CN1084391A - 表面改良的抗癌纳颗粒 - Google Patents

表面改良的抗癌纳颗粒 Download PDF

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CN1084391A
CN1084391A CN93108050A CN93108050A CN1084391A CN 1084391 A CN1084391 A CN 1084391A CN 93108050 A CN93108050 A CN 93108050A CN 93108050 A CN93108050 A CN 93108050A CN 1084391 A CN1084391 A CN 1084391A
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anticarcinogen
granule
surface modifier
described surface
phentriazine
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CN1063630C (zh
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P·P·萨波达
E·利弗西治
G·G·利弗西治
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STWB Inc
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Abstract

本发明公开了主要由结晶抗癌剂组成的分散性 颗粒，其表面吸附有足够量的表面改良剂以维持有效 平均粒度小于约1000nm。含有该种颗粒的抗癌组 合物表现出毒性减低和/或疗效增强，并可以通过注 射途径给药。

Description

本发明涉及颗粒形式的抗癌剂、含有此种颗粒的抗癌组合物和应用该颗粒的方法。
治疗指数是一种衡量一种药物产生期望效果的选择性大小的指标，其定义是半数致死量与半数有效量之比值，即（LD50/ED50）见（Goodman and Gilman，The Pharmacological （Basis of Therapeutics，Eight edition，P68-69）。几乎所有的抗癌剂都具有低治疗指数，例如小于1.0。提高治疗指数，例如通过减低毒性或增强疗效，就能使医生在用抗癌剂治疗癌症病人时有更多的选择性。因此，减低毒性和/或增强疗效并由此提高抗癌药治疗指数的方法对治疗癌症将具有重要价值。
另外，一些微溶于水的药物，例如微溶于水的抗癌剂，不容易制备成可经静脉快速浓注的剂型。将微溶于水的药物做成注射剂型是一个棘手的问题。如果能把微溶于水的药物，如把微溶于水的抗癌剂做成静脉快速浓注剂型将是非常理想的。
我们发现含有抗癌剂的抗癌组合物以表面改良的纳颗粒（nanoparticle）形式表现出毒性降低和/或疗效增强。
更加具体的是，按照本发明，能提供主要含有结晶抗癌剂的颗粒，其表面吸附着表面改良剂，该改良剂的量能足以维持颗粒的有效平均粒径小于约1000nm。
本发明还进一步提供含上述颗粒的抗癌组合物。
在本发明的另一实例中，提供了一种治疗哺乳动物的方法，该方法包括将所述抗癌组合物给予哺乳动物。
在本发明再一实例中，提供了一种对抗癌剂增强疗效和/或减低毒性的方法，该方法包括将药剂以上述颗粒形式给药的步骤。
本发明的一个特点是提供了毒性降低的抗癌组合物。
本发明的另一特点是提供了疗效增强的抗癌组合物。
本发明的再一特点是提供了将一些微溶于水的抗癌剂能以静脉快速浓注方式给药的组合物。
本发明的再一特点是提供了将微溶于水的抗癌剂静脉快速浓注后呈现延长血液池循环的组合物。
本发明，部分是根据表面改良的抗癌剂纳颗粒具有毒性减低和/或疗效增强的发现。尽管本文主要描述了本发明用于优选的药物类型，即包括免疫抑制剂在内的抗癌剂，但是它也可应用于其它类型的低水溶性药物，尤其是那些治疗指数低的药物。
本发明的颗粒包含抗癌剂。抗癌剂以一种或多种独立的结晶相形式存在。结晶相与无定形相，即常规的溶剂沉淀法制备的大小在亚微米范围的非结晶颗粒不同，如在美国专利4，826，689号中所述。
本发明可被应用于很多种类的抗癌剂。但所述抗癌剂必须是微溶的而且至少在一种液体介质中是可分散的。所谓“微溶”是指在操作温度（如室温）下，药物在液体分散介质（如水）中的溶解度小于约10mg/ml，最好小于1mg/ml。优选的液体分散介质是水。但是，本发明也可以使用抗癌剂能在其中分散的其它液体介质，它们包括：例如盐水溶液、红花油、溶剂类（如乙醇、叔丁醇、已烷、和甘油）。水分散介质的pH值可以用本领域已知的方法调节。
抗癌剂最好选自烷化剂、抗代谢剂、天然产物、激素和拮抗剂及其它药剂（如辐射致敏剂）。
烷化剂的例子包括具有双-（2-氯乙基）-胺基团的烷化剂如：氮芥、苯丁酸氮芥、苯丙氨酸氮芥、尿嘧啶氮芥、甘露醇氮芥、超磷氮芥、氧氮芥、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、三磷酸酰胺;
具有取代的氮丙啶基团的烷化剂，如三亚胺嗪、噻替哌、三亚胺醌和丝裂霉素;
磺酸烷基酯类的烷化剂，如白消安，哌酰硫烷和哌酰硫胺（piposulfam）;
烷化的N-烷基-N-亚硝基脲衍生物，如卡氮芥、罗氮芥、赛氮芥或链脲霉素;和二溴甘露醇、氮烯唑胺和甲基苄胼类的烷化剂。
抗代谢剂的例子包括叶酸类似物，如氨甲喋呤;
嘧啶类似物，如氟尿嘧啶、氟尿核苷、喃氟啶、阿糖胞苷、碘苷、氟胞嘧啶;
嘌呤衍生物，如巯基嘌呤、6-巯基鸟嘌呤、硫唑嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤、阿糖腺苷、戊咪二氮
Figure 931080509_IMG1
和嘌呤毒素。
天然产物的例子包括长春花属生物碱，如长春碱和长春新碱;
表鬼臼毒素类，如鬼臼乙叉甙和鬼臼噻吩甙;
抗生素类，如阿霉素、正定霉素、doctinomycin、柔红霉素、亚德里亚霉素、光辉素、博来霉素和丝裂霉素;
酶类，如L-天冬酰胺酶;
生物反应调节剂类，如α-干扰素;
喜树碱;
紫杉酚;和
类视黄醇类如视黄酸。
激素和拮抗剂的例子包括肾上腺皮质类固醇类，如强的松;
孕酮类，如己酸17-羟孕酮，62-甲-17-羟孕酮乙酸酯和甲地羟孕酮乙酸酯;
雌激素类，如己烯雌酚和乙炔基雌二醇;
抗雌激素类，如它莫西芬;
雄性激素类，如睾丸酮丙酸酯和氟羟甲基睾酮;
抗雄性激素类，如氟硝西酰胺;和
促性腺激素释放激素类似物，如亮丙瑞林。
其它药剂的例子包括辐射致敏剂类，如1，2，4-苯并三嗪-3-胺1，4-二氧化物（SR        4889）和1，2，4-苯并三嗪-7-胺1，4-二氧化物（WIN        59075）;
铂配位络合物，如顺氯氨铂和碳铂;
蒽二酮类，如米托蒽醌;
取代的脲类，如羟基脲;和
肾上腺皮质抑制剂类，如邻对滴滴滴和氨鲁米特。
另外，抗癌剂可以是免疫抑制剂，如环孢霉素、硫咪嘌呤、柳氮磺胺吡啶、甲氧呋豆素和酞咪哌啶酮。
能够应用于本发明的抗癌剂是已知化合物和/或能用本专业已知方法制备。
所述抗癌剂可以单独，或与一种或多种抗癌剂联合应用。
本发明的颗粒含有上述抗癌剂，其表面吸附有表面改良剂。据信适用的表面改良剂是那些通过物理作用吸附在抗癌剂的表面但不与抗癌剂形成化学结合的物质。
合适的表面改良剂最好选自已知的有机和无机药物赋形剂。这类赋形剂包括各种多聚物、低分子量寡聚物、天然产品和表面活性剂。优选的表面改良剂包括非离子型和阴离子型表面活性剂。赋形剂的典型例子包括：明胶、酪蛋白、卵磷酯（磷酯类）、阿拉伯胶、胆固醇、西黄蓍胶、硬脂酸、氯化苄烷铵、硬脂酸钙、单硬脂酸甘油酯、十八醇十六醇混合物、聚乙二醇1000单醋醚乳化蜡、脱水山梨糖醇酯、聚氧乙烯烷基醚（如聚乙二醇醚中的聚乙二醇1000单醋醚）、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯[如市售品吐温（TweenTM）]、聚乙二醇、硬脂酸聚氧乙烯、胶体二氧化硅、磷酸盐、十二烷基硫酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钙、羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯、非结晶纤维素、硅酸铝镁、三乙醇胺、聚乙烯醇（PVA）、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）。这些赋形剂的多数在Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients中有详细描述，该书由美国制药协会和大不列颠制药会联合出版，制药出版社，1986。表面改良剂可以买到市售品或/和用本专业已知方法制备。可以同时用两种或两种以上的表面改良剂。
尤其优选的表面改良剂包括聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、四丁酚醛、Polaxomer类（如PluronicTMF68，F108和F127，它们是能从BASF购得的环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物）、和Poloxamine类（如TetronicTM908（T908），它是一种四功能嵌段共聚物，其制备是把环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷按顺序加到从BASF购得的乙二胺中）、葡聚糖、卵磷酯、气溶胶OTTM（AOT）（它是能从American Cyanamid公司得到的磺化琥珀酸钠二辛酯）、DuponolTMX-200（它是能从Rohm和Haas公司得到的烷基芳基聚醚磺酸盐）、吐温20、40、60和80（可从ICI Speciality Chemicals公司得到，它们是聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯）、司班（Span）20、40、60和80（是脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯类）、Arlacel 20、40、60和80（是脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯，可从Hercules Inc.公司得到）、CarbowaxTM3550和934（是能从Union Carbide得到的聚乙二醇）、CrodestaTMF-110（是能从Croda Inc.公司得到的蔗糖硬脂酸酯和蔗糖二硬脂酸酯的混合物）、Crodesta SL-40（能从Croda Inc.公司得到）、氯化十六基三甲胺（CTAC）、牛血清白蛋白和SA90HCO，后者是C18H37CH2（CON（CH3）CH2-（CHOH）4CH2OH）2。已经发现的特别有用的表面改良剂包括聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、Pluronic F-108、聚乙烯醇和阿拉伯胶。
表面改良剂被吸附在抗癌剂表面，其量应足以维持有效平均颗粒的粒度小于约100nm。表面改良剂不与抗癌剂或其自身发生化学反应。而且，每个被吸附的表面改良剂分子基本上不发生分子间的交联。
本文所用“颗粒粒度”是指用本专业人员熟知的常规测定颗粒大小的方法测得的平均颗粒粒度数值，如沉降场流分级法、光子关联能谱法或盘式离心法。所谓“小于1000nm”的有效平均颗粒粒度是指用上述方法测得至少有90%的颗粒的平均颗粒粒度小于约1000nm。在本发明特别优选的实例中，有效平均颗粒粒度小于约400nm。在本发明的有些实例中，有效平均颗粒粒度小于约300nm。关于有效平均颗粒粒度，优选至少95%，更优选至少99%的颗粒粒度小于有效平均值，如1000nm。在特别优选的实例中，基本上所有颗粒的粒度都小于1000nm。
Motoyama等人，在美国专利4，540，602号中公布了在一种水溶性高分子物质的水溶液中研磨一种固体药物的方法，这种湿磨法的结果是使药物形成了很细的直径从小于或等于0.5μm至5μm的微小颗粒。但是，未提及能得到平均粒度小于1μm的颗粒。尝试重复Motoyama等人所述的湿磨法得到的颗粒的平均粒度明显大于1μm。
本发明的颗粒可以用下法制备：将抗癌剂分散于液体分散介质中，并在研磨介质存在下用机械手段将抗癌剂的颗粒减小至有效平均粒度小于约1000nm。颗粒可以在有表面改良剂存在下被磨细。此外颗粒磨细后可以与表面改良剂接触。
下面将阐述制备本发明的颗粒的一般方法。所选抗癌剂是购买的和/或用本专业已知方法制备的惯用粗品。所选粗品抗癌剂的粒度用筛检法测量、最好（但不是必须）小于约100μm。如果抗癌剂粗颗粒的粒度大于约100μm，那么最好用常规的磨细方法如空气喷射磨或破碎磨将其粒度减小至100μm以下。
然后，可以把所选粗抗癌剂加入对它基本上不溶解的液体介质中，形成初混物。抗癌剂在液体介质中的浓度为0.1～60%，优选5%至30%（W/W）。最好表面改良剂存在于初混物中，但非必须如此。表面改良剂的浓度按药物和其本身的总重计为约0.1-90%，优选的为1-75%，更优选的为20-60%。初混物混悬液的表观粘度最好小于约1000厘泊。
初混物可以直接用机械手段将其平均粒度在分散相中减小至1000nm以下。当用球磨机研磨时最好直接应用初混物。另一种方法，将抗癌剂和任意的表面改良剂，用适当的混合方法分散在液体介质中，如用辊筒式磨或Cowles型混合器，直到形成肉眼观察不到大团块的均匀的分散体系为止。如果用循环式介质磨研磨时最好将初混物经过此预磨分散步骤。
用于减小抗癌剂颗粒粒度惯用的机械手段可以采用分散磨形式。适宜的分散磨包括球磨机、擦碎机、振动磨、行星磨、介质磨（如砂磨机和珠磨机）。最好采用介质磨，原因是它能在相对短的时间产生预期结果，即希望的颗粒粒度。就介质磨而言，初混物的表观粘度最好在约100-1000厘泊范围内。对于球磨机粉碎，初混物的表观粘度最好在大约1-100厘泊的范围内。这样的粘度范围能在有效的颗粒破碎和介质损耗之间得到最佳平衡。
用于研磨颗粒步骤的研磨介质可以选自刚性介质，优选球形或颗粒状，其平均粒度小于约3mm，更好的小于约1mm。这种介质具有较短的加工时间和对研磨设备的磨损较轻，同时能提供本发明的颗粒。研磨介质的原料选择并不重要。但是，氧化锆，如以镁稳定的95% ZrO、硅酸锆、玻璃研磨介质能提供污染物含量在制备药用络合物所允许的范围内的颗粒。再者，其它介质如不锈钢、二氧化钛、氧化铝、钇稳定的95% ZrO也能应用。优选介质的比重要大于2.5g/cm3。
研磨的时间变化很大，主要取决于特定的机械方法和加工条件。对于球磨机，加工时间可以需要五天或更长。另一方面，用高剪切介质磨小于一天的加工时间（保留时间从一分钟至几个小时）已提供了期望的结果。
粉碎颗粒的过程必须在对抗癌剂无明显降解的温度下进行。通常优选在低于30-40℃的温度下加工。如果需要，加工设备可以用常规冷却设备冷却。本发明方法在室温和加工压力条件下进行，所述条件对研磨方法是安全的和有效的。例如，球磨、擦磨和振动磨一般在常压下加工。介质磨的操作压力一般约为20psi（1.4kg/cm2）。
如果没有在初混物中加表面改良剂，则必须在研磨后向分散体系中加入上述数量的表面改良剂。然后，可以混合分散体系，例如剧烈振摇。另一种选择，可以用声处理步骤，如用一种超声源。比如，可以将分散体系用20-80KHz的超声波能处理1-120秒钟。
抗癌剂和表面改良剂的相对量变化范围很大，表面改良剂的适宜用量取决于，诸如所选的具体的抗癌剂和表面改良剂、表面改良剂的临界乳化浓度（形成乳化微粒时）、抗癌剂的表面积等。优选的表面改良剂的用量为每平方米抗癌剂表面积用0.1-10mg左右。以干颗粒的总重量计，表面改良剂的用量可为0.1-90%，优选为0.5-80%，更优选为1-60%。
已发展了一种简单的筛选方法，通过该方法可以选择到能相互兼容的抗癌剂和表面改良剂，因而提供了理想颗粒的稳定的分散体系。首先，将抗癌剂的粗颗粒被分散到一种液体中，如水中（2%，W/V），抗癌剂在该液体中是基本不溶的，并在下列条件下用滚筒式研磨120小时。
研磨的容器：8盎司（250ml）玻璃罐，
研磨容器的可利用体积：250ml
介质体积：120ml
介质种类：预清洗过的1.0mm的氧化锆珠（从Zircoa，Inc.得到）
研磨时间：120小时
浆体积：60ml
每分转数：92
室温
用常规方法把浆液与研磨介质相分离，如把浆液倒出研磨容器或用吸管将浆液吸出。将分离后的浆液分成若干分，并加入占抗癌剂和表面改良剂总重2-50%的表面改良剂。然后把分散系用声处理（一分钟，20KHz），或用多管旋蜗混合器处理一分钟，使团块分散，然后用光子关联能谱仪（PCS）和/或光学显微镜（放大1000倍）下进行粒度分析。如果观察到稳定的分散体系时，那么就可以按照上述优化制备该抗癌剂与该表面改良剂相组合的方法。所谓“稳定的”是指制备后的分散物无肉眼可见的絮状物或颗粒团聚物，制备之后最好在1000倍光镜下观察15分钟，甚至至少观察两天或更长时间。另外，优选的颗粒当分散于0.1N盐酸和/或磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水（pH7.4PBS）中或大鼠血浆中时不形成絮状物或结聚物。
形成的分散体系是稳定的，它由液体分散介质和上述颗粒组成。表面改良的抗癌剂纳颗粒分散体系可以用本专业已知的技术用流化床喷涂器喷涂于蔗糖颗粒或药物赋形剂上。
依照本发明的抗癌药剂组合物包括上述的颗粒和为此而应用的药学上可接受的载体。适宜的药学上可接受的载体是本专业技术人员熟知的。这些载体包括生理学允许的无毒载体、供非肠道注射、以液体或固体形式口服、直肠给药、鼻腔给药、肌内给药、皮下给药等等的辅剂或载体。
按照本发明，治疗哺乳动物的方法包括给需要治疗的动物有效数量的上述抗癌剂组合物这一步骤。治疗用抗癌剂的剂量水平的选择是对具体组合物和给药方式能获得期望的有效治疗反应的量。本专业技术人员可以很容易地确定所选剂量，它主要取决于具体的抗癌剂、期望疗效、给药途径、期望疗程和其它因素。
正如下列实施例所显示，本发明抗癌组合物的一个尤其重要的特征是显示毒性减低和/或疗效增强。况且，本发明的颗粒表现出在血液池的循环时间延长。
再有，在此以前抗癌剂是不能注射给药的，当按照本发明制备成纳颗粒并配制成抗癌组合物后，可以非常有效地注射给药，比如用静脉快速浓注。
下列实施例进一步阐明本发明。
实施例1-4纳颗粒化的哌酰硫烷
实施例1
将哌酰硫烷（购自Eastman        Kodak）于0.33%的聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯即吐温80（ICI        Americas，Inc.，Wilmington，DE）和0.67%脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯即Span        80（ICI）的混合物中，用1mm的氧化锆珠磨大约96小时，得到直径大约为240nm的颗粒。最后哌酰硫烷在混悬物中的浓度是10mg/ml。颗粒在大鼠血浆中对絮状沉淀/聚集作用是稳定的。
研磨条件：哌酰硫烷粗混悬液的制备如下：把300mg的该药加入事先盛有60ml预洗过的1mm氧化锆珠（Zircoa        Inc.，Solon，OH）和30ml        1%的Tween        80/S        pan        80（1∶2比例）溶液的4盎司（120ml）棕色瓶中。表面活性剂溶液的制备是通过准确称量333mg        Tween        80和667mg        Span        80，并放入容量瓶中，然后加入消毒的注射用水以溶解/分解表面活性剂。用足量的水把最后体积调至100ml。氧化锆珠首先用1N硫酸清洗、然后用去离子水洗几次。介质在100℃真空干燥器中过夜干燥。
封口的原级容器被装入次级夹层铝保护罐中，牢固固定。在滚筒式磨上（US        Stoneware，Mawah，        NJ）以144转/分的速度磨96小时。研磨结束后把浆液与研磨介质分离，并用PCS（光子关联能谱）测定颗粒大小。用放大倍数为1000的光学显微镜对颗粒在大鼠血浆中的稳定性进行评价。制剂的最终pH值是6。
对照A（未磨）;将40mg粗哌酰硫烷分散在含3%乙醇和1%Tween        80的水中以形成粗混悬液。该混悬液不能静脉注射。
用雌性小鼠（平均体重22克）对实施例一的疗效进行了评价，小鼠在第0天接种早期乳腺腺癌＃16/C。从第1天开始连续注射几天的该制剂。抗癌活性是用检查肿瘤重量并与对照组动物进行比较来评价的。下面是结果：
治疗        给药途径*        总剂量        体重减轻%        T/C        杀伤细胞
(mg/kg)        %        对数Log10
对照        ----        ---        +5.5        ---        ----
实施例1        IV        356        -5.5        0        2.75
(243nm)        IV        220        -5.5        2        2.75
IV        137        -1.8        2        2.25
IV        85        0        18        1.0
对照    A        SC        800        -10.8        0        2.1
＊给药方式：IV-静脉;SC-皮下
实施例一的制剂作为10mg/ml的悬液可直接注射。在78mg/kg的单次剂量注射后没有急性中毒症状。
T/C＝治疗组动物的肿瘤重量除以对照组动物的肿瘤重量，以百分数表示。低数值表示高疗效。0%说明治愈。＜10%认为是高活性，10-42%认为是中等活性，＞42%认为无活性。
杀伤对数＝（T-C）/3.22（Td），T是治疗组动物的中位数肿瘤长到1000mg的天数，C是对照组动物的中位数肿瘤长到1000mg的天数，Td是肿瘤体积增加一倍的天数。治愈的（无肿瘤动物）被剔除不予计算（T-C）。
与以往的组合物相比，实施例一中本发明的组合物表现出毒性减低和疗效增强，且可以静脉快速浓注给药。
实施例2-4
重复实施例1中所述的研磨操作只是将Tween        80与Span        80的比例变成2∶1。所得颗粒的平均粒度是297nm。
重复实施例1中所述的研磨操作只是将Tween        80与Span        80的比例变为1∶1。所得颗粒的平均粒度是380nm。
重复实施例1的研磨操作只是表面改良剂换为1∶1的Tween        60和Span        60。所得颗粒的平均粒度是301nm。
用牛血清白蛋白作表面改良剂也制得了稳定的哌酰硫烷纳颗粒。
实例5-7纳颗粒化的喜树碱
实施例5
把约60ml预洗过的氧化锆珠（1mm）放入120毫升的圆形棕色广口瓶中，向其中加入0.35克的Tetronic        908（BASF）和0.35克的喜树碱（西格马化学公司纯度为95%）。向上述混合物中加35ml注射用水（Abbott）。将瓶口封好并装到滚筒式磨上。在100转/分下施转该瓶7天完成研磨。
在研磨结束后，取一份（100μl）的样用Malvern        Zetasizer检测粒度。检测结果为颗粒的平均粒度是240nm。
实施例6
重复实施例5，只是用聚乙烯醇（分子量3-7万）代替Tetronic        908。最后颗粒粒度是256nm。
实施例7
重复实施例5，只是用阿拉伯胶代替Tetronic        908。最后的颗粒粒度是298nm。
用两种鼠瘤，即乳腺原癌＃16/C和胰腺导管腺癌＃03对纳颗粒化的喜树碱制剂的疗效进行了评价。抗癌活性是用测定实验动物和对照动物的瘤重来评价的。
1.对胰腺导管腺癌＃3疗效的研究
实施例        给药途径        剂量        体重%        药物        T/C
mg/kg        下降        致死        %
对照B        SC        60        -24.1        6/6        -
SC        40.2        -21.8        5/5        -
SC        26.7        -18.2        5/5        -
SC        18        -10.9        1/5        62
6        IV        83.1        -16.7        1/4        14
IV        78.2        -14.6        1/4        55
IV        48.6        -8.3        0/4        0
IV        24.3        -4.2        0/4        18
PVA
对照        IV        ----        +6.3        0/4        100
7        IV        93.5        -16.7        1/4        7
IV        46.8        -14.6        0/4        17
IV        23.4        -8.3        0/4        11
阿拉伯胶        IV        ----        0.0        0/4        60
对照
对照B制剂由在3%的乙醇和1%的吐温20（Tween 20）中含有1%的粗喜树碱组成。对照B只能经皮下给药，且即使在最低皮下给药的剂量（18mg/kg）也无活性。对照B使 1/5 的受试动物中毒。相反，本发明纳颗粒化的喜树碱制剂的剂量范围在24-93mg/kg是用静脉给药的，并安全而有效。
2.用乳腺腺癌＃16/C鼠癌模型研究药效
实施例        给药途径        剂量        体重%        药物        T/C
mg/kg        减轻        致死        %
对照    B        SC        60        -23.5        5/5        -
SC        30        -20.9        5/5        -
SC 15 -18.3 3/5 14**
5        IV        65        -17.4        0/5        23
IV        33        -18.7        1/5        33
IV        16        -2.2        0/5        63
T908        IV        --        +4.3        0/2        100
对照
6        IV        65        -21.7        5/5        -
IV        33        -15.7        0/5        100
阿拉伯胶        IV        --        +4.3        0/2        100
对照
T908和PVA对照分别是含有1%的该两种表面改良剂的水溶液。对照B是经皮下注射的，且所试各剂量都有毒性。本发明的纳颗粒化喜树碱的制剂的有效剂量是从静脉给药的。
＊＊        %T/C在对照组是以存活的动物来计算的，动物数为2。
3.血液和肿瘤中的清除
为了确定疗效增强是否伴随有药代动力学性质的改变，用乳腺腺癌＃16/C鼠癌模型研究了血液清除和肿瘤中的分布。
用10mg/ml按实施例5和实施例6制剂的喜树碱从尾静脉给带瘤小鼠注射，对照组用以0.1N        NaOH溶解的5mg/ml的喜树碱溶液。在注射后的不同时间，即5分、30分、60分、2小时、4小时、8小时、16小时、24小时和48小时，把动物无痛苦处死后，收集血样并将肿瘤取出。药物含量用高效液相色谱测定（HPLC）。结果显示，本发明的组合物影响药物在血液循环池和肿瘤中的清除。
血液和肿瘤中的半衰期
制剂        血液        肿瘤
实施例6        18小时        >48小时
实施例5        13小时        >48小时
对照        1.6小时        13.5小时
当按照本发明进行制剂时，喜树碱的清除半衰期和在癌瘤中的存留时间明显延长。得出的结论是喜树碱纳颗粒制剂的药代动力学指标直接与药效改进有关。
实施例8-10纳颗粒化的鬼臼乙叉甙
实施例8
重复实施例5，只是用1.7克的鬼臼乙叉甙与1.7克的聚乙烯醇（PVA）相组合，而且研磨时间是14天。最终颗粒粒度是310nm。颗粒在酸和血浆中是稳定的。
实施例9
重复实施例8，只是用Pluronic        F-108（BASF）替代聚乙烯醇。最终颗粒粒茺是312nm。颗粒在酸和血浆中稳定。
实施例10
在灭菌水中把（2%）鬼臼乙叉甙研磨7天。将研磨过的浆液用2%的Pluronic        F127配成1∶1的混合液。在测定颗粒大小前用旋蜗混合器搅匀混合液。最终颗粒粒度是277nm。浆液在模拟胃液、PBS（pH7.4）（磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水）和鼠血浆中是稳定的。
效用研究
用胰腺导管腺癌＃03（PANC＃03）对纳颗粒化鬼臼乙叉甙制剂进行了两项独立的评价研究。对照C是用按照第46版的Physicians[′Desk Reference第741-743页中所述配方制备的2%鬼臼乙叉甙的非水溶液。如上所述，抗癌活性是通过测量试验动物和对照动物的瘤重进行评价的。这些研究证实了本发明的鬼臼乙叉甙组合物提供了一种应用高剂量药物而无严重毒性反应的方法。
1.用鼠癌瘤模型PANC＃03行的纳颗粒化的鬼臼乙叉甙的效用研究
实施例        途径        剂量        体重%        药物        T/C
mg/kg        减轻        致死        %
对照    C        IV        120        -24.0        0/5        4.0
IV        75        -4.0        0/5        20.0
7        IV        160        -12.0        0/5        18.0
IV        100        0.0        0/5        32.0
IV        62        2.0        0/5        42.0
8        IV        160        -12.0        0/5        26.0
IV        100        +2.0        0/5        35.0
IV        62        +4.0        0/5        35.0
9        IV        170        -18.5        1/5        16
IV        85        -2.0        0/5        35
IV        43        +2.5        0/5        41
实施例11-16纳颗粒化的紫杉酚
实施例11
将约18ml预清洗的氧化锆研磨介质（1mm）加入一个30ml的棕色罐中。向其中加入240mg的紫杉酚（西格马化学公司）和180mg的吐温20。最后向罐内加12ml注射用水。将罐口封好并装到滚筒式磨上研磨11天。最后，颗粒粒度是327nm。该制剂对PBS（pH7.4）和大鼠血浆是稳定的。
实施例12
重复实施例11，但是用聚乙烯醇（PVA，分子量在3-7万）代替Tween        20。颗粒粒度最后为365nm。
用带早期乳腺腺癌＃16/C的小鼠对以上样品进行了效用研究。抗癌活性是用比较紫杉酚治疗动物的瘤重与未治疗动物的瘤重的方法进行评估的。毒性是用以体重减轻和死亡为两端点之间的剂量范围进行评估的。所有样品都是静脉注射给药。
实施例        剂量        %体重        死亡        第11天的        T/C
mg/kg        减轻        平均瘤重        %
对照    D        ----        +6.1        ++++        1539mg        --
实施例11        108.5        -1.5        0/5        1528        13
实施例12        108.5        -3.0        0/5        201        99
得不到紫杉酚的对照样品。但是，以Cremophore        EL配制的紫杉酚以25mg/kg的总剂量一次用药立刻使动物死亡。但是，用本发明的组合物配制的紫杉酚一次以88mg/kg的剂量注射也没有明显的不良效果。
用几种表面改良剂对以类似实施例11的方法制备的悬浮液进行处理。加入新的表面改良剂后对混合物进行旋蜗混匀并评价其颗粒大小和液体的稳定性。所有悬浮液都含有1%的紫杉酚和0.75%的吐温20。结果如下：
实施例        表面        液体稳定性
改良剂        浓度%        粒度(nm)        PBS        大鼠血浆
13        CTAC        0.25        364        OK        絮状作用
14 AOT 0.25 322 SA*SA
15        F68        0.5        297        SA/OK        SA/OK
16        T908        0.5        313        SA/OK        SA/OK
＊SA＝轻度聚集
OK＝良好
实施例17-18纳颗粒化的WIN59075
将约60ml预洗过的氧化锆（1mm）研磨介质加入到一棕色罐中。然后加入1.5克WIN59075和28.5ml的注射用水。将罐品封好并装在滚筒式磨上以95转/分的速度磨48小时。用光子关联能谱法测定的颗粒粒度是322nm，但是显示有比较大的颗粒存在。又继续磨了5天。
取0.5ml用上述方法制备的WIN59075浆液与0.5ml        6%的表面改良剂液混合后进行研究。药物的最终浓度是2.5%，而表面改良剂的最终浓度是3%。将用表面改良剂稳定的WIN59075纳颗粒悬液用PBS（pH7.0）或1.0N盐酸（pH1）进行处理。用光学显微镜观察法测定液体稳定性。结果如下：
实施例        表面        稳定性        人血浆
改良剂        pH1        pH7
17        PVP(12K)        好        好        好
(BASF)
18        阿拉伯胶        ---        SA/OK        SA/OK
(Aldrich)
结论是可以制备稳定的WIN59075纳颗粒。
实施例19-22        SR4889纳颗粒
将7.5ml预洗过的氧化锆介质（1mm）连同18.75mg        SR4889和3.75ml水一齐加入15ml的琥珀色瓶中。磨11天后将介质与纳颗粒悬浮液分离。向每份为100μl的悬浮液中加入100μl        2%表面活性剂溶液，最后药物浓度为0.25%，表面活性剂浓度是1%。将混合物混匀后进行粒度测定。将10μl升悬浮液与90μl大鼠血浆混合后用光学显微镜评价液体稳定性。结果如下：
液体稳定性
实施例        表面改良剂        粒度(nm)        鼠血浆
19        PVP(12K)        134        良好
20        阿拉伯胶        344        SA/OK
21        吐温80        128        良好
22        T908        130        凝聚
实施例23纳颗粒化的视黄酸
将30ml预洗过的氧化锆介质加入60ml的琥珀色瓶中。向其中加入1g反式视黄酸（Sigma）、470mg四丁酚醛和15ml水。把混合物在滚筒式磨上磨15天。最终粒度是140nm。当与大鼠血浆或模拟胃液接触时该纳颗粒悬浮液是稳定的。

Claims (27)

1、主要由结晶抗癌剂组成的颗粒，其表面吸附有足够量的能维持平均有效粒度小于约1000nm的表面改良剂。
2、权利要求1的颗粒，其平均有效粒度小于400nm。
3、权利要求1的颗粒，其平均有效粒度小于300nm。
4、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的表面改良剂存在的量以重量计为0.1-90%。
5、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂选自：哌酰硫烷、哌酰硫胺（piposulfam）、喜树碱、鬼臼乙叉甙、紫杉酚、1，2，4-苯并三嗪-3-胺1，4-二氧化物、1，2，4-苯并三嗪-7-胺-1，4-二氧化物和视黄酸。
6、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的表面改良剂选自：聚乙烯醇、将环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷按顺序加到乙二胺和阿拉伯胶中所衍生的四官能嵌段共聚物、环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯和脂肪酸的脱水山梨糖醇酯。
7、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是哌酰硫烷，所述的表面改良剂包括聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯与脂肪酸的脱水山梨糖醇酯的结合物。
8、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是喜树碱，所述的表面改良剂是聚乙烯醇。
9、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是喜树碱，所述的表面改良剂是由向乙二胺中顺序添加环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷而衍生的四官能嵌段共聚物。
10、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是喜树碱，所述表面改良剂是阿拉伯胶。
11、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是鬼臼乙叉甙，所述表面改良剂是聚乙烯醇。
12、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是鬼臼乙叉甙，所述表面改良剂是环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物。
13、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是鬼臼乙叉甙，所述表面改良剂是阿拉伯胶。
14、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是紫杉酚，所述表面改良剂是聚乙烯醇。
15、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是紫杉酚，所述表面改良剂是聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯。
16、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是紫杉酚，所述表面改良剂含聚氧然脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯。
17、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是1，2，4-苯并三嗪-3-胺1，4-二氧化物，所述表面改良剂是聚氧乙烯吡咯烷酮。
18、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是1，2，4-苯并三嗪-7-胺1，4-二氧化物，所述表面改良剂是阿拉伯胶。
19、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是1，2，4-苯并三嗪-7-胺1，4-二氧化物，所述表面改良剂是聚氧乙烯吡咯烷酮。
20、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是1，2，4-苯并三嗪-7-胺1，4-二氧化物，所述表面改良剂是由向乙二胺中顺序添加环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷而衍生的四官能嵌段共聚物。
21、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是视黄酸，所述的表面改良剂是四丁酚醛。
22、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是哌酰硫胺，所述表面改良剂是聚乙烯醇。
23、权利要求1的颗粒，其中所述的抗癌剂是哌酰硫胺，所述表面改良剂是阿拉伯胶。
24、一种含权利要求1的颗粒的抗癌组合物。
25、一种治疗哺乳动物的方法，它包括给哺乳动物施用有效量的权利要求24中的抗癌组合物。
26、一种治疗哺乳动物的方法，它包括给哺乳动物施用有效量的抗癌剂，其改进在于：通过以权利要求1的颗粒的形式施用所述的抗癌剂，从而增加了所述抗癌剂的效力。
27、一种治疗哺乳动物的方法，它包括给哺乳动物施用有效量的抗癌剂，其改进在于：通过以权利要求1的颗粒的形式施用所述的抗癌剂，从而降低了所述抗癌剂的毒性。
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