CN102432593A - 光学活性的3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶及其制备方法 - Google Patents

光学活性的3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN102432593A
CN102432593A CN2011103551125A CN201110355112A CN102432593A CN 102432593 A CN102432593 A CN 102432593A CN 2011103551125 A CN2011103551125 A CN 2011103551125A CN 201110355112 A CN201110355112 A CN 201110355112A CN 102432593 A CN102432593 A CN 102432593A
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沃尔德马.弗兰格尔
索尔斯藤.帕彻
托马斯.尼古拉
阿迪尔.杜兰
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Abstract

本发明涉及具有光学活性的3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶、其酒石酸盐及其制备方法。

Description

光学活性的3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶及其制备方法
本申请是中国发明申请(发明名称:手性8-(3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤的制备方法;申请日:2005年11月02日;申请号:200580037243.1)的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及制备手性8-(3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤、其对映异构体及其生理上可耐受盐的改良方法。
背景技术
下列通常结构的8-(3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤
Figure BDA0000107094690000011
其中R1为,例如任选取代的芳基甲基或任选取代的杂芳基甲基,R2为,例如烷基,及R3为,例如任选取代的苄基或直链或支链链烯基或炔基,已从国际专利申请案WO 02/068420、WO 04/018468、WO 04/018467、WO2004/041820及WO 2004/046148中得知,其中描述了具有有价值药理性质的化合物,其包括,特别是对酶二肽基肽酶IV(DPP-IV)活性的抑制作用。因此,此类化合物适合用于预防或治疗增加的DPP-IV活性相关的疾病或症状,或其可通过降低DPP-IV活性来预防或减轻疾病或症状,特别是I型或II型糖尿病或葡萄糖耐量的降低。
WO 04/018468公开了一种制备方法,其中8-(3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤是通过将相应的通式(II)的叔丁氧羰基保护的衍生物去保护来制备。
在该方法中,杂质很难移除,特别是在工业级制备上会发生,这可归因于所用的保护基。因此,此方法不适合用于工业上制备8-(3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,特别是对纯度有严格要求的药品制备。再者,此方法在制备对映异构体性的纯的(enantiomerically pure)前体3-(叔丁氧羰基氨基)哌啶上具有复杂且昂贵的缺点。然而,由于副作用的风险及将剂量降至最低的考虑,对映异构体性纯的活性物质对医药的应用是优选的。这些情况对该现知的工业制备对映异构性纯8-(3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤的适用性为不利的。
考虑了上述该已知制备方法的缺点,本发明的目的是提供一种使用易得的高化学纯及光学纯的起始物质,及无高技术成本及不便性下制备对映异构体性纯的8-(3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤的方法。该新颖方法亦适用于工业级合成,因此可作为商业应用。
此目的可通过以本发明的方法制备手性8-(3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤来达到。除了高产率的工业可行性外,绝佳的化学及光学纯度为本发明合成路径的其他的优点。
发明内容
根据本发明的方法,适当的黄嘌呤前体(III)是根据流程1的对映异构体性纯的或外消旋的(3-邻苯二甲酰亚氨基(phthalimido))-哌啶,在适当的溶剂中于20至160℃、优选为80至140℃的温度下反应。所用的溶剂,例如可为四氢呋喃(THF)、二烷、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)或二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。优选的是使用NMP。随后以本身已知的方法将邻苯二甲酰基保护基除去。可能的除去方法是描述于,例如T.W.Greene的“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”,Wiley 1981,第265页(例如溶于乙醇中的肼)。
Figure BDA0000107094690000031
在上述的化学式中,
X为离去基团,其是选自卤素,例如氟、氯或溴原子,或磺酸酯,例如苯基磺酰基氧基、对甲苯磺酰基氧基、甲基磺酰基氧基或三氟甲基磺酰基氧基的基团。
R1为苯基羰基甲基、苄基、萘基甲基、吡啶基甲基、嘧啶基甲基、喹啉基甲基,异喹啉基甲基、喹唑啉基甲基、喹喔啉基甲基、萘啶基甲基或菲啶基甲基,其中芳族或杂芳族基团在各情况下被Ra单或二取代,而该取代基可为相同或不同,及
Ra为氢、氟、氯或溴原子或氰基、甲基、三氟甲基、乙基、苯基、甲氧基、二氟甲氧基、三氟甲氧基或乙氧基,
或二个Ra基,当它们与相邻的碳原子键结时,还可为-O-CH2-O-或-O-CH2-CH2-O-基,
R2为甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、环丙基或苯基及
R3为2-丁烯-1-基、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基、2-丁炔-1-基、2-氟苄基、2-氯苄基、2-溴苄基、2-碘苄基、2-甲基苄基、2-(三氟甲基)苄基或2-氰基苄基。
该方法优选的是用于这些化合物,其中
X为氯或溴原子,
R1为苯基羰基甲基、苄基、萘基甲基、吡啶基甲基、嘧啶基甲基、喹啉基甲基,异喹啉基甲基、喹唑啉基甲基、喹喔啉基-甲基或萘啶基甲基,其中芳族或杂芳族基团在各情况下被Ra单或二取代,而该取代基可为相同或不同,及
Ra为氢、氟或氯原子或氰基、甲基、乙基、甲氧基或乙氧基,
R2为甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、环丙基或苯基及
R3为2-丁烯-1-基、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基、2-丁炔-1-基、2-氟苄基、2-氯苄基、2-溴苄基、2-碘苄基、2-甲基苄基、2-(三氟甲基)苄基或2-氰基苄基基团。
该方法优选的是用于那些化合物,其中
X为氯或溴原子
R1为氰基苄基、(氰基吡啶基)甲基、喹啉基甲基,(甲基喹啉基)甲基、异喹唑啉基甲基、(甲基异喹啉基)甲基、喹唑啉基甲基、(甲基喹唑啉基)甲基、喹喔啉甲基、(甲基喹喔啉基)甲基、(二甲基喹喔啉基)甲基或萘啶基甲基,
R2为甲基、环丙基或苯基及
R3为2-丁烯-1-基、3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-基、2-丁炔-1-基、2-氯苄基、2-溴苄基或2-氰基苄基,
但特别是对化合物1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤、1-[(3-甲基异喹啉-1-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤及1-[(3-氰基哌啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤,其中X为溴。
在各情况下优选的是使用(R)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶作为试剂。式(III)化合物的制备已描述于上述引用的文献中,且可根据已知的方法来进行。
本发明还提供制备光学活性3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的方法。在此方法中,先将3-氨基吡啶根据已知的方法氢化。然后将由此得到的外消旋3-氨基哌啶通过邻苯二甲酸酐转变为相应的邻苯二甲酰亚胺。从外消旋、粗邻苯二甲酰亚胺(IV)溶液中通过D-酒石酸可选择性地沉淀出该(R)对映异构体。毋须先将原来存在母液中的过量的D-酒石酸移除,以简单方法通过添加L-酒石酸还可由盐沉淀的母液中得到(IV)的(S)对映异构体。
此极简单的式(IV)化合物的对映异构体的分离,令本领域技术人员非常惊讶。由氢化反应得来的外消旋碱不必预先纯化来达到此目的。该方法本身甚至在工业级制备仍无任何问题。
此外,3-氨基哌啶与邻苯二甲酸酐的出乎意料完全的反应本身令人惊讶,因为根据文献(例如美国专利4,005,208,特别是实施例27),除了所需的产物外,混合物中预期会含有环上氮原子被酰化的衍生物。
Figure BDA0000107094690000051
下列实施例将更详细的说明本发明:
实施例1:
3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的R对映异构体的D-酒石酸盐
a.氢化作用:
Figure BDA0000107094690000052
将10.00kg(106.25mol)的3-氨基吡啶、500g工业级的活性炭及65升醋酸先装入氢化反应器中。将50g的Nishimura催化剂(市售的铑/铂混合催化剂)加入2.5升的醋酸中形成浆液并冲入(flush in)2.5升的醋酸。于50℃及100bar的氢气压下进行氢化,直到停止吸收氢气,及随后于50℃进行后氢化(post-hydrogenation)反应30分钟。将催化剂及活性炭滤出并以10升的醋酸洗涤。毋须纯化将产物溶液进行进一步的反应。
反应亦可在较不严格的压力下进行。
b.酰化作用
Figure BDA0000107094690000061
先将15.74kg(106.25mol)的邻苯二甲酸酐装入反应器中。并与由氢化反应得来的滤液混合。将其冲入7.5升的醋酸并随后将反应混合物加热回流,在此期间一小时内,蒸馏出约30%所用的醋酸。将反应溶液冷却至90℃。毋须纯化将产物溶液进行进一步的反应。
c.旋光拆开
将加热至50℃的11.16kg D(-)-酒石酸(74.38mol)的50升的无水乙醇溶液于90℃计量加入酰化反应溶液中。将其中冲入10升的无水乙醇并于90℃搅拌30分钟,在此期间产物结晶出。冷却至5℃后,将产物离心及以无水乙醇洗涤。毋须纯化将产物溶液进行进一步的反应。
d.重结晶
将湿的粗产物置于50升丙酮及90升水的混合物中加热回流直到溶液形成。随后,溶液冷却至5℃,在此期间有产物结晶出。将悬浮液于5℃搅拌30分钟,并将产物离心,最后用20升丙酮和10升水的混合物洗涤。将混合物在45℃在惰性条件下在干燥箱中干燥。
产率:11.7-12.5kg(理论值的29-31%)
实施例2
合成1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤
a.2-氯甲基-4-甲基喹唑啉
Figure BDA0000107094690000071
先装入10.00kg(73.98mol)的2-氨基苯乙酮并加入24.5升的1,4-二
Figure BDA0000107094690000072
烷。将溶液冷却至10℃,与引入的16.72kg(458.68mol)的氯化氢混合。将反应混合物加温至22-25℃。于此温度下再引入氯化氢。约至总引入量的一半时,混合物冷却至-10℃并继续引入。随后,将形成的悬浮液放置于-10℃下过夜。于-10℃,一小时内加入6.70kg(88.78mol)氯乙腈的2.5升1,4-二
Figure BDA0000107094690000073
烷溶液。向原料容器(feed vessel)冲入2升的1,4-二烷。之后,将反应器的内容物加温至6℃并再搅拌约2小时。
先向另一反应器中装入122升水及62.04kg(775.31mol)氢氧化钠溶液(50%)的混合物并冷却至6℃。分次加入第一反应器的反应混合物。内部的温度不超过11℃。随后,首先将第一反应器用6升1,4-二
Figure BDA0000107094690000075
烷冲洗,然后用6升的水冲洗。将生成的悬浮液于5℃再搅拌30分钟。将产物离心,以41升的水洗涤并于35℃在惰性条件下在干燥箱中干燥。
产率:10.5-12.1kg(理论值的74-85%)
b.1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-溴黄嘌呤
Figure BDA0000107094690000076
将10.00kg(33.66mol)的3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-溴黄嘌呤、7.13kg(37.02mol)2-氯甲基-4-甲基喹唑啉、3.92kg(37.02mol)无水碳酸钠及30升N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮先装入反应器中。将反应器内容物加热至140℃并于140℃搅拌2小时。反应结束后,将反应混合物冷却至80℃并用60升的96%乙醇稀释,随后于70℃用55升的水稀释。于60℃,计量加入4.04kg(67.32mol)醋酸并冲入5升的水。将生成的悬浮液于60℃搅拌30分钟,然后冷却至23℃并再搅拌30分钟。随后将产物离心并先以20升96%乙醇及20升水的混合物洗涤,然后以40升96%乙醇及40升水的混合物洗涤。于45℃在惰性条件下(under inertization)在干燥箱中干燥。
产率:11.6-12.6kg(理论值的76-83%)
c.1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-邻苯二甲酰亚氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤
将10.00kg(22.06mol)的1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-溴黄嘌呤、12.59kg(33.09mol)的3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶D-酒石酸盐及17.5升的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮先装入反应器中。将反应器内容物加热至140℃。达到此温度后,于20分钟内计量加入11.41kg(88.24mol)的二异丙基乙胺。向原料容器中冲入2.5升的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮及随后将反应混合物于140℃搅拌2小时。反应结束后,将反应混合物冷却至60℃并以80升的甲醇稀释。将生成的悬浮液于50℃搅拌30分钟,然后冷却至23℃并再搅拌30分钟。随后将产物离心并各以20升的甲醇洗涤3次。于45℃在惰性条件下在干燥箱中干燥。
产率:12.0-12.5kg(理论值的90-94%)
d.1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤
将1800kg(3mol)的1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-邻苯二甲酰亚氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤于18升的甲苯中加热至80-85℃。随后,于75-80℃将1.815升(30mol)的乙醇胺加到悬浮液中。将混合物于80-85℃搅拌2小时使反应完全,在此期间有固体进入溶液中。随后进行相分离。用温热的甲苯洗涤乙醇胺层二次(每次4升)。将合并的甲苯层每次各以8升的水于75-80℃洗涤二次。将22升的甲苯于减压下由甲苯层中蒸馏出。于40-50℃计量4升的叔丁基甲醚加至生成的悬浮液中并随后冷却至0-5℃。经过滤分离出产物,用叔丁基甲醚洗涤并抽真空干燥(suction dry)。之后将湿的粗物质与5倍量的无水乙醇加热回流并将该热溶液经活性炭过滤净化。将滤液冷却至20℃后,开始结晶,将其用叔丁基甲基醚稀释成二倍体积。将悬浮液冷却至2℃,另再搅拌2小时,抽滤并于45℃在真空干燥箱中干燥。
产率:1174g(理论值的83.2%)
步骤d的另一种方法:
将1400kg(2.32mol)的1-[(4-甲基喹唑啉-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-邻苯二甲酰亚氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤先置入4.9升的四氢呋喃中,随后加热至55-65℃。之后,将350ml的水及1433g(2.32mol)的乙醇胺加到悬浮液中。将混合物于60-63℃再搅拌3小时使反应完全。之后,加入619ml的45%的氢氧化钠溶液及3.85升的水,并将混合物于55-65℃搅拌30分钟,然后向反应混合物中加入5.6升的甲苯,将混合物搅拌15分钟,之后进行相分离。以2.8升的水于55-65℃洗涤有机层,随后分离。减压下从有机层蒸馏出4.2升。之后,于65-75℃加入1.4升的甲基环己烷,在此期间产物结晶。将悬浮液在15-25℃搅拌8-16小时,然后冷却至0-5℃。将产物过滤分离,用4.2升的甲基环己烷洗涤,抽真空干燥并于35℃减压干燥。随后将干燥的粗物质(991g)与5倍量的甲醇加热回流,加入活性炭并过滤混合物。将甲醇蒸馏出使滤液体积降至1.5升。将滤液冷却至45-55℃后,以叔丁基甲醚稀释成四倍体积。悬浮液冷却至0-5℃,搅拌2小时,抽滤、用叔丁基甲醚洗涤并于35℃在真空干燥箱中干燥。
产率:899g(81.9%的理论值)
实施例3
1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤
a.3-氰基-2-(氯甲基)-吡啶
将165.5g(0.98mol)的2-羟基甲基-3-吡啶甲酰胺(pyridinecarboxamide)与270ml的三氯氧化磷(phosphorus oxychloride)共同于90-100℃加热1小时。将反应混合物冷却至室温及随后于50-60℃逐滴加入约800ml的水。待三氯氧化磷水解后,冷却下以氢氧化钠溶液中和,在此期间沉淀出产物。将其过滤,以300ml的水洗涤及随后于35-40℃下干燥。
产率:122.6g(理论值的82%)
步骤a的另一种方法:3-氰基-2-(氯甲基)吡啶
将20.0g(131.45mmol)的2-羟基甲基-3-吡啶甲酰胺悬浮于110ml的乙腈中并加热至78℃。于15分钟内,计量加入60.65g(395.52mmol)的三氯氧化磷至混合物中并将混合物于81℃加热2小时。于22℃冷却后,将反应混合物置于200ml的水中于40℃下搅拌。加入100ml的甲苯后,以氢氧化钠溶液冷却下中和。进行相分离后,以100ml的水洗涤有机层。移出有机层并减压蒸发溶剂得到起初生成的油状残留物,将其静置使其结晶。
产率:16.66g(理论值的83%)
b.1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-溴黄嘌呤
Figure BDA0000107094690000101
将202g(0.68mol)的3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-溴黄嘌呤、188.5g(1.36mol)的无水碳酸钾及1.68升的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(pyrrolidone)先装入反应器中并加热至70℃。随后,逐滴加入119g(0.75mol)的2-氯甲基-3-氰基吡啶的240ml的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(pyrrolidine)(NMP)溶液。将反应器内容物于70℃下搅拌19小时。待反应结束后,将2.8升的水加到反应混合物中并冷却至25℃。将产物过滤出,以2升的水洗涤并于70℃在惰性条件下在干燥箱中干燥。
产率:257.5g(理论值的91%)
c.1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-邻苯二甲酰亚氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤
Figure BDA0000107094690000111
将230g(0.557mol)的1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-溴黄嘌呤、318g(0.835mol)的3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶D-酒石酸盐及1.15升的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮先装入反应器中。将反应器内容物加热至140℃。待达到此温度后,在20分钟内计量加入478ml(2.78mol)的二异丙基乙胺,随后将反应混合物于140℃搅拌2小时。之后,将反应混合物冷却至75℃并以720ml的甲醇稀释,之后,于68-60℃加入2.7升水并将混合物冷却至25℃。将产物过滤出并以2升的水洗涤。于70℃在惰性条件下在干燥箱中进行干燥。
之后将得到的粗产物置于1升的甲醇中煮沸搅拌,热过滤,以200ml的甲醇冲洗,随后于70℃惰性条件下干燥。
产率:275g(理论值的88%)
d.1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤
将412.5g(0.733mol)的1-[(3-氰基-吡啶-2-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-(3-(R)-邻苯二甲酰亚氨基哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤于4125ml的甲苯中加热至80℃。随后于75-80℃将445ml的乙醇胺(7.33mol)加到悬浮液中。将混合物于80-85℃再搅拌2小时,使反应完全,在此期间有固体进入溶液中。之后,进行相分离。将乙醇胺相用温甲苯萃取二次(每次1升)。将合并的甲苯相于75-80℃以每次2升的水洗涤二次。用硫酸钠干燥甲苯相,过滤并随后于减压下蒸馏将体积降至约430ml。之后于50-55℃计量加入1升的叔丁基甲醚,然后将混合物冷却至0-5℃。将产物过滤分离,用叔丁基甲醚洗涤并于60℃在干燥箱中干燥。
产率:273g(理论值的86%)
熔点:188±3℃
类似实施例2及3,还制备出1-[(3-甲基异喹啉-1-基)甲基]-3-甲基-7-(2-丁炔-1-基)-8-((R)-3-氨基-哌啶-1-基)-黄嘌呤。

Claims (8)

1.(R)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶。
2.(S)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶。
3.(R)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶D-酒石酸盐。
4.(S)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶L-酒石酸盐。
5.一种制备(R)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的方法,其包括下列合成步骤:
a)将外消旋-3-氨基哌啶于适当的溶剂中与邻苯二甲酸酐反应,及
b)通过加入D-酒石酸并分离沉淀的酒石酸盐,从得到的外消旋-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的溶液中分离出(R)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶。
6.一种制备(S)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的方法,其包括下列合成步骤:
a)将外消旋-3-氨基哌啶于适当的溶剂中与邻苯二甲酸酐反应,及
b)通过加入L-酒石酸及分离沉淀的酒石酸盐,从得到的外消旋-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的溶液中分离出(S)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶。
7.一种制备(S)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的方法,其包括下列合成步骤:
a)将外消旋-3-氨基哌啶于适当的溶剂中与邻苯二甲酸酐反应,及
b)通过加入D-酒石酸并分离沉淀的酒石酸盐,从得到的外消旋-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶的溶液中分离出(R)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶,及
c)将L-酒石酸加至由第一次盐沉淀所得到的母液中并分离出沉淀的(S)-3-(邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)哌啶酒石酸盐。
8.根据权利要求5至7中任一项所述的方法,其中用于步骤b)中的溶剂为乙醇。
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