其中包含,含于控释基质中的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,和栓剂储库(基质)。美国专利5,215,758描述了控释栓剂的制备方法。
药物只有在成为溶液形式后才能被吸收。如果是栓剂,必须先溶解或熔解基质,然后令药物从基质中分配进入直肠液,这样才可形成溶液。栓剂基质可以改变身体对药物的吸收。因此,必须根据药物的物理特性选择特定的基质用于特定的药物。例如,脂溶性药物不易分配进入直肠液,但是微溶于脂类基质的药物则较容易分配进入直肠液。
在影响药物溶出时间(即释放速度)的众多因素包括:药物接触溶出溶剂的表面积,溶液的pH,药物在特定溶剂中的溶解度,和溶剂中溶质饱和浓度的推动力。一般说来,影响直肠栓剂内药物吸收的因素包括:载体,吸收部位的pH,药物的pKa,离子化程度,和脂类溶解度。
所选的栓剂基质应与组合物中的阿片样激动剂/阿片样物质拮抗剂相容。而且,栓剂基质最好无毒,并对粘膜无刺激,可在直肠液中溶解或熔解,并可稳定保存。
本发明水溶性和水不溶性药物的某些实施方式中,栓剂基质是脂肪酸蜡,选自:甘油的C12-18饱和、天然脂肪酸一酯、二酯和三酯。
在制备本发明栓剂时还以采用其他赋形剂。例如,可用蜡制成合适形状以用于直肠给药。该系统也可以不采用蜡而加入装在既可用于直肠又可用于口服的明胶囊内的稀释剂。
市售的合适甘油一酸、二酸和三酸酯包括Henkel的Novata TM(AB,AB,B,BC,BD,BBC,E,BCF,C,D和299),和Dynamit Nobel的Witepsol TM(H5,H12,H15,H175,H185,H19,H32,H35,H39,H42,W25,W31,W35,W45,S55,E75,E76和E85)。
可用其他药用栓剂基质全部或部分取代上述甘油一酸、二酸和三酸酯。栓剂中基质的量取决于剂型的大小(实际重量),所用药物和藻酸盐的量。一般说来,栓剂基质的量约为栓剂总重的20-90%。较好的是,栓剂基质的量约为栓剂总重的65-80%。
某些实施方式中,控释剂型基质含有药用藻酸钠和药用钙盐,钙盐的量足以与藻酸钠交联,这样,当栓剂基质在给药后熔解时,阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂就会从基质中有控制的释放。
本发明希望能涵盖所有栓剂系统,例如以上所述,但其中需含有阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而使得阿片样物质拮抗剂以控释方式与阿片样激动剂一同释放。
例如,栓剂可以包含控释基质,其中包含药用藻酸钠和药用钙盐,和可在直肠液中熔解或溶解的合适载体,所述钙盐的量足以与藻酸钠交联,这样,当所述载体熔解或溶解时,基质中的活性药物可以有控制的释放。所述钙盐可以选自:磷酸钙,磷酸氢二钙,氯化钙,碳酸钙,乙酸钙,葡糖酸钙,和它们混合物。
鼻内给药组合物
本发明的控释剂型包括鼻内给药组合物。含有阿片样激动剂的控释剂型可见于欧洲专利EP205282和PCT申请WO8203768(两专利都提供吗啡的控释),还可见于美国专利5,629,011(吗啡-6-葡糖苷酸和吗啡-6-硫酸盐,两者都是吗啡的代谢产物)。本发明意在涵盖所有鼻用制剂,例如以上所述,但其中需含有阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而使得阿片样物质拮抗剂以控释方式与阿片样激动剂一同释放。
某些实施方式中,鼻用组合物包含含于生物胶粘性微球体内的阿片样激动剂含阿片样物质拮抗剂。较好的是,所述微球体用接触粘膜表面即会胶凝的生物相容性材料制成。优选均匀的固体微球体,例如淀粉(必要时用交联淀粉)微球体,其他适用的材料还包括:淀粉衍生物,改性淀粉,例如淀粉糊精,明胶,白蛋白,胶原,葡聚糖及其衍生物,聚乙烯醇,聚丙交酯-共-乙交酯,透明质酸及其衍生物,例如其苄酯和乙酯,gellan胶及其衍生物,例如其苄酯和乙酯,果胶(pectin)及其衍生物,例如其苄酯和乙酯。“衍生物”特指可通过去官能化或官能化而引入离子基团的母体化合物的酯和醚。
合适的淀粉衍生物包括羟乙基淀粉,羟丙基淀粉,羧甲基淀粉,阳离子淀粉,乙酰化淀粉,磷酸化淀粉,淀粉的琥珀酸衍生物和接枝淀粉。淀粉衍生物是本领域所熟知的,并多有记载(例如
改性淀粉:性质与用途,O.B.Wurzburg,CRC PressBoca Raton(1986))。
合适的葡聚糖衍生物包括:二乙基氨基乙基葡聚糖(DAEA-葡聚糖),葡聚糖硫酸酯,葡聚糖甲基苄酰胺磺酸酯,葡聚糖甲基苄酰胺羧酸酯,羧甲基葡聚糖,葡聚糖二膦酸酯,葡聚糖酰肼,十六烷酰基葡聚糖和葡聚糖磷酸酯。
上述微球体的制备方法在制药学文献中多有记载(例如,Davis等编辑的“微球体与药物治疗”,Elsevier Biomedical Press,1984)。乳化法和相分离法都可采用。例如,白蛋白微球体可用油包水乳化技术来制备;即通过均质化或搅拌,并根据需要加入少量表面活性剂,将白蛋白分散在合适的油中。微球体的大小主要取决于搅拌速度和均质化条件。搅拌可用简单的实验室用搅拌器,也可以用更高级的设备,例如微流化仪或均质仪。乳化法还可用于制备如GB1518121和EP223303所述的淀粉微球体和明胶微球体。还可以通过简单或复杂凝聚法或以适当溶剂或电解质溶液进行的相分离法来制备蛋白质类微球体。有关制备以上系统的详细信息可参考标准教科书(例如:Florence and Attwood,药物物理化学原理,第2版,MacMillan Press,1988,Chapt.8)。
本发明的鼻用控释组合物可根据其形式采用合适的方法使用。包含微球体或粉末的可用鼻用吹入器给药,例如目前有售的鼻用粉末使用系统(例如:FisonsLomudal系统)。
吹入器可形成干燥粉末或微球体细雾。较好的是,吹入器具有定量机构。粉剂或微球体可用具有装粉剂或微球体的瓶体或容器的吹入器直接给药。或者,将粉剂或微球体装入胶囊,例如明胶胶囊,或其他适合鼻用的单剂量容器。吹入器最好具有开启胶囊或其他容器的装置。
包含水性溶液或分散系的组合物可用合适的装置,例如气溶胶计量阀或计量泵,以喷雾的形式给药。可使用气体或液体推进剂。有关其他装置的详细信息可参考药学文献(例如:Bell A.,
给药装置基础与应用中的
鼻内给药装置,Tyle P.(编辑),Dekker,New York,1988),Remington药物科学,Mack Publishing Co.,1975。
本发明意在涵盖所有鼻用制剂,例如以上所述,但需含有阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而使得所述拮抗剂以控释方式与所述激动剂一同释放。
例如,鼻内用制剂可包含有效量的吸收促进剂以促进鼻内给药后组合物中药物的吸收。所述吸收促进剂可选自:阳离子聚合物,表面活性剂,螯合剂,溶粘液剂,环糊精,和它们的混合物。
注射剂
包含阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释可注射组合物例如美国专利5,942,241(Chasin等)所述。本发明意在涵盖所有此类可注射组合物,但需含有阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而使得所述拮抗剂以控释方式与所述激动剂一同释放。
某些实施方式的可注射控释组合物中,所含的阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂包含在控释微粒子中,例如微球体或微胶囊。通过药物从基质中有控制地释放和/或制剂外包衣的选择性崩解或聚合物基质的选择性崩解来实现药物的缓慢释放。
某些实施方式中,缓使制剂被制成粒径分布范围适合局部渗透或注射的微球体。可以通过改变微球体或其他颗粒的直径和形状来改变释放特征。例如,对于组成相同而平均粒径不同的微球体来说,微球体直径越大,释放速度越慢,组织渗透率越低,反之亦然。此外,其他颗粒形状,例如柱形,也会因为相对于球形提高了表面积与质量之比而改变释放速度。可注射微球体的直径可以是例如5-200μm,以20-120μm为佳。
许多生物可降解材料可用于制备可注射控释剂型。本领域所知的各种药用生物可降解聚合物均可采用。较好的是,所述生物可降解材料体内降解时间短于两年,其中至少50%在一年内降解,更好的是在6个月或更短的时间内。更好的是,所述控释材料在1-3个月内显著降解,至少50%降解成可由身体排除的无毒残余,药物100%释放所需的时间约为2周至2个月。较好的是,所述控释材料可通过水解降解,最好是通过表面溶蚀而非整体溶蚀,这样,释放不仅可以持续,而且可以具有理想的释放速度。但是,以上制剂的释放动力学曲线可以是一级,零级,二相或多相,从而在适当长的时间内提供所需的可逆局部麻醉作用。
控释材料应当是生物相容性的。如果是聚合物类材料,可以通过用标准方法对构成该聚合物的单体和/或该聚合物进行重结晶来增强生物相容性。
可用合适的生物可降解聚合物作为控释材料。聚合物材料可包含:聚交酯,聚乙醇酸交酯,聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯),聚酐,聚原酸酯,聚己酸内酯,聚磷腈,多糖,蛋白质类聚合物,可溶性多糖衍生物,可溶性蛋白质类聚合物的衍生物,多肽,聚酯和聚原酸酯,或它们的混合物。所述的多糖可以是聚-1,4-葡聚糖,例如淀粉糖原,直链淀粉,支链淀粉,以及它们的混合物。可生物降解的亲水性或疏水性聚合物可以是聚-1,4-葡聚糖的衍生物,例如水解支链淀粉,水解支链淀粉的羟烷基衍生物,例如羟乙基淀粉(HES),羟乙基直链淀粉,二醛淀粉等。本发明制剂的优选控释材料包括聚酐,乳酸与乙醇酸之比不超过4∶1(即80wt%或以下的乳酸和20wt%或以上的乙醇酸)的两者的共聚物,含有催化剂或促降解剂的聚原酸酯,例如含至少1wt%酐催化剂(例如马来酸酐)。其他可用的聚合物包括蛋白质类聚合物,例如明胶,血纤维蛋白和多糖,例如透明质酸。由于聚乳酸体内降解至少需要1年,该聚合物只有在需要或允许这样的降解速度是才可单独使用。
聚合物类材料可用已知方法来制备。例如,如果聚合物材料是乳酸与乙醇酸的共聚物,该共聚物可按照美国专利4,293,539(Ludwig等)所述的方法来制备。简而言之,Ludwig在易于去除的聚合催化剂(例如强酸离子交换树脂,例如DowexHCR-W2-H)存在下,通过乳酸与乙醇酸的缩合反应来制备。催化剂的用量对聚合反应的影响不大,但是,以乳酸与乙醇酸的总重计,一般约为0.01-20重量份。该聚合反应可不用溶剂,在约100-250℃反应约48-96小时,较好的是在低压下进行,这有助于去除水分和副产物。然后回收共聚物:过滤熔融反应混合物去除所有催化剂,或冷却后在二氯甲烷或丙酮等有机溶剂中溶解反应混合物,然后过滤去除催化剂。
某些优选实施方式中,本发明所述制剂的基质(substrate)的制备方法不是压模法,而是将局部麻醉机均匀地分散在制剂中,例如乳化法,溶剂流铸法,喷雾干燥法或热熔法。用不同释放速度的聚合物的混合物可以获得理想的释放曲线。
制备微球体的方法是常规技术,如后文实施例所用。制备微球体的合适方法有例如溶剂蒸发法,相分离法和流化床包衣法。
在溶剂蒸发法中,可将可溶于有机溶剂的局部麻醉剂包在生物可降解的聚合物中:将聚合物溶于挥发性溶剂,将药物加入有机相,将有机相乳化在2%以下的聚乙烯醇水溶液中,最后真空去除溶剂,形成分散的、硬化的整体微球体。
相分离微胶囊化法适合将水溶性药物包在聚合物中制备成微胶囊和微球体。相分离法包括:通过添加硅油之类非溶剂从有机溶剂中凝聚出聚合物。在优选实施方式之一中,微球体可按照Ramstack等1995年的国际专利申请WO95/13799所述的方法来制备,其中主要包括:提供包含活性药物和聚合物的第一相和第二相,通过静态混合仪将两相压入骤冷液中,形成包含活性药物的微粒。第一相和第二相可以基本不混溶,较好的是,第二相不含有机物的溶剂和活性药物,但包含乳化剂水溶液。
在流化床包衣法中,将药物与聚合物一同溶于有机溶剂。然后将该溶液通过例如Wurster空气悬浮包衣机,制成最终的微胶囊产品。
本发明意在涵盖所有可注射制剂,例如以上所述,但需包含阿片样物质拮抗剂,从而使阿片样物质拮抗剂以控释方式与阿片样激动剂一同释放。
例如,可注射组合物可包含多种药用可注射基质,所述基质含有有效量的生物相容性、生物可降解控释材料,该材料所含的聚合物选自:聚酐,乳酸与乙醇酸的共聚物,聚乳酸,聚乙醇酸,聚酯,聚原酯,蛋白质,多糖,和它们的混合物。
口服控释制剂
阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂的混合物可制备成包括片剂和胶囊在内的口服剂型。在优选实施方式中,该口服控释剂型可有控制地释放阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,这样,当该剂型给人服用后,激动剂的血液水平在整个给药间期内维持在镇痛有效水平,拮抗剂则维持在足以降低阿片样激动剂的副作用但不至于抵消其镇痛作用的水平。
本发明的“释放速度”指药物从剂型中释放的速度。药物的释放方式与其特性例如物理化学特性相关。所述特征包括溶解度。药物只有成为溶液才能被身体吸收。药物从口服剂型中释放的速度可通过例如标准条件下体外测定药物从该剂型中溶出的速度来测定:例如USP桨,100rpm,前1小时在模拟胃液中,以后在模拟小肠液中测定。为了本发明的目的,可用释放速度代表药物体内传输速度。
本发明的某些实施方式中,控释口服剂型中阿片样激动剂与拮抗剂的重量比约为1∶1至100∶1。优选实施方式中,阿片样激动剂与拮抗剂的重量比约为40∶1至50∶1,20∶1更好。另一些实施方式中,阿片样物质受体拮抗剂给药量比阿片样激动剂的给药量少约100-1000倍。
本发明的控释口服剂型可用已知方法制备。本发明的某些实施方式中,控释片剂包含含于控释基质内的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂。所述控释基质中可包含亲水性和/或疏水性材料,例如树胶,纤维素醚,丙烯酸类树脂,蛋白质衍生物类材料;以上并非穷举,任何药用疏水性或亲水性材料,只要能够实现阿片样物质的控释,均可用于本发明。阿片样激动剂颗粒可以再用或换用可使其在水溶液中缓释的材料包衣。所述膜包衣的选择应能够达到理想的体外释放速度以及其他特性。本发明的缓释包衣制剂应能够形成光滑、美观、牢固的连续膜,能够包含颜料及其他包衣添加剂,而且无毒、惰性、无粘性。
包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂型可用一种或多种适用于调节阿片样激动剂释放或保护制剂的材料包衣。实施方式之一中,包衣可在接触例如胃肠液时引起pH依赖性或非pH依赖性释放。pH依赖性包衣可以使得阿片样物质在胃肠(GI)道的特定部位—例如胃或小肠—释放,由此得到的吸收曲线能够为患者提供至少8小时的镇痛作用,12-24小时更好。如果需要非pH依赖性包衣,可将包衣设计成:阿片样物质的释放与GI道等环境的pH变化无关。还可以将本发明组合物制备成:一部分在GI道的一个部位(例如胃内)释放,其他则在另一部位(例如小肠)内释放。
本发明采用pH依赖性包衣的制剂还可以提供重复作用效应,这样,无保护药物以肠溶性包衣包裹,在胃内释放,其余即得到肠溶包衣保护的那些则在胃肠道的下游释放。本发明可用的pH依赖性包衣包括虫漆,纤维素乙酸邻苯二甲酸酯(CAP),聚乙烯乙酸邻苯二甲酸酯(PVAP),羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯,甲基丙烯酸酯类共聚物,玉米蛋白等。
某些优选实施方式中,包含阿片样激动剂/阿片样物质拮抗剂混合物的基质(例如片芯,基质颗粒)用疏水性材料包衣,所述疏水性材料选自:(i)烷基纤维素,(ii)丙烯酸类聚合物;或(iii)它们的混合物。该包衣可以有机或无机溶液或分散系形式使用。包衣量可以是使基质增重约2-25%,以求获得理想的缓释特性。水性分散系类包衣可参考已转让于本发明受让人的美国专利5,273,760和5,286,493。
本发明可用的其他缓使制剂和包衣可参考本发明受让人的美国专利5,324,351;5,356,467和5,472,712。烷基纤维素类聚合物
纤维素类材料和聚合物包括烷基纤维素,是适用于本发明的疏水性材料。例如,优选烷基纤维素类聚合物之一是乙基纤维素,但是,本领域技术人员可以看出,其他纤维素和/或烷基纤维素聚合物也可单独或组合用作本发明的疏水性包衣或其一部分。
一种市售乙基纤维素水分散系是Aquacoat(FMC Corp.,Philadephia,USA)。Aquacoat的制备为:将乙基纤维素溶于与水不混溶的有机溶剂中,然后在表面活性剂和稳定剂存在下将其乳化在水中。均质化成微米以下液滴后,真空蒸发去除有机溶剂,形成拟胶乳(pseudolatex)。制造过程在没有加入增塑剂,因此,在用作包衣之前,需将Aquacoat与合适的增塑剂充分混合。
另一种市售乙基纤维素水分散系是Surelease(Colorcon,Inc.,West Point,Pennsylvania,USA)。制备该产品时,增塑剂在制造过程中加入分散系。将聚合物热熔体,增塑剂(癸二酸二丁酯)和稳定剂(油酸)制备成均匀的混合物,然后用碱性溶液稀释,所的水性分散系可直接涂到基质上。丙烯酸类聚合物
本发明另一些优选实施方式中,包含控释包衣的疏水性材料是药用丙烯酸类聚合物,这包括但不限于:丙烯酸与甲基丙烯酸的共聚物,甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物,甲基丙烯酸乙氧基乙酯,甲基丙烯酸氰基乙酯,聚(丙烯酸),聚(甲基丙烯酸),甲基丙烯酸烷基酰胺的共聚物,聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯),聚甲基丙烯酸酯,聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)共聚物,聚丙烯酰胺,甲基丙烯酸氨基烷酯共聚物,聚(甲基丙烯酸酐)和甲基丙烯酸脱水甘油酯共聚物。
某些优选实施方式中,所述丙烯酸酯类聚合物包含一种或多种甲基丙烯酸氨(ammonio)聚合物。甲基丙烯酸氨溶酯是本领域所熟知的,NF XVII将其描述成含有少量季铵基团的丙烯酸与甲基丙烯酸的全聚合共聚物。
为了获得理想的溶出曲线,可能需要加入物理性质不同(例如季铵基团与中性(甲基)丙烯酸酯的摩尔比不同)的两种或两种以上甲基丙烯酸氨溶共聚物。
某些甲基丙烯酸酯型聚合物可用于制备本发明的pH依赖性包衣。例如,有一族共聚物,由甲基丙烯酸二乙基氨基乙酯和其他中性丙烯酸酯类合成,又称甲基丙烯酸共聚物或甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物,市售的Rohm Tech Inc的Eudragit。Eudragit有多种类型。例如,EudragitE是一种在酸性介质中溶胀的甲基丙烯酸共聚物。EudragitL是一种pH5.7以下不膨胀,在pH6以上溶解的甲基丙烯酸共聚物。EudragitS在pH6.5以下不膨胀,在pH7以上溶解。EudragitRL和EudragitRS可在水中溶胀,此类聚合物的吸水量取决于pH,但是,以EudragitRL和EudragitRS包衣的剂型却是非pH依赖型的。
某些优选实施方式中,所述丙烯酸类包衣是两种丙烯酸类树脂,Rohm Pharma的EudragitRL30D和EudragitRS30D的混合物。EudragitRL30D和EudragitRS30D丙烯酸酯与甲基丙烯酸酯的共聚物,含有低量季铵基团,铵基团与中性(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的摩尔比在EudragitRL30D中是1∶20,EudragitRS30D中是1∶40,平均分子量为150,000。“RL(高透过性)”和“RS(低透过性)”指的是这些树脂的透过性。EudragitRL/RS混合物在水和消化液中都不溶解。但是,由它们制成的包衣却能够在水溶液和消化液中溶胀和被渗透。
本发明的EudragitRL/RS分散系可按合适的比例混合在一起,最终制成具有理想溶出特性的缓释制剂。缓释制剂可以由以下组成的缓释包衣制成:100%EudragitRL,50%EudragitRL30D与50%EudragitRS30D,10%EudragitRL30D与90%EudragitRS30D。当然,本发明技术人员可以看出,还可以采用其他丙烯酸类聚合物,例如EudragitL。
在本发明以疏水性材料的水性分散系作为包衣的实施方式中,在其中加入有效量的增塑剂可进一步改善缓释包衣的物理特性。例如,由于乙基纤维素的玻璃转化温度较高,而且在一般包衣条件下不能形成柔性膜,最好先在含有乙基纤维素的缓释包衣中加入增塑剂。一般说来,包衣溶液中的增塑剂量取决于成膜剂的浓度,例如,最常见的是成膜剂的1-50wt%。增塑剂的浓度只有对特定包衣溶液和包衣方法进行细致的试验后才能准确确定。
适用于乙基纤维素的增塑剂包括不溶于水的增塑剂,例如癸二酸二丁酯,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,柠檬酸三乙酯,柠檬酸三丁酯和甘油三乙酸酯,但也可用其他不溶于水的增塑剂(例如乙酰化甘油单酯,邻苯二甲酸酯,蓖麻油等)。优选用于本发明乙基纤维素水性分散系的增塑剂是柠檬酸三乙酯。
适合本发明丙烯酸类树脂的增塑剂例如但不限于:柠檬酸酯,例如柠檬酸三乙酯NF XVI,柠檬酸三丁酯,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,可能还包括1,2-丙二醇。其他被证明适用于提高丙烯酸类膜(例如EudragitRL/RS树脂溶液)弹性的其他增塑剂包括聚乙二醇,丙二醇,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯,蓖麻油和甘油三乙酸酯。优选用于本发明乙基纤维素水性分散系的增塑剂是柠檬酸三乙酯。
还发现,少量滑石可降低水性分散系在处理过程中的粘结倾向,并起到抛光剂的作用。
当用疏水性控释包衣材料来包被已具有阿片样激动剂包衣的nu pariel 18/20之类惰性药物细粒后,可将一定量的所得固体控释药粒装入明胶胶囊,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂为基本不可释放形式。该剂型可在摄食并接触胃液或溶解介质等周围液体时提供有效的控释剂量的阿片样激动剂。
当本发明的控释颗粒制剂被摄食,然后先后接触胃液和小肠液时,将缓慢释放阿片样激动剂。本发明制剂的释放曲线可通过例如改变疏水性外包衣的量,改变增塑剂加入疏水性材料的方式,改变增塑剂与疏水性材料的相对量,加入其他成分或赋形剂,改变制备方法等手段来改变。最终产物的释放曲线还可以通过增加或降低阻抑性包衣的厚度来改变。
用阿片样激动剂包衣的球体或细粒可如下制备:例如,将药物溶于水,然后用Wuster喷头将溶液喷涂到基质(例如nu pariel 18/20细粒)上。或者,还可以在对细粒进行包衣之前加入其他成分以促进阿片样物质与细粒和/或颜料溶液等的结合。例如可在溶液中加入含颜料或不含颜料(例如Colorcon,Inc.的Opadry颜料)的羟丙基甲基纤维素等,并混合约1小时,然后涂到细粒上。然后,可用屏障剂包裹所得的包衣基质(本例中是细粒),从而将活性药物与疏水性控释包衣隔开。合适的屏障剂包括含羟丙基甲基纤维素的屏障剂。但是,各种已知成膜剂均可使用。较好的是,屏障剂不应影响最终产物的溶出速度。
然后,可用疏水性材料的水性分散系再包裹细粒。疏水性材料的水性分散系宜包含有效量的增塑剂,例如柠檬酸三乙酯。可以采用预制的乙基纤维素水性分散系,例如Aquacoat或Surelease。如果采用Surelease,则不必另外添加增塑剂。或者,可以采用预制的丙烯酸类聚合物水性分散系,例如Eudragit。
本发明的包衣溶液除成膜剂,增塑剂和溶剂(即水)之外还宜包含颜料,用以改善产品的外观,或使之易于区分。也可以将颜料加入活性药物的溶液,或加入疏水性材料的水性分散系。例如,可在Aquacoat中加入颜料的醇分散系或丙二醇分散系,研磨氧化铝色淀和二氧化钛等遮光剂:将颜料搅拌加入水溶性聚合物的溶液,然后利用低剪切搅拌令Aquacoat塑化。也可采用其他合适的方法将颜料加入本发明制剂。适用于丙烯酸类聚合物水性分散系的加色组分包括二氧化钛和颜料。但是,颜料的加入可能增强包衣的阻抑效果。
增塑后的疏水性材料可用各种已知喷涂设备喷涂到含有活性药物的基质上。在优选方法之一中,采用的是Wurster流化床系统,其中有一个空气喷头,从下向上喷射,将芯材流化,并在丙烯酸类聚合物包衣的同时完成干燥。最好喷涂足量的疏水性材料,即能够在包衣基质接触胃液等水溶液时足以实现预定的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂控释,为此需考虑药物的物理性质,增塑剂的加入方式等因素。用疏水性材料包衣后,还可以再用Opadry之类成膜剂进行外包衣。外包衣的作用是基本消除细粒聚结问题。
本发明控释剂型中活性药物的释放可进一步改变,即调节至所需的速度,这可以通过添加一种或多种释放调节剂,或者形成一条或多条贯穿包衣的通路。疏水性材料与水溶性材料之比取决于多种因素,包括所需的释放速度和所选材料的溶解度。
具有成孔功能的释放调节剂可以是有机物或无机物,而且,可在使用环境中从包衣中溶出、浸出或渗出。成孔剂可包含一种或多种亲水性材料,例如羟丙基甲基纤维素。所述释放调节剂还可以是半透性聚合物。某些优选实施方式中,所述释放调节剂选自:羟丙基甲基纤维素,乳糖,硬脂酸金属盐,和以上所述物质的混合物。本发明的缓释包衣可以包含淀粉和树胶等溶蚀促进剂。
本发明的缓释包衣还可以包含在使用环境中形成微孔膜的材料,例如聚碳酸酯,它由线性的聚碳酸酯构成,聚合物链上有重复的碳酸基团。本发明的缓释包衣还可以具有诸如通路、微孔脂类的释放机构。形成通路的方法可参考美国专利3,845,770,3,916,889,4,063,064和4,088,864。所述通路可以是各种形状,例如圆形,三角形,方形,椭圆形,不规则形等。
本发明另一些实施方式中,所述控释制剂由具有前述控释包衣的基质制得。本发明还包括含有阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂颗粒的缓释片剂,其中,所述激动剂和拮抗剂分散在控释基质中,该基质可提供优选范围内的阿片样激动剂体外溶出速度,并以pH依赖或非依赖方式释放阿片样激动剂。适合加入控释基质中的物质取决于制备基质的方法。
例如,基质中除阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂之外还可包含亲水性和/或疏水性材料,例如树胶,纤维素醚,丙烯酸树脂,蛋白质衍生物。此类材料还可包含可食、长链(C8-50,尤其是C12-40)、取代或非取代烃,例如脂肪酸,脂肪醇,脂肪酸甘油酯,矿物油和植物油,蜡,硬脂醇;和聚烷二醇。在这些聚合物中,优选的是丙烯酸类聚合物,尤其是EudragitRSPO纤维素醚,尤其是羟基烷基纤维素和羧基烷基纤维素。口服剂型可包含1-80wt%至少一种亲水性或疏水性材料。如果疏水性材料是烃,最好是熔点在25-90℃的烃。在长链烃中,优选的是脂肪醇。口服剂型可含高达60wt%的至少一种可食长链烃。某些实施方式中,口服剂型含有高达60wt%的至少一种聚烷二醇作为控释机制基质的一部分。
优选疏水性材料选自:烷基纤维素,丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的聚合物和共聚物,虫漆,玉米蛋白,氢化蓖麻油,氢化植物油,或以上所述的混合物。某些优选实施方式中,疏水性材料是药用丙烯酸类聚合物,包括但不限于:丙烯酸与甲基丙烯酸的共聚物,甲基丙烯酸甲酯,甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物,甲基丙烯酸乙氧基乙酯,甲基丙烯酸氰基乙酯,甲基丙烯酸氨基烷酯共聚物,聚(丙烯酸),聚(甲基丙烯酸),甲基丙烯酸烷基酰胺的共聚物,聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯),聚甲基丙烯酸酐,聚甲基丙烯酸酯,聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)共聚物,聚丙烯酰胺,甲基丙烯酸氨基烷酯共聚物,聚(甲基丙烯酸酐)和甲基丙烯酸脱水甘油酯共聚物。另一些实施方式中,所述疏水性材料选自羟丙基甲基纤维素之类羟基烷基纤维素及它们的混合物。优选的疏水性材料不溶于水,具有不同程度的明显的亲水性和/或疏水性。较好的是,用于本发明的疏水性材料的熔点在约30-200℃之间,以45-90℃为佳。以上并非穷举,各种药用疏水性或亲水性材料,只要能实现阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释,都可用于本发明。
所述疏水性材料可包含天然或合成的蜡,脂肪醇(例如十二烷醇,十四烷醇,十八烷醇,十六烷醇,优选十六十八烷醇),脂肪酸,包括但不限于脂肪酸酯,脂肪酸甘油酯(甘油单酯、二酯或三酯),氢化脂肪,烃,普通蜡,硬脂酸,十八烷醇和具有烃骨架的疏水性和亲水性材料。合适的蜡包括,例如,蜂蜡,glycowax,蓖麻蜡和巴西棕榈蜡。本发明中,蜡样物质指各种在室温下呈固态,熔点在30-100℃之间的物质。
可用于本发明的合适的疏水性材料包括可食、长链(C8-50,尤其是C12-40)、取代或非取代烃,例如脂肪酸,脂肪醇,脂肪酸甘油酯,矿物油和植物油,大然蜡和合成蜡。优选熔点在25-90℃之间的烃。在长链烃类材料中,优选脂肪醇。口服剂型可含有高达60wt%至少一种可食长链烃。
基质制剂中可包含两种或两种以上疏水性材料。如果还有其他烃类材料,它最好是天然蜡或合成蜡,脂肪酸,脂肪醇,以及它们混合物,例如蜂蜡,巴西棕榈蜡,硬脂酸和硬脂醇。以上并非穷举。
例如,一种合适的基质包含至少一种水溶性羟基烷基纤维素,至少一种C12-36脂肪醇,以C14-22的为佳,还可以包含至少一种聚烷二醇。所述至少一种羟基烷基纤维素优选羟基(C1-6)烷基纤维素,例如羟丙基纤维素,羟丙基甲基纤维素,尤其是羟乙基纤维素。这至少一种羟基烷基纤维素在本发明口服剂型中的含量取决于确切的阿片样物质释放速度等因素。所述至少一种脂肪醇可以是例如十二烷醇,十四烷醇或十八烷醇。但是,在本发明的优选口服剂型实施例中,所述至少一种脂肪醇是十六烷醇或十六十八烷醇。这至少一种脂肪醇在本发明口服剂型中的含量,如前所述,取决于确切的阿片样物质释放速度,还取决于口服剂型中是否含有聚烷二醇。如果没有聚烷二醇,口服剂型宜含有约20-50wt%至少一种脂肪醇。如果口服剂型含有至少一种聚烷二醇,则至少一种脂肪醇与至少一种聚烷二醇之和约为制剂总重的20-50wt%。
实施方式之一中,至少一种羟烷基纤维素或丙烯酸类树脂与至少一种脂肪醇/聚烷二醇之比在相当程度上决定着制剂中阿片样物质的释放速度。至少一种羟烷基纤维素与至少一种脂肪醇和/或聚烷二醇之比以1∶2至1∶4为宜,优选1∶3至1∶4。
所述至少一种聚烷二醇可以是例如聚丙二醇,优选聚乙二醇。这至少一种聚烷二醇的数均分子量以1,000-15,000为宜,优选1,500-12,000。
另一种合适的控释基质可包含一种烷基纤维素(尤其是乙基纤维素),一种C12-36脂肪醇,还可以含有一种聚烷二醇。
另一优选实施方式中,基质中包含至少两种药用疏水性材料的混合物。
除上述成分之外,控释基质还可以包含适量其他物质,例如制药业常用的稀释剂,润滑剂,粘合剂,造粒助剂,色素,香料和滑爽剂。
为了便于制备本发明的固体控释口服剂型,可以采用各种已知的基质制备方法。例如,向基质内添加成分可以通过:(a)制备包含至少一种水溶性羟烷基纤维素和阿片样激动剂/阿片样物质拮抗剂的颗粒;(b)将含有至少一种水溶性羟烷基纤维素的颗粒与至少一种C12-36脂肪醇混合;或选的(c)对颗粒进行压片和成形。较好的是,用水,将羟烷基纤维素和阿片样激动剂/阿片样物质拮抗剂,通过湿法造粒制成颗粒。在该方法的一种优选实施方式中,湿法造粒步骤中的加水量以1.5-5倍于阿片样物质的干重为宜,1.75-3.5倍更好。
另一实施方式中,可将球化剂与活性药物一起制成球粒,所述球化剂优选微晶纤维素。合适的微晶纤维素是例如Avicel PH101(FMC Corporationd出品)。此类实施方式中,除活性成分和球化剂之外,球粒中还可包含粘合剂。合适的粘合剂,例如低粘度水溶性聚合物,是制药业技术人员所熟知的。但是,优选的是水溶性羟基低级烷基纤维素,例如羟丙基纤维素。球粒还可以在羟基低级烷基纤维素之外,或替代它而包含不溶于水的聚合物,尤其是丙烯酸类聚合物或共聚物,例如甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物,或乙基纤维素。此类实施方式中,所述缓释包衣一般包含疏水性材料,例如(a)蜡或蜡与脂肪醇的混合物;或(b)虫漆或玉米蛋白。
缓释基质还可以用熔融造粒或熔融挤塑法来制备。一般说来,熔融造粒技术包括:将一般呈固态的疏水性材料(例如蜡)熔化,向其中加入粉状药物。为了获得缓释剂型,可能需要在熔融蜡类疏水性材料中加入其他疏水性材料,例如乙基纤维素或不溶于水的丙烯酸类聚合物。用熔融造粒法制备合适的缓释制剂可参考美国专利4,861,598,该专利已转让于本发明的受让人。
所述其他疏水性材料包括一种或多种不溶于水的蜡样热塑性物质,其中可能混有一种或多种疏水性弱于所述不溶于水的蜡样物质的蜡样热塑性物质。为了实现稳定释放,制剂中的蜡样物质都应当能够在初期释放阶段基本上不分解且不溶于胃肠液。可用的水不溶性蜡样物质可以是水中溶解度低于1∶5,000(w/w)的蜡样物质。
除以上成分之外,缓释基质还可以包含适量其他物质,例如制药业常用的稀释剂,润滑剂,粘合剂,造粒助剂,色素,香料和滑爽剂。这些添加剂的量应足以对所需制剂产生所需的效果。除以上成分之外,含有熔融挤塑多颗粒的缓释基质还可以包含其他物质,例如制药业常用的稀释剂,润滑剂,粘合剂,造粒助剂,色素,香料和滑爽剂,根据需要,它们的含量可占颗粒重量的约50wt%。
适用于制备口服剂型的药用载体和赋形剂的例子参考药物赋形剂手册,美国制药业协会(1986)。
制备本发明合适的熔融挤塑基质可能包括以下步骤:将阿片样激动剂,阿片样物质拮抗剂与至少一种疏水性材料,最好还有另一种疏水性材料混合,制成均匀的混合物。然后,将以上所得的均匀混合物加热到令其软化而足可进行挤塑的温度。然后将该均匀聚合物挤塑成条。最好将挤出物冷却,然后用已知方法切成多颗粒。挤出物的直径以约0.1-5mm为宜,其中阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂的释放可持续约8-24小时。
进行本发明熔融挤塑的另一种可选方法是:直接将一定量的疏水性材料,阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂,或选的粘合剂加入挤塑机;加热该均匀混合物;将该均匀混合物挤塑成条;冷却;将其切成约0.1-12mm大小的颗粒。此时,可将该制造过程连续化。
可以通过调整挤出口或出口的直径来调整挤出条的厚度。此外,挤塑机的挤出口并不限于圆形,它可以是长圆形,矩形等。可用热线切割机,截切机等将挤出条切成颗粒。
熔融挤塑所得多颗粒系统的形式,根据挤塑机的挤出口,可以是丸、球或粒。本发明中,“熔融挤塑多颗粒”与“熔融挤塑多颗粒系统”与“熔融挤塑颗粒”都指多单元系统,它们最好具有相似的大小和/或形状,并含有一种或多种活性药物和一种或多种赋形剂,最好含有前述疏水性材料。就此而言,熔融挤塑多颗粒长约0.1-12mm,直径约0.1-5mm。而且,应当认为:熔融挤塑多颗粒可以在以上大小范围内具有各种形状。或者,可以仅将挤出物切成所需长度,分成活性药物的单位剂量,无需球化步骤。
优选实施方式之一中,制备的口服剂型需将有效量的熔融挤塑多颗粒装入胶囊。例如,将足量的挤塑多颗粒装入明胶胶囊,从而可在其被摄食并接触胃液时提供有效缓释剂量。
另一优选实施方式中,适量的挤塑多颗粒与阿片样物质拮抗剂包衣颗粒混合,然后用常用压片设备和常规方法压成片剂。制造片剂(压制片或模制片),胶囊(硬胶囊或软胶囊)和颗粒剂的方法和组成可参考Remington药物科学(ArthurOsol编辑),1553-1593(1980)。
另一优选实施方式中,可按照美国专利4,957,681(Klimesch等),将挤出物成形为片剂。
可以用例如前文所述的缓释包衣对缓释挤塑多颗粒或片剂或明胶胶囊进行再包衣。此类包衣最好包含足以增重2-30wt%的足量疏水性材料,但是,也可根据具体阿片样物质拮抗剂的物理特性,所需的释放速度等因素采用更大的包衣量。
在装入胶囊前,本发明的熔融挤塑单位剂型还包括含有一种或多种前述药物的混合物。此外,该单位剂型还可包含一定量的速释阿片样激动剂,用于获得即时疗效。速释阿片样激动剂加入的形式可以是例如装在明胶胶囊内的另一种颗粒,或将其涂在已制成的多颗粒剂型(例如带有控释包衣或基质型剂型)表面上。本发明的单位剂型还可以根据所需效果包含控释细粒与基质型多颗粒的混合物。
本发明的缓释制剂最好能在例如被摄食并先后接触胃液和肠液后缓慢释放出阿片样激动剂。本发明熔融挤制剂的释放特性可通过例如改变阻抑剂即疏水性材料的量,改变增塑剂含量与疏水性材料之比,加入其他成分或赋形剂,改变制备方法等手段来改变。
另一些实施方式中,阿片样激动剂和/或阿片样物质拮抗剂颗粒不事先含于熔融挤塑物内,而是在其制成后加入。此类制剂通常是将药物与挤塑成的基质混合,然后将此混合物制成阿片样激动剂缓释片剂。此类剂型适合于对疏水性材料和/或阻抑性材料的软化温度敏感的药物。
某些实施方式中,含阿片样物质拮抗剂的颗粒分散在第一控释基质中,含阿片样激动剂的颗粒分散在第二控释基质中,由第一控释基质实现阿片样物质拮抗剂的有控释放,由第二控释基质实现阿片样激动剂的有控释放。某些优选实施方式中,第一和第二控释基质可使阿片样物质拮抗剂与阿片样激动剂以基本相同的速度释放。另一些实施方式中,将阿片样物质拮抗剂分散在控释基质内制成颗粒,将这些颗粒与阿片样激动剂和另一种控释材料混合,这样,阿片样物质拮抗剂便可与阿片样激动剂以基本相同的速度释放。
其他药物
本发明的口服剂型还可以包含除阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂之外的一种或多种与它们具有或没有协同作用的其他药物。因此,某些实施方式中,同一剂型中除阿片样物质拮抗剂之外可包含两种阿片样激动剂。例如,该剂型可包含半衰期、溶解度、效力等特性之一不同或都不同的两种阿片样激动剂。另一些实施方式中,除阿片样物质拮抗剂之外,还可以包含一种或多种阿片样激动剂和一种非阿片样物质。此类非阿片样物质最好能增强镇痛效果,包括例如:阿司匹林,对乙酰氨基酚;非甾体类消炎药(NSAIDS),例如布洛芬和酮替芬等;N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸酯(NMDA)受体拮抗剂,例如右美沙芬或右啡烷等吗啡喃,或氯胺酮;环氧合酶II抑制剂(“COX-II抑制剂”);和/或甘氨酸受体拮抗剂。
本发明某些优选实施方式中,通过加入另外的非阿片样物质,例如NSAID或COX-2抑制剂,可以使用较低剂量的阿片样镇痛剂。使用低剂量的一种或两种上述药物可在有效镇痛的同时降低副作用。
适当的非甾体类消炎药包括布洛芬,双氯芬酸,萘普生,苯噁洛芬,氟比洛芬,非诺洛芬,flubufen,酮洛芬,吲哚洛芬,吡洛芬,卡洛芬,噁丙嗪,普拉洛芬,muroprofen,trioxaprofen,舒洛芬,氨基洛芬,噻洛芬酸,氟洛芬,布氯酸,吲哚美辛,舒林酸,托美丁,佐美酸,硫平酸,齐多美辛,阿西美辛,芬替酸,环氯茚酸,oxpinac,甲芬那酸,甲氯芬那酸盐,氟芬那酸,尼氟灭酸,托芬那酸,二氟尼柳,氟苯柳,吡罗昔康,舒多昔康或衣索昔康等。以上药物的使用剂量是本领域所熟知的。
N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸酯(NMDA)受体拮抗剂是本领域所熟知的,包括例如:右美沙芬或右啡烷或氯胺酮或d-美沙酮等吗啡喃及其药用盐。本发明中,“NMDA拮抗剂”还包括能够抑制NMDA受体活化引起的主要分子内效应的药物,例如神经节苷脂,例如GM1或GT1b;吩噻嗪,例如三氟拉嗪;或萘氨基苯磺酰胺,例如N-(6-氨基thexyl)-5-氯-1-萘磺酰胺。这些药物被认为能够:抑制形成耐药性和/或对吗啡和可待因等麻醉性镇痛剂之类成瘾性药物的依赖性(美国专利5,321,012和5,556,838(Mayer等)),治疗慢性疼痛(美国专利5,502,058(Mayer等))。Nmda拮抗剂可以单独加入,也可以与其他局部麻醉剂(例如利多卡因)混合后加入,例如以上Mayer等的专利所述。
用甘氨酸受体拮抗剂治疗慢性疼痛以及具体的此类药物可参考美国专利5,514,680(Weber等)。
COX-2抑制剂是已知的,已知许多化学结构可抑制环氧合酶-2。COX-2抑制剂可参考美国专利5,616,601;5,604,260;5,593,994;5,550,142;5,536,752;5,521,213;5,475,995;5,639,780;5,604,253;5,552,422;5,510,368;5,436,265;5,409,944和5,130,311。优选的COX-2抑制剂包括P44/L26-29。当COX-2抑制剂与阿片样物质拮抗剂联用时,其治疗有效量约为每日每公斤体重0.005-140毫克,或者每人每日0.25-7克。
另一些实施方式中,可以加入非阿片类药物以达到镇痛之外的效果,例如镇咳、祛痰、减充血、抗组胺药物,局部麻醉剂等。
本发明的某些优选实施方式中,所述控释口服剂型含有阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂与对乙酰氨基酚的化合物。
对乙酰氨基酚是一种镇痛/退热药,被用于治疗轻度至中度疼痛,例如头痛,神经痛和肌肉骨骼痛。推荐的成人日用剂量为每4小时325-650mg,24小时内不超过4g。一般认为,对乙酰氨基酚的最大速释剂量为1000mg左右。
本发明认为,将本发明的配方与本发明的方法联用,可以采用以上所述的4小时剂量,也可以低于以上剂量。因此,采用本发明的控释制剂,可以给予超过325-650mg的对乙酰氨基酚总剂量,但该剂量是以控释方式在更长期间内(例如8小时以上)给与的。
本发明制剂和方法所述的对乙酰氨基酚与阿片样激动剂复方剂型可以与目前市售的和临床上采用的相同。在美国,市售对乙酰氨基酚与可待因、羟考酮和氢可酮构成固定组合。典型的对乙酰氨基酚/可待因复方口服胶囊包含325mg对乙酰氨基酚和15mg磷酸可待因,325mg对乙酰氨基酚和15mg磷酸可待因,325mg对乙酰氨基酚和60mg可待因。片剂一般包含300mg对乙酰氨基酚和7.5mg磷酸可待因,300mg对乙酰氨基酚和15mg磷酸可待因,300mg对乙酰氨基酚和30mg磷酸可待因,300mg对乙酰氨基酚和60mg磷酸可待因。
氢可酮/对乙酰氨基酚胶囊一般为以下固定组合:5mg氢可酮(二酒石酸盐)和500mg对乙酰氨基酚。氢可酮/对乙酰氨基酚片剂内的固定组合一般为500mg对乙酰氨基酚和2.5mg二酒石酸氢可酮,500mg对乙酰氨基酚和5mg二酒石酸氢可酮,500mg对乙酰氨基酚和7.5mg二酒石酸氢可酮,7.5mg二酒石酸氢可酮和650或750mg对乙酰氨基酚,以及10mg二酒石酸氢可酮和500、650、660mg对乙酰氨基酚。羟考酮/对乙酰氨基酚胶囊和胶囊形片剂内的固定组合为5mg羟考酮(盐酸盐)和500mg对乙酰氨基酚,片剂内的固定组合为5mg羟考酮(盐酸盐)和325mg对乙酰氨基酚。
上述组合仅供参考,并非是对本发明制剂内阿片样物质和对乙酰氨基酚含量范围的限定。如本发明所述,在某些实施方式中,在本发明的阿片样激动剂/阿片样物质拮抗剂/对乙酰氨基酚组合中,阿片样激动剂或对乙酰氨基酚的含量都可以比以上所述高或低,阿片样激动剂与对乙酰氨基酚之比也可以根据制剂所选的具体阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,其中阿片样物质拮抗剂的含量等因素而改变。
某些优选实施方式中,所述口服剂型包含阿片样激动剂(氢可酮或羟考酮),阿片样物质拮抗剂(纳曲酮,纳洛酮和纳美芬)和对乙酰氨基酚。
另一些实施方式中可以加入非阿片样药物以获得除镇痛之外的效果,例如镇咳、祛痰、减充血、抗组胺药物,局部麻醉剂等。
优选实施方式的详细描述
以下实施例可说明本发明的各方面内容,但它们对本发明的范围并不构成限定。
实施例1
吗啡/纳曲酮控释细粒剂
本实施例的目的是制备一种纳曲酮(拮抗剂)控释细粒剂,用于加入控释阿片样物质(激动剂)中。吗啡/纳曲酮控释(CR)胶囊
制备纳曲酮控释细粒剂(NXCR),可将该细粒剂装入含有阿片样物质控释细粒剂的硬明胶胶囊中。以硫酸吗啡控释细粒剂(MSCR)为例与NXCR细粒剂混合,然后装入胶囊。
配方1A:NXCR细粒剂
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) | |
步骤1:制备药物层 | 盐酸纳曲酮 | 2.0 | 14.0 |
Non-pareil细粒(30-35目) | 96.0 | 672.0 | |
Plasdone C30 | 1.0 | 7.0 | |
滑石 | 1.0 | 7.0 | |
水 | 280 | ||
步骤2:密封包衣 | Opadry透明颜料(羟丙基甲基纤维素) | 5.0 | 35.0 |
水 | 315.0 | ||
步骤3:缓释包衣 | Eudragit RS30D(干燥) | 13.23 | 92.61 |
柠檬酸三丁酯 | 3.51 | 24.57 | |
Tween 80 | 0.03 | 0.21 | |
滑石 | 13.23 | 92.61 | |
水 | 624.0 | ||
步骤4:密封包衣 | Opadry透明颜料(羟丙基甲基纤维素) | 5.0 | 35.0 |
水 | 315.0 | ||
总计 | 140 | 980 |
细粒剂的制备过程(NXCR细粒):
1.将盐酸纳曲酮和Plasdone溶解于水。在流化床中用Wurster喷头将该药物溶液喷涂在Non-pareil细粒上。喷涂Opadry透明颜料作为密封包衣。
2.在流化床包衣机中,将Opadry透明颜料喷涂到含有药物的细粒上作为密封包衣。
3.将Eudragit RS30D,柠檬酸三丁酯,Tween80和滑石分散在水中。在流化床包衣机中,将该分散系喷涂到细粒上。
1.将Opadry透明颜料溶解于水。在流化床包衣机中,将该溶液喷涂到细粒上。
4.细粒在60℃固化24小时。
溶出方法:
1.设备:USP II(桨式)溶解仪,50rpm,37℃,
2.取样时间:1,2,4,12,24,36小时,
3.介质:900ml pH6.5的磷酸盐缓冲液,
4.分析方法:高性能液相层析。
结果与讨论
NXCR细粒剂的溶出试验结果如下:
时间(hr) | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 |
平均溶出率(%) | 10 | 13 | 24 | 40 | 75 |
Nd=未测得
以上溶出试验结果显示:纳曲酮的释放速度适合间隔24小时的给药。
配方1B(吗啡细粒-MSCR细粒)制剂
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) | |
步骤1:制备药物层 | 硫酸吗啡 | 60.0 | 45.0 |
乳糖粉末 | 12.0 | 9.0 | |
Eudragit RS30D(干燥) | 2.0 | 1.5 | |
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 | 3.5 | 2.63 | |
Nupareil细粒(30-35目) | 16.8 | 12.6 | |
Opadry蓝色颜料 | 4.9 | 3.68 | |
水 | 31.5 | ||
步骤2:控释包衣 | MSIR细粒(步骤1) | 99.2 | 74.41 |
Eudragit RS30D(干燥) | 4.712 | 3.53 | |
Eudragit RL30D(干燥) | 0.248 | 0.19 | |
柠檬酸三乙酯 | 0.992 | 0.74 | |
滑石 | 1.884 | 1.49 | |
Opadry蓝色颜料 | 5.639 | 4.23 | |
水 | 余量 | ||
总计 | 112.675 | 159 |
制备过程(MSCR细粒):
1.将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和Eudragit RS30D分散在水中。将硫酸吗啡和乳糖混合均匀。
2.在旋转包衣机中加入细粒。将药物粉末混合物和粘合剂溶液喷涂到细粒上。
2.在旋转包衣机中给以上所得细粒加上膜包衣。
3.将Eudragit RS30D,Eudragit RL30D,柠檬酸三乙酯和滑石分散在水中。
在流化床中,用Wurster喷头给对以上所得细粒进行包衣。
4.固化细粒。
溶出方法:设备:USP II(桨式)溶解仪,100rpm,37℃,取样时间:1,2,4,12,24,36小时,介质:前55分钟:700ml SGF,然后转入900 SIF分析方法:高性能液相层析。
结果与讨论
NXCR细粒剂的溶出试验结果如下:
时间(hr) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 24 |
平均溶出率(%) | 4 | 8 | 23 | 49 | 70 | 83 | 85 |
Nd=未测得
以上溶出试验结果显示:硫酸吗啡的释放速度适合间隔24小时的给药。
实施例1C:吗啡CR/纳曲酮CR胶囊
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) | |
步骤1:装胶囊 | 硫酸吗啡CR细粒 | 112.675 | 159 |
盐酸纳曲酮CR细粒 | 140.0 | 105 | |
总计 | 232.675 | 264 |
制备过程(MSCR/NXCR胶囊):
将112.675mg MSCR细粒(实施例1B)和140mg纳曲酮CR细粒(实施例1A)装入适当大小的胶囊。
实施例2
氢吗啡酮/纳曲酮CR胶囊
制备纳曲酮控释颗粒,可将其装入含有阿片样物质控释颗粒的硬明胶胶囊中。以盐酸氢吗啡酮控释颗粒(HHCR)为例与纳曲酮CR颗粒混合,然后装入胶囊。
配方2A:盐酸纳曲酮颗粒
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
盐酸纳曲酮 | 2.0 | 33.3 |
Eudragit RSPO | 70.0 | 1166.7 |
Eudragit RLPO | 8.0 | 133.3 |
硬脂酸 | 40.0 | 666.7 |
总计 | 120.0 | 2000.0 |
方法:
3.在双壁搅拌机混合机中将盐酸纳曲酮,Eudragit RSPO,Eudragit RLPO,硬脂酸混合。
4.将以上混合物连续送入双螺杆挤塑机中,将挤出的条状物收集在传送带上。
5.让传送带上的挤出条冷却。
6.用造粒机将冷却后的挤出条切成颗粒。
7.筛选收集。
溶出方法:
1.设备:USP I(篮式)溶解仪,75rpm,37℃,
2.取样时间:1,2,4,8,12小时,
3.介质:前1小时,700ml SGF,然后转入900ml SIF
4.分析方法:高性能液相层析。
结果:
时间(hr) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 12 |
平均溶出率(%) | 13.9 | 20.3 | 27.3 | 37.6 | 45.3 |
配方2B:盐酸氢吗啡酮CR颗粒
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
盐酸氢吗啡酮 | 12.0 | 3.2 |
Eudragit RSPO | 76.5 | 20.4 |
乙基纤维素 | 4.5 | 1.2 |
硬脂醇 | 27.0 | 7.2 |
总计 | 120. | 32.0 |
方法:1.将硬脂醇片通过冲击研磨机。2.在双壁搅拌机中混合盐酸氢吗啡酮,Eudragit,乙基纤维素和硬脂醇粉末。3.将以上混合物连续送入双螺杆挤塑机中,将挤出的条状物收集在传送带上。4.让传送带上的条状物冷却。5.用造粒机将冷却后的挤出条切成颗粒。6.筛选收集。
溶出方法:1.设备:USP I(篮式)溶解仪,75rpm,37℃,2.取样时间:1,2,4,8,12,18,24小时,3.介质:900ml(USP)SIF+3g NaCl/L4.分析方法:高性能液相层析。
结果:
时间(hr) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 24 |
平均溶出率(%) | 12.6 | 23.8 | 43.2 | 69.5 | 84.7 | 96.5 | 100.8 |
配方2C:盐酸氢吗啡酮CR/纳曲酮CR胶囊
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
盐酸氢吗啡酮CR颗粒 | 120.0 | 12.0 |
盐酸纳曲酮CR颗粒 | 120.0 | 12.0 |
总计 | 240.0 | 24.0 |
方法:
将120.0mg盐酸氢吗啡酮CR颗粒(实施例3B)和120mg内曲酮CR颗粒(实施例3A)装入适当大小的胶囊。
实施例3
CR阿片样激动剂/拮抗剂颗粒(片剂化)
制备包含阿片样激动剂(盐酸羟考酮)和阿片样物质拮抗剂(盐酸纳曲酮)的控释片剂,以上两种药物的形式都是颗粒,即将所述激动剂和拮抗剂分别分散在控释基质中。将所述颗粒与熔融的蜡(硬脂醇)混合,制成蜡封颗粒,然后研磨,与其他赋形剂混合后压制成片。
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
盐酸羟考酮 | 10.00 | 11.00 |
盐酸纳曲酮 | 0.50 | 0.55 |
喷雾干燥乳糖 | 68.75 | 75.62 |
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 | 5.00 | 5.50 |
Eudragit RS 30D(干重) | 10.00 | 11.0 |
甘油三乙酸酯 | 2.00 | 2.20 |
硬脂醇 | 25.00 | 27.50 |
滑石 | 2.50 | 2.75 |
硬脂酸镁 | 1.25 | 1.38 |
Opadry白色颜料 | 5.00 | 5.50 |
纯化水 | 31.16* | |
总计 | 130.00 | 143.00 |
*留在产品中的仅为残存水分。
方法:
1.制备溶液 将甘油三乙酸酯与Eudragit混合增强其塑性。将盐酸纳曲酮溶解
于以上增塑溶液。
2.造粒 将盐酸羟考酮,喷雾干燥乳糖和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮加入流化床造粒
机,并加入以上溶液。
3.研磨 将以上颗粒通过旋转叶轮式研磨机。
4.干燥 如果含水量过高,进行颗粒的干燥
5.蜡封 融化硬脂醇,将熔融硬脂醇加入以上颗粒,同时搅拌,进行蜡封。
6.冷却 让流化干燥器内的蜡封颗粒冷却。
7.研磨 将冷却后的蜡封颗粒通过旋转叶轮式研磨机。
8.混合 混合以上经研磨的蜡封颗粒,滑石和硬脂酸镁。
9.压片 将以上所得颗粒压制成片。
10.包衣 将Opadry颜料分散在纯化水中制备成包衣溶液,将该溶液涂到片
芯上。
实施例4
CR阿片样激动剂/拮抗剂颗粒(片剂化)
制备包含阿片样激动剂(硫酸吗啡)和阿片样物质拮抗剂(盐酸纳曲酮)的控释片剂。所述片剂包含以上两种药物分别分散在控释基质中所得的颗粒。将所述颗粒与熔融的蜡(十六十八烷醇)混合,制成蜡封颗粒,然后研磨,与其他赋形剂混合后压制成片。
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
硫酸吗啡(五水合物) | 30.00 | 108.0 |
盐酸纳曲酮 | 0.50 | 1.8 |
喷雾干燥乳糖 | 69.5 | 250.2 |
羟乙基纤维素 | 10.0 | 36.0 |
纯化水 | 75.9* | |
十六十八烷醇 | 35.0 | 126.0 |
滑石 | 3.0 | 10.8 |
硬脂酸镁 | 2.0 | 7.2 |
Opadry紫色颜料 | 3.0 | 10.8 |
纯化水 | 61.2* | |
总计 | 153.0 | 550.8 |
*留在产品中的仅为残存水分。
方法:1.制备溶液 将盐酸纳曲酮搅拌溶于纯化水。2.造粒 在混合机中混合硫酸吗啡,喷雾干燥乳糖和羟乙基纤维素,用以上
盐酸纳曲酮水溶液造粒。3.干燥 在流化床干燥机中干燥以上所得颗粒。4.研磨 将以上所得颗粒通过研磨机。5.干燥 如果含水量过高,进行颗粒的干燥6.蜡封 融化十六十八烷醇,将熔融的十六十八烷醇加入以上颗粒,同时搅
拌,进行蜡封。7.冷却 让流化干燥器内的蜡封颗粒冷却。8.研磨 将冷却后的蜡封颗粒通过研磨机。9.混合 混合研磨后的蜡封颗粒,滑石和硬脂酸镁。9.压片 将以上所得颗粒压制成片。10.包衣 将Opadry颜料分散在纯化水中制备成包衣溶液,将该溶液涂到片
芯上。
实施例5
片剂化的CR阿片样激动剂/拮抗剂挤塑剂
制备包含阿片样激动剂(盐酸氢吗啡酮)和阿片样物质拮抗剂(纳曲酮)的控释胶囊。将蜡,乙基纤维素和Eudragit混合,然后加入双螺杆挤塑机,制备成含药物的挤出颗粒。然后将所得颗粒装入硬明胶胶囊
配方
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
盐酸氢吗啡酮 | 12.0 | 120.0 |
Eudragit RSPO | 76.0 | 760.0 |
乙基纤维素 | 4.5 | 45.0 |
硬脂醇 | 27.0 | 270.0 |
盐酸纳曲酮 | 0.5 | 5.0 |
硬明胶胶囊 | √ | √ |
总计 | 120.0 | 1200.0 |
方法:1.研磨 将硬脂醇片通过冲击研磨机2.混合 在双壁搅拌机中混合盐酸氢吗啡酮,Eudragit,乙基纤维素,研磨
过的硬脂醇和盐酸纳曲酮。3.挤塑 将以上混合物连续送入双螺杆挤塑机,将挤出的条状物收集在传送
带上。4.冷却 让传送带上的挤出条状物冷却。5.造粒 用造粒剂将冷却后的挤出物切成颗粒。6.筛选 筛选颗粒,收集所需部分的颗粒。7.装胶囊 将120mg挤出颗粒装入硬明胶胶囊。
实施例6
片剂化的CR阿片样激动剂/拮抗剂挤塑剂
制备包含阿片样激动剂(二酒石酸氢可酮)和阿片样物质拮抗剂(盐酸纳曲酮)的控释胶囊。片剂内所含药物的形式为挤塑颗粒。
配方
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
二酒石酸氢可酮 | 30.0 | 15.0 |
盐酸纳曲酮 | 0.5 | 0.25 |
硬脂醇 | 44.0 | 22.0 |
无水磷酸氢钙粉末 | 62.0 | 31.0 |
微晶纤维素 | 62.0 | 31.0 |
甘油Behenate酯 | 20.0 | 10.0 |
硬脂酸镁 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
Opadry红色颜料 | 10.0 | 5.0 |
纯化水 | 28.4* | |
总计 | 230.5 | 115.25 |
方法:1.研磨 将硬脂醇片通过振动研磨机2.混合 在双壁搅拌机中混合二酒石酸氢可酮,盐酸纳曲酮,研磨过的硬脂
醇,无水磷酸氢钙粉末,微晶纤维素和甘油Behenate酯。3.挤塑 将以上混合物连续送入双螺杆挤塑机,将挤出的条状物收集在传送
带上。4.冷却 让传送带上的挤出条状物冷却。5.研磨 用振动研磨机研磨冷却后的条状物。6.混合 将研磨过的挤出物与硬脂酸镁混合。7.压片 将所得颗粒压制成片。8.包衣 将Opady颜料分散在纯化水中制备成包衣溶液,将其喷涂在片芯上。
实施例7
片剂化CR阿片样激动剂/拮抗剂颗粒(释放速度经调节)
制备包含阿片样激动剂(硫酸吗啡)和阿片样物质拮抗剂(盐酸纳曲酮)的控释片剂。本实施例中,用控释载体(Eudragit RS30D)处理阿片样物质拮抗剂,调整其释放速度,然后才与阿片样激动剂混合,制成控释片剂。
成分 | 每单位含量(mg) | 每批含量(g) |
盐酸纳曲酮 | 0.50 | 1.80 |
Eudragit RS 30D(干重) | 0.03 | 0.10 |
甘油三乙酸酯 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
硫酸吗啡(五水合物) | 30.00 | 108.00 |
喷雾干燥乳糖 | 69.46 | 250.06 |
羟乙基纤维素 | 10.00 | 36.00 |
纯化水 | 75.90* | |
十六十八烷醇 | 35.00 | 126.00 |
滑石 | 3.00 | 10.80 |
硬脂酸镁 | 2.00 | 7.20 |
Opadry紫色颜料 | 3.00 | 10.80 |
纯化水 | 61.20* | |
总计 | 153.0 | 550.8 |
*留在产品中的仅为残存水分。
方法:1.制备溶液 将甘油三乙酸酯与Eudragit混合增强其塑性。2.预制粒 在流化床造粒机中,用以上溶液将盐酸纳曲酮预先制备成颗粒。3.造粒 在混合机中加入以上盐酸纳曲酮颗粒,硫酸吗啡,喷雾干燥乳糖
和羟乙基纤维素,用纯化水造粒。4.干燥 在流化干燥器内干燥以上颗粒。5.研磨 将以上所得颗粒通过研磨机。6.干燥 如果含水量过高,进行颗粒的干燥7.蜡封 融化十六十八烷醇,将熔融十六十八烷醇加入以上颗粒,同时搅
拌,进行蜡封。8.冷却 让流化干燥器内的蜡封颗粒冷却。9.研磨 将冷却后的蜡封颗粒通过研磨机。10.混合 混合以上经研磨的蜡封颗粒,滑石和硬脂酸镁。11.压片 将以上所得颗粒压制成片。12.包衣 将Opadry颜料分散在纯化水中制备成包衣溶液,将该溶液涂到片
芯上。
实施例8
透皮给药系统
如下所述,按照WO96/19975实施例1所述制备透皮给药系统,所不同的是加入所需量的纳曲酮:将1.139g 47.83w/%的聚丙烯酸酯溶液(含自结网(selfnetting)丙烯酸酯共聚物:丙烯酸2-乙基己酯,乙酸乙烯酯,丙烯酸(溶剂∶乙酸乙酯∶庚烷∶异丙醇∶甲苯∶乙酰丙酮=37∶26∶26∶4∶1),100g乙酰丙酸,150g油酸油酯,100g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,150g乙醇,200g乙酸乙酯和100g丁丙诺啡碱和1g纳曲酮均化。搅拌该混合物2小时,目测所有固体是否完全溶解。必须用定量返还(weighingback)法控制蒸发损失,并在必要时借助于乙酸乙酯补足溶剂。然后,将该混合物倒在一张420mm宽的透明聚酯薄膜上,浆料干燥层的表面重量为80g/m2。该聚酯薄膜经硅酮处理可再次溶解,其作用是作为保护层。用引自湿润通道的热空气去除溶剂。这样的热处理,在去除溶剂的同时可使乙酰丙酸熔化。然后,在密封膜上覆盖一层15mu.ab.聚酯薄膜。用合适的切割工具将其切成约16cm2的表面面积,修去留在两单独系统之间的毛边。
实施例9
实施例8所用的制剂与WO96/19975实施例3中的基本相同,制备方法如实施例8所述,并含有10%丁丙诺啡(和以上实施例所述比例含量的纳曲酮),10%的levulinic酸,10%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,10%油酸油酯,其余为聚丙烯酸酯。为了获得文中实施例1制剂希望的25μg/hr的公称释放速度,该透皮药贴内丁丙诺啡的总量约为10mg,活性表面积约为12.5cm2,药贴的大小可以是例如30.6cm2。
给药过程为:将一张含有10mg丁丙诺啡碱和0.1mg纳曲酮/药贴储库的药贴贴于患者的皮肤,保持7天。
实施例10
透皮系统
用以下成分制备含药物的聚合物基质片:活性药物,10份(包括10∶1的氢吗啡酮和纳曲酮);药用DC-360液体聚硅氧烷(20cps),10份;硅酮(药用级)382弹性体,80份;催化剂M,每100g混合物20滴。
用高剪切混合机(Cole-Parmer Company),1000RPM,将活性成分充分分散在80份Silastic药用382弹性体中。
继续搅拌,同时在该活性药物-弹性体微分散混合物中加入20份DC-360(药用硅酮液体)和20滴(每100g混合物)交联剂,即催化剂M,亦即辛酸亚锡。以上物质分别加完后,充分搅拌,将该混合物真空脱气。
将活性药物-聚二甲基硅氧烷分散系装入成形机(device maker)中,提高温度(25-100℃)进行交联,形成交联含药聚合物膜,厚约0.2-3mm。
将含药聚合物膜从成形机上取下,切成约3-20cm2的圆片。将该圆片与可热封聚酯膜贴合,该聚酯膜层合在铝箔上。该层合件即购自3M公司的Scotchpak1006。用胶粘性聚合物溶液将含药圆片与所述聚合物膜贴合,该溶液为Dow Corning的DC-355硅酮胶粘性聚合物。或者,可以直接在支持层上形成含药圆片。
用以下成分制备皮肤渗透增强剂-胶粘膜:皮肤渗透增强剂,6.5份;丙酮30份;胶粘性聚合物溶液,100份。如下制备皮肤渗透增强剂-胶粘膜:将6.5重量份皮肤渗透增强剂溶解在30份丙酮中。然后,将该丙酮溶液加入100份硅酮胶粘剂溶液(Dow Corning的DC-355)。
将以上混合物充分混匀,形成皮肤渗透增强剂与胶粘剂聚合物的均匀混合物,将该混合物涂在一条硅酮处理过的剥离衬或Teflon涂层聚酯膜上,为的是在将最终的聚合物基质圆片剂型用于给患者透皮治疗前可方便地将该剥离衬剥掉。控制所加胶粘性混合物的厚度,使得所形成的层厚约为50-200μm。在真空中去除挥发性成分,使得该层完全干燥。
将以上具有剥离衬的皮肤渗透增强剂-胶粘聚合物层加到含活性药物的聚合物基质圆片上,对支持层施加恒定的压力,得到牢固粘合的如下四层复合膜:
1.支持层;
2.含活性药物的聚合物基质层;
3.皮肤渗透增强剂-胶粘剂层;
4.剥离衬,方便地剥除后即可贴合于患者的皮肤从而提供活性药物的透皮释放。
用合适切割机将以上复合膜条切成面积约10cm2的圆形透皮聚合物基质单位剂型。
以上聚合物基质圆片形单位制剂采用的是以下皮肤渗透增强剂:1-十二烷基氮杂环庚-2-酮(商品名为Azone),肉豆蔻酸丙酯和油酸丙酯。
本发明聚合物基质单元剂型的透皮吸收是用取自无毛的小鼠或人尸体的皮肤样品,按照P.R.Keshary和Y.W.Chien在Drug Develop & Ind.Pharm.,10(6)883-913(1984)所述进行评价。
实施例11
口腔粘膜给药系统
用双辊研磨机均匀混合丁丙诺啡游离碱和纳曲酮(8%,20∶1),Carbopol934(52%),聚异丁烯(35%)和聚异戊二烯(5%,w/w),然后将混合物压至适当厚度,由此制成口腔粘膜贴。将支持层(乙基纤维素)贴合于以上压制层的一面,然后冲切成圆片(0.5cm2)。支持层的作用在于阻止药物从圆片的该面释放,同时避免与对面的组织粘合。各柔韧圆片的厚度约为0.6mm,并含有约3mg丁丙诺啡和适量的纳曲酮。该口腔贴适合用于牙床和嘴唇。
实施例12-14
栓剂
对本发明控释系统中的吗啡和纳曲酮进行试验。表1所示的三种栓剂反映了本发明控释栓剂的原理:
表1
吗啡栓剂配方实施例成分 1 2 3硫酸吗啡 30.0mg 30.0mg 30.0mg盐酸纳曲酮 0.5mg 0.5mg 0.5m藻酸钠 327mg 409mg 450mg(低粘度LF级)磷酸氢二钙 32.5mg 40.5mg 45.0mgNovata-B 1410.0mg 1320.0mg 1275.0mg总计 1800.0mg 1800.0mg 1800.0mg |
Novata-B是甘油一酯、二酯和三酯的混合物,其中的酸为C12-18饱和天然脂肪酸,具有特定的熔程(33.4-25.5℃)。
按以下方法制备栓剂:用#200筛分别筛选硫酸吗啡粉末,盐酸纳曲酮粉末,藻酸钠和磷酸钙。将以上三种粉末充分混合。在不锈钢容器内熔化Novata-B,保持温度低于60℃。
然后将混合粉末加入已完全熔化的蜡(约50℃)中,同时不断搅拌。然后缓慢降温至40℃,保持在此温度。然后,将均匀的混合物转移到自动栓剂罐装壶中,在38℃保持搅拌。
测定装量后,在37℃左右(例如36-38℃)将所示的装量装入栓剂外壳中。让栓剂冷却,然后密封。
实施例15-19
鼻用组合物
在实施例15-19中,对美国专利5,629,011例举的制剂进行修改,为的是加入本发明的阿片样物质拮抗剂。
在实施例15中,用交联淀粉微球体制备含吗啡-6-葡糖苷酸和纳曲酮的生物胶粘性粉末制剂。按EP223302中的方法制备微球体,大小以1-100μm为宜。可以如下制备所述制剂:将75mg激动剂和足量的纳曲酮溶于30ml水中,然后与1g淀粉微球体混合。将产物冷冻干燥成流动自由的粉末。该粉末可用吸入装置比内使用。
在实施例16中,采用实施例15的生物胶粘性微球体,但加入了吸收增强剂,优选溶血磷酯酰甘油(LPG)。将100mg LPG加入吗啡代谢产物和微球体悬浮液中。
实施例17中,加入吸收增强剂,如下制成液体制剂:将150mg吗啡-6-葡糖苷酸和足量纳曲酮溶于10ml 0.5%的中粘度脱乙酰基几丁质(脱乙酰80%,ProtanLimited)。加入取代环糊精(二甲基-β-环糊精(Sigma Chemical Corp),使其浓度达5%。该液体制剂可用常规泵式喷雾装置给药。
实施例18中,制备实施例17的制剂,单用α-环糊精(Sigma Chemical Corp)取代二甲基-β-环糊精,浓度仍为50mg/ml。
实施例19中,制备实施例16的微球体制剂,但用50mg螯合剂EDTA取代其中的增强剂加入吗啡代谢产物与微球体悬浮液中。如实施例15所述对产物进行冷冻干燥。
实施例20
注射用微球体
实施例20中,将药物和聚合物溶于乙酸乙酯,制成丁丙诺啡/纳曲酮微球体。所述聚合物为50∶50的聚(D,L)乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物,其中含50mol%乳交酯和50%乙交酯。然后,将该分散系搅拌加入聚乙烯醇(PVA)的水溶液(连续相)。监测所得乳液的液滴大小,利用搅拌速度进行控制。然后,将形成的乳液加入水中,萃出溶剂,让微球体硬化。然后,过滤所得混合物,室温下真空干燥所得微球体。筛选收集所需大小的颗粒。然后,将所得微球体悬浮在注射用介质(例如水)中。结论
虽然以上列举了本发明的某些实施例,但这些只是为了说明本发明的各方面内容。具体地说,以上实施例是用于引导本领域熟练技术人员如何制造本发明的控释剂型和实施本发明。本领域熟练技术人员可以看出,这些剂型尚未经过体内试验确认是否具有本发明所需的效果,即,阿片样物质拮抗剂量的含量和给药间期内阿片样物质拮抗剂的释放量实际上能够有效增强阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果,并降低后者的抗镇痛、痛觉过敏,兴奋过度、生理依赖性和/或耐药性等副作用,或者增强阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果以至于给药间期内仅释放出低于镇痛剂量的阿片样激动剂即可。但是,根据Grain等的美国专利5,512,578;5,472,943;5,580,876和5,767,125中的信息,本领域技术人员无需进行过多试验即可调节剂型所含阿片样物质拮抗剂的剂量和释放速度,从而达到本发明权利要求中的要求。而且,本领域技术人员根据本发明内容可以看出,以上实施例中的阿片样激动剂含量一般为“镇痛剂量”,但该剂量可以因为同时释放的阿片样物质拮抗剂可增强激动剂的镇痛效果而有所降低。
对以上实施例可进行多种修改,这些都应视为包括在本发明范围内。
Claims (34)
1.一种控释剂型,含有阿片样激动剂,阿片样物质拮抗剂和控释材料;该剂型可在给药间期释放出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂,同时释放其量足以降低一种或多种所述阿片样激动剂以下副作用的阿片样物质拮抗剂:抗镇痛,痛觉过敏,兴奋过度,生理依赖性或耐药性,所述剂型在给人服用后的镇痛效果至少可维持8小时。
2.根据权利要求1所述的控释剂型,给药间期内所述拮抗剂的释放量能增强所述阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果。
3.根据权利要求1所述的控释剂型,所述阿片样物质受体拮抗剂的给药量比阿片样激动剂给药量低约100-1000倍。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的控释剂型,所述阿片样激动剂与阿片样物质拮抗剂以基本上成比例的速度释放。
5.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的控释剂型,所述剂型的给药途径选自:口服后由胃肠道吸收,透皮给药,口腔粘膜给药,鼻内给药,注射给药和直肠给药。
6.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的控释剂型,所述剂型是固体口服剂型。
7.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的控释剂型,所述剂型是透皮给药系统。
8.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的控释剂型,所述剂型是注射制剂。
9.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的控释剂型,所述剂型是鼻内给药制剂。
10.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的控释剂型,所述的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂包含在许多具有包衣的基质中,所述包衣含有所述控释材料,所述的基质选自丸粒,颗粒,细粒和球粒。
11.根据权利要求4所述的口服控释剂型,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂先经处理调整其释放速度后才与阿片样激动剂混合,使得如此混合所得的控释剂型可以基本上成比例的速度释放阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂。
12.根据权利要求4所述的口服控释剂型,该剂型为口服给药,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂先经处理调整其释放速度后才与阿片样激动剂混合,使得如此混合所得控释剂型的阿片样激动剂释放量和阿片样物质拮抗剂释放量在整个给药间期内都具有治疗效用。
13.根据权利要求4所述的口服控释剂型,其中,阿片样物质拮抗剂的形式是阿片样物质拮抗剂分散在第一控释基质中所成的颗粒,所述阿片样激动剂的形式是阿片样激动剂分散在第二控释基质中所成的颗粒,第一控释基质实现阿片样物质拮抗剂的控释,第二控释基质实现阿片样激动剂的控释。
14.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的口服控释剂型,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂的形式是阿片样物质拮抗剂分散在控释基质中所成的颗粒,该颗粒与阿片样激动剂和另一种控释材料混合,使得所述阿片样物质拮抗剂与阿片样激动剂以基本相同的成比例速度释放。
15.根据权利要求1-14中任一项所述的控释剂型,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂选自:纳洛酮,纳曲酮,二丙诺啡,埃托啡,二氢埃托啡,以上各自的药用盐,和它们的混合物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的控释剂型,其中的阿片样激动剂是双峰作用型阿片样激动剂,选自:吗啡,可待因,芬太尼类似物,喷他佐辛,美沙酮,丁丙诺啡,脑啡肽,强啡肽,内啡肽和作用类似的阿片样生物碱和阿片样肽。
17.根据权利要求6所述的控释剂型,该剂型可提供约12小时的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂控释。
18.根据权利要求6所述的控释剂型,该剂型可提供约24小时的阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂控释。
19.一种控释剂型,含有阿片样激动剂,阿片样物质拮抗剂和控释材料;该剂型可在给药间期释放出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂,同时释放其量足以增强释放出的阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果的阿片样物质拮抗剂,所述剂型在给人服用后的镇痛效果至少可维持8小时。
20.根据权利要求19所述的控释剂型,其中阿片样物质受体拮抗剂的用量比阿片样激动剂用量低约100-1000倍。
21.根据权利要求19或20所述的控释剂型,所述阿片样物质拮抗剂的量同时还能有效降低一种或多种阿片样激动剂的以下副作用:抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性、耐药性。
22.根据权利要求21所述的控释剂型,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂选自:纳洛酮,纳曲酮,二丙诺啡,埃托啡,二氢埃托啡,以上各自的药用盐,和它们的混合物。
23.根据权利要求21所述的控释剂型,其中的阿片样激动剂是双峰作用型阿片样激动剂,选自:吗啡,可待因,芬太尼类似物,喷他佐辛,美沙酮,丁丙诺啡,脑啡肽,强啡肽,内啡肽和作用类似的阿片样生物碱和阿片样肽。
24.一种制备具有增强镇痛效果的阿片类镇痛剂控释剂型的方法,该方法包括:制备包含阿片样激动剂,阿片样物质拮抗剂和控释材料的控释剂型,将其制成可在给药间期释放出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂,同时释放其量足以增强释放出的阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果的阿片样物质拮抗剂,且所述剂型在给人服用后的镇痛效果至少可维持8小时。
25.一种制备降低了一种或多种阿片样激动剂的以下副作用的阿片类镇痛剂控释剂型的方法,所述阿片样激动剂的副作用选自:抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性、耐药性,该方法包括:制备包含阿片样激动剂,阿片样物质拮抗剂和控释材料的控释剂型,将其制成可在给药间期释放出镇痛有效量或低于镇痛有效量的阿片样激动剂,同时释放其量足以增强释放出的阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果的阿片样物质拮抗剂,且所述剂型在给人服用后的镇痛效果至少可维持8小时。
26.根据权利要求24或25所述的方法,还包括将所述剂型制成所含阿片样物质受体拮抗剂的含量比所含阿片样激动剂的含量低约100-1000倍。
27.根据权利要求24所述的方法,所述阿片样物质拮抗剂的量同时还能有效降低一种或多种阿片样激动剂的以下副作用:抗镇痛、痛觉过敏、兴奋过度、生理依赖性、耐药性。
28.根据权利要求24-26中任一项所述的方法,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂选自:纳洛酮,纳曲酮,二丙诺啡,埃托啡,二氢埃托啡,以上各自的药用盐,和它们的混合物。
29.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其中的阿片样激动剂是双峰作用型阿片样激动剂,选自:吗啡,可待因,芬太尼类似物,喷他佐辛,美沙酮,丁丙诺啡,脑啡肽,强啡肽,内啡肽和作用类似的阿片样生物碱和阿片样肽。
30.根据权利要求24-26中任一项所述的方法,所述阿片样物质拮抗剂与阿片样激动剂以基本相同的成比例速度释放。
31.根据权利要求24-26中任一项所述的方法,还包括:(i)对阿片样激动剂或阿片样物质拮抗剂进行预处理以调整其释放速度;(ii)将预处理后的药物与另一方混合,制成阿片样物质拮抗剂与阿片样激动剂以基本相同的成比例速度释放的剂型。
32.一种阿片样类镇痛剂透皮给药系统,其中包含阿片样激动剂和阿片样物质拮抗剂,它们包含在储库或基质中,能够以控释的方式从该剂型中释放,当将该剂型用于患者皮肤时,其中的阿片样激动剂以可提供长达至少3天的镇痛效果的平均相对速度释放,其中的阿片样物质拮抗剂以足以降低阿片样激动剂副作用但不至于抵消其镇痛效果的平均相对速度释放。
33.根据权利要求32所述的透皮给药系统,所述透皮给药系统的拮抗剂释放量能有效增强释放出的阿片样激动剂的镇痛效果。
34.根据权利要求34所述的透皮给药系统,所述透皮给药系统的阿片样物质受体拮抗剂释放量比阿片样激动剂释放量低约100-1000倍。
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CN2009102080743A Expired - Lifetime CN101703777B (zh) | 2000-02-08 | 2001-02-08 | 抗破坏口服阿片样激动剂 |
CN01807725A Pending CN1423559A (zh) | 2000-02-08 | 2001-02-08 | 包含阿片样激动剂和拮抗剂的控释组合物 |
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EP (6) | EP3130338A1 (zh) |
JP (10) | JP2003522146A (zh) |
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