JP2017160241A - 「経口医薬組成物」 - Google Patents
「経口医薬組成物」 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017160241A JP2017160241A JP2017091572A JP2017091572A JP2017160241A JP 2017160241 A JP2017160241 A JP 2017160241A JP 2017091572 A JP2017091572 A JP 2017091572A JP 2017091572 A JP2017091572 A JP 2017091572A JP 2017160241 A JP2017160241 A JP 2017160241A
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Abstract
Description
薬物治療に存在する基本原理は、薬物分子と特異的受容体との相互作用が必要なことである。この必要性に対処するため、薬物の溶解性の促進方法や単一の分子として薬物分子の溶解性を維持する製剤技術は発展してきた。
投与形態におけるGI滞留時間は、pH依存性結腸標的薬物送達システムにおいて、もう一つの重要な係数である。これは、様々な生理学的またはその他の因子に影響されている。それにもかかわらず、いくつかの一般的なGI滞留時間の指標が、GITの様々な部分において用いられている。最も一般に用いられるpH依存性コーティングポリマーは、Eudragit(ドイツ、ダルムシュタット、Evonik AGの登録商標)として知られているメタクリル酸共重合体である。EUDRAGIT(登録商標)ポリマーは、アクリル酸および/またはメタクリル酸をもとにしたラッカー基質のポリマーである。望ましいポリマーとしては、自由に浸透するポリマーであるEUDRAGIT(登録商標) RLがある。活性物質および水にわずかに浸透する適切なポリマーは、EUDRAGIT(登録商標) RSである。その他のわずかに活性物質および水に浸透し、pH依存性の浸透浸透性を有するポリマーには、EUDRAGIT(登録商標) L、EUDRAGIT(登録商標) S、および EUDRAGIT(登録商標) Eが含まれるがこれらに限られるものではない。
本発明は、ミニカプセルからなる経口医薬組成物を提示する。ここで、ミニカプセルは、液体、半固体または固体のコアの中に、一つまたはそれ以上の治療または予防のための物質が、活性型の薬物を胃腸管の一つまたはそれ以上の部位で、放出プロフィールをもつ。以下用いられる用語、活性型の薬剤とは、あらゆる適切な治療および/または予防のための活性な物質をいう。本発明は、ミニカプセルからなる経口医薬組成物を提示する。ここで、ミニカプセルは、一つまたはそれ以上の医薬組成物が液体、半固体または固体のコアをもつミニカプセルからなり、活性型の薬物を胃腸管での吸収が最大、または、治療効果が最大となる一つまたはそれ以上の部位で、放出するプロフィールをもつ。重要なことは、本発明は、分子の固有の物理化学的性質にかかわらず、ミニカプセルから放出された場合には、溶解性のある形態であること、または水溶性のGIT環境では速やかに溶解することである。
図面の簡単な説明
活性薬剤の放出制御が、本当に役立つのは薬剤が受容体または作用部位と活性型で相互作用する場合に限られる。薬剤が完全に溶解した形態で存在しなければ、標的の受容体や望ましい活性をもたらさない。本発明は、活性化合物の活性型の薬剤の溶解または、速やかに溶解する形態で放出する薬物送達形態である。
経口投与製剤の薬物送達技術を提供する。これは、小腸、回腸および/または結腸において、放出および吸収を可能とする製剤を提供できるというタンデムの放出制御製剤であり、親水性、疎水性または脂溶性の小分子のための、様々な安定性をもち、溶解性のある、または速やかに溶解する真の1日1回投与の製剤である。
特定の薬物治療において、有益または不利益な結果をもたらす。
またはpH依存性ポリマーも使用することができる。そのようなポリマーには、フタレート、ブチレート、スクシネート、および/またはメリテートを含むものがある。そのようなポリマーには、セルロースアセテートフタレート、セルロースアセテートスクシネート、セルロース水素フタレート、セルロースアセテートトリメリテート、ヒドロキシプロピル-メチルセルロースフタレート、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースアセテートスクシネート、デンプンアセテートフタレート、アミロースアセテートフタレート、ポリビニルアセテートフタレートおよびポリビニルブチレートフタレートがあるが、これらに限定されるものではない。加えて、親和性があれば、あらゆるポリマーの組み合わせることができ、追加的に放出制御または標的放出プロフィールを示すようになる。
結腸における薬物送達-小分子およびタンパク質、ペプチド、抗体および断片および他の変更した構成物を含む高分子の経口による送達に加え、本発明は結腸における生きた、または弱毒化した生命体、たとえば、ワクチン、プロバイオティクス細菌または様々なインターロイキンなど治療効果のある物質を発現および分泌する遺伝子組換バクテリアも含め、健康を促進するための様々な結腸送達の最適化への可能性がある。
当該技術分野において知られているように、カルベジロールは、水にほとんど溶けず、pH5.0で最も溶解し、小腸で速やかに吸収され、2時間以内に最大血漿中濃度に達し、7-10時間の半減期を持つ。広く初回通過の代謝を受け、バイオアベイラビリティは約25%である。食事の影響が考えられるが、薬物動態は市販のCoreg(登録商標)では、投与量に直線的に比例する。吸収は、空腸、回腸および結腸で、それぞれ約56%、28%および7%である。BSCクラスIIの産物として、その吸収は、浸透性による制限ではなく、溶解性により制限されていると考えられる。
胃腸管疾患は、世界の健康問題に重要な問題を提示している。炎症性腸疾患は、広い種類にわたり、クローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎を含み、毎年100万人が米国で罹患している。2つの最も多い小腸の炎症性疾患は、潰瘍性大腸炎(UC)およびクローン病(CD)であり、これらはまとめて炎症性腸疾患(IBD)として知られている。これらの疾患は、近位腸管 (胃および小腸の上部)よりも、下部腸管 (小腸の下部、大腸、および直腸)の疾患である。2つの間では、結腸に主として発生するのが潰瘍性大腸炎であるのに対し、クローン病も遠位小腸に発生する。
UCおよびCDは、はっきりと異なるIBD疾患であるが、同じ薬物が通常用いられる。通常用いられる薬物は、ステロイドが含まれ、(たとえば、ブデノシドおよび他のコルチコステロイド、および副腎のステロイド、たとえば、プレドニゾンおよびヒドロコルチゾン);サイトカイン、たとえば、インターロイキン-10;抗生物質;免疫調節剤、たとえば、アザチオプリン、6-メルカプトプリン、メトトレキセート、シクロスポリン、抗腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)剤、たとえば、溶解性TNF受容体およびTNF抗体;および抗炎症、たとえば、亜鉛がある。IBDに最もよく処方される薬剤は、スルファサラジン(サリチル-アゾ-スルファピリジン、または「SASP」)および、メサラジンといった5-アミノサリチル酸(「5-ASA」)製剤がある。
胃腸管移植片対宿主病(GI-GVHD)は、生命に関わる病態であり、骨髄および幹細胞移植の失敗により最もよく生じる。これらの病態は、白血病や他の癌において、残存疾患を取り除く治療および再発の可能性を減ずるために用いられるようになり、増えてきている。患者の体が臓器を拒絶する固形臓器移植と異なり、GVHDではドナー細胞が患者を攻撃し始める。よく発生するのは、消化管、肝臓および皮膚である。軽度から中程度のGI GVHD患者では、摂食障害、吐き気、嘔吐および下痢の症状が見られる。治療せずに放置すると、GI GVHDが進行し、胃腸管に潰瘍を引き起こし、最も深刻な場合には死に至る。全身の免疫抑制剤、たとえば、プレドニゾンは、GI GVHDの現在の標準的な治療薬であるが、感染症と衰弱により高い致死率となっている。また、米国または欧州連合では、これらの薬物によるGI GVHDは承認されておらず、承認適用外使用として、調査的な治療として用いられている。
便秘は、多くの疾患の病態として現れ、またはある種の治療の副作用である。過敏性大腸症候群を含む特定の疾患においては、便秘は顕著である。オピオイドおよび抗生物質に限られないが、多くの治療剤が便秘につながっていることは、実証されている。以下のものに限られないが、モルヒネ、モルヒネ塩酸および全身性のオピオイドであるナルトレキソンおよびナロキソンは、疼痛の緩和に効果があるとして広く処方されている。しばしば、オピオイドによる効果的な治療の律速段階は、便秘である。
小腸粘膜免疫ネットワークは、食事や共生細菌を由来とする広い範囲の抗原に対して
無反応性または耐性を維持することにより進化してきた。この現象は、経口免疫寛容と呼ばれる。フリードマンらは、経口免疫寛容は、活性な細胞の抑制またはクローンアネルギーを介して起こり、決定する因子は、経口的に摂取された抗体の量によること示した(PNAS USA 1994;91:6688-92)。経口免疫寛容は、用量特異的であり、投与量の増加によって耐性は失われると考えられている(Nagler-Anderson et al.、PNAS USA 1986;83:7443-6)。低容量抗体投与により、活性な細胞の抑制が起こりやすい(Chen et al.、1994 Science; 265:1237-1240)。
急性のHIV感染では、CD4+およびCCR5+T細胞が感染後数日で急速に、深刻に失われるのに対し、血中およびリンパ節といった末梢リンパ系組織は、主にナイーブCD4+T細胞が存在しており、重症度は低い(Brenchley et al.、2004 J Exp Med 200:749-759)。この粘膜免疫システムによる認識を初期のHIV感染の主な標的としてワクチンの開発が望まれる。
多くの小分子およびペプチドが密着結合(TJ)の機能および細胞間の浸透性を調節するために開発されている。上皮および内皮組織(たとえば、小腸粘膜、血液脳幹門および肺の上皮組織)のTJを一次的におよび可逆的に開く分子がある。細胞間浸透性の増加は、多くの疾患の要因となっており、TJの調節経路によって浸透性を調節することは、重要な治療の機会を与える。TJ機能不全および自己免疫疾患の治療からワクチンに至るまでおよびそれらの薬物送達に関し、広く可能性がある。特定のTJ調節剤は、パラゾチドアセテートがあるが、胃腸管の疾患(セリアック病および炎症性腸疾患)の治療に可能性がある。本発明は、TJ調節剤の局所への送達を可能とし、こうしてそのような薬剤を広い疾患に適用し、または粘膜または全身の免疫誘導または経口免疫寛容を促進している。
熱帯蠕虫寄生虫(住血吸虫属種を含む)による感染による免疫システムを調節すれば、感染した固体はアレルギー反応を減ずるという、いわゆる衛生仮説が提言された。この仮説は、早期にバクテリアおよびウイルスに感染させ、タイプ1の免疫性へと免疫システムを転換することで、一般にはアレルゲンに曝されることで発現されるTh2サイトカインの発現を減少させ、アレルギー疾患から保護する。別の説明としては、特定の寄生性の蠕虫が感染することがアレルギー疾患から保護する、とするが、それは寄生性の蠕虫が感染した集団は高い割合で「アレルギー性の」Th2反応に対して免疫学的な転換が起こっており、アレルギー疾患の罹患率が減少していることに基づいているとする。住血吸虫属種は、典型的な熱帯蠕虫寄生虫であるが、Th2サイトカイン反応(抗酸球増加症およびIgE反応を含む)を強く誘発する特徴と関係があり、ヒトのアトピー性疾患を改善することが仮定されている(The Journal of Immunology、2004、173: 6346-6356)。
リノレン酸複合体(CLA)は、一つまたはそれ以上の、必須脂肪酸であるリノレン酸の位置又は幾何異性体の総称である。近時、CLAは固有の脂肪酸であるため、健康効果についての多くの可能性が注目されている。
図1から4は、本発明で用いる様々なミニカプセルまたはミニスフェアの形態を図式的に示す。活性薬物は、一つ以上のミニカプセルまたはミニスフェア構造を用いて製剤化される。
押出または他のポリマーたとえば、融解押出、顆粒化、層化、スフェア化または胃腸管における他の放出制御または標的放出のためのコーティング、または固有の放出制御がなされる活性物質の図である。中抜き矢印は、薬物分子は、放出時に完全に溶解した状態で外部の媒体に放出される(これを式4という)。
図1に示すとおり、実施例1では、式1と類似の放出制御型の液体の充填されたミニカプセルを示す。コアの剤形は、以下の通りに製造された。タクロリムスを適切な量のエタノールに溶解した。いったん溶解し、適切な混合割合のラブラフィル(Labrafil)およびオリーブオイルに溶かした。外殻の溶液は以下のように製造した。水に適切な量のゼラチンおよびソルビトールを加え、溶液になるまで70℃で加熱した。ミニカプセルは、タクロリムスが溶解および浸透性の促進された剤形で構成されていて、Spherex Laboを用いて二層のミニカプセル剤を製造した。
タクロリムスは、実施例1(式1)に示すコーティングされていない形態で放出された。図5の溶解特性は、タクロリムスのミニカプセルの合計量からの放出の割合を示す。タクロリムスは、1時間以内に55%以下だった。4時間以内では80%以下となり、12時間以内に90%以下となった。24以内に100%放出された。
タクロリムスは、ミニカプセルから放出された。12.5%のEudragit(登録商標) RS30Dでコーティングした後、25%Eudragit(登録商標) FS30Dでコーティングを行った。図6の溶解特性は、タクロリムスのミニカプセルの合計量からの放出の割合を示す。1時間以内には10%以下、4時間以内には30%以下、12時間以内に75%以下、24時間以内に100%放出された。この特性は、1日1回投与の全身吸収の製剤、特に回腸や小腸特異的産物に適している。
実施例1
実施例1に示すタクロリムスのミニカプセルを15%の重量比でコーティングした後、25%Eudragit(登録商標) FS30Dでコーティングを行った。図7は、の溶解特性は、タクロリムスのミニカプセルの合計量からの放出の割合を示す。1時間以内には10%以下、4時間以内には30%以下、12時間以内に75%以下、24時間以内に100%放出された。
この特性は、1日1回投与の全身吸収の製剤、特に回腸や小腸特異的産物に適している。
上述の図2にあるとおり、実施例5は、実施例2では、上述の図2の通り、実施例5は、液体の充填されたミニカプセルを示す。半固体または固体の充填されたカプセルを製造するには、コアは以下の通りに製造する。卵白アルブミン(OVA)を適切な容量の混合レシチンおよび飽和のトリグリセリドを加え、加熱し、溶液になるまで攪拌した。
ミニカプセルは、Spherex Laboを用いて、コアには卵白アルブミン溶液を有する2層のミニカプセルを用いて製造された。
上述の図2にあるとおり、実施例6は、放出制御型の液体の充填されたミニカプセルであり、式2の類似体である。半固体または固体の充填されたカプセルを開発するには、コアは、次の通り製剤化される。卵白アルブミンをアルゲル(アラムアジュバント)およびポリI:C(イノシン:シトシン)メチル化オリゴヌクレオチドを、適切な量のレシチンおよび飽和トリグリセリド(Hard Fat-Witespol(登録商標) H15)の混合物に溶解し、溶液になるまで加熱および攪拌した。コアの溶液は以下の通り、調製した。適切な量のゼラチン、水酸化ナトリウム、HP-55および水を混合し、溶液になるまで攪拌および70℃で加熱した。
卵白アルブミン(抗原)およびキトサン(アジュバント)は、コーティングされていないミニカプセルから放出される。1時間以内ではで0%、12時間以内に100%放出された。
図8は、マウスの免疫応答を示す。ミニカプセルで免疫化したマウスを実施例5および実施例6に示す方法で行った。100μgの卵白アルブミンにポリI:Cを含むミニカプセル製剤が、血清IgGの免疫誘導につながる。マウスは、0週に3日連続で免疫化した。続いて同一の系の免疫化を2週にも行った。血清のサンプルは、追加免疫の前に集められ、追加免疫の1週間後に抗原特異的IgGをイライザ法によって測定した。OVA、または特にOVAおよびポリI:Cは、最初の一連の免疫化の後および、特に追加免疫の後、強い血清IgG応答を誘導した。
図9は、マウスの免疫応答を示す。ミニカプセルで免疫化したマウスを実施例5および実施例6に示す方法で行った。ミニカプセル製剤中の卵白アルブミンの投与は、アジュバントポリI:CとOVAによる送達よりも、粘膜IgA(免疫グロブリンA)応答に効果的である。マウスは3日間連続で免疫化した。続いて同一の系の免疫化を2週にも行った。小腸洗浄液を、追加免疫の1週間後に行い、抗原特異的IgAおよびIgGをイライザ法によって測定した。これは、ミニカプセル化することによるOVAのタンパク質分解からの保護により、粘膜IgAの応答が促進していることを示す。粘膜抗体はIgGに応答する。抗体力価の点では、小腸洗浄液における抗原特異的IgGは、マウスをOVAで免疫化した場合またはOVAおよびポリI:Cの溶液で免疫化した場合が最も応答があった。
図10は、マウスの免疫応答を示す。ミニカプセルで免疫化したマウスを実施例5および実施例6に示す方法で行った。実施例5および実施例6で示したとおり、OVAでの免疫化は、脾臓細胞において強い抗原特異的IFN-γ生産を誘導した。マウスは3日間連続で免疫化した。続いて同一の系の免疫化を2週にも行った。追加免疫の7日後、脾臓細胞を抗原で再刺激を行い、3日後、イライザ法によってIL-17およびIFN-γの濃度を測定した。OVAおよびキトサンの腸内投与では、抗原の再刺激により、INF-γの強い応答を示した。
図11は、マウスの免疫応答を示す。ミニカプセルで免疫化したマウスを実施例5および実施例6に示す方法で行った。実施例5および実施例6で示したとおり、OVAでの免疫化は、脾臓細胞において強い抗原特異的IL-4およびIL-10生産を誘導した。マウスは3日間連続で免疫化した。続いて同一の系の免疫化を2週にも行った。追加免疫の7日後、脾臓細胞を抗原で再刺激を行い、3日後、イライザ法によってIL-4、IL-5およびIL-10の濃度を測定した。免疫化したマウスについて、コーティングしていないミニカプセル(実施例5)では、コーティングしたミニカプセルよりも応答が小さく、このことは粒子の腸溶性コーティングによりOVAが保護され、より大きいT細胞応答を誘導することを示唆している。
図12は、マウスの免疫応答を示す。ミニカプセルで免疫化したマウスを実施例5および実施例6に示す方法で行った。実施例5および実施例6で示したとおり、OVAでの免疫化は、脾臓細胞において強い抗原特異的IL-4およびIL-10生産を誘導した。マウスは3日間連続で免疫化した。続いて同一の系の免疫化を2週にも行った。追加免疫の7日後、脾臓細胞を抗原で再刺激を行い、3日後、イライザ法によってIL-4、IL-5およびIL-10の濃度を測定した。コーティングしていない製剤(実施例5)が、T細胞特異的分泌を行うIL-4、IL-5およびIFN-γでは、コーティングした製剤(実施例6)よりも有効であった。
上述の図3で示したように実施例12では、ミクロ化(ナノ化)した薬物の分散を示す。この例では、ミクロ化したタクロリムスの固体ゲル化剤に対する分散を示す。これは式3におけるものの代表例となる。固体ミニカプセル(ミニスフェア)は、以下のように製造された。適切な量のミクロ化したタクロリムス、ゼラチンおよびソルビトールを水に加えて80℃に加熱し、均一な溶液となるまで継続的に攪拌した。その後、適切な流量と振動のもと、溶液を固体ミニスフェアに加工した。精製したミニスフェアを油脂中で冷却した。冷却したミニスフェアを回収し、遠心分離により残った油脂を取り除き、一晩乾燥した。
実施例12に示す方法で製造したコーティングされていないミニカプセルからのタクロリムスの放出は、図13に示すとおりであった。溶出プロフィールは、ミニカプセル中の合計量に対するタクロリムスの比率で示した。1時間以内に90%以上放出され、4時間後にはほぼ100%となった。
実施例12に示す方法で製造した重量比10%のSurelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたミニカプセルからのタクロリムスの放出は、図14に示すとおりであった。溶出プロフィールは、ミニカプセル中の合計量に対するタクロリムスの比率で示した。1時間以内では10%以下であり、4時間後に95%以下であり、8時間後にほぼ100%となった。
実施例12に示す方法で製造した重量比15%のSurelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたミニカプセルからのタクロリムスの放出は、図15に示すとおりであった。溶出プロフィールは、ミニカプセル中の合計量に対するタクロリムスの比率で示した。1時間以内では10%以下であり、4時間後に25%以下であり、8時間後にほぼ100%となった。
実施例12に示す方法で製造した重量比20%のSurelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたミニカプセルからのタクロリムスの放出は、図16に示すとおりであった。溶出プロフィールは、ミニカプセル中の合計量に対するタクロリムスの比率で示した。1時間以内では10%以下であり、4時間後に20%以下であり、8時間後に95%以下であり、12時間後にほぼ100%となった。
実施例12に示す方法で製造した重量比25%のSurelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたミニカプセルからのタクロリムスの放出は、図17に示すとおりであった。溶出プロフィールは、ミニカプセル中の合計量に対するタクロリムスの比率で示した。1時間以内では10%以下であり、4時間後に20%以下であり、8時間後に70%以下であり、24時間後にほぼ100%となった。
実施例12に示す方法で製造した重量比30%のSurelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたミニカプセルからのタクロリムスの放出は、図18に示すとおりであった。溶出プロフィールは、ミニカプセル中の合計量に対するタクロリムスの比率で示した。1時間以内では10%以下であり、4時間後に10%以下であり、8時間後に30%以下であり、24時間後にほぼ100%となった。
実施例12に示す方法で製造した様々な重量比(0-30%重量比)のSurelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたミニカプセルからのタクロリムスの放出の試験をした。図19に様々な濃度の溶出プロフィールを、ミニカプセル中の合計量に対するタクロリムスの比率で示した。
上述の図3で示すとおり、実施例20では押出製法による乳化した懸濁液製剤の例を示す。本件ではヒドララジンであり、これが式4の代表例となる。ゼラチンを水に混ぜ、65℃に加熱して溶解するまで攪拌した。ヒドララジンは加熱したゼラチン溶液に加え、均一な溶液となるまで攪拌した(溶液1)。スクアレン、ゲルーシア44/14およびラブラフィルMS 1944 CSを加熱し、均一な溶液となるまで攪拌した(溶液2)。溶液1および溶液2を混合し、均質化し、乳化した懸濁液を得た。乳化した懸濁液を、単一ノズルのミニカプセル加工機または押出機を用いて、振動も加えて押出し、冷却浴または空気中で冷却した。
腸炎は、マウスの飲料水に2.5%のDSSを混ぜることにより誘発させた。2つの異なるコーティングを実施例20のDMOGミニカプセルに用いた。すなわち、DSS-ビーズ(0.25mg-即時放出)およびDSS-COATビーズ(DSS-22% Surelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたCOATビーズ-DMOG: 0.25mg/日)であり、これらを処置していないDSS-誘発性マウスおよび8 mg DMOG-IPで2日間隔で処理したマウスと比較した。ミニカプセルは実施例20に示す方法で製造した。
図21について、疾患活性指標(disease activity index)(DAI)は体重の減少、便硬度および血便の有無のスコアの合計で測定した。正常便=ペレットの形状、軟便=粘り気があり、半-形成された便で肛門に付着しない、下痢=液状便で肛門に付着する。各種の要素からなるスコア体系から、毎日の結腸へのDMOG(DSS-22% Surelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたCOATビーズ-DMOG: 0.25mg/日) 0.25mgの特異的投与により、DMOGは、DSS処理したマウスの腸炎誘発に対して顕著な保護作用を有することが明らかとなった。
図22について、マウスから7日に、結腸を切除したところ、まだDSSが結腸の長さの短縮効果を有していることが観測されたのに対し、DMOG IP (8mg DMOGを2日間隔で投与)および結腸-特異的DMOGコーティングビーズ(DSS-22% Surelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたCOATビーズ-DMOG: 0.25mg/日)を投与した場合には、著しく、結腸の短縮は減少した。これは、DMOGがDSS誘発性の腸炎に対して保護作用を有することを示唆している。図21は、IP(DSS-DMOG)を2日間隔で投与した場合、処理されていないマウス(DSS)に比べて、8mg DMOGが顕著な保護作用を示した。同様に0.25mgのDMOGを結腸-特異的ビーズ(DSS-22% Surelease(登録商標)でコーティングしたCOATビーズ-DMOG: 0.25mg/日)として毎日投与した場合にも、保護作用は顕著であった。ミニカプセルは、上述の実施例20煮染めした方法によって製造した。
Claims (91)
- 一つまたはそれ以上の治療または予防のための物質が、液体、半固体または固体のコアをもち、活性型の薬物を胃腸管の一つまたはそれ以上の部位で放出する、放出プロフィールをもつミニカプセルを含む経口医薬組成物。
- 活性化合物が、小分子、タンパク質、ペプチド、核酸、炭化水素、生体小分子、生物由来の成分またはそれらの誘導体である請求項1記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセルが、一層であり、全体にわたり固体である請求項1記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセルが、液体、半固体または固体のコアを封入した固体の外殻をもつ二層を含む請求項1または2のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセルが、固体の外殻;固体、半固体または液体の中間緩衝層;および液体、半固体または液体のコアの三層を含むものである請求項1または2のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセルが、活性化合物の放出制御のために変更されている前述の請求項いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御のためのコーティングがミニカプセルの外殻に適用されている請求項6記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御のために、外殻が変更されている請求項6または7のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御のために、ミニカプセルの中間緩衝層が変更されている請求項6ないし8のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御のために、ミニカプセルのコアが変更されている請求項6ないし9のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御のために、ポリマー素材が用いられている請求項6ないし10のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ポリマー素材が、pH、時間、厚さ、腐食およびバクテリア分解性の一つまたはそれ以上に対して感受性のある請求項11記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセルが、一つまたはそれ以上の活性物質を一つの層に含んでおり、その層が活性薬剤の放出を制御する請求項1ないし12のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質がミクロまたはナノ粒子化されて含まれている請求項1ないし13のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が溶解した形態で存在する請求項1ないし13のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が結晶の形態で存在する請求項1ないし13のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質がアモルファスの形態で存在する請求項1ないし13のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤が全身吸収を最大化するために胃腸管において放出される請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がリンパ管吸収を最大にするために胃腸管において放出される請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が血液脳関門吸収性を最大にするために胃腸管において放出される請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質がプレシステミック吸収を最大にするために胃腸管において放出される請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 局所胃腸管内活性が最大となるような形態で胃腸管において活性物質が放出される請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 胃腸管内腔での活性が最大となるような形態で胃腸管において活性物質が放出される請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、長期間、胃において滞留する請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、時間療法の効果が最大にとなるような形態で胃腸管において放出される請求項1ないし17のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 一つの活性物質が二つまたはそれ以上の形態で存在していて、小腸において溶解する固体のミニカプセルの形態である、または結腸および/または回腸において放出するためにあらかじめ溶解されている請求項1ないし25のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 一つ以上の活性物質が、胃腸管の一つまたはそれ以上の部位において放出される請求項1ないし26のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 一つの活性物質が、固体のミニカプセルに小腸において溶解するが、他の活性物質は結腸および/または回腸において放出されるためにあらかじめ溶解されている請求項1ないし27のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、結腸において放出されて速やかに吸収されるようにするため、溶解性を向上させた形態で存在する請求項1ないし26のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が小分子である請求項1ないし29のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、浸透性を促進し、脂溶性を向上させ、および/または親水性を向上させる等のための、小分子の複合体またはその誘導体である請求項1ないし29のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、浸透性を促進し、脂溶性を向上させ、安定性を向上させ、免疫原性を減少させ、および/または親水性を向上させる等のための生物医薬たとえば、ペプチド、タンパク質、核酸、糖質、それらの複合体または誘導体である請求項1ないし29のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 製剤が、タンパク質分解酵素阻害剤といった保護剤を含む請求項1ないし32のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 製剤が、粘膜接着剤または生物接着剤といった接着剤を含む請求項1ないし33のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 製剤が、小腸粘膜または全身の免疫反応を誘導するために抗原および/またはアジュバントを含む請求項1ないし34のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御が、外殻のコーティングの因子である請求項1ないし35のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御が、外殻の組成の因子である請求項1ないし36のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御が、コアの因子である請求項1ないし37のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 放出制御が、外殻のコーティングおよび/または外殻の組成および/またはコアの構成物の因子である請求項1ないし38のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセル剤が、硬質のゼラチンカプセル、スプリンクルまたはチューブである形態で投与される請求項1ないし39のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセル剤が、さらに、活性物質の溶解性を最大にするための賦形剤を含む前述の請求項いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- ミニカプセル剤が、さらに、活性物質の小腸での浸透性を最大にするための賦形剤を含む前述の請求項いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質の回腸での浸透性を最大にするための賦形剤が、これらに限定されるものではないが、カプリン酸ナトリウム、ドデカン酸ナトリウム、パルミチン酸ナトリウム、SNAC、キトサンおよびそれらの誘導体、脂肪酸、胆汁酸塩、酸化窒素供与体、ヒドロキシラーゼ阻害剤、および/または抗酸化剤を含む前述の請求項いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質の結腸での浸透性を最大にするための賦形剤が、これらに限定されるものではないが、カプリン酸ナトリウム、ドデカン酸ナトリウム、パルミチン酸ナトリウム、SNAC、キトサンおよびそれらの誘導体、脂肪酸、胆汁酸塩、酸化窒素供与基、ヒドロキシラーゼ阻害剤、および/または抗酸化剤を含む前述の請求項いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤による回腸および結腸での治療可能性を促進するための賦形剤が、これらに限定されるのではないが、吸収抑制剤、オメガ3油といった精油、ニーム油といった天然植物抽出物、イオン交換樹脂、アゾ結合といったバクテリアによって分解する結合リンカー、アミロース、グアーガム、ペクチン、キトサン、イヌリン、シクロデキストリン、コンドロイチン硫酸、デキストラン、グアーガムおよびローカストビーンガムといった多糖、核内因子κB阻害剤、IKKβB、フマル酸、クエン酸等の酸およびこれらを修飾したものを含む前述の請求項いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 小腸での吸収に従う全身のバイオアベイラビリティーを促進するための賦形剤が、たとえば、これに限定されるものではないが、PgPポンプ阻害剤を含む排出ポンプ阻害剤、これに限定されるものではないがチトクロームP450 3A 阻害剤を含む代謝阻害剤を含んでいる前述の請求項のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 小腸における吸収に関連する全身の副作用を軽減するための賦形剤が、たとえば、これに限定されるものではないが、クルクミノイド、フラボノイド、または、より具体的には、クルクミン、ベータカロテン、α-トコフェロール、アスコルビン酸またはラザロイドといった抗酸化剤を含む前述の請求項いずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、溶解した形態または、速やかに溶解する液体、半液体または固体の形態で存在する医薬組成物である請求項1ないし47のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤が免疫抑制剤である請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がシクロスポリンAである請求項1ないし49のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がタクロリムスである請求項1ないし49のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がシロリムスである請求項1ないし49のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 免疫抑制剤を胃腸管全長にわたり持続放出する請求項50ないし52のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 24時間以上にわたり吸収を促進する請求項53記載の医薬組成物。
- 移植片対宿主病の治療に使用される請求項54記載の医薬組成物。
- 胃-小腸の移植片対宿主病の治療に使用される請求項55記載の医薬組成物。
- 薬学的に活性な免疫抑制剤が結腸および/または回腸の全域にわたり放出される請求項50ないし52のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 炎症性腸疾患の治療に使用される請求項57記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がヒドロキシラーゼ阻害剤である請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がプロピルヒドロキシラーゼ阻害剤である請求項59記載医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がアスパラギン酸ヒドロキシラーゼ阻害剤である請求項59記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がDMOGである請求項59ないし61のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がヒドララジンである請求項59ないし61のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 炎症性腸疾患の治療に用いられる請求項59ないし63のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が植物抽出物である請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が海洋抽出物である請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が精油である請求項1ないし48の記載の医薬組成物。
- 炎症性腸疾患の予防または治療に用いられる請求項65ないし67のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 過敏性大腸症候群の予防または治療に用いられる請求項65ないし67のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 便秘の治療に用いられる請求項65ないし67のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 下痢の治療に用いられる請求項65ないし67のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、ワクチンである請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、経口投与できるように調節されたものである請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質がグルテンである請求項73記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質がグルテン誘導体である請求項73記載の医薬組成物。
- セリアック病の治療に用いられる請求項73ないし75のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が、過敏性大腸症候群を緩和させる請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がヒドロキシラーゼ阻害剤である請求項77記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がイオンチャネルブロッカーである請求項77記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性物質が植物抽出物である請求項77記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がオピオイドである請求項1ないし48のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤がモルヒネである請求項81記載の医薬組成物。
- 活性薬剤が硫酸モルヒネである請求項81記載の医薬組成物。
- オピオイドと併用するオピオイド誘発性便秘緩和剤が末梢オピオイド受容体アンタゴニストである請求項81ないし83のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- 末梢オピオイド受容体アンタゴニストがメチルナルトレキソンである請求項84記載の医薬組成物。
- 末梢オピオイド受容体アンタゴニストがナルトレキソンである請求項84記載の医薬組成物。
- 末梢オピオイド受容体アンタゴニストがナロキソンである請求項84記載の医薬組成物。
- オピオイドと末梢オピオイド受容体アンタゴニストとの併用剤との組み合わせがイオンチャネルブロッカーである請求項84ないし87のいずれか記載の医薬組成物。
- イオンチャネルブロッカーがカルシウムチャネルブロッカーである請求項88記載の医薬組成物。
- カルシウムチャネルブロッカーがニモジピンである請求項89記載の医薬組成物。
- 広くオピオイドの影響があるが、便秘は限定的である請求項90記載の医薬組成物。
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