CN103022024A - 固态照明部件 - Google Patents
固态照明部件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103022024A CN103022024A CN2012104928566A CN201210492856A CN103022024A CN 103022024 A CN103022024 A CN 103022024A CN 2012104928566 A CN2012104928566 A CN 2012104928566A CN 201210492856 A CN201210492856 A CN 201210492856A CN 103022024 A CN103022024 A CN 103022024A
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- H01L25/04—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof all the devices being of a type provided for in the same subgroup of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. assemblies of rectifier diodes the devices not having separate containers
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种固态照明部件。其中,一种发射白光的发光二极管(LED)封装,该封装包括LED芯片阵列及位于该阵列上方且尺寸大于5毫米的光学元件,其中,该光学元件的尺寸大于或约等于该阵列的宽度。
Description
本申请是分案申请,其原案申请的申请号为200980125244.X,申请日为2009年3月13日,发明名称为“固态照明部件”。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于固态照明的方法,更具体地,涉及包括多个照明元件的紧凑型单块固态灯。
背景技术
发光二极管(LED)是将电能转换为光的固态器件,且通常包括一个或多个夹在反向掺杂层之间的半导体材料活性层。当横跨该掺杂层施加偏压时,空穴及电子被注入活性层,在该活性层处空穴及电子重新组合以产生光。光从该活性层发射,进而从LED的所有表面发射。
为了将LED芯片用于电路或其它类似配置中,已知将LED芯片封闭于封装中以提供环境和/或机械保护、颜色选择、光聚焦等。LED封装还包含电导线、触点或迹线以将LED封装电连接至外部电路。在图la示出的典型LED封装10中,单个LED芯片12通过焊料接合或导电环氧树脂安装于反射杯13上。一个或多个导线接合11将LED芯片12的电阻触点连接至引线15A和/或15B,该引线可附至反射杯13或与反射杯整合在一起。该反射杯可填充有密封剂材料16,该材料可含有波长转换材料(例如,磷光体)。由LED以第一波长发射的光可能被磷光体吸收,磷光体能够以第二波长响应地发射光。接下来,该整个组件密封于透明保护性树脂14中,该透明保护性树脂可以被塑造为透镜形状以校准自LED芯片12发射的光。虽然反射杯13可在向上方向上引导光,但光学损耗可能在光被反射时发生(即,由于实际反射器表面小于100%的反射率,因此一些光可被反射杯吸收)。另外,对于例如图la中所示的封装10的封装而言,热滞留可能是一个问题,原因在于可能难以通过引线15A、15B抽取热。
图lb中所示的传统LED封装20可能更适于可产生更多热的高功率运行。在LED封装20中,一个或多个LED芯片22安装至载体上,诸如印刷电路板(PCB)载体、基板或子安装座23。安装于子安装座23上的金属反射器24围绕LED芯片22并将LED芯片22发射的光反射离封装20。反射器24也向LED芯片22提供机械保护。在LED芯片22上的欧姆触点与子安装座23上的电迹线25A、25B之间构成一个或多个引线结合连接11。然后,以密封剂26覆盖所安装的LED芯片22,该密封剂可向该芯片提供环境及机械保护,同时也用作透镜。金属反射器24通常通过焊料或环氧树脂结合附至载体。
用于固态照明应用的典型LED部件试图通过以尽可能高的电流且以对单独LED典型的低电压来运行单个LED芯片来实现高光输出。对于较高功率的运行而言,也可能难以转移、耗散由LED芯片22产生的热。子安装座23可能是由诸如在传导热方面无效的陶瓷材料制成。来自LED芯片的热进入位于该LED芯片下方的子安装座,但并不自该LED下方有效地横向散布。增加的热可导致该封装的故障或使用寿命缩短。
在该系统等级处,高电流运行需要相对昂贵的驱动器来为这些部件提供恒定DC电流源。替代地,以较低电流及较高电压运行SSL部件将提供较低成本驱动器解决方案并且最终降低系统成本。当前,其是通过在电路板层级处串联装配多个具有合适的额定电流的LED部件来达成。单独部件的高成本超过这种解决方案的较低驱动器成本。当前LED封装(例如,由Cree有限公司提供的LED)可在输入功率水平方面受到限制且对于一些情形而言范围为0.5瓦特至4瓦特。许多这些传统LED封装结合一个LED芯片且通过将数个LED封装安装至单个电路板上以组装等级来达成较高光输出。图2示出了一个这样的分布式集成LED阵列30的截面图,其包括多个安装至基板或子安装座34以实现较高光通量的LED封装32。典型阵列包含许多LED封装,其中为易于理解,图2仅显示两个LED封装。可替换地,已通过利用腔阵列提供较高通量部件,其中单个LED芯片安装于每个腔中。(例如,由Lamina有限公司提供的TitanTurboTM LED光引擎)。
这些LED阵列解决方案没有期望的小型,原因在于其在毗邻LED封装与腔之间提供经延伸的不发光“死空间”。该死空间提供较大装置,且可以限制通过单个紧凑光学元件(像校准透镜或反射器)来使输出光束成形为一特定角分布的能力。这使得难以提供在现有灯的形状因素或甚至较小形状因素内提供经引导或经校准的光输出的固态照明照明器具的构造。这些情形在提供结合有自小光学源以1000流明及较高范围递送光通量水平的LED部件的小型LED灯结构方面提出挑战。
当前高工作电压照明器具解决方案在电路板层级处将多个离散LED部件整合为组件。为达成所期望的光束形状,各光学透镜与每一个LED部件安装或必须采用极大反射器(大于现有传统源的形状)。这些次要光学部件(透镜或反射器)较大且昂贵,且这些单个芯片阵列的延伸面积进一步提供了更昂贵的LED照明器具。另外,自封装及腔中的侧壁反射的任何光也可导致额外光学损失,从而使得这些总体LED部件更低效。
发明内容
根据本发明的单块白光发光二极管(LED)封装的一个实施方式,包括以小于约3000K产生大于约800流明的单一或多个彩色LED芯片阵列。该LED芯片阵列与单个覆盖模制透镜一起安置于基本上平坦的基板上。
根据本发明的白光发光LED封装的另一实施方式,包括LED芯片阵列,及位于该阵列上方且具有直径大于5毫米的覆盖模制透镜。
根据本发明的单块白光LED封装的另一实施方式,包括以小于约3000K产生大于约800流明的单个或多个彩色LED芯片阵列。该LED芯片阵列包括白光发光LED阵列,其具有多个磷光体转换的黄-绿发光LED芯片及红色LED芯片。
根据本发明的单块LED封装的再一实施方式,包括多个LED芯片,其中LED芯片中的每一个均以两个色彩组中的至少之一发射光。以色彩组中的每一个发光的LED芯片是串联连接。
本发明的这些和其他方面及优势将从之后通过示例方式示出了本发明的特征的附图及详细描述中变得显而易见。
附图说明
图la示出了现有技术LED灯的一个实施方式的截面图;
图lb示出了现有技术LED灯的另一实施方式的截面图;
图2示出了现有技术LED部件的一个实施方式的截面图;
图3示出了根据本发明的LED部件的一个实施方式的截面图;
图4a示出了根据本发明的LED部件的另一实施方式的截面图;
图4b是图4a中所示的LED部件的透视图;
图4c是图4a中所示的LED部件的俯视图;
图4d是图4a中所示的LED部件的仰视图;
图5是根据本发明的LED部件的晶粒附接垫及导电迹线的一个实施方式的俯视图;
图6a是根据本发明的LED部件的再一实施方式的截面图;
图6b是图6a中所示的LED部件的子安装座的一部分的详细截面图;
图6c是图6a中所示的LED部件的仰视图;
图7是根据本发明的具有扁平透镜的LED部件的另一实施方式的截面图;
图8是根据本发明的具有聚合光学透镜的LED部件的另一实施方式的截面图;
图9是根据本发明的LED部件的一个实施方式的LED芯片互连的示意图;
图10是显示本发明的不同实施方式的不同电流及电压运行要求的图表;
图11是根据本发明的LED部件的另一实施方式的LED芯片互连的示意图;以及
图12是根据本发明的LED部件的再一实施方式的LED芯片互连的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明包括单块LED部件,其具有多个安装至子安装座以形成单个紧凑型光学源部件的LED芯片。如本申请中所使用,单块是指其中LED芯片安装于一个基板或子安装座上的LED部件。在一些实施方式中,至少一些LED芯片是串联布置成电接触,其中不同实施方式提供多个串联连接的LED或串联/并联互连布置组合。本发明允许LED部件被设计及选择以具有特定芯片尺寸及总LED发射面积,以达成所期望部件尺寸及使得每单独芯片以LED最适宜电流密度的期望光输出。其允许LED部件以特定成本具有最佳效率。通过灵活地选择LED芯片尺寸,本发明提供针对应用专用驱动器成本解决方案以最佳电压及电流运作的部件。
通常,与较高电流及较低电压相反,以较低电流及较高电压提供输出功率的LED驱动器可以结合较低成本电子部件(例如,功率FET)而不减小驱动器效率。取决于特定应用,可能期望以不同电平(例如,24V、40V、80V或类似电平)运行不同LED部件。通过利用不同尺寸的LED芯片(假定芯片以相同电流密度运行),可调节部件的工作电压。此外,在LED芯片中的一个运行故障的情形下,LED部件上LED芯片的串联及并联连接的不同组合可提供最佳系统电压并可提供冗余。也能够以较低或较高电流密度驱动不同LED装置。为达成相同光输出,LED芯片中的每一个以较低电流密度运行将导致较高LED部件效率,但可导致需要添加额外装置。可替换地,在对阵列尺寸有对应影响的情形下,较低LED部件效率及自阵列移除LED器件的能力将是每一LED芯片以较高电流密度运行为目标的结果。单个腔内或单个透镜下方的单块集成式LED芯片允许以所期望光发射提供LED部件,而不显著增加光学源及部件尺寸。
通过提供串联连接的LED或串联/并联连接的LED,可减小对于LED部件的外部触点的数目。对于每一个串联连接而言,对应于每一个LED芯片的两个触点仅需要两个触点。在具有单个串联连接的LED电路的LED部件中,可利用少至两个外部触点,且在具有两个串联连接电路的LED部件中,可使用少至四个外部触点。利用串联连接的LED也可能允许减小静电放电(ESD)保护芯片的数目,其中具有适宜的箝位电压的单个ESD芯片为每一个串联连接的电路中的多个LED芯片提供保护,与结合多个LED灯的系统解决方案相反,其可能在每一个灯内需要ESD芯片。对于具有单个串联连接的电路的LED部件而言,可能地,可使用单个ESD芯片。
根据本发明的LED部件可被设计为以不同光通量运行。其也可被设计以在不同色温下发射白光。在其它实施方式中,根据本发明的LED部件可在自约6000K降至约2700K的色温下运行。在一个实施方式中,该单块LED部件通过以小于3000K的色温产生大于800流明的白色光通量的多个彩色LED芯片阵列运行。LED部件包括能够以有利电流及电流密度运行以允许使用低成本、高功率效率发射器运行的LED发射器芯片。一个这种电流范围是自50mA至150mA。不同尺寸的LED芯片可在此电流范围使用且具有各种尺寸的发射器可整合于该阵列中。
在本文中参照一些实施方式描述本发明,但应理解,本发明能够以许多不同形式体现且不应将其视为限于本文中所阐明的实施方式。具体地,下文关于呈不同配置的LED阵列描述本发明,但应理解,本发明可用于许多其它阵列配置以使用其它固态发射器。部件可具有除了所示形状及尺寸之外的不同形状及尺寸且阵列中可包含不同数目的LED。阵列中的一些或全部LED可涂覆有降频转换涂层,该涂层可包括磷光体加载型粘合剂(“磷光体/粘合剂涂层”),但应理解,也可使用不具有转换材料的LED。
还应理解,在将诸如层、区域或基板的元件称为位于另一元件“上”时,其可直接位于其它元件上或也可存在介入部件。此外,本文中可使用诸如“内部(inner)”、“外部(outer)”、“上部(upper)”、“上方(above)”、“下部(lower)”、“在…之下(beneath)”及“下方(below)”等相对术语及类似术语来描述层或另一区域的关系。应理解,除图中所描绘的定向之外,这些术语也旨在囊括该装置的不同定向。
虽然本文中可使用术语第一、第二等来描述各种元件、部件、区域、层和/或段,但这些元件、部件、区域、层和/或段不应受到这些术语的限制。这些术语仅用于将一个元件、部件、区域、层或段与另一区域、层或段区分开。因此,可将下文所讨论的第一元件、部件、区域、层或段称为第二元件、部件、区域、层或段,而不背离本发明的教导。
本文中参照横截面视图图解说明描述本发明的实施方式,其中,横截面视图图解是本发明的实施方式的示意性视图。如此,层的实际厚度可不相同,且预期视图的形状因(例如)制造技术和/或公差而变化。本发明的实施方式不应视为限于本文中所示的区域的特定形状,而是包含因(例如)制造而引起的形状偏差。被示为或描述为正方形或矩形的区域因标准制造公差而通常会具有圆形或弯曲特征。因此,图中所示的区域实际上为示意性,且其形状并不意欲示出装置的区域的精确形状且并不意欲限制本发明的范畴。
图3示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的LED部件40,其包括用于固持LED芯片阵列的子安装座42,其中该子安装座在其顶表面上具有若干晶粒垫44及导电迹线46。包括LED芯片48,而包括该LED阵列,其中LED芯片48中的每一个均安装至晶粒垫44中的相应一个。线结合50通过导电迹线46与LED芯片48中的每一个之间,其中电信号通过晶粒垫44中的其相应的一个及线结合50施加至LED芯片48中的每一个。可替换地,LED芯片48可在该LED的一侧(底侧)上包括共平面电触点,其中大部分发光表面是位于与电触点相对的LED侧(上部侧)上。可通过将对应于一个电极(分别为阳极或阴极)的触点安装至晶粒垫44上而将这种倒装LED安装至子安装座42上。其它LED电极(分别为阴极或阳极)的触点可安装至迹线46。可以包含可选反射器52使其在LED芯片48周围安装至子安装座,虽然在其它实施方式中,该反射器可布置在不同位置且可以不同方式成形。在该实施方式中,LED芯片48可以单一色彩发光,或涂布降频转换磷光体,其中每一种类型的LED至少连接至一个串联连接电路中。可替换地,多种类型的LED可分别与独立串联电路一起同时安装于子安装座42上。光学元件54(诸如,透镜)包含于LED芯片48上方。
将LED部件40示为具有三个LED芯片48,但应理解,可包含更多LED芯片。至少一些LED芯片48串联互连以最小化对于该LED部件的触点数目并允许利用适宜的驱动器以所期望驱动电流(例如,在50mA至150mA范围中)运行。LED芯片之间的“死空间”小于先前LED部件且通常小于0.50mm。在一个实施方式中,取决于安装工艺,间隔为0.15mm至0.01mm,从而允许LED部件密集地布置于子安装座42的顶表面上。其允许可具有现有灯的形状因素或甚至更小的较小尺寸的装置,且可提供使输出光束成形为一特定角分布的能力。
图4a至图4d示出了根据本发明的另一实施方式的单块LED部件60,其包括安装于子安装座64的表面上的LED芯片62阵列。至少一些LED芯片62互连于串联电路中,其中所示实施方式具有涂覆有互连于一个串联电路中的磷光体转换器的LED芯片,及耦合于第二串联电路上的红光发光LED。在该实施方式中,磷光体转换LED的色空间包括u'v'1976CIE色空间中由如下坐标形成的四边形:A,其中u'=0.13、v'=0.42;B,其中u'=0.13、v'=0.57;C,其中u'=0.26、v'=0.54;D,其中u'=0.22、v'=0.51及E,其中u'=0.18、v′=0.42。对应地,红色LED覆盖由如下坐标形成的色彩四边形:E,其中u′=0.29、v'=0.54;F,其中u'=0.31、v'=0.56;G,其中u'=0.55、v'=0.55及H,其中u'=0.53、v′=0.47。应理解,根据本发明的不同实施方式可具有串联互连电路,该电路具有以许多不同方式布置的各种芯片类型,且如下文所描述可包括串联/并联组合互连电路。
优选地,LED芯片62安装于子安装座64的基本上平坦表面上且布置于单个光学透镜元件下方。在所示实施方式中,部件60以所期望色点及显色指数发射白光作为来自各种LED的光组合,且同时以高功效发射所期望光通量。
LED芯片62可具有许多按照不同方式布置的不同半导体层,且在根据本发明的不同实施方式中可发射许多不同色彩。在此技术中通常已知LED结构、特征及其制作及运行且在本文中仅对其简要加以讨论。LED芯片62的层可使用已知工艺制作,其中适合的工艺是使用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)的制作。LED芯片的层通常包括夹在第一与第二相对掺杂外延层之间的作用层/区域,其中,外延层全部连续形成于生长基板上。LED芯片可形成于晶圆上然后单独切割以安装于封装中。应理解,该生长基板可保持作为最终经单独切割的LED的一部分或可完全或部分移除该生长基板。
还应理解,LED芯片62中也可包含额外层及元件,包含(但不限于):缓冲器、成核、接触及电流散布层以及光抽取层及元件。作用区域可包括单量子井(SQW)、多量子井(MQW)、双异质结构或超晶格结构。该作用区域及掺杂层可以由不同材料系统制作,其中优选材料系统是III族以氮化物为主的材料系统。III族氮化物是指那些形成于氮与周期表的III族中的元素(通常为铝(Al)、镓(Ga)及铟(In))之间的半导体化合物。该术语也指三元及四元化合物,例如氮化铝镓(AlGaN)及氮化铝铟镓(AlInGaN)。在一优选实施方式中,该掺杂层为氮化镓(GaN)且该作用区域为InGaN。在可替换实施方式中,该掺杂层可以是AlGaN、砷化铝镓(AlGaAs)或磷化砷铝镓铟(AlGaInAsP)。
该生长基板可以由许多材料制成,例如蓝宝石、氮化硅、氮化铝(A1N)、氮化镓(GaN),其中适合的基板是碳化硅4H多型体,虽然也可使用其它碳化硅多型体,包含3C、6H及15R多型体。碳化硅具有某些优点,例如与蓝宝石相比其具有与III族氮化物更接近的晶体晶格匹配因此产生具有较高质量的III族氮化物膜。碳化硅也具有极高导热性以使得碳化硅上III族氮化物器件的总输出功率不受该基板的热耗散的限制(如可以是在蓝宝石上形成有一些器件的情形)。SiC基板可自North Carolina、Durham的Cree Research有限公司购得,且在科学文献以及在美国专利参照第34,861号、第4,946,547号及第5,200,022号中阐明用于制成其的方法。
LED芯片62也可在顶表面上包括导电电流散布结构及线结合垫,其两者皆是由导电材料制成且是使用已知方法沉积。一些可用于这些元件的材料包含Au、Cu、Ni、In、Al、Ag或其组合及导电氧化物及透明导电氧化物。该电流散布结构可包括布置于LED芯片62上的栅格中的导电指,其中指间隔开以增强自垫至该LED的顶表面中的电流散布。在运行中,电信号如下所述通过线结合施加至垫,且电信号通过电流散布结构的指及顶表面散布至LED芯片62。电流散布结构通常用于其中顶表面为p型的LED中,但其也可用于n型材料。
LED芯片62中的每一个均可涂覆有一个或多个磷光体,利用该磷光体吸收至少一些LED光进而发射不同波长的光以使LED发射来自LED及磷光体的光组合。在一个根据本发明的实施方式中,白光发光LED芯片62具有在蓝色波长光谱中发射光的LED并且磷光体吸收一些蓝色光并重新发射黄光。LED芯片62发射蓝光与黄光的白光组合。在一个实施方式中,磷光体包括市售YAG:Ce,但使用由基于(Gd,Y)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce系统的磷光体(例如,Y3Al5O12:Ce(YAG))制成的转换粒子也可达成全范围宽黄色光谱发射。可用于白光发光LED芯片的其它黄色磷光体包含:Tb3-xRExO12:Ce(TAG);RE=Y、Gd、La、Lu或Sr2-x-yBaxCaySiO4:Eu。
发射红光的LED芯片62可包括准许直接来自作用区域的红色光发射的LED结构及材料。可替换地,在其它实施方式中,红色发光LED芯片62可包括由吸收LED光进而发射红光的磷光体所覆盖的LED。一些适于此结构的磷光体可包括:
红色
Lu2O3:Eu3+
(Sr2-xLax)(Ce1-xEux)O4
Sr2Ce1-xEuxO4
Sr2-xEuxCeO4
SrTiO3:Pr3+,Ga3+
CaAlSiN3:Eu2+
Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+。
可使用许多不同方法将LED芯片62涂覆有磷光体,其中在两个皆题为“Wafer Level Phosphor Coating Method and Devices Fabricated UtilizingMethod”的美国专利申请第11/656,759号及第11/899,790号中描述了一种适宜的方法,该两个申请皆以引用方式结合于本文中。可替换地,可使用如电泳沉积(EPD)的其它方法对LED进行涂覆,其中在题为“Close LoopElectrophoretic Deposition of Semiconductor Devices”的美国专利申请第11/473,089号中描述了一种适宜的EPD方法,该申请也以引用方式结合于本文中。应理解,根据本发明的LED封装也可具有多个具有不同色彩的LED,LED中的一个或多个可以是白光发光LED。
子安装座64可由许多不同材料形成,其中优选材料是电绝缘(例如,介电元件),其中该子安装座位于LED阵列与部件背侧之间。该子安装座可包括例如氧化铝、氮化铝、氮化硅的陶瓷或例如聚酰胺及聚酯等聚合材料。在优选实施方式中,该介电材料具有高导热性,例如具有氮化铝及氮化硅。在其它实施方式中,子安装座64可包括高反射性材料(例如,反射性陶瓷或像银等金属层)以增强自部件的光抽取。在其它实施方式中,子安装座64可包括印刷电路板(PCB)、氧化铝、蓝宝石或硅或任一其它适宜的材料,例如可自Minn、Chanhassen的Bergquist公司购得的T-Clad热包覆绝缘基板材料。对于PCB实施方式而言,可使用不同的PCB类型,例如标准FR-4PCB、金属核心PCB或任一其它类型的印刷电路板。
应理解,根据本发明的LED部件可使用结合子安装座面板或包括多个子安装座的晶片的方法制作。子安装座64中的每一者均可形成有其自身的LED阵列及光学元件66,从而可跨越子安装座面板形成多个LED部件60。接下来,可以从子安装座面板单独分割多个LED部件60。每一个子安装座64还可以均包括更复杂的元件组合,例如多个安装于子安装座的平坦表面上的“子安装座”组件。如下文更全面描述,子安装座组件可具有不同功能性,例如为各种LED芯片提供ESD保护。
LED封装60中的子安装座64的尺寸可取决于某些因素(例如,LED的尺寸及数目)而变化。在一个实施方式中,子安装座的侧面可是约12mm×13mm。应进一步理解,子安装座64也可具有其它形状,包含圆形、卵形、矩形、六边形或其它多边形。
现参照图5,示出了子安装座64的顶表面具有带有经图案化的导电特征68的平坦表面,该特征可包含晶粒附接垫70及互连导电迹线72。特征68使用已知接触方法为连接至LED芯片62的电连接提供导电路径(示于图4a至4c中)。LED芯片62中的每一个均可使用已知方法及使用可含有或未含有助熔材料的传统焊料材料的材料安装而安装至附接垫70中的相应一个。取决于LED芯片62的几何形状,LED芯片62可使用已知表面安装或线结合方法以类似方式安装且电连接至导电迹线72。可替换地,倒装LED可如上所述安装于附接垫及导电迹线之上。
附接垫70及互连迹线72可包括许多不同材料,例如金属或其它导电材料,且在一个实施方式中,其可包括使用已知技术(例如,电镀)沉积的铜。在一个典型沉积工艺中,钛粘附层及铜种子层依序溅镀至基板上。接着,约75微米的铜电镀至该铜种子层上,虽然也可使用不同金属厚度。接下来,可使用标准微影工艺来图案化所沉积的所得铜层。在其它实施方式中,可使用掩模溅镀该层以形成所期望图案。
在根据本发明的其它实施方式中,某些或全部特征68可包括除铜之外的其它额外材料。举例而言,晶粒附接垫可电镀或涂覆有额外金属或材料以使其更适宜于安装LED芯片62中的一个。附接垫可电镀有粘合剂或结合材料或反射性层及阻碍层。
如上所述,LED芯片62互连于两个串联电路中,该两个串联电路分别包括经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片及红色发光LED芯片。该LED部件包括结合垫用以将相应电信号施加至白色及红色发光LED。最佳如图4b中所示,第一及第二结合垫74、76设置于子安装座64的表面上用以将电信号施加至LED阵列62的串联红色LED芯片。也设置第三及第四结合垫78、80用以将电信号施加至LED阵列62的串联连接的经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片。该LED部件可包含标记以帮助与表示为R1及R2的红色LED芯片的适当结合垫及表示为Bl及B2的白色发光LED的结合垫构成正确电连接。导电迹线72为红色及蓝色串联连接电路提供互连方案,且在一个实施方式中,该互连方案在单个层中提供互连,其中少于两条迹线在LED之间延伸。
电信号可通过如下方式施加至LED部件60:例如通过线或带结合或例如引线软焊、特殊连接器等其它连接方法将外部电触点提供至第一、第二、第三及第四结合垫,或将该LED部件安装至例如PCB上的导电路径。在所示实施方式中,LED部件60经布置以使用表面安装技术安装。LED 60包括第一、第二、第三及第四表面安装垫82、84、86、88(最佳显示于图4d中),其可形成于子安装座64的背表面上、至少部分地对准于子安装座的前侧上结合垫74、76、78、80中的其对应的一个。导电通孔90通过子安装座64形成于对应表面安装垫与结合垫之间,以便在将信号施加至表面安装垫82、84、86、88时,其通过其通孔传导至其对应的结合垫。表面安装垫82、84、86、88允许LED封装60在电信号将施加至该施加至表面安装垫的LED部件的情形下的表面安装。通孔90及表面安装垫82、84、86、88可由许多使用不同技术沉积的不同材料制成,例如那些用于附接及结合垫的材料。
应理解,表面安装垫82、84、86、88及通孔90能够以许多不同方式配置且可具有许多不同形状及尺寸。其它实施方式可使用除通孔之外的结构,包含一个或多个位于子安装座的表面上在安装垫与接触垫之间(例如,沿子安装座的侧表面)的导电迹线。
防焊掩模也可包含于子安装座的顶表面或底表面上以至少部分地覆盖导电迹线72、其它导电特征的部分或陶瓷表面的部分。通常留下结合垫及晶粒附接垫未覆盖,其中防焊掩模在后续处理步骤且特定而言将LED芯片72安装至晶粒附接垫70期间保护导电迹线72及其它经覆盖的特征。在这些步骤期间,可能存在焊料或其它材料沉积于不期望区域中的危险,其可导致对该区域的损害或导致电短路。该防焊掩模充当可减小或防止这些风险的绝缘及保护性材料。
LED部件60也可包括元件以抵抗来自静电放电(ESD)的损害,且可位于子安装座64上或离开子安装座64。可使用不同元件,例如各种垂直硅(Si)齐纳二极管、并联配置且对LED芯片62反向偏压的不同LED、表面安装变阻器及横向Si二极管。在使用齐纳二极管的实施方式中,其可使用已知安装技术安装至独立附接垫。该二极管相对小以便其不覆盖子安装座64的表面上的过多面积,且在利用串联耦合的LED组时,每一个串联组仅需要一个ESD元件。
期望使LED芯片62密集地布置于子安装座64上以最小化子安装座64的尺寸及该部件的占用面积,且在那些具有发射不同色彩的光的LED芯片62的实施方式中增强色彩混合。然而,对于接近于彼此的LED芯片62而言,来自LED芯片62的热可散布至毗邻LED芯片62或可聚积于子安装座64的位于LED芯片62下方的集中面积中。为增强对于由LED芯片62在运行期间产生的热的耗散,LED部件60可包括集成式特征以增强热耗散。一种增强子安装座64的前侧上的热耗散的方式是使导热且在子安装座64的前表面上延伸的晶粒附接垫超出LED芯片的边缘。来自LED芯片中的每一个的热可散布至其晶粒附接垫中且超出经延伸的晶粒垫的宽度,从而提供较大表面面积来耗散热。然而,较大晶粒垫是对LED可接近于彼此的程度的限制因素。
在一些实施方式中,LED芯片可保持密集地布置且来自部件60中LED芯片62的热耗散可通过具有由导电且导热材料制成的晶粒附接垫70及互连迹线72而得以增强。在该部件的运行期间,可透过附接垫及迹线70、72施加电信号,且热可同样地自LED芯片散布至附接垫及迹线70、72中,在附接垫及迹线70、72处其可耗散或透过子安装座传导。可使用许多不同导电且导热材料,其中优选材料是金属(例如,铜)。
现参照图4d,为进一步增强热耗散,LED部件60可进一步在子安装座64的背表面上包括中性金属化垫92。关于金属化垫92,中性是指垫92未电连接至LED芯片或特征68(如图5中所示)。优选地,金属化垫92由导热材料制成且优选地,至少部分垂直对准于LED芯片62。来自LED芯片的热不透过附接垫及迹线70、72散布且可传导至子安装座64中直接在LED芯片62下方及周围。金属化垫92可通过允许该热在LED芯片62下方及周围散布至金属化垫92中来帮助热耗散,自金属化垫92处其可耗散或更易于传导至适宜的散热器。垫92显示为矩形,但应理解,其也可具有许多不同形状及尺寸且可包括多个具有不同形状及尺寸的垫。热也可自子安装座64的顶表面透过通孔90传导,在此处热可散布至第一及第二安装垫82、84、86、88中,在此处其也可耗散。
光学元件或透镜66可形成于子安装座64的顶表面上或LED芯片62上方以提供环境和/或机械保护及光束成形两者,而且同时帮助自LED 62的光抽取及光束成形。透镜66可位于子安装座64上的不同位置,其中如图所示定位成对准于LED芯片阵列的中心的透镜66是实质上位于透镜基座的中心处。在一些实施方式中,透镜66形成为与LED芯片62及顶表面64直接接触。在其它实施方式中,在LED芯片62与透镜66之间可存在介入材料或层,例如波导或气隙。与LED芯片62的直接接触提供一些优点,例如改良的光抽取且易于制作。
在一个实施方式中,透镜66可使用不同模制技术覆盖模制于子安装座64及LED芯片62上,且透镜66可取决于所期望的光输出形状而具有许多不同形状。如图所示,一种适宜的形状是半球形,其中一些可替换形状实例是椭圆形子弹、扁平、六角形及正方形。半球形透镜可提供具有120度FWHM的实质朗伯发射,而其它光学透镜也可具有其它形状以便以不同角度提供不同发射图案。
对于半球形实施方式而言,可使用许多不同透镜尺寸,其中典型半球形透镜直径大于5mm,其中一个实施方式大于约11mm。优选的LED阵列尺寸与透镜直径比率应小于约0.6,且优选地小于0.4。对于这种半球形透镜而言,透镜的焦点实质上应位于与LED芯片的发射区域相同的水平平面处。
在又一其它实施方式中,该透镜可具有约与跨越LED阵列的距离或LED阵列的宽度相同或大于其的较大直径。对于圆形LED阵列而言,透镜的直径可约与该LED阵列的直径相同或大于其。优选地,这种透镜的焦点位于由LED芯片的发射区域形成的水平平面下方。这种透镜的优点是在较大固体发射角度内散布光且因此允许较宽广照亮面积的能力。
许多不同材料可用于透镜66,例如聚硅氧、塑料、环氧树脂或玻璃,其中适宜的材料与模制工艺兼容。聚硅氧适宜于模制并提供适宜的光学透射性质。其也可经受后续回流工艺且不随时间显著降级。应理解,透镜66也可经纹理化或涂覆有抗反射涂层以改良光抽取或可含有例如磷光体或散射粒子等材料。
在一个实施方式中,使用模制工艺,其在子安装座面板上在大量LED阵列上方同时形成透镜66。一个这种模制工艺称为压缩模制,其中提供具有多个腔的模具,该多个腔中的每一个均具有该透镜的相反形状。每一个腔经布置以对准于子安装座面板上LED阵列中的相应一个。该模具载有以液体形式填充腔的透镜材料,其中优选材料是液体可固化聚硅氧。子安装座面板可朝向腔移动,其中LED阵列中的每一个均嵌入于腔中一个相应一个内的液体聚硅氧中。在一个实施方式中,聚硅氧层也可保持于毗邻透镜之间,其在子安装座的顶表面上方提供保护层。接下来,可使用已知固化工艺将液体聚硅氧加以固化。接下来,该面板可自该模具移除且该面板可包括多个透镜,多个透镜中的每一个均位于LED芯片62中的相应一个上方。接下来,可使用已知技术将这种单独LED部件从子安装座面板分开或单独分割。
根据本发明的其它实施方式可包括不同特征以增强热耗散。图6a至图6c示出了根据本发明的LED部件100的另一实施方式,其包括安装至子安装座104的LED阵列102,其中光学元件或透镜106位于LED阵列102上方,其全部类似于以上图4a至4d中所述的LED部件60中的对应部件。导电通孔108经包含而通过子安装座104以在结合垫110与表面安装垫112之间提供电连接。其允许LED部件的表面安装,但应理解,也可包含其它特征以允许其它安装技术。LED部件100进一步包括中性金属化垫114以如上所述帮助热耗散。
为进一步帮助LED部件100中的热耗散,子安装座104可包含结合在子安装座内的额外热特征。这些特征可用于由许多不同材料制成的子安装座中,但特别适用于陶瓷制子安装座。额外特征可包括在子安装座104内部、但优选地未电连接至通孔108的散热层116。优选地,层116布置于LED阵列102下方,以使得来自阵列102的热散入层116中。层116可由许多不同导热材料制成,包含,但不限于:铜、银或其组合。LED部件也可包括在散热层116与中性金属化垫114之间延伸的部分热通孔118。在所示实施方式中,部分热通孔118未突出超过层116到达子安装座104的顶表面,以维持LED阵列102及其对应安装垫的扁平安装表面。然而,应理解,在一些实施方式中,通孔可在散热层116上至少部分地突出。
可使用不同方法将层116及部分通孔118形成于子安装座内,其中一种适当的方法是利用高温或低温共烧陶瓷技术或多层厚膜后烧技术。在其中层116是由铜或银制成的实施方式中,由于这些材料的高导热性质,可使用厚膜共烧或后烧工艺来产生所期望的配置。形成散布层116及通孔118的其它制造工艺可通过由工业中通常已知的多层印刷电路板及挠性电路板技术来进行。
图7及图8示出了根据本发明的具有不同形状透镜的单块LED部件的附加实施方式。图7中的LED部件140包括按阵列而安装至子安装座144的LED芯片142,其中,扁平光学透镜覆盖LED芯片。图8中的LED部件150包括按阵列安装于子安装座154上的LED芯片152,其中,聚合光学透镜156位于LED芯片152上方。聚合透镜156包含多个凸起光学特征以控制自LED阵列的光抽取并使所发射的光成形为特定光束形状及发射角度。在其它实施方式中,聚合透镜可包含凸起光学特征或凸起与凹入特征的组合,例如菲涅耳透镜。
根据本发明的其它单块LED部件可结合许多不同特征,例如光纤、镜面、反射器、散射表面或透镜或其组合。这些特征可用于直接或以其它方式改变来自该部件的光分布。LED部件60的透镜布置也易于适于供次级透镜或光学器件使用,该光学器件可由最终使用者包含于该透镜上方以有助于光束成形。这些次级透镜在此技术中通常已知,其中许多为市售透镜。
如上所述,优选地,LED阵列中的LED芯片以在子安装座上提供发射器的密集封装的方式与互连电迹线布置在一起,其中LED发射器之间的不发射空间得以最小化。该空间可在不同实施方式中变化且在一个实施方式中可在LED芯片之间变化。LED芯片之间的距离可在自5微米或更小至500微米或更大的范围内。在一个实施方式中,该空间为150微米或更小。
在一些实施方式中,发射器是以实质上对称二维布局布置于子安装座表面上的阵列中。在这些实施方式之一,阵列中的LED是按实质上球形形状密集布置。对于具有以不同色彩的光发射的LED组的LED阵列而言,对称图案尤其适用于LED阵列中的较小LED,其中不同色彩可在该阵列中混合以达成所期望色彩混合。对于具有较大LED的阵列而言,不对称阵列可增强色彩混合。
在其它实施方式中,以特定色彩的光发射的LED可相对于以其它色彩的光发射的LED按系统几何次序布置。在一个这种实施方式中,具有不同色彩的光的LED可被布置在每一个色彩组具有近似相同内切面积的实质上圆形阵列中,且LED组可相对于彼此在径向上偏移。
LED部件60的不同实施方式可具有拥有不同尺寸的LED及不同数目的LED的LED阵列,其中一些因素适用于确定两者的所期望布置。对于较大LED尺寸而言,所期望光通量可具有较少LED,但在利用LED发射不同色彩的光的LED部件中,较大LED可导致无效色彩混合。为改良色彩混合,可使用较大数目的较小LED。然而,此可导致更复杂的互连方案。
LED阵列也可具有实质上具有相同尺寸的LED。在一个实施方式中,LED芯片尺寸面积大于500微米,虽然也可使用具有较小芯片尺寸的LED。在一个实施方式中,LED具有约700微米的芯片尺寸。LED发射器的边缘可具有不同长度,其中一个实施方式具有约0.4mm至0.7mm的长度。该阵列中可包含许多不同数目的LED芯片,且在一些实施方式中,LED芯片的数目大于20个,但也可使用较少LED芯片。LED部件60包括26个LED芯片,其中20个为白色发光LED芯片,6个为红色发光LED芯片。
如上文所讨论,至少一些LED发射器是电串联连接以提供至少一个串联电路,其中LED阵列部件能够发射包含白光在内的多种色彩的光。在一些具有用于发射不同色彩的光(例如,白色及红色)的LED组的阵列的实施方式中,每一种色彩的LED是电串联连接。如上文所讨论,LED部件60可为串联电路提供各个电连接以单独控制每一个电路的工作电压及电流。这种电连接垫可设置于前侧、背侧或两者上。背侧电极在PCB板上提供SMT安装能力。
图9示出了可用于图4a至图4d中所示的LED芯片阵列的两个串联连接的LED电路的实施方式的示意图。第一串联电路160包括二十个(20)经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片162(仅显示8个),其可包括串联连接的、涂覆有一个或多个磷光体的蓝色发光LED。经组合的LED及磷光体发射将蓝色转换为绿色和/或黄色光谱范围,其中LED发射来自LED及磷光体的光的混合光组合。第二串联170包括6个串联连接的红色发光LED芯片172。各个电信号可施加至第一电路160及第二电路170以使其各自可由不同驱动电流驱动。
红色LED芯片可提供直接发射而不使用转换器材料。为易于理解,经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片162和红色LED芯片172在示意图中显示为在物理上分开,但在物理上放置于阵列中时,可随机混合红色及白色LED芯片。来自第一及第二串联连接的电路的经混合的发射可以是冷或暖的白光。该发射可具有不同显色指数,其中一个实施方式具有大于85的显色指数。
允许将各个电信号施加至该阵列内的经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片及红光LED芯片允许对不同LED色彩组的独立电控制。特定而言,其可允许不同组的独立驱动电流。在一个实施方式中,与经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片相比较,红色LED芯片可具有不同温度灵敏度,且随着温度上升,可能需要增加红色LED芯片的驱动电流以分别维持所期望光通量或减小透过经磷光体涂覆的LED的驱动电流。经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片的任一温度灵敏度也可通过随温度而变化驱动电流来加以补偿。其允许LED阵列通过不同温度以所期望色点或接近所期望色点发射。在其它实施方式中,可能已知LED部件的可能温度范围。接下来,可针对这种范围设计LED部件以提出驱动条件。
在其它实施方式中,可使用经磷光体涂覆的LED与红色发光LED的不同组合来达成所期望显色指数。在具有20个经磷光体涂覆的发射LED芯片及6个红色发光LED芯片的实施方式中,优选地,经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片涂覆有具有对应于1976CIE色彩坐标系统中约0.220的u'及约0.560的v'的发射特性的磷光体。来自LED部件的对应经混合的白光发射具有约2800K的色温及>85的显色指数。对于涂覆有拥有对应于约0.206的u'及约0.560的v'的发射的磷光体的经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片而言,18个白色LED芯片可与8个红色发光LED芯片组合以达到所期望色温及显色指数。其对应于较接近于CIE曲线上需要较少红色发光LED的黑体轨迹(BBL)发射的经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片,虽然相反地自BBL进一步发射的经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片可能需要较大红色通量或较大数目的红色发光LED以在黑体轨迹上达到白光发光。应理解,也可使用经磷光体涂覆的LED芯片与红色LED芯片的其它比率及色点来以不同白光发光性质为目标。
如上文所讨论,不同数目的串联连接的LED芯片电路可影响根据本发明的LED部件的工作电压及电流。图10示出了比较由Cree有限公司提供的市售EZ700及EZ1000 EZBrightTM LED芯片的不同的1000流明LED部件布置的图表。在单个串联连接电路中使用带有二十四(24)个芯片的EZ700,可使用0.175安培的工作电流及76.8伏特的电压。其提供最低成本驱动器解决方案。随着串联连接电路数目的增加,所需驱动器电流也增加,而驱动器电压减少。这通常增加驱动器的成本,但额外串联连接的电路允许对LED部件中LED芯片的较大控制。电压或电流要求对发射控制的类似折衷适用于具有十二(12)个EX1000 LED芯片的LED部件。
根据本发明的LED阵列也可包括按串联/并联互连布置的LED芯片阵列。图11示出了串联/并联互连180的一个实施方式,其包括十八(18)个按三×六串联/并联互连布置的白色LED芯片182,包括三组六个串联连接的LED芯片182。接下来,该三组LED芯片并联耦合。该串联/并联布置可降低驱动该LED所需的电压,同时仍允许减小驱动电流。互连180也可包括放置于一个或多个串联连接的LED组后且位于LED之间的跳线184或互连节点。跳线184允许施加至LED的电信号绕过故障LED。举例而言,若LED芯片182中的一个(例如,LED芯片182a)故障,则可能中断要施加至串联中后续的LED芯片的电信号。通过包含绕过跳线184(且特定而言,绕过跳线184a),该电信号可通过例如跳线184a绕过故障LED芯片182a以便该电信号可自故障LED芯片182a传到串联中后续的LED芯片。
图12示出了具有两组九个串联耦合的LED芯片192的串联/并联互连190的另一实施方式,其中该两组LED芯片并联耦合。包含跳线194以绕过故障LED芯片。不同串联/并联互连可具有不同布置,包含有具有相同或不同数目的LED芯片的不同串联耦合的LED芯片。举例而言,所示的十八(18)个LED芯片可具有五个、六个及七个串联LED电路,其中串联电路中的每一个均并联耦合。
在其它实施方式中,可设置LED色彩子组,其进行组合以达成由单一色彩组以其它方式提供的特定色彩。举例而言,若期望自第一色彩组提供特定色彩发射,则该组可包括以特定所期望色线发射的经磷光体涂覆的LED。第二色彩组包括可具有来自位于或接近CIE曲线的黑体轨迹的所期望发射的第一及第二组的经组合发射的红光发光LED。在一些情形下,可期望包含两个或更多个串联连接的子组以自该第一或第二组中的一个达成所期望色彩。以实例方式,可利用两个色彩子组来提供具有第一色彩组的发射。若来自第一组的期望发射位于特定色线处,则该第一子组可在该色线下方发射光且第二子组可在该色线上方发射光。来自该子组的光组合可提供将由第一组以其它方式提供的期望光。
子组可串联耦合以便对其进行独立控制以提供所期望光通量及色彩混合,且补偿发射无效。在其中子组的通量是使得相同电信号的施加导致所期望色点的实施方式中,可将相同信号施加至子组中的每一个。
本发明涉及许多不同的、具有由转换磷光体涂覆或自其作用区域直接发射光的单独LED芯片的LED芯片布置。在一个可替换实施方式,单个或多个串联连接的LED芯片电路可包括LED芯片,其中所有LED芯片涂覆有单个降频转换材料。来自LED及该降频转换材料的经混合的发射可以是冷光或暖光。在一个实施方式中,所有LED芯片发射器是涂覆有磷光体的蓝光LED。
应理解,阵列中的LED芯片可配置为一个或多个如题为“Multi-ChipLight Emitting Device for Providing High-CRI Warm White Light and LightFixtures Including the Same”的美国专利公开第2007/0223219号中所述的多个多芯片LED灯,该公开的揭示内容以引用方式进行结合。
另一实施方式可包括单个或多个串联连接LED电路,其中所有LED芯片都包括涂覆有两种以上像磷光体的降频转换材料的LED。经组合的LED及磷光体发射可覆盖不同光谱范围,例如蓝光、绿光、黄光及红光光谱范围。经混合的发射可以是冷或暖的白光,其色点在黑体轨迹上或在其8阶麦克亚当椭圆内且具有大于85的高显色指数。磷光体组合物可以是例如选自上文所讨论的材料。
在根据本发明的LED部件的再一其它实施方式中可包括多个包括自其作用区域直接发射光的LED芯片的串联连接电路,其中分别对于红光、绿光及蓝光发光LED提供至少一个串联电路。在其它实施方式中,也可添加发射青光、黄光和/或琥珀光的串联连接的LED电路。优选地,LED部件发射来自串联电路的、具有大于85的高显色指数的白光组合。
再一其它实施方式可包括具有以不同波长发射的LED的不同LED芯片。举例而言,在其中至少一个发射器包括结合一个或多个磷光体发射器的短波长发射器的任意LED芯片配置中,可使用紫外光发射LED作为LED。这导致来自磷光体涂覆紫外光LED的LED芯片的主要发射分量。以下磷光体中的每一个在UV发射光谱中展示激发、提供期望峰发射、具有有效光转换且具有可接受斯托克司频移:
黄色/绿色
(Sr,Ca,Ba)(Al,Ga)2S4:Eu2+
Ba2(Mg,Zn)Si2O7:Eu2+
Gd0.46Sr0.31Al1.23OxF1.38:Eu2+ 0.06
(Ba1-x-ySrxCay)SiO4:Eu
Ba2SiO4:Eu2+
根据本发明的LED部件尤其适用于作为固态照明的照明器具的集成,且在该等照明器具中提供表面安装或线结合安装。因照明器具中减小的部件要求及占用面积连同如上所述的减小的驱动器成本,LED部件在每成本提供的流明方面提供改良。
虽然已参照本发明的某些优选配置对其进行了详细描述,但其它形式也可行。因此,本发明的精神及范畴不应限于上述形式。
Claims (17)
1.一种发射白光的发光二极管(LED)封装,所述封装包括LED芯片阵列及位于所述阵列上方且尺寸大于5毫米的光学元件,其中,所述光学元件的尺寸大于或约等于所述阵列的宽度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件包括覆盖模制光学元件。
3.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述尺寸包括直径。
4.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述尺寸包括长度或宽度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件包括透镜。
6.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件是正方形。
7.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件的形状选自包括以下各项的组:半球形、椭圆形子弹形、扁平形、六角形、以及正方形。
8.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述透镜的尺寸约为11毫米。
9.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述LED芯片阵列包括26个LED芯片,所述LED芯片中的每一个均以多个颜色之一发射光。
10.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件包括多个光学元件的集合。
11.根据权利要求1所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件包括本质上平坦的光学透明元件。
12.一种发射白光的发光二极管(LED)封装,所述封装包括LED芯片阵列及位于所述阵列上方的正方形光学元件。
13.根据权利要求12所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件的尺寸大于5毫米。
14.根据权利要求12所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件的尺寸大于或约等于所述LED芯片阵列的宽度。
15.根据权利要求12所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件包括覆盖模制光学元件。
16.根据权利要求12所述的LED封装,其中,所述尺寸包括长度或宽度。
17.根据权利要求12所述的LED封装,其中,所述光学元件包括多个光学元件的集合。
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EP3657558A2 (en) | 2020-05-27 |
CN102132424B (zh) | 2016-09-07 |
JP5236803B2 (ja) | 2013-07-17 |
WO2009142675A3 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
KR20110016949A (ko) | 2011-02-18 |
EP3657558A3 (en) | 2020-08-26 |
US20130341653A1 (en) | 2013-12-26 |
US8698171B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 |
US9076940B2 (en) | 2015-07-07 |
JP2011521469A (ja) | 2011-07-21 |
US7821023B2 (en) | 2010-10-26 |
CN102132424A (zh) | 2011-07-20 |
JP2013179302A (ja) | 2013-09-09 |
JP6359802B2 (ja) | 2018-07-18 |
US20120241781A1 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
EP2304817A2 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
US20110012143A1 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
WO2009142675A2 (en) | 2009-11-26 |
TW200950160A (en) | 2009-12-01 |
US20090050907A1 (en) | 2009-02-26 |
US8217412B2 (en) | 2012-07-10 |
EP2304817B1 (en) | 2020-01-08 |
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