US20100311767A1 - Method for the treatment of amyloidoses - Google Patents

Method for the treatment of amyloidoses Download PDF

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US20100311767A1
US20100311767A1 US12/529,331 US52933108A US2010311767A1 US 20100311767 A1 US20100311767 A1 US 20100311767A1 US 52933108 A US52933108 A US 52933108A US 2010311767 A1 US2010311767 A1 US 2010311767A1
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globulomer
alkyl
calcium channel
currents
type voltage
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Volker Nimmrich
Stefan Barghorn
Ulrich Ebert
Heinz Hillen
Gerhard Gross
Andreas Draguhn
Claus Bruhl
Christine Grimm
Carsten Krantz
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AbbVie Deutschland GmbH and Co KG
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/01—Hydrocarbons
    • A61K31/015—Hydrocarbons carbocyclic
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the treatment of an amyloidosis such as Alzheimer's disease.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • APP ⁇ -amyloid precursor protein
  • Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome are jointly termed “amyloidoses”.
  • a ⁇ globulomers rather than the eponymous insoluble amyloid deposits, are the causative agents for the impairment of higher-level functions, such as memory function, as indicated by its suppressing effect on long-term potentiation (WO2004/067561; Barghorn S. et al., J. Neurochem. 95: 834-847 (2005); WO2006/094724).
  • a ⁇ globulomer here refers to a particular soluble, globular, non-covalent association of A ⁇ peptides, possessing homogeneity and distinct physical characteristics.
  • a ⁇ globulomers are stable, non-fibrillar, oligomeric assemblies of A ⁇ peptides which are obtainable by incubation with anionic detergents, in particular as described in WO2004/067561. In contrast to A ⁇ monomer and fibrils, these globulomers are characterized by defined assembly numbers of subunits (WO2004/067561).
  • the globulomers have a characteristic three-dimensional globular type structure (“molten globule”, see Barghorn et al., J. Neurochem. 95: 834-847 (2005)). They have been shown to closely mimic the properties, behaviour and effects of naturally occurring soluble A ⁇ oligomers.
  • Soluble A ⁇ oligomer was found to impair the functioning of the central nervous system even before the onset of cytotoxicity.
  • the exact mechanisms whereby soluble A ⁇ oligomer causes memory failure in amyloidoses has not been elucidated so far, and a lack of understanding of such mechanisms has so far hampered the development of rational therapeutic approaches for inhibiting the further progression of the disease or compensating the damage already done.
  • amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease
  • rehabilitating treatment such as the restoration of cognitive abilities in amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease.
  • the present invention thus relates to a method for the treatment of an amyloidosis, preferably Alzheimer's disease, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering an agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel to said subject.
  • a “P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel” is a voltage-gated calcium channel that is functionally characterized by its sensitivity towards ⁇ -agatoxin IVA (a well-known funnel web spider venom).
  • the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel according to the present invention comprises an ⁇ 1 subunit.
  • the ⁇ 1 subunit has an amino acid sequence with at least 70%, advantageously at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% and in particular at least 98%, e. g. at least 99%, amino acid sequence identity with the sequence SEQ ID NO:1.
  • the ⁇ 1 subunit incorporates the conduction pore, the voltage sensor and gating apparatus, and sites of channel regulation by second messengers, drugs, and toxins.
  • the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel also comprises an ⁇ 2- ⁇ subunit and a ⁇ subunit. It may also comprise an ⁇ subunit.
  • the ⁇ 2- ⁇ subunit when present, has at least 70%, advantageously at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% and in particular at least 98%, e. g. at least 99%, amino acid sequence identity with the sequence SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the ⁇ subunit when present, has at least 70%, advantageously at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% and in particular at least 98%, e. g. at least 99%, amino acid sequence identity with the sequence SEQ ID NO:3.
  • an “agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel” is any substance that increases the flow of calcium ions through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • the agonist of the invention increases the open probability of the channel.
  • the agonist of the invention directly interacts with the closed channel to open it.
  • the agonist of the invention increases the duration of the open state once the channel has been opened.
  • the agonist of the invention changes one or more transition probabilities between the different states of the channel (closed, open, inactivated).
  • an agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel will increase ion flux through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • the agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel is preferably a partial or complete agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, and more preferably a complete agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • a “partial agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel” is an agonist which is not capable even at high concentration of causing the maximal activating effect of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, as defined above.
  • a partial agonist does not lead to maximal calcium flow through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel at saturating concentration.
  • an agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel may either bind directly to the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, i. e. by binding the calcium channel molecule, e. g. by forming a covalent or non-covalent attachment to said calcium channel molecule, or exert its effect on the ion channel predominantly without direct physical contact between the agonist and said calcium channel, the effect being mediated, in this case, by any of a wide range of go-betweens.
  • an agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel may bind to both the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel and components of its environment, thereby influencing the mutual interaction. In all of these cases, under otherwise identical conditions the behaviour of said calcium channel in the presence of an effective amount of the agonist will be detectably different from that in the absence of said agonist.
  • bind is used generically to denote any immediate association between two molecules, which may be covalent or non-covalent, thus including covalent bonds, hydrogen bridges, ionic interactions, hydrophobic associations, van der Waals forces, etc. It will thus be understood that the term also extends to the temporary association of a first molecule with a catalytically active second molecule, wherein said second molecule performs modifications on said first molecule which, and consequently whose effects, outlast the actual contact between said first and said second molecule, e. g. generation or removal of covalent bonds.
  • the agonist increases net calcium flux through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel with an EC50 of less than 120 ⁇ M, preferably of less than 10 ⁇ M, and in particular of less than 1 ⁇ M.
  • the EC50 is the agonist concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect of this agonist determined using the patch-clamp method for whole-cell recording of channel activity.
  • the standard method employed here for all determinations of Ca ++ currents is a patch-clamp method using 120 mM NMG.Cl, 10 mM TEA.Cl, 14 mM creatine phosphate, 6 mM MgCl 2 , 1.mM CaCl 2 10 mM NMG.HEPES, 5 mM Tris 2 .ATP and 11 NMG 2 .EGTA as internal, and 30 mM BaCl 2 , 100 mM NMG.Cl, 10 mM NMG.HEPES and 15 mM glucose as external solution, both adjusted to a pH of about 7.2-7.3, for measuring stably transfected BHK (Baby Hamster Kidney) cells expressing the al component together with the ⁇ 2 ⁇ and ⁇ IB components of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • presynaptic calcium channels such as the N and R type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channels
  • these types of channels may all be present in parallel at any given synapse, or one of them may be dominant in terms of abundance and thus account for the major part of the Ca ++ influx. It is thus, in the interest of reducing side effects, advantageous to employ in the method of the present invention an agonist which specifically affects the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel only.
  • the agonist affects the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel with lower EC50 than either the N type or the R type, or both the N and the R type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channels.
  • the agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel thus increases net calcium flux through the L type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel with an EC50 of more than 54 ⁇ M, preferably of more than 100 ⁇ M, and in particular of more than 1000 ⁇ M, using the standard method as defined above.
  • it increases net calcium flux through the N type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel with an EC50 of more than 54 ⁇ M, preferably of more than 100 ⁇ M, and in particular of more than 1000 ⁇ M, using the standard method as defined above. In a further particular embodiment of the invention, it increases net calcium flux through the R type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel with an EC50 of more than 54 ⁇ M, preferably of more than 100 ⁇ M, and in particular of more than 1000 ⁇ M, using the standard method as defined above.
  • CDKs cyclin-dependant kinases
  • CDKs cyclin-dependant kinases
  • kinases are known to be crucial elements of the cell cycle, inhibits dedifferentiation and proliferation and thereby stimulates neurons to increase their expression of ion channels such as voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channels.
  • CDKs cyclin-dependant kinases
  • the agonists for use in the methods of the present invention do not exert any significant inhibitory effect on CDKs such as CDK2 (cyclin A) and CDK5 (p35).
  • the agonist thus has an IC50 for CDK5, in particular for human CDK5, of more than 0.2 ⁇ M, preferably of more than 10 ⁇ M, and in particular of more than 100 ⁇ M.
  • the agonist thus has an IC50 for CDK2, in particular for human CDK2, of more than 0.7 ⁇ M, preferably of more than 10 ⁇ M, and in particular of more than 100 ⁇ M.
  • the agonist has an IC50 for any CDK, in particular for any human CDK, of more than 0.5 ⁇ M, preferably of more than 10 ⁇ M, and in particular of more than 100 ⁇ M.
  • IC50 values all refer to the activity of the respective CDK/cyclin complex in a radioactive kinase assay using 15 ⁇ M of [ ⁇ - 32 P]ATP as phosphate donor and an appropriate phosphorylation target protein (1 mg/ml histone H1 or retinoblastoma protein complexed with glutathione-S-transferase, respectively) as acceptor in a reaction buffer comprising 60 mM glycerol-2-phosphate, 15 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate, 25 mM MOPS pH 7.2, 5 mM EGTA, 15 mM MgCl 2 and 1 mM dithiotreitol, as described by Meijer et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 234: 527-536 (1997).
  • the metabolism of APP and its products such as A ⁇ is complex and not yet fully understood. Therefore, in a particular embodiment of the invention, the agonist as such does not after APP expression, A ⁇ formation or processing, e. g. soluble A ⁇ oligomer or A ⁇ fibril formation, in the central nervous system.
  • a suitable treatment e. g. a treatment to suppress the formation of soluble A ⁇ oligomers and/or to promote their degradation and/or elimination from the central nervous system; essentially any such treatment may be combined with the methods of the present invention.
  • Roscovitine has been described as an agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel (Yan Z, Chi P, Bibb J A, Ryan T A and Greengard P., J. Physiol. 540 : 761-770 (2002)).
  • the term “roscovitine” denotes the compound (1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine and any of its isomers, in particular 2-(R)-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine.
  • roscovitine is known to reduce APP formation by binding to and inhibiting the action of human CDKs, in particular CDK5, thereby being prone to the adverse effects outlined above. Therefore, agonists other than roscovitine or any pharmacologically useful salt or derivative of roscovitine, in particular such as may be readily converted to roscovitine in vivo (prodrug), are preferred.
  • suitable agonists of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel of the invention are selected among the roscovitine analogues of formula (Ia):
  • suitable agonists of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel of the invention are selected among the roscovitine analogues of formula (Ib):
  • suitable agonists of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel of the invention are selected among isoproterenol and isoproterenol analogues of formula (II):
  • the compounds of the formulae (Ia), (Ib) and (II) exist in different spatial arrangements, for example if they possess one or more centers of asymmetry, polysubstituted rings or double bonds, or as different tautomers, it is also possible to use enantiomeric mixtures, in particular racemates, diastereomeric mixtures and tautomeric mixtures, preferably, however, the respective essentially pure enantiomers, diastereomers and tautomers of the compounds of formulae (Ia), (Ib) and (II) and/or of their salts.
  • the pharmacologically useful salts of the compounds of the formulae (Ia), (Ib) and (II) are especially acid addition salts with physiologically tolerated acids.
  • suitable physiologically tolerated organic and inorganic acids are hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, C 1 -C 4 -alkylsulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic acid, cycloaliphatic sulfonic acids, such as S-(+)-10-campher sulfonic acid, aromatic sulfonic acids, such as benzenesulfonic acid and toluenesulfonic acid, di- and tricarboxylic acids and hydroxycarboxylic acids having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, adipic acid and benzoic acid.
  • Other utilizable acids are described,
  • substituted means that a radical may be substituted with 1, 2 or 3, especially 1 or 2, substituent selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, OH, SH, CN, CF 3 , O—CF 3 , C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, NH—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, N—(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , in particular with 1, 2 oder 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, OH, CN, CF 3 , O—CF 3 , methoxy, NH 2 , NH—CH 3 , and N—(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • halogen denotes in each case fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine, in particular fluorine or chlorine.
  • C 1 -C 4 -Alkyl is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of an alkyl group are methyl, C 2 -C 4 -alkyl such as ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, iso-butyl or tert-butyl.
  • C 1 -C 2 -Alkyl is methyl or ethyl
  • C 1 -C 3 -alkyl is additionally n-propyl or isopropyl.
  • C 1 -C 6 -Alkyl is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples include methyl, C 2 -C 4 -alkyl as mentioned herein and also pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methyl
  • C 3 -C 8 -Cycloalkyl is a cycloaliphatic radical having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • 3 to 6 carbon atoms form the cyclic structure, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • the cyclic structure may be unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2, 3 or 4 C 1 -C 4 alkyl radicals, preferably one or more methyl radicals.
  • C 6 -C 12 -aryl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, in particular 1 or two carbon atoms, wherein one hydrogen atom is replaced by C 6 -C 12 -aryl, such as in benzyl.
  • C 2 -C 6 -Alkenyl is a singly unsaturated hydrocarbon radical having 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, e.g. vinyl, allyl (2-propen-1-yl), 1-propen-1-yl, 2-propen-2-yl, methallyl(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl) and the like.
  • C 3 -C 4 -Alkenyl is, in particular, allyl, 1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl, 2-buten-1-yl, 3-buten-1-yl, methallyl, 2-penten-1-yl, 3-penten-1-yl, 4-penten-1-yl, 1-methylbut-2-en-1-yl or 2-ethylprop-2-en-1-yl.
  • C 6 -C 12 -Aryl is a 6- to 12-membered, in particular 6- to 10-membered, aromatic cyclic radical. Examples include phenyl and naphthyl.
  • C 2 -C 7 -Alkylene is straight-chain or branched alkylene group having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms. Examples include ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene and 1,5-pentylene.
  • R 1 in formula (Ia) and formula (Ib) is hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 -alkyl.
  • C 1 -C 3 -alkyl is in particular ethyl or isopropyl.
  • R 2a and R 2b in formula (Ia) and formula (Ib) are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 3 -alkyl, in particular ethyl, C 2 -C 3 -alkenyl, in particular allyl, C 3 -C 8 -cycloalkyl, in particular cyclohexyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted benzyl.
  • Substituted phenyl is in particular phenyl substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituent which are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, methyl, methoxy and NH 2 .
  • R 3 is hydrogen and R 2b is as defined.
  • R 2a and R 2b in formula (Ia) and formula (Ib) together are C 2 -C 7 -alkylene, in particular 1,5-pentylene, and thus form a 3- to 8-membered, in particular 6-membered, ring including the nitrogen atom to which they are attached.
  • R 3 in formula (Ia) and formula (Ib) is C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 3 -alkyl, or optionally substituted C 6 -C 12 -aryl, in particular optionally substituted phenyl.
  • X is N
  • Y is CR 5 (in particular CH) and Q is NR 3 (in particular N(C 1 -C 3 -alkyl), e.g. NCH 3 , NCH 2 CH 3 or NCH(CH 3 ) 2 , or N(phenyl)); or
  • X is CR 4 (in particular CH)
  • Y is N and Q is NR 3 (in particular N(C 1 -C 3 -alkyl) or N(phenyl)).
  • X is N
  • Y is CR 5 (in particular CH)
  • Q is NR 3 (in particular NCH 3 ).
  • Roscovitine analogues according to the present invention, in particular, include the following compounds
  • the roscovitine analogue is (1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-(2-hydroxybenzyl)amino-9-isopropylpurine (hereinafter referred to as roscovitine analogue A).
  • This roscovitine analogue is capable of reversing the inhibitory effect of A ⁇ globulomer on synaptic transmission.
  • the agonists of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel of formula (II) is isoproterenol.
  • Isoproterenol has been described as an agonist of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel (Huang C.-C., et al., The Journal of Neuroscience, 1996, 16(3): 1026-1033, Huang C.-C., et al., The Journal of Neuroscience, 1998, 18(6): 2276-2282).
  • isoproterenol also known as isoprenaline
  • isoprenaline denotes 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(1-methylethylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol.
  • Isoproterenol is capable of reversing the inhibitory effect of A ⁇ globulomer on spontaneous synaptic activity, which is mediated by suppression of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • R 1 in formula (II) is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl.
  • C 1 -C 4 -alkyl is in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.
  • C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl is in particular cyclopropyl or cyclohexyl.
  • At least one, two or three of R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 2e in formula (II) is/are different from hydrogen.
  • at least one of R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d is different from hydrogen.
  • R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d are independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, optionally substituted phenyl, OH, methoxy, CN, or NH 2 , or R 2b and R 2c or R 2c and R 2d together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form an optionally substituted anellated carbocyclic ring.
  • the carbocyclic ring may be partially unsaturated (due to the benezene moiety to which R 2b , R 2c and R 2d are attached) or aromatic.
  • R 2b and R 2c or R 2c and R 2d together with the benzene moiety to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene or naphthalene moiety.
  • Isopreterenol analogues according to the present invention include the following compounds
  • the compounds of the formula (Ia), (Ib) or (II) can be prepared by analogy to methods which are well known in the art. Many of said compounds are commercially available.
  • agonists of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel may be identified among compounds known per se by screening for their capacity to act as agonists of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, preferably by screening using a method comprising determining the effect of a candidate compound on the opening state of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, most conveniently by determining the effect of said compound on the Ca ++ flux through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • a method for determining whether any candidate compound is an agonist at the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel comprises the steps of
  • the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel is known per se (see, e. g., WO98/13490; Qian J and Noebels J L. J Neurosci 21: 3721-3728, 2001; Yan Z, et al., 2002, supra).
  • WO98/13490 in particular discloses the cDNA sequence for the human P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, encoding a protein of 2261 amino acids.
  • Methods for expressing a protein from a cDNA in vertebrate cells are well-documented in the art; e. g. WO96/39512 discloses a process for generating cell lines expressing voltage-gated calcium channels. It is thus within the ken of the skilled person to provide the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel is provided on a living cell, which cell may be either in its natural environment (in situ) or separated therefrom (ex vivo).
  • the cell to be used in the screening method is of a type that naturally expresses the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, e. g. a neuronal cell such as a hippocampal neuronal cell.
  • the cell to be used in the screening method expresses the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel as a foreign gene. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the cell naturally does not express any other voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channels, e.
  • a non-neural cell e. g. a Xenopus oocyte .
  • expression of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel in the cells is verified using standard methology, e. g. by Northern blotting, RT-PCR, Western blotting, cytometry, binding of P/Q-specific ligands such as ⁇ -agatoxin, or pharmacological characterization, i. e. reduction of calcium current after agatoxin application.
  • said living cell further comprises an agent for the in situ detection of calcium ion levels (i. e. a calcium sensor agent), e. g. a protein with a calcium-dependent luminescence or fluorescence, such as aequorin or cameleon (Putney P W. Calcium Signaling. CRC Press Inc, 2005).
  • a calcium sensor agent e. g. a protein with a calcium-dependent luminescence or fluorescence, such as aequorin or cameleon (Putney P W. Calcium Signaling. CRC Press Inc, 2005).
  • a calcium sensor agent e. g. a protein with a calcium-dependent luminescence or fluorescence, such as aequorin or cameleon (Putney P W. Calcium Signaling. CRC Press Inc, 2005).
  • Such calcium sensor agents are well-known to the skilled person, and essentially any of them may be used in the present invention.
  • the conformation of the molecule changes in a manner that depends on the local concentration of Ca ++ , thereby hampering or facilitating physical processes, such as inter- or intramolecular energy transfers, that may be detected and correlated with calcium channel function by the experimentator.
  • the fluorescence or luminescence of said calcium sensor agents is indicative of the local (e. g. intracellular) calcium levels.
  • [Ca ++ ] C is the intracellular calcium concentration in the cell in the presence and [Ca ++ ] 0 in the absence of the candidate compound) indicates the P/Q agonist activity of a candidate substance and thus its potential for the treatment of amyloidoses, as described above.
  • Suitable methods for the direct determination of ion fluxes are likewise known in the art (Sakmann B and Neher E. Single - Channel Recording . Springer US, 97 A.D.). Essentially, conductive microconnections with the inside and the outside of the cell membrane are established, and the electrical reactivity of the system under different conditions is observed.
  • irrelevant ion channels are blocked using inhibitors specific for said irrelevant channels (“pharmacological isolation” of the relevant channel or channels), eliminating the dependencies of the electrical status of the membrane on all channels except the one or ones of interest (i. e. the P/Q channel).
  • An activator of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel and hence an agent suitable for the treatment of amyloidoses according to the present invention, as mentioned above, will thus be identified as an enhancer of Ca ++ flux when only the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel is expressed, or when all other calcium channels are blocked.
  • an agent for the treatment of amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease can be identified by determining the effect of said agent on a cell comprising at least the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, in particular the effect on the Ca ++ flux through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel of said living cell, wherein an agonist at the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel is potentially a suitable agent for the treatment of amyloidoses according to the present invention.
  • agonists identified thereby such as those having an affinity to the N type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel of less than any particularly desired value may be readily selected using methods essentially known in the art, e. g. by employing the methods for detection of Ca ++ fluxes disclosed above in combination with known blockers for non-N type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channels.
  • Suitable methods for determining affinity between molecules are generally well-known to the person skilled the art and comprise, without being limited to, determining radiation-free energy transfer, radiolabelling of ligands and co-immunoprecipitation.
  • the skilled person is familiar with suitable methods for determining the inhibitory effect of a compound on any given enzyme, and will thus be able to readily select among the agonist identified as described above such as have an IC50 for any CDK, such as CDK5, of more than any particularly desired value.
  • administering is used to denote delivering an agent to a subject, especially a human subject.
  • any route of administration known in the art e. g. buccal, sublingual, oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intralumbaginal or intradural, and any dosage regimen, e. g. as bolus or as continuous supply, may be employed to administer the agent.
  • the agent may be delivered simply as such or, preferably, in combination with any of a wide range of carriers and excipients, as known in the art, thereby forming a pharmaceutical composition. If desired, a convenient drug targeting and/or delivery system may be used. Expediently, the agent and at least one carrier are combined into a dosage form as known per se to those skilled in the art, e. g. into a controlled or sustained release system. Basically, any carrier and/or excipient compatible with the agent and any kind of dosage form may be used in the methods of the present invention. Suitable compounds and methods are known in the art.
  • amyloidoses according to the present invention comprise Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome.
  • the treatment is a rehabilitating and/or symptomatic treatment.
  • a “rehabilitating” treatment is, in particular, for providing a benefit with regard to the patient's overall quality of life.
  • a “benefit” is any amelioration in relevant clinical parameters or decrease in subjective suffering of the subject amenable to scoring that can be causally connected to a particular therapeutic measure.
  • the benefit is measured by comparing the relevant clinical parameters or the subjective suffering of the subject at a time point before treatment and at least one time point during or after treatment, and expressed in terms of a gain in quality-adjusted life years or disability-adjusted life years (QALYs and DALYs).
  • a benefit is preferably an increase in the aforementioned index factor.
  • the treatment is hence for providing a benefit to a subject suffering from an amyloidosis.
  • a “symptomatic” treatment is, in particular, a treatment directed to the abatement or relief of the symptoms of the disease.
  • the present invention relates to a method for the restoration of A ⁇ -impaired synaptic function and/or plasticity, in particular long-term potentiation, in the subject.
  • the present invention relates to a method for the restoration of cognitive abilities, memory function and/or performance of activities of daily life (ADL) capacity in the subject.
  • ADL daily life
  • cognitive abilities As used herein, the terms “cognitive abilities”, “synaptic function”, “long-term potentiation” and “memory function” have the meanings as are widely known and used in the art, and their quantificable values are considered as “normal” or “restored” when within the range which is commonly to be expected, e. g. based on long-standing medical practice, appropriate clinical trials and/or biochemical analysis, for the individual subject under consideration when compared to a representative population of other subjects whose essential parameters otherwise agree with those of said subject under consideration (peers of said subject).
  • memory function is considered normal in a subject when said subject upon investigation by suitable means, e. g.
  • ADL activities of daily living
  • aphasia domains of language
  • skilled movements impairment being known as “apraxia” and potentially leading to total loss of control over the body in the final stages of the disease
  • cognitive abilities such as recognition (impairment being known as “agnosia”, often accompanied by disorientation and disinhibition, and sometimes also with behavioural changes) and higher-level intellectual functions (such as decision-making and planning).
  • amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease the impairment of ADL capacity is dominated, in particular in its early and middle stages, by impairment of the intellectual rather than of motoric or sensory functions, and that even the latter, when found, is due to central rather than peripheral disturbances (e. g. “forgetting how to walk” rather than genuine organic paralysis).
  • the present invention relates to a method for identifying an agent for the treatment of amyloidoses such as Alzheimer's disease, said method comprising determining whether a candidate compound exerts an agonistic effect on the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, as disclosed above.
  • FIG. 1 Effect of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer on spontaneous synaptic activity as recorded from rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons by voltage clamp:
  • A) and (C) are recordings of spontaneously occurring synaptic currents in a cultured hippocampal neuron (downward deflections indicate the postsynaptic currents which are elicited by neurotransmitter release from one or more presynaptic neurons; application of the globulomer and washout (top trace) are indicated);
  • B) and (D) are the cumulative probability functions.
  • FIG. 2 Effect of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer on the frequency of synaptic currents.
  • FIG. 8 Agatoxin does not impair spontaneous synaptic activity in cultures that lack functional P/Q-type Ca ++ channels: Number of synaptic events during 5 min was set to 100% for each cell analysed. The right bar indicates the relative number of synaptic events in each cell after application of 0.5 ⁇ M ⁇ -agatoxin.
  • FIG. 9 Globulomer does not impair spontaneous synaptic activity in cultures that lack functional P/Q-type Ca ++ channels: Number of synaptic events during 5 min relative to non-A ⁇ globulomer treated cells was set to 100% for each cell analysed. The right bar indicates the relative number of synaptic events in each cell after application of A ⁇ globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer).
  • FIG. 12 The effect of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer on spontaneous synaptic activity of P/Q-dominated cells can be reversed by the P/Q channel agonist roscovitine: Synaptic potentials over time. Arrows indicate the time points when A ⁇ globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer) and 20 ⁇ M roscovitine, respectively, were added.
  • FIG. 13 Reducing effect of A ⁇ globulomer on the amplitude of pharmacologically isolated P/Q-type calcium channels: Traces represent membrane currents after activation of P/Q-type channels by a depolarizing voltage step. Left to right: (1) P/Q-current under control conditions, (2) P/Q-current of the same cell after application of A ⁇ globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer), (3) P/Q-current of the same cell after washout of A ⁇ globulomer.
  • FIG. 16 Effect of A ⁇ on the pharmacologically isolated P/Q current at different time points, revealing the effect of washing out the A ⁇ globulomer: Average amplitude of P/Q-mediated current relative to non-A ⁇ globulomer treated P/Q-dominated cells.
  • FIG. 18 Spontaneous synaptic activity is reversibly suppressed by A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer.
  • FIG. 19 Effects of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer on different types of synaptic currents in cultured hippocampal neurons.
  • White bars effect of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer; black bars: washout for at least 10 min.
  • A Reduction of event frequency as percentage of previously recorded control currents (1.0).
  • B Effects of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer on median amplitude of the respective currents.
  • sPSCs spontaneously occurring pharmacologically naive postsynaptic currents
  • mPSCs pharmacologically naive miniature postsynaptic currents recorded in the presence of TTX
  • mIPSCs miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents
  • mEPSCs spontaneously occurring excitatory postsynaptic currents
  • mEPSCs miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents.
  • FIG. 20 Stability of GABA A receptor-mediated currents towards A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer.
  • A Repetitive application of 100 ⁇ M GABA to a cultured hippocampal neuron yields stable inward current before, during, and after application of the oligomer.
  • B Enlarged view of current traces marked with * in A. Note the stability of response in the absence (left) and presence (right) of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer.
  • C Time course of GABA-induced currents from 5 cells recorded in control solution (dashed line) and from 3 neurons where A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer was applied (continuous line, time of application indicated by bar). Amplitudes normalized to the last GABA-induced current before application of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer.
  • FIG. 21 Suppression of P/Q-type calcium currents by A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer.
  • A Time course of current amplitudes upon application of globulomer. Currents were elicited by voltage steps to ⁇ 10 mV.
  • B Example traces of P/Q-type currents before, during and after globulomer.
  • FIG. 22 Steady-state activation and inactivation parameters of P/Q currents.
  • A Current/voltage relationship before globulomer (squares) and during A ⁇ 1-42 (triangles). A reduction of the current amplitudes over the entire voltage-range, were the current could be activated, was observed following application of the globulomer.
  • B & C No difference in steady-state activation (B) and inactivation curves (C) for P/Q channel-mediated barium currents in the absence and presence of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer.
  • D A significant decrease in maximal conductance (g max ) of the P/Q channels was induced by A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer.
  • FIG. 23 Pharmacological modulation of the effect of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer by agents interacting with P/Q-type calcium channels.
  • A Effects of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer on frequency of mixed synaptic currents.
  • B Effects on median amplitude. Values are given relative to data in control solution. Note suppression of the effect by ⁇ -agatoxin and partial recovery of event frequency by roscovitine.
  • FIG. 24 Pharmacological modulation of the effect of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer by agents interacting with P/Q-type calcium channels.
  • FIG. 25 Enhancing P/Q calcium currents by roscovitine prevents/reverses chronic A ⁇ globulomer-induced deficits on evoked synaptic transmission in hippocampal tissue (slice cultures). Recordings were performed after incubation with A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer), A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer)+20 ⁇ M roscovitine, or control (SDS).
  • FIG. 26 Enhancing P/Q calcium currents by a roscovitine analogue prevents/reverses chronic A ⁇ globulomer-induced deficits on evoked synaptic transmission in hippocampal tissue (slice cultures). Recordings were performed after incubation with A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer), A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer)+20 ⁇ M roscovitine analogue A, or control (SDS).
  • FIG. 27 Effect of extracellular Ca 2+ on sPSC frequency after treatment with A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer: Original recording of sPSCs before (control in 1 mM Ca 2+ ), after addition of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (glob in 1 mM Ca 2+ ) and after subsequent elevation of Ca 2+ -concentration (glob in 4 mM Ca 2+ ).
  • E Original recordings of massive discharges directly after Ca 2+ elevation for the cell shown in A. These currents were rejected from analysis.
  • Neuronal cells from the rat hippocampus were obtained and cultured in accordance with methods known per se in the art (Banker G A, Cowan W M, Brain Res. 1977 May 13; 126(3):397-42). Cultured neurons show spontaneous postsynaptic currents (PSCs), i. e. spontaneous PSCs and, in the presence of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin, miniature PSCs.
  • PSCs spontaneous postsynaptic currents
  • the influx of Ca ++ through presynaptic ion channels such as the N, P/Q and R type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channels is what causes the release of neurotransmitter from preformed vesicles in presynaptic terminals.
  • the measured signal reflects the current response of the postsynaptic cell to the release of such transmitters, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid or glutamate.
  • Electrodes were produced by pulling from borosilicate capillaries (available from Science Products) with a horizontal pipette pulling device (P-97 from Sutter Instruments). After filling with the intracellular solution, the final resistance of the electrodes was from 2 to 5 M ⁇ .
  • the intracellular solution consisted of either (for recordings of miniature PSCs) 100 mM KCl, 10 mM NaCl, 0.25 mM CaCl 2 , 5 mM EGTA, 40 mM glucose, 4 mM MgATP and 0.1 mM NaGTP at a pH of 7.3, or (for recording of calcium currents) 110 mM CsCl, 10 mM EGTA, 25 mM HEPES, 10 mM tris-phosphocreatine, 20 U/ml creatine phosphokinase, 4 mM MgATP and 0.3 mM NaGTP.
  • test compounds were applied either by bath perfusion or by addition to the bath by means of a micropump connected to a manually guided pipette.
  • TTX tetrodotoxin
  • the extracellular solution contained 140 mM TEA-CI (to block K + -channels) 10 mM BaCl 2 , 0.5 ⁇ M TTX, 10 mM HEPES and 20 mM glucose at a pH 7.3.
  • ⁇ -conotoxin MVIIA (available from Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel) was added to a final concentration of 0.5 ⁇ M to block N type voltage-gated presynaptic Ca ++ channels, thereby “pharmacologically isolating” the ion fluxes through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel. If necessary, L-type voltage-gated calcium channels were blocked by addition of 10 ⁇ M nifedipine.
  • ⁇ -agatoxin IVA available from Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel was added to a final concentration of 0.5 ⁇ M to specifically block the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic Ca ++ channels of the sample cell.
  • sPSCs and mPSCs Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings (sPSCs and mPSCs) were conducted in a manner essentially known per se (see, e.g., Sakmann B and Neher E. Single - Channel Recording . Springer US, 97 A.D.) at a holding potential of ⁇ 70 mV using an EPC7 amplifier (available from HEKA Electronics). Signals were filtered at 3 kHz and sampled at 20 kHz.
  • the sPSCs or mPSCs were then recorded for 10 minutes giving the control values before any toxins were added.
  • the cells were activated in a manner known per se (see Yan et al., 2002, supra) by a voltage protocol, where the cells were excited by depolarization to ⁇ 10 mV for 50 ms every 20 sec. After the formation of the whole-cell configuration, currents increased steadily until they had reached a stable amplitude level. After this stable amplitude level had been established, the effects of different test compounds on the rate of ion flux were observed and expressed in terms of the normalized mean P/Q amplitude and standard error of the mean SEM. Frequency and amplitude of synaptic currents were calculated offline using a template-based algorithm (custom made routine within the Signal and Spike software, purchased from CED Inc., Cambridge, UK).
  • the measurement was evaluated at several timepoints and optionally after a washout. Student's t-test was applied to determine significance, p ⁇ 0.05 being considered as indicative of significant differences.
  • a ⁇ (1-42) globulomer preparation with an apparent molecular weight of 38/48 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE was obtained as described in Example 6b of WO2004/067561.
  • a ⁇ monomer was pretreated with HFIP for dissolving hydrogen bonds, then diluted and further incubated in the presence of 0.2% SDS, followed by isolation of the thus formed globulomer.
  • a total of 200 ⁇ l A ⁇ -globulomer solvent buffer comprising a A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer concentration corresponding to approximately 2 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer was added to the bath (previous volume 200 ⁇ l), resulting in a final A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer. Based on the assumption that the A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer consists of 12 A ⁇ (1-42) monomers a final A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer concentration of approximately 83 nM can be calculated. Measurements of synaptic activity were then taken.
  • Results are shown in FIGS. 1-7 , demonstrating that the A ⁇ globulomer inhibits the frequency of spontaneous synaptic events with an efficiency approaching that of the strong P/Q inhibitor ⁇ -agatoxin but has no or little effect on the amplitude of the synaptic events.
  • a ⁇ (1-42) globulomer reduces synaptic activity, most likely by a presynaptic mechanism, which shares crucial elements with the effect of ⁇ -agatoxin.
  • Roscovitine was used at a final concentration of 20 ⁇ M, by adding it simultaneously with A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (final concentration of A ⁇ globulomer corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer). Roscovitine is known (Zhen Yan et al., J. Physiol. 540: 761-770 (2002)) to slow down the inactivation of the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel, i. e. to extend the time for which a channel, once opened, remains in the open state, thereby increasing the calcium ion flow through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • Results are shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 , demonstrating that a P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel activator is capable of restoring the frequency of spontaneous synaptic events under the influence of A ⁇ globulomer to almost that of untreated cells, i. e., that a P/Q activator may be used to reverse the detrimental effects of A ⁇ globulomer.
  • the Ba ++ also served as the charge carrier (i. e. substrate replacement) for the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic Ca ++ channel, with the additional advantage that conductance through this channel and hence the sensitivity of the assay were thereby increased to approximately tenfold. This made it possible to directly detect ion fluxes through P/Q-channels in somatic recordings.
  • the electrode solution also comprised, in addition to the substances listed above, 10 mM tris-phosphocreatinine and 20 U/ml creatine phosphokinase, which together served as an ATP regenerating system preventing “run-down”, i.e. decline due to a gradual loss of channel conductance, of the observed currents.
  • ATP is needed to maintain the conductance of the calcium channels over time intervals longer than several minutes, allowing to conduct the described pharmacological experiments with sufficiently stable calcium currents.
  • Electrode solution contained (in mM/l): NaCl 10, KCl 100, CaCl 2 0.25, EGTA 5, HEPES 10, glucose 40 (pH set at 7.3) when used for recordings of synaptic events.
  • a low-chloride solution was used for experiments in which GABA induced currents were elicited, which consists of (mM): Cs-gluconate 130, CsCl 10, CaCl 2 0.5, MgCl 2 2, EGTA 10, HEPES 10, Mg-ATP 2 (pH: 7.3). Using this solution the calculated equilibrium potential for chloride-ions was ⁇ 54 mV.
  • a ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (164 nM in respect to the 12mer complex) was added to the bath by means of a micro pump, yielding a final concentration of 82 nM.
  • TTX, ⁇ -agatoxin IVA, ⁇ -conotoxin MVIIA, roscovitine (Alomone Labs, Jerusalem, Israel), and nifedipine (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) were added directly to the bath solution at the concentrations indicated.
  • g max is the maximal membrane conductance (which is proportional to the maximal permeability and the extracellular concentration of barium)
  • V h is the potential of half maximal activation
  • V c is proportional to the slope of the curve at V h .
  • F represents the Faraday constant
  • R the gas constant
  • P 0 is the maximal permeability
  • T the absolute temperature.
  • the intracellular concentration of Ba 2+ was assumed to be 0.01 ⁇ M. Assuming higher values of up to 0.1 mM did not significantly change the resulting values of the parameters.
  • N(V) is the level of steady state inactivation determined from the current amplitude I(V) normalized to I max
  • V is the pre-pulse potential
  • V h is the potential of half maximal inactivation
  • V c is a factor proportional to the slope of the curve at V h .
  • Suppression of synaptic currents by an agent may be caused by changes in neuronal activity or, alternatively, by specific synaptic interactions. It was therefore tested for effects of A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer on active discharge properties by recording action potentials in current clamp mode. Action potentials elicited by current injection showed no difference in amplitude, shape or kinetics when compared before and after A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer application.
  • the threshold for firing was ⁇ 22.5 ⁇ 8.2 mV vs. ⁇ 24.2 ⁇ 9.8 mV
  • the amplitude of the AP baseline to peak
  • Pharmacologically naive synaptic currents reflect a mixture of glutamatergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) events.
  • inhibitory postsynaptic currents were isolated by adding CNQX (20 ⁇ M) and DL-APV (30 ⁇ M) to the bath solution.
  • EPCs excitatory synaptic currents
  • Presynaptic vesicle release is triggered by an influx of calcium into the presynaptic terminal. Therefore, A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer might act on presynaptic calcium signalling.
  • a common pathway for release of both, glutamatergic and GABAergic vesicles is presynaptic calcium influx via N-type or P/Q-type calcium channels. Therefore, the effects of A ⁇ (1-42) on whole-cell calcium currents in cultured hippocampal neurons were analyzed. Typical P/Q channel-mediated currents could be reliably elicited in somatic whole-cell recordings under our culture conditions. In these experiments, 10 mM Ba 2+ was used as charge carrier in the extracellular solution (see methods).
  • a ⁇ (1-42) globulomer reduces the current amplitude without affecting its voltage-dependent activation or inactivation.
  • a ⁇ (1-42) globulomer reduces the frequency of spontaneous and miniature synaptic currents by suppression of presynaptic calcium influx via P/Q-type calcium channels.
  • Isoproterenol was used at a final concentration of 15 ⁇ M, by adding it simultaneously with A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (final concentration of A ⁇ globulomer corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer).
  • Isoproterenol is known (Huang C.-C., et al., The Journal of Neuroscience, 1996, 16(3): 1026-1033, Huang C.-C., et al., The Journal of Neuroscience, 1998, 18(6): 2276-2282) to increase the Ca 2+ influx through the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel.
  • the P/Q type voltage-gated presynaptic calcium channel activator isoproterenol is capable of restoring the frequency of spontaneous synaptic events under the influence of A ⁇ globulomer to that of untreated cells, i. e., that the P/Q activator may be used to reverse the detrimental effects of A ⁇ globulomer.
  • Rat hippocampal slice cultures (9 days old Wistar rats; 15-17 DIV) were incubated over night with either A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer), A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer)+20 ⁇ M roscovitine, or control (SDS). Recordings were performed (in artificial cerebrospinal fluid) from CA1 stratum radiatum after stimulation of the Schaffer collateral at different intensities.
  • Rat hippocampal slice cultures (11 days old Wistar rats; 23-24 DIV) were incubated over night with either A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer), A ⁇ (1-42) globulomer (at a concentration corresponding to approximately 1 ⁇ M of A ⁇ monomer)+20 ⁇ M roscovitine analogue A, or control (SDS). Recordings were performed (in artificial cerebrospinal fluid) from CA1 stratum radiatum after stimulation of the Schaffer collateral at different intensities.

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