JP2011071516A - 集積回路構造 - Google Patents

集積回路構造 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2011071516A
JP2011071516A JP2010211576A JP2010211576A JP2011071516A JP 2011071516 A JP2011071516 A JP 2011071516A JP 2010211576 A JP2010211576 A JP 2010211576A JP 2010211576 A JP2010211576 A JP 2010211576A JP 2011071516 A JP2011071516 A JP 2011071516A
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Japan
Prior art keywords
integrated circuit
metal
circuit structure
semiconductor substrate
tsv
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JP2010211576A
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JP5271985B2 (ja
Inventor
Ming-Fa Chen
明發 陳
Wen-Chih Chiou
文智 邱
曉林 ▲すい▼
Shau-Lin Shue
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Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co TSMC Ltd
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Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co TSMC Ltd
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Abstract

【課題】導電ビア(TSV)に接続されるウェハ背部の相互接続構造を有する集積回路構造を提供する。
【解決手段】集積回路構造は、正面と背面を有する半導体基板と、半導体基板を貫通する導電ビアと、半導体基板の背面上の金属構造と、を備える。金属構造は、導電ビアを被覆して、接触する金属パッド、及び、導電ビア上の金属線を含む。金属線は、デュアルダマシン構造を含む。集積回路構造は、更に、金属線上のバンプを具備する。
【選択図】図12A

Description

本発明は、集積回路構造に関するものであって、特に、ウェハ背面に形成され、導電ビアであるスルーサブストレートビア(through-substrate via(TSV))に接続される相互接続に関するものである。
各種電子素子(例えば、トランジスタ、ダイオード、レジスタ、キャパシタ等)の集積密度の不断の改善により、集積回路の製造、及び、半導体工業は、急速に成長を続けている。集積密度の改善は、多くが、最小形状寸法の縮小化を重ねてきたことによるもので、与えられたチップ領域内に、より多くの素子を集積することを可能にした。
これらの集積化の改善は、二次元(two-dimensional、2D)上の進歩であり、集積素子が占める体積は、実質上、半導体ウェハの表面上である。リソグラフィの劇的な改善は、既に、二次元の集積回路形成において、大幅な改善をもたらしているが、二次元で達成できる集積密度は、物理的限界がある。これらの限界の一つは、これらの素子の製造に必要な最小寸法があること、並びに、更に多くのデバイスを一チップ内に配置する時に、更に複雑な設計が必要なことである。
もう一つの限界は、デバイス数量の増加に伴い、デバイス間の相互接続(interconnection)の長さや数量も大幅に増加することである。相互接続の長さや数量が増加する場合、回路のRC遅延、及び、電力消耗も増加する。
現在、上述の限界を解決する方法として、通常、3次元の集積回路(three-dimensional integrated circuit 、3D IC)、及び、スタックダイを用いる。3次元の集積回路とスタックダイ中に、スルーサブストレートビア(through-substrate via、TSV)を使用して、ダイを接続する。この例では、TSVを使用して、ダイ上の集積回路を、このダイの背面に接続する。また、TSVは、短い接地経路を提供して、集積回路をこのダイの背面から接地し、接地金属膜により被覆される。
TSVを備えるチップの接合は、TSV間で大きいピッチを必要とするので、TSVの位置は制限される。また、TSV間の距離は、例えば、ソルダーボールを収容するのに十分な空間を必要とする。更に、現行のウェハ背面構造の形成方法において、TSVの電気的接続を、それぞれのTSVから離すのは不可能である。
本発明は、TSVに接続されるウェハ背部の相互接続構造を提供し、上述の問題を改善することを目的とする。
本発明の第1の態様は、集積回路構造であって、正面と背面を有する半導体基板と、半導体基板を貫通する導電ビアと、半導体基板の背面上の金属構造と、を備える。金属構造は、導電ビアを被覆し、接触する金属パッド、及び、導電ビア上の金属線を含む。金属線はデュアルダマシン構造を含む。集積回路構造は、更に、金属線上のバンプを備える。
本発明の第2の態様は、集積回路構造であって、正面と背面を有する半導体基板と、半導体基板中の導電ビアとを備える。また、半導体基板の背面から半導体基板中に延伸し、導電ビアと接触する第一金属構造と、第一金属構造上で、且つ、第一金属構造に電気的に接続するバンプとを備える。
デュアルダマシンプロセスを用いて、背面相互接続構造を形成することにより、マルチ相互接続層がスタックされて、好ましいルーティング能力を有する。基板を凹陥することにより、金属パッドを形成して、TSVと接触し、金属パッドはサイズが大きく、金属パッドをTSVに照準する精度要件が緩和される。更に、金属パッドと底部TSVは、大きい接触領域を有し、接触抵抗が減少する。
第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第1実施形態の変形例に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第2実施形態の変形例に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第3実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第3実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第3実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第3実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第3実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第3実施形態に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。 第3実施形態の変形例に係る集積回路構造の製造工程断面図。
TSVに接続される新規の背面相互接続構造を有する集積回路構造とその形成方法について説明する。以下、本発明の製造工程の一例、及びいくつかの実施態様について説明する。以降の図や説明において、同一要素には同一の符号を用いる。
[実施形態1]
図1を参照すると、基板10と集積回路(図示しない)を含むチップ2が提供される。チップ2はウェハの一部である。基板10は半導体基板、例えば、バルクシリコン基板(bulk silicon substrate)であるが、第III族、第IV族、及び/又は、第V族素子等の別の半導体材料を含んでいてもよい。トランジスタ(ブロック15で示される)等のアクティブ半導体装置が、基板10の前側10f上に形成される。本文中、 "背面" は、基板10がアクティブ半導体装置を有する側と反対側である。金属線とバイアス(図示しない)を含む相互接続構造12が、基板10の前側10fに形成されて、アクティブ半導体装置に接続される。金属線とバイアスは、銅、或いは、銅合金により構成され、公知のダマシンプロセス(damascene processes)により形成される。相互接続構造12は、既知の層間絶縁膜(inter-layer dielectric 、ILD) と 金属間誘電体(inter-metal dielectric 、IMD)を備える。接着パッド14が基板10の前側10fに形成される。
導電ビアであるTSV20が基板10中に形成され、前側10fから基板10中に延伸する。図1で示される第1実施形態においては、TSV20は、ビアファーストアプローチ(via-first approach)にて形成され、相互接続構造12の形成前に形成される。従って、TSV20は、アクティブデバイスを被覆するのに用いられる層間絶縁膜だけに延伸するが、相互接続構造12中の金属間誘電体層には延伸しない。なお、TSV20は、ビアラストアプローチ(via-last approach)にて形成し、相互接続構造12の形成後に形成してもよい。この場合、TSV20は、基板10と相互接続構造12の両方を貫通する。絶縁層22が、TSV20の側壁と端部上に形成され、TSV20と基板10を電気的に絶縁する。絶縁層22は、窒化ケイ素、酸化ケイ素(例えば、オルトけい酸テトラエチル(tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate 、TEOS)酸化物等の一般の誘電体材料により形成される。チップ2と対応するウェハはキャリア25に接着される。
図2を参照すると、背面研磨が実行されて、TSV20が、基板10の背面10bから露出する。TSV20を停止層として、背面研磨を実施する。その後、図3で示されるように、TSV20が凹陥し、その上表面が基板10の背面10bより低くなる。凹陥深さD1は、約0.5μmより大きく、第1実施形態では、3μmである。凹陥のプロセスにより、開口24が形成される。
図4は、基板10の凹陥プロセスを示し、そのプロセスは、フォトレジスト26をマスクとして用いて実行される。凹陥のプロセスにより、開口24の水平寸法が増加し、TSV20の水平寸法より大きくなる。図4の背面10bの開口24底部28は、TSV20の露出端と同じ高さである。別の実施形態として、底部28は、図4中の点線で示すように、TSV20の露出端より高くしたり、低くしたりしてもよい。開口24の形成と同時に、(トレンチ)開口27も形成される。
図5を参照すると、誘電絶縁層(dielectric isolation layer)30が蒸着される。蒸着方法は、低温CVD(low-temperature chemical vapor deposition 、LTCVD)を含むが、他の常用の方法を使用してもよい。第1実施形態中、誘電絶縁層30は窒化ケイ素(SiNx)で、 数百オングストロームの厚さを有する。次に、図6で示されるように、TSV20の端部を被覆する誘電絶縁層30の一部が、フォトレジスト31の使用とフォトリソグラフィプロセスの実行により、ビア開口33で露出し、形成されたバンプは、TSV20に電気的に接続される。
図7〜図9は、再分配線とパッドの形成を示す図である。図7を参照すると、チタン、窒化チタン、タンタル、窒化タンタル等からなる導電バリア層(conductive barrier layer)32が、例えば、スパッタリングにより形成される。次に、図8で示されるように、銅34がめっきされる。銅34の厚さは、深さD1(図3)に基づく。その後、化学機械研磨(chemical mechanical polish 、CMP)が実行され、第1金属構造である金属構造36(36−1と36−2で示される)を形成する。得られた構造は図9で示される。金属構造36は、金属線36−1を含み、実際は、別のTSV(図示しない)に接続される。従って、金属線36−1は、再分配線として使用される。金属構造36−2は、金属パッドか金属線である。金属パッドは、TSV20より大きい寸法(頂部から見て) で、金属パッドは全水平方向で、TSV20の辺縁を越えて延在される。従って、金属パッド36−2とTSV20は大きい界面面積を有し、よって、接触抵抗が小さい。更に、金属パッド36−2をTSV20に照準する精度要件が緩和される。
図10〜図12Aは、バンプ42の形成プロセスを示す。図10を参照すると、誘電層38がブランケット蒸着(blanket deposited)される。第1実施形態中、誘電層38は窒化ケイ素 (SiNx)で、厚さは、例えば、約0.2μmである。次に、図11で示されるように、フォトレジスト40により、開口が誘電層38中に形成されて、金属パッド36−2が露出する。図12Aは、バンプ42の形成を示し、水平寸法(長さ、或いは、幅)が約30μm以下なので、マイクロバンプ(U-bump) とも称される。バンプ42の形成方法は、電気化学めっき(electrical chemical plating 、ECP)、化学めっき、及び、浸漬(immersion)を含む。得られたバンプ42は、電気ニッケル・無電解金(無電解ニッケル/浸漬金)(electroless nickel immersion gold 、ENIG)構造、無電解ニッケル/無電解パラジウム/無電解金(electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold ,ENEPIG)構造、或いは、 ニッケルパラジウム構造としてもよい。図12Aは、バンプ42が、金属パッド36−2の直上にあることを示しているが、バンプ42は、金属パッド36−2の直上になくてもよく、実際は、金属構造36の形成と同時に形成される金属線36−1と同様の再分配線により、金属パッド36−2に接続されていてもよい。
図12Bは、本発明の実施形態1の変形例を示す図である。金属パッド36−2の直上にバンプ42を形成する構成に代えて、追加の再分配線層が形成されている。例えば、付加層60は、エッチ停止層46、誘電層48、第2金属構造であるビア50と金属線52を含み、付加層60は、金属パッド36−2とバンプ42間に挿入される。必要であれば、付加層60上に、更に多くの付加層60と同様の層をスタックし、背面相互接続構造のルーティング可能性(routability)を増加させる。層60の形成方法の詳細は、実質上、図18〜図21で示されるのと同じであり、後述する。
[第2実施形態]
図13〜図23Bを用いて、第2実施形態を説明する。第2実施形態の初期段階は、図1と図2で示したのと同様である。次に、図13を参照すると、基板10が背面からエッチバックされ、TSV20が、基板10の背面を貫通する。第2実施形態においては、エッチバック深さD2は、約0.5μmより大きく、約1μmである。絶縁層22も、TSV20の頂面からエッチバックされ、TSV20の頂面より低く、例えば、約0.5μmである。従って、TSV20の側壁の一部が露出する。
図14を参照すると、誘電層124が基板10の背面に形成され、TSV20を被覆する。第2実施形態において、誘電層124はポリイミドからなり、厚さは約2μmより大きく、例では、約3μmである。他の誘電材料を用いてもよい。
図15〜図17は、金属線の形成プロセスを示す図である。図15を参照すると、例えば、フォトレジスト(図示しない)を用いて、誘電層124をエッチングすることにより開口126が形成される。第2実施形態において、例えば、時間モードを用いて、開口形成プロセスが制御され、TSV20は、開口126の一つにより露出し、誘電層124の底部(層124'で示される)を残して、基板10と開口126を分離する。
図16を参照すると、まず洗浄を行い、導電バリア層128が、例えば、スパッタリングにより蒸着される。導電バリア層128は、チタン、タンタル等からなる。金属素材(metallic material)130がその後、誘電層124の頂面より高くなるまでめっきされる。金属素材130は銅を用いているが、アルミニウム、タングステン等のほかの材料を用いてもよい。その後、図17で示されるように、CMPが実行され、金属線/パッド(金属構造)132(132−1と132−2)が形成される。金属線132−2は、チップ中のTSVの一つに電気的に接続される。従って、金属線132−2は再分配線として用いられる。金属構造132−1は、金属パッド、或いは、金属線である。金属パッドは、TSV20より大きい寸法(上から見て)を有し、上視図で、金属パッド132−1は、全横方向で、TSV20の辺縁を越えて延在している。
図18〜図21は、相互接続の付加層の形成プロセスを示す図である。図18を参照すると、誘電層125が形成される。第2実施形態では、誘電層125はポリイミドで形成され、約2.5μm等、数ミクロンの厚さを有する。その後、フォトレジスト134を用いて、パターン化される。パターン化されたフォトレジスト134により、誘電層125を、金属層132−2が露出するまでエッチングし、ビア開口136を形成する。
図19を参照すると、フォトレジスト134が除去され、付加フォトレジスト140が形成、パターン化される。その後、図20で示されるように、パターン化されたフォトレジスト140が誘電層125を更にエッチングすることにより、トレンチ開口138が形成される。エッチングは、時間モードを用いて実行され、エッチングは、誘電層125の中間で停止される。その後、フォトレジスト140が、例えば、アッシングにより除去される。図18〜図20で示されるステップは、ビアファーストアプローチであり、ビア開口136は、トレンチ開口138が形成される前に形成されることが理解できる。当業者なら、図20で示される構造は、図19と図20に示すステップを図18に示すステップより前に行うトレンチファーストアプローチにより形成してもよいことがわかるであろう。
図21は、金属線144とビア146を含むダマシン構造の形成を示す図であり、導電バリア層148(例えば、Ti層)を蒸着するステップと、銅をめっきするステップと、CMPを実行し、余分な銅を除去するステップと、からなる。図22〜図23Aは、誘電層38とバンプ42の形成を示す図である。形成プロセスは、本質的には、第1実施形態と同じであり、よって、ここで、詳述しない。図23Bは、本発明の第2実施形態の変形例を示す図で、金属線144とビア146は、誘電層124中に形成される。
[第3実施形態]
図24〜図29Bは、第3実施形態を説明するための図である。第3実施形態の初期ステップは、図1と図2と同様である。次に、図24で示されるように、エッチ停止層220が形成される。第3実施形態中、エッチ停止層220は窒化ケイ素で形成され、厚さは、例えば、約750Åである。誘電層222は、エッチ停止層220上に形成される。第3実施形態中、誘電層222は、様々な化学気相蒸着方法(CVD)の一つを用いて形成され、誘電層222は、例えば、酸化物からなる。CVD誘電層222の厚さは、例えば、約8000Åである。別の第3実施形態中、誘電層222は、ポリイミドで形成され、厚さは、CVDを用いて形成するより誘電層の厚さよりも大幅に大きい。ポリイミドで形成される誘電層222の厚さは、約2μmより大きく、第3実施形態では、約5μmである。
図25〜図27は、ビア開口226とトレンチ開口228の形成を示す図である。形成の詳細は、本質的に図18〜図20と同じであり、ここで詳述しない。次に、図28で示されるように、デュアルダマシン構造が形成される。デュアルダマシン構造は、ビア232とビア232を被覆する金属線234と、からなり、金属線234は銅から形成される。導電バリア層236も形成される。
図29Aは、誘電層38とバンプ42の形成プロセスを示す図である。誘電層38とバンプ42の材料と形成プロセスは、実質上、図10〜図12Aと同じである。図29Bは、相互接続の付加層(60)を有する変形例を示す図で、追加のデュアルダマシン構造を含む。必要であれば、更に多くの相互接続が挿入される。
上述の実施形態は、幾つかの優れた特色を有する。デュアルダマシンプロセスを用いて、背面相互接続構造を形成することにより、マルチ相互接続層がスタックされて、好ましいルーティング能力を提供する。TSVを接触させる金属パッド(図10の36−2と図17の132−1)を形成するために基板を凹陥させるので、金属パッドは大きなサイズとすることができる。その結果、TSVに対する金属パッドの配置の精度要求は緩和される。更に、金属パッドとその下のTSVは、大きい接触領域を有し、接触抵抗が減少する。
以上、本発明の好ましい実施形態を例示したが、これらは本発明を限定するものではなく、本発明の趣旨と範囲を逸脱しない限りにおいては、当業者なら行い得る種々の変更や修飾を付加することができる。従って、本発明が請求する保護範囲は、特許請求の範囲を基準とする。
2 チップ
10 基板
10b 背面
10f 前側
12 相互接続構造
14 接着パッド
15 トランジスタ
20 TSV
22 絶縁層
24 開口
25 キャリア
26、31 フォトレジスト
27 (トレンチ)開口
28 底部
30 誘電絶縁層
32、128、148、236 導電バリア層
33、136、226 開口
34 銅
36(36−1と36−2) 金属構造
38、48、222 誘電層
40 フォトレジスト
42 バンプ
46 220 エッチ停止層
50 146 ビア
52 金属線
60 付加層
124 124'誘電層
125 誘電層
126 開口
130 金属素材
132(132−1と132−2) 金属線/パッド
234 金属線
134 フォトレジスト
138 228 トレンチ開口
140 フォトレジスト
144 金属線
232 ビア
D1、D2 深さ

Claims (10)

  1. 集積回路構造であって、
    正面と背面を有する半導体基板と、
    前記半導体基板を貫通する導電ビアと、
    前記半導体基板の背面上にあり、前記導電ビアを被覆し、接触する金属パッド、及び、前記導電ビア上に位置し、デュアルダマシン構造を含む金属線を具備する金属構造と、
    前記金属線上のバンプと、を備えることを特徴とする集積回路構造。
  2. 前記金属パッドは、更に、
    前記導電ビアの頂面と接触する第一底面と、
    前記半導体基板の前記背面より高く、且つ、前記第一底面より低い第二底面と、
    を備えることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の集積回路構造。
  3. 前記デュアルダマシン構造は、前記金属パッドと同じ誘電層中にあることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の集積回路構造。
  4. 前記デュアルダマシン構造は、前記金属パッド上の誘電層中にあることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の集積回路構造。
  5. 前記金属パッドの全水平寸法は、それぞれ、前記導電ビアの水平寸法より大きいことを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の集積回路構造。
  6. 集積回路構造であって、
    正面と背面を有する半導体基板と、
    前記半導体基板中の導電ビアと、
    前記半導体基板の背面から前記半導体基板中に延伸し、前記導電ビアと接触する第一金属構造と、
    前記第一金属構造上で、且つ、前記第一金属構造に電気的に接続するバンプと、
    を備えることを特徴とする集積回路構造。
  7. 更に、前記第一金属構造と前記バンプ間に形成され、デュアルダマシン構造を含む第二金属構造を含むことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の集積回路構造。
  8. 前記第一金属構造の全水平寸法は、それぞれ、前記導電ビアの水平寸法より大きいことを特徴とする請求項6又は7に記載の集積回路構造。
  9. 前記第一金属構造は、前記半導体基板の前記背面と同じ高さの頂面を有することを特徴とする請求項6〜8のいずれか1項に記載の集積回路構造。
  10. 前記第一金属構造は、
    前記導電ビアに接触する導電バリア層と、
    前記導電バリア層上の銅含有金属材料と、
    からなることを特徴とする請求項6〜9のいずれか1項に記載の集積回路構造。
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JP2014517534A (ja) * 2011-06-06 2014-07-17 マイクロン テクノロジー, インク. 基板貫通相互接続を有する半導体構成と、基板貫通相互接続を形成する方法
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JP2015536563A (ja) * 2012-10-15 2015-12-21 マイクロン テクノロジー, インク. 犠牲プラグを用いた基板貫通ビアの形成に係るデバイス、システム、および方法
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KR20110033022A (ko) 2011-03-30
US9449875B2 (en) 2016-09-20
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US20140322909A1 (en) 2014-10-30
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CN102024781B (zh) 2013-04-17
US9716074B2 (en) 2017-07-25
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US9978708B2 (en) 2018-05-22

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