JP5553747B2 - シクロスポリン医薬組成物 - Google Patents
シクロスポリン医薬組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
シクロスポリンは、一般に免疫抑制活性および抗炎症活性を有するポリペプチドのクラスを形成する。最も一般に知られているシクロスポリンは、シクロスポリン-Aである。他の型のシクロスポリンは、シクロスポリン-B、シクロスポリン-C、シクロスポリン-D、およびシクロスポリン-G、ならびにそれらの誘導体を含む。本明細書で「シクロスポリン(cyclosporin)」または「シクロスポリン(cyclosporins)」という用語は、本明細書で用いられているいくつかのシクロスポリン誘導体もしくはそのプロドラッグのいずれか、または上記のいずれかのいずれかの混合物に言及することは、理解されるべきである。
本発明では、可溶化液体形態にあるシクロスポリンを含むコアを有する小カプセルであり、少なくとも結腸において予備可溶化シクロスポリンを放出する放出特性を有する小カプセルを含む、経口シクロスポリン組成物を提供する。
それゆえ、改善されたシクロスポリンの医薬組成物が必要である。本発明は、潰瘍性大腸炎の治療におけるシクロスポリンの効果的な作用の開発を可能にする。本発明において、シクロスポリンは結腸において可溶型のままであり、全身性副作用はシクロスポリンの長期の高経口または静脈内用量と関連した。シクロスポリンを可溶型にて放出する結腸特異型を提供する。
胃腸疾患は、重大な世界的健康問題を引き起こす。炎症性腸疾患は、その属がクローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎を含むさまざまな疾患を含むが、アメリカ合衆国内で毎年ほぼ100万の人々に影響する。2つの最も一般的な腸の炎症疾患、潰瘍性大腸炎(UC)およびクローン病(CD)は、まとめて炎症性腸疾患(IBD)として知られる。これらの疾患は、近位腸(胃および上部小腸)よりむしろ遠位腸(下部小腸、大腸、および直腸)の疾患である。2つの中で、潰瘍性大腸炎は主に結腸に影響し、一方でクローン病はむしろ遠位小腸に影響する。
それらは異なったIBD疾患であるが、UCおよびCDの両方を治療するために同一の薬物が一般に用いられる。それらの治療にて一般に用いられる薬物は、ステロイド(例えば、ブデソニドおよび他のコルチコステロイド、ならびにプレドニゾンおよびヒドロコルチゾンなどの副腎ステロイド);インターロイキン-10などのサイトカイン;抗生物質;アザチオプリン、6-メルカプトプリン、メトトレキサート、シクロスポリンなどの免疫調節剤、ならびに抗腫瘍壊死因子(TNF)剤、例えばTNFに対して産生される可溶性TNF受容体および抗体;さらに、亜鉛などの抗炎症剤を含む。IBD用に最も一般的に処方される薬剤は、スルファサラジン(サリチル-アゾ-スルファピリジン、または「SASP」)およびメサラジンを含む関連5-アミノサリチル酸(「5-ASA」)製剤を含む。疾患が難治性の場合、高用量のシクロスポリンが静脈内に投与されると、かなりの、急速な有効性を示した。
GI GVHDは生命にかかわる疾患であり、骨髄および幹細胞移植の失敗の最も一般的な原因の1つである。これらの治療は、白血病患者および他の癌患者を治療し、残存疾患を除去し、再発の可能性を減少させるためにますます用いられている。患者の体が臓器を拒絶しうる固形臓器移植と異なり、GVHDにおいてはドナー細胞が患者の体、最も頻繁には腸、肝臓および皮膚を攻撃し始める。軽度から中等度のGI GVHD患者は、典型的に食欲不振、吐き気、嘔吐および下痢の症状にかかる。治療しないまま放置すると、GI GVHDは胃腸管の内層における潰瘍に進行し得、その最も重症型では、致死的になりうる。プレドニゾンなどの全身免疫抑制剤は、GI GVHD用の現在の標準的な治療薬であるが、感染症および衰弱のために高死亡率と関連する。さらに、これらの薬物は米国または欧州連合においてGI GVHDの治療用に認可されておらず、むしろこの適応症用の試験的治療として適応外のものが用いられる。
図11は、制御放出ポリマーコーティングを有する液体充填小カプセルを模式的に図示する。この型は、コアC内にカプセル化された可溶化シクロスポリンを含むが、コアCは適切なゲル化剤を用いてカプセル化され、胃腸管に沿って制御放出または標的放出を許容するようにさらにコーティングされている。シクロスポリンは液体Lとして増強された可溶化型にある。空白の矢印は、薬物分子Mの胃腸への放出を表すが、そこでは放出された際、完全に可溶である。
コア製剤は、次のように調製した。シクロスポリンAを適切な容量のエタノールに溶解した。一度溶解すると、溶液を適切なラブラフィル(Labrafil)およびオリーブ油の混合液と混合した。シェル溶液は、次のように調製した:適切な量のゼラチンおよびソルビトールを水に加え、溶液内で70℃まで加熱した。小カプセルはスフェレックス・ラボ(Spherex Labo)を用いて調製し、2層小カプセルを生産したが、そのコアは増強された可溶化および透過性製剤のシクロスポリンAを含む。その上、コア製剤はある程度の持続放出を可能にする。
図1は、12.%および22.5%重量増加シュアリース(Surelease(登録商標))でコーティングされた実施例1の小カプセルからのシクロスポリンA放出を図示する。
オイドラギットRS(EUDRAGIT(商標)RS)−実施例1のシクロスポリンA含有小カプセルをオイドラギットRS(EUDRAGIT(商標)RS)でコーティングし、オイドラギットFS30D(Eudragit(商標)FS30D)でさらにコーティングし、またはしなかった。結果得られる溶解特性は、有効成分の放出を長時間遅延させ、その後持続様式にて放出する可能性を示す。結果は図5に示す。
シュアリース(Surelease(登録商標))−実施例1のシクロスポリンA含有小カプセルをシュアリース(Surelease(登録商標))でコーティングし、オイドラギットFS30D(Eudragit(商標)FS30D)でさらにコーティングし、またはしなかった。結果得られる溶解特性は、有効成分の放出を長時間遅延させ、その後持続様式にて放出する可能性を示す。結果は図6に示す。
シュアリース(Surelease(登録商標))およびペクチン−実施例1のシクロスポリンA含有小カプセルをシュアリース(Surelease(登録商標))でコーティングし、コーティング溶液内に高分子量または低分子量ペクチンを含み、または含まず、小カプセルをpH感受性オイドラギットFS30D(Eudragit(商標)FS30D)でさらにコーティングし、またはしなかった。結果得られる溶解特性は、有効成分の放出を長時間遅延させ、その後持続様式にて放出する可能性を示す。結果は図7および図8に示す。
シュアリース(Surelease(登録商標))およびアルギン酸塩−実施例1のシクロスポリンA含有小カプセルをシュアリース(Surelease(登録商標))でコーティングし、コーティング溶液内にアルギン酸塩を含み、または含まず、小カプセルをpH感受性オイドラギットFS30D(Eudragit(商標)FS30D)でさらにコーティングし、またはしなかった。結果得られる溶解特性は、有効成分の放出を長時間遅延させ、その後持続様式にて放出する可能性を示す。結果は図9に示す。
1日1回製剤は、22%重量増加オイドラギットRS30D(EUDRAGIT(商標)RS30D)でコーティングされたシクロスポリンAを含む実施例1の小カプセルを含み、6時間までで10%未満、12時間までで30%未満、18時間までで70%未満および24時間でほぼ100%の放出を提供する。結果は図11に示す。
コア製剤は、次のように調製した。シクロスポリンAを適切な容量のエタノールに溶解した。一度溶解すると、溶液を適切なラブラフィル(Labrafil)およびオリーブ油の混合液と混合した。シェル溶液は、次のように調製した:適切な量のゼラチンおよびソルビトールを水に加え、溶液内で70℃まで加熱した。小カプセルはスフェレックス・ラボ(Spherex Labo)を用いて調製し、2層小カプセルを生産したが、そのコアは増強された可溶化および透過性製剤のシクロスポリンAを含む。その上、コア製剤はある程度の持続放出を可能にする。
コア製剤は、次のように調製した。シクロスポリンAを適切な容量のエタノールに溶解した。一度溶解すると、溶液を1以上のラブラフィル(Labrafil)、オリーブ油、ニーム油またはオメガ-3-リッチ魚油を含む他の精油を含む適切な混合液と混合した。シェル溶液は、次のように調製した:適切な量のゼラチンおよびソルビトールを水に加え、溶液内で70℃まで加熱した。小カプセルはスフェレックス・ラボ(Spherex Labo)を用いて調製し、2層小カプセルを生産したが、そのコアは増強された可溶化および透過性製剤のシクロスポリンAを含む。その上、コア製剤はある程度の持続放出を可能にする。
大腸炎は、飲料水中のDSS2.5%を用いてマウスで誘発された。DSS誘発性大腸炎の予防または治療における予備可溶化シクロスポリンの有効性を決定するために、放出特性が異なる予備可溶化シクロスポリン小カプセルのさまざまな製剤を、マウスへ毎日投与した。小カプセルは、上記実施例1に記載されている方法を用いて調製した。図2を参照すると、全部で3つのシクロスポリン(0.25mg/マウス/日)小型製剤、すなわちA(即時放出−小腸:実施例1のようにシクロスポリンAを含む非コーティング小カプセル)、B(回腸放出−持続放出:実施例1のようにシクロスポリンAを含む小カプセル、12.5%重量増加オイドラギットRS30D(EUDRAGIT(商標)RS30D)ポリマーコーティングでコーティングされている)、およびC(結腸特異的放出−持続放出:実施例1のようにシクロスポリンAを含む小カプセル、22%重量増加オイドラギットRS30D(EUDRAGIT(商標)RS30D)ポリマーコーティングでコーティングされている)が研究に用いられた。
Claims (24)
- 結腸疾患、虚血性腸疾患、壊死性腸炎、セリアック病、もしくは直腸炎の治療;炎症性腸疾患の治療もしくは予防;潰瘍性大腸炎の治療;クローン病の治療;移植片対宿主病の治療もしくは予防;および/または、過敏性腸症候群の治療もしくは予防に使用するための経口シクロスポリンA組成物であって、単一ユニット製剤中に複数のシームレス小カプセルを含む組成物であり、小カプセルが可溶化液体形態にあるシクロスポリンAを含むコアおよびコアをカプセル化するシェルを有し、シェルがゲル形成剤を含むシェル溶液をゲル化することによって得ることができ、ゲル形成剤がゼラチンおよびアルギン酸塩から選択され、小カプセルが結腸制御放出ポリマーコーティングをさらに含み、小カプセルが少なくとも結腸において可溶化シクロスポリンAを放出する放出特性を有する組成物。
- 移植片対宿主病が胃腸移植片対宿主病である、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 小カプセルが1層または多層である、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 粘膜付着剤がカプセル化シェルに組み込まれ、または、カプセル化シェルが粘膜付着剤でコーティングされている、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 小カプセルが回腸および/または小腸においても可溶化シクロスポリンAを放出する放出特性を有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 潰瘍性大腸炎またはクローン病の治療に使用するための、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、U.S.P. Type II apparatus(paddles)で、37℃、50 rpmで、pH 6.8の緩衝液内で検査した場合、4時間までに20%以下の薬物が放出され;6時間で35%以下の薬物が放出され;8時間で50%以下の薬物が放出され;12時間で60%以下の薬物が放出され;18時間で75%以下の薬物が放出され;および24時間で25%〜100%の薬物が放出される溶解特性を有する組成物。
- 胃腸移植片対宿主病の治療に使用するための請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、U.S.P. Type II apparatus(paddles)で、37℃、50 rpmで、pH 6.8の緩衝液内で検査した場合、1時間で20%以下の薬物が放出され;4時間で35%以下の薬物が放出され;6時間で50%以下の薬物が放出され;12時間で60%以下の薬物が放出され;16時間で75%以下の薬物が放出され;および24時間で25%〜100%の薬物が放出される溶解特性を有する組成物。
- 制御放出ポリマーコーティングが、メタクリレート、エチルセルロース、ならびにメタクリレートおよびエチルセルロースの混成から選択されるポリマー材料を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- コーティングが溶解増強剤を含む、請求項8記載の組成物。
- 溶解増強剤が下部胃腸管に通常は存在する細菌によって分解される、請求項9記載の組成物。
- 溶解増強剤がペクチン、アミロースおよびアルギン酸塩またはその誘導体の1つ以上から選択される、請求項10記載の組成物。
- ポリマー材料がエチルセルロースであって、溶解増強剤がエチルセルロースの0.5〜2% w/wの量にて存在する、請求項9〜請求項11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- コアがシクロスポリンAの疎水性溶液を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- ゲル形成剤がゼラチンである、請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 小カプセルがコア溶液およびシェル溶液の表面張力の利用によって得ることができ、溶液が1つの開口部を有するノズルを通じて放出され、特定周波数にさらされ、球形を形成し、冷却空気流に入り、または冷却もしくは硬化溶液に入り、シェル溶液がゲル化または凝固する、請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 小カプセルを含む硬ゼラチンカプセル、スプリンクル、錠剤、カプレット、または丸剤を含む、請求項1〜15のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 単一経口剤形にて別の活性医薬と組み合わせた、請求項1〜請求項16のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- シクロスポリンAが別の治療的または予防的に活性な物質と共に使用される、請求項1〜請求項16のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 他の活性物質が、カルシニューリン阻害剤;細胞増殖抑制剤;抗体;シロリムス;インターフェロン;オピオイド;TNFα結合タンパク質;ミコフェノール酸モフェチル;精油;植物抽出物;治療ペプチド;ワクチン;および抗体またはその断片から選択される、請求項17または請求項18記載の組成物。
- 他の活性物質が、タクロリムス、シロリムス、ヒドララジン、DMOG、プロピルおよび/またはアスパラギニルヒドロキシラーゼ阻害剤、EPA、DHA、天然植物抽出物、天然海洋抽出物、ならびにsiRNAコンストラクトのいずれか1つ、または組み合わせから選択される、請求項17または請求項18記載の組成物。
- 炎症性腸疾患の治療に使用するための経口シクロスポリンA製剤であって、請求項1〜20のいずれか1項にて定義されている単一ユニット製剤中に複数のシームレス小カプセルを含む製剤であり、小カプセルが1用量のシクロスポリンAおよび少なくとも1つの医薬的に許容しうる賦形剤を含み、回腸および/または結腸においてシクロスポリンAを放出する製剤。
- 製剤が1つ以上の層を含む固体、半固体または液体充填小カプセルの形態にあり、小カプセルが回腸および/または結腸において可溶化シクロスポリンAを放出する放出特性を有する、請求項21記載の製剤。
- 潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病または胃腸移植片対宿主病の治療に使用するための、請求項21または請求項22記載の製剤。
- 炎症性腸疾患の治療もしくは予防;潰瘍性大腸炎の治療;クローン病の治療;移植片対宿主病の治療もしくは予防;および/または、過敏性腸症候群の治療もしくは予防に使用するための薬剤の製造におけるシクロスポリンAの使用であって、薬剤がシクロスポリンAを単独で、またはいずれかの組み合わせにて、少なくとも結腸への放出を標的にする請求項1〜20のいずれか1項にて定義されている複数のシームレス小カプセルにカプセル化することによって製造される使用。
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