JP2015511242A - 病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤 - Google Patents
病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
前庭(内耳)障害は浮動性めまい、回転性めまい、平衡失調、聴力変化、嘔気、疲労、不安、集中力低下をはじめとする症状を引き起こし、日常的な機能、作業能力、家族や友人との関係および生活の質に深刻な影響を及ぼす可能性がある。
前庭障害の病因はほとんど明らかにされていないが、前庭障害が前庭器官に関係のある大きな病態群を構成していることが広く受け入れられている。前庭障害はその推定される発生源によって区別され、それに従えば(1)病変性前庭障害と(2)非病変性前庭障害とに分類することができる。
・内耳および/または前庭神経の炎症が可逆的および/または不可逆的ダメージを引き起こす前庭障害。このグループに属する病態の1つの例に前庭神経炎がある;
・内耳液が冒される(内リンパの質、組成および/または圧力に異常がみられる)前庭障害。このような障害では通常、疾患の経過中に病変が発生する。このグループに属する病態の例にはメニエール病および続発性内リンパ水腫がある。これらは現在、耳鳴および聴力損失を引き起こすとされている;
・前庭末端器官の損傷または病変によって引き起こされる前庭障害。この病態の例には、局所虚血、興奮毒性、側頭骨に影響を及ぼす外傷またはゲンタマイシンおよびシスプラチンなどの薬物による前庭有毛細胞の聴覚毒性損傷によって引き起こされるめまいがある。
・内耳の一部分の内部で破片が採取される前庭障害。この耳石と呼ばれる破片は炭酸カルシウムの小さな結晶でできており、その位置がずれると脳に誤ったシグナルが送られる。この病態の例には頭位性めまいがある;
発生源が不明で耳鳴も聴力損失も伴わない反復性の前庭障害。
患者において前庭末端器官の形態機能的変化を直接評価することはできない(MRIによって検知できる大きな病変は除く)。逆に、前庭の機能低下を評価するのに現時点では間接的な評価方法が用いられている。このような検査方法は一般に、ENT(耳鼻咽喉科)の診療所/病院で実施される。本発明者らはその中でも、前庭眼振記録(vestibulonystagmography)(VNG)ならびに温度眼振検査または回転検査、頭部衝撃試験(head impulse testing)(HIT)および前庭筋誘発電位(VEMP)を用いる前庭動眼反射(VOR)の評価を取り上げる。
現在用いられている前庭障害の治療法は主として、制吐剤を用いて自律神経系の反応を抑えながら前庭麻痺薬(vestibuloplegic drug)を用いてめまい発作を軽減することに焦点を当てたものである。前庭神経炎の場合(細菌またはウイルス感染が原因であると考えられる場合)、副腎皮質ステロイド剤および抗ウイルス剤が、推定される前庭機能障害の原因を治療することによって前庭ダメージの拡散を抑えるために間接的に用いられる唯一の薬剤である。ほとんどの前庭不全には確立された病因論がないため、その効果は未だ議論の的であり、患者の長期的な転帰を改善せずに初期のピーク発作の消失のみ改善することが推奨されている。例えば、前庭神経炎後の回復は通常、全面的なものではない。患者60例を対象とした試験では、水平半規管の不全麻痺が、症状発現から1か月後では約90%、6か月後では80%に認められ、最終的に温度反応が正常になったのはわずか42%であった。この病態の発生率に基づくと、米国で年間約4000人に他の機序によっては十全に補えない実質的で恒久的な片側の前庭動眼反射の動的不全が発症することになる。この不全は歩行中、特に罹患した耳の方向に頭を動かす際に視覚障害および体位平衡失調を引き起こす。
・感染により内耳および/または前庭神経が炎症を起こし、可逆的および/または不可逆的ダメージを引き起こす前庭障害。このグループに属する病態の1つの例に前庭神経炎がある;
・内耳液が冒される(内リンパの質、組成および/または圧力に異常がみられる)前庭障害。このような障害では通常、疾患の経過中に病変が発生する。このグループに属する病態の例にはメニエール病および続発性内リンパ水腫がある;
・前庭末端器官の損傷または病変によって引き起こされる前庭障害。この病態の例には、局所虚血、興奮毒性、側頭骨に影響を及ぼす外傷またはゲンタマイシンおよびシスプラチンなどの薬物による前庭有毛細胞の聴覚毒性損傷によって引き起こされるめまいがある。
材料および方法
動物
190〜220gの成体雌Long−Evansラット(CERJ、Le Genest、France)を用いて、仏農業省の規則および欧州共同体理事会指令に従い実験を実施した。
雌Long−Evansラットの頭蓋にケタミン−キシラジン深麻酔下でセルフタッピング外科用ねじおよびシアノアクリレートを用いて、一部が歯科用アクリルで覆われた2個の逆向き3mmボルトを外科的に固定した。各個体を1週間回復させた後、実験前の週に、持続時間を増加させながら頭部を固定する訓練(5〜10分)を4回実施した。
外科用顕微鏡を用いた観察下、各ラットにベンジルアルコール10mg/mLを加えた15mMカイニン酸生理的血清溶液50μL(t=0時間)およびベンジルアルコール10mg/mLを加えた15mMカニン酸(kanic acid)生理的血清溶液(t=2時間)を鼓膜から注射した。
t=1時間において、それぞれ0〜4の段階で採点する5種類の古典的な基準、すなわち回旋運動、首振り運動、頭位傾斜度、尾部懸垂反射(tail−hanging reflex)不全および空中立ち直り反射不全を用いて、鼓膜から注射した各個体の行動面に関連する前庭不全を判定した。治療前の合計スコア(全5種類の基準のスコアの合計)が7以上の個体のみを試験に含めた。
t=1時間およびt=24時間に暗所、頭部固定条件下でISCAN ETL−200赤外線ビデオ眼球運動記録システムを用いて自発性眼球運動を記録した。比較のため、t=24時間における各グループの自発性眼振の頻度をt=1時間における自発性眼振の頻度の平均値(治療前値)に正規化した。
t=1時間における行動実験および赤外線ビデオ眼振検査の後直ちに、二重盲検無作為条件下でラットに血清(偽治療群)またはFK−506・一水和物2.5mg/kg(カルシニューリン阻害剤治療群)を腹腔内注射した後、次の操作までケージに戻した。
ラットにペントバルビタール(0.4%)で深麻酔をかけた後、ヘパリンPBS(0.01M)、次いで固定液(4%パラホルムアルデヒド、1%ピクリン酸および5%ショ糖)で経心灌流した。側頭骨を同じ溶液で後固定した後、PBS中で解剖した。前庭末端器官を4%アガロースで包埋し、ビブラトーム(HM650V、Microm)で厚さ40μmの切片に薄切した。4%Triton X−100で浮遊切片を透過処理し、0.5%魚ゼラチン、0.5%Triton X−100および1%BSAのブロッキング溶液によるプレインキュベーションにより非特異的結合を防止した。次いで、ブロッキング溶液で希釈した神経フィラメント(マウスN52、1:200、Sigma−Aldrich、France)およびカルシニューリンAB(ウサギ、1:1000、Swant、Switzerland)に対する一次抗体とともに試料を一晩インキュベートした。ブロッキング溶液に溶かした蛍光二次抗体Alexa 488抗マウスおよびAlexa 594抗ウサギ(ともに1:700、Fisher Scientific、Illkirch、France)で特異的標識を明らかにした。マウントする前に、組織をDAPI(1:5000、Sigma−Aldrich、France)で染色した。走査型共焦点レーザー顕微鏡(LSM 5 LIVE DUO、Zeiss)を用いて試料を分析した。Adobe Photoshopソフトウェア(San Jose、CA)で最終的な画像処理を行った。
MatLab R2011b(The Mathworks、Natick、Massachusetts)に書かれたカスタムルーチンを用いて、t=1時間(治療前)およびt=24時間(慢性不全)に記録された眼球運動記録のトレースにおける自発性眼振の頻度を測定した。t=24時間で測定された自発性眼振の頻度をグループ(偽治療群/FK−506群)のt=1時間における平均頻度に正規化した。SigmaPlot 11(SyStat Software Inc.、San Jose、CA)でスチューデントt検定を用いて、統計的有意差を判定した。SigmaPlot 11(SyStat Software Inc.、San Jose、CA)でデータを可視化した。
メニエール病(過興奮性)、前庭神経炎(炎症)、椎骨脳底発作(虚血)および外傷性頭部傷害などの病態における末梢前庭系へのダメージは、過剰な細胞内カルシウム蓄積が二次シグナル伝達カスケードの有害な活性化を引き起こす機序を介して起こる。
図1Aは、前庭神経節では、ニューロン特異的構造タンパク質神経フィラメント(緑)を発現する前庭一次ニューロンの神経細胞体(矢頭)にカルシニューリン(赤)が発現することを示している。核はDAPI(青)で標識されている。
図は、FK−506治療群の正規化した慢性自発性眼振の頻度がt=24時間において26.9±11.8%であったことを示している。この値は、偽治療群のt=24時間における正規化した慢性自発性眼振の頻度47.2±15.2%と有意に異なっている(p=0.014)。このことは、二重盲検無作為条件下、カルシニューリン阻害剤FK−506(タクロリムス)2.5mg/kgの単回全身(腹腔内)注射が興奮毒性損傷後の持続性前庭不全(暗所での自発性眼振として定量化)を43%減少させることを示している。
方法
動物
220〜250gの雌Long−Evansラット(CERJ、Le Genest、France)を用いて、仏農業省の規則および欧州共同体理事会指令第86/609/EEC、OJL358に従い全実験を実施した。
ケタミン100mg/kgおよびキシラジン8mg/kgを腹腔内投与した後、後肢をつまんでも引っ込め反射がみられないことにより確認される深麻酔下、眼球運動記録時に固定するためのヘッドポスト(headpost)を各個体の頭蓋に外科的に固定した。頭皮を矢状切開した後、方形構造で頭蓋内に固定した4本の4.7mmセルフタッピング式骨接合用ネジ(Fine Science Tools、Heidelberg、Germany)の周囲にプラスチック製のリング(外径15mm×内径10.5mm×高さ5mm;Banbury Plastic Fittings、Banbury、UK)を置いた。リングの内側に露出した頭蓋にシアノアクリレート接着剤を塗り、歯科用アクリルを用いて2個の逆向き3mmボルトを矢状正中線上に固定した。露出した頭皮切開部分に消毒液(Betadine)を塗り、観察下で麻酔から回復させた後、ラットを飼育ケージに戻した。
ヘッドポスト(headpost)手術の1週間後、軽度のイソフルラン麻酔後に各個体にトレーニングを4回実施した。ラットを柔らかく「すっぽり収まる」拘束具(Lomir Biomedical、Malone NY、USA)に入れ、頭部のみを露出させた。5分、7分、7分および10分の訓練時間(1週間を通して)の間、眼球運動記録ステージの拘束具にヘッドポスト(headpost)の2個の逆向きボルトをしっかりと固定し、のちの記録時の不安を軽減した。
t=0時間にイソフルラン麻酔下、正円窓を透過処理するベンジルアルコール(Sigma−Aldrich、Lyon、France)を含有する20mMカイニン酸(Abcam Biochemicals、Cambridge、UK)生理的血清溶液の経鼓膜注射液50μLを10mg/mLで左側中耳に注射して、片側に興奮毒性前庭損傷を与えた。観察下でラットを右側の麻酔から回復させた。
t=1時間に盲検無作為条件下、20%Cremophor EL/2%EtOH/1%Tween80/77%生理的血清の溶液に溶かしたカルシニューリン阻害剤シクロスポリンA(Abcam Biochemicals、Cambridge、UK)50mg/kgの腹腔内投与による薬理学的治療を実施し、この実験では盲検状態の実験者が治療前の機能特徴付けの直後に各個体を治療した。
最初の興奮毒性損傷後t=1時間(治療前)および24時間に、片側前庭傷害に特徴的な5種類の行動不全の基準について正常行動(0)から最大限の障害(4)を異なる等級で採点し(回旋運動、首振り運動、尾部懸垂反射(tail−hanging reflex)、空中立ち直り反射および頭位傾斜度)、その合計スコアを用いて前庭不全を評価した。カイニン酸塩による発作活性開始の常同的徴候を示した個体はいずれも、致死量のペントバルビタールを用いて直ちに安楽死させ、全データを解析から除外した。
最初の興奮毒性損傷後t=1時間(治療前)および24時間に、げっ歯類用のコンピュータ制御された赤外線眼球運動記録装置(ETL−200、ISCAN Inc.、Woburn MA、USA)を用いて自発性眼振を記録した。各時点で瞳孔の位置に基づいて検知される眼球運動を2分間記録し、のちの解析にオフラインでASCII形式にて保存した。
MatLab(MathWorks、Natick、MA)に書かれたカスタムルーチンを用いて各個体、時点および治療条件でのビデオ眼振検査記録の記録から自発性眼振の頻度を決定した。治療前のグループ平均値に正規化した眼振頻度およびスチューデントt検定を用いて、SigmaPlot(Systat、Chicago、IL)で眼振データのプロットおよび統計解析をすべて行った。検知された差はいずれもp<0.05で有意であるとした。データの値は平均±s.e.m.で表した。
盲検無作為条件下、t=1時間において中等度ないし重度の前庭機能不全(不全スコアが7以上)が認められる個体にシクロスポリンA(50mg/kg、腹腔内)または対応する偽治療溶液を投与した(「方法」を参照されたい)。
Claims (7)
- 病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤。
- 前記カルシニューリン阻害剤がタクロリムスまたはその誘導体である、請求項1に記載の病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤。
- 前記タクロリムス誘導体がピメクロリムスである、請求項2に記載の病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤。
- 前記カルシニューリン阻害剤がシクロスポリンAまたはその誘導体である、請求項1に記載の病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤。
- 前記シクロスポリンA誘導体がボクロスポリンである、請求項4に記載の病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤。
- 前記カルシニューリン阻害剤がCN585(6−(3,4−ジクロロフェニル)−4−(N,N−ジメチルアミノエチルチオ)−2−フェニル−ピリミジン)である、請求項1に記載の病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤。
- 前記病変性前庭障害が、前庭神経炎、ウイルス性ニューロン炎、内耳炎、ウイルス性内リンパ性内耳炎、薬物中毒性難聴、メニエール病、内リンパ水腫、病変性前庭不全を伴う頭部外傷、迷路出血、慢性または急性内耳感染症、重症迷路、気圧障害、自己免疫性内耳疾患、慢性メニエール病、老年性前庭(presbyvestibulia)および中毒性前庭障害からなる群より選択される、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の病変性前庭障害の治療に使用するカルシニューリン阻害剤。
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EP2254880B8 (en) | 2008-02-21 | 2016-09-21 | OncoSynergy, Inc. | Macrocyclic prodrug compounds useful as therapeutics |
CA2709132A1 (en) | 2010-07-07 | 2012-01-07 | Kevin M. Coombs | Target host factors for treating viral infection |
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2013
- 2013-02-22 US US14/380,652 patent/US10188695B2/en active Active
- 2013-02-22 JP JP2014558120A patent/JP2015511242A/ja active Pending
- 2013-02-22 EP EP13707333.4A patent/EP2817009A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-02-22 WO PCT/EP2013/053557 patent/WO2013124416A1/en active Application Filing
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JP2010540682A (ja) * | 2007-10-08 | 2010-12-24 | ラックス・バイオサイエンシーズ・インコーポレイテッド | カルシニューリン阻害剤またはmTOR阻害剤を含む眼科用組成物 |
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WO2012026665A1 (en) * | 2010-08-24 | 2012-03-01 | Ewha University - Industry Collaboration Foundation | Novel tacrolimus derivatives, a neuroprotective composition comprising the same, an immunosuppressive composition comprising the same, a method for preparing the same, and a mutant for producing the same |
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US10188695B2 (en) | 2019-01-29 |
WO2013124416A1 (en) | 2013-08-29 |
EP2817009A1 (en) | 2014-12-31 |
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