WO2013183655A1 - リチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013183655A1 WO2013183655A1 PCT/JP2013/065511 JP2013065511W WO2013183655A1 WO 2013183655 A1 WO2013183655 A1 WO 2013183655A1 JP 2013065511 W JP2013065511 W JP 2013065511W WO 2013183655 A1 WO2013183655 A1 WO 2013183655A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery, particularly a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are characterized by their small size and large capacity, and they have been widely used as power sources for electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers, and have contributed to improving the convenience of portable IT devices. In recent years, attention has also been focused on use in larger applications such as power sources for automobiles and power storage devices for smart grids.
- methods for increasing the energy density include using a large-capacity active material, increasing the operating potential of the battery, charge / discharge efficiency, cycle life, etc.
- the method of improving is mentioned.
- the method of increasing the operating potential of a battery is an effective means for reducing the size and weight of a battery module used in an electric vehicle or the like because it can provide an assembled battery having a smaller number of series than a conventional assembled battery.
- the expression potential is defined by the oxidation-reduction reaction of Co ions or Mn ions (Co 3+ ⁇ ⁇ Co 4+ or Mn 3+ ⁇ ⁇ Mn 4+ ).
- Mn exists in a tetravalent state, and the operating potential is defined by the oxidation / reduction of the substitution element instead of the oxidation-reduction reaction of Mn.
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 has a capacity of 130 mAh / g or more, an average operating potential of 4.6 V or more with respect to Li metal, and can be expected as a material having a high energy density.
- spinel-type lithium manganese oxide has a three-dimensional lithium diffusion path, has superior thermodynamic stability than other compounds, is easy to synthesize, is relatively inexpensive, and has abundant resources. There is also.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 when a positive electrode active material exhibiting a charge / discharge region of 4.5 V or more is used, fluorine such as fluorinated ether, fluorinated carbonate, fluorinated ester, fluorinated acrylate, and fluorinated cyclic carbonate is used.
- fluorine such as fluorinated ether, fluorinated carbonate, fluorinated ester, fluorinated acrylate, and fluorinated cyclic carbonate is used.
- a secondary battery using a compound as a solvent is described.
- Patent Documents 4 to 5 describe secondary batteries using an electrolytic solution containing a sulfone compound and a fluorinated solvent.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 do not describe an example in which a fluorinated solvent and a sulfone compound are mixed.
- Patent Document 3 exemplifies an electrolytic solution in which sulfolane and a carbonate ester are combined, but there is no description regarding a fluorinated ether.
- Patent Documents 4 to 5 exemplify electrolytes in which a fluorinated ether and sulfolane are mixed.
- the positive electrode used here is a 4V class positive electrode such as lithium cobaltate, and is unique to the 5V class positive electrode. The effect on the gas generation suppression by the decomposition of the electrolyte solution which is a problem is not explained.
- an object of the present embodiment is to provide a secondary battery having a positive electrode active material that operates at a high potential of 4.5 V or more, good cycle characteristics, and low gas generation.
- a secondary battery having a positive electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium, and an electrolyte containing a nonaqueous electrolytic solvent,
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material that operates at 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium;
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent contains a sulfone compound represented by the following formula (1) and a fluorinated ether compound represented by the following formula (2), preferably a secondary battery (preferably lithium Ion secondary battery).
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
- the carbon atom of R 1 and the carbon atom of R 2 are bonded through a single bond or a double bond. And a ring structure may be formed.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluorinated alkyl group).
- the secondary battery of the present embodiment has a positive electrode capable of inserting and extracting lithium and an electrolytic solution containing a nonaqueous electrolytic solvent.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent includes a sulfone compound represented by the formula (1) and a fluorinated ether compound represented by the formula (2).
- the electrolyte solution in this embodiment contains the sulfone compound represented by Formula (1) as a nonaqueous electrolytic solvent and the fluorinated ether compound represented by Formula (2).
- a fluorinated ether compound is a solvent having high oxidation resistance, but has a low dielectric constant, and when used alone, a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 cannot be dissolved. Therefore, mixing with a solvent having a high dielectric constant is necessary.
- the solvent having a high dielectric constant include cyclic carbonates.
- fluorinated ethers and cyclic carbonates have poor compatibility and cause problems such as increased viscosity and precipitation of supporting salts.
- the sulfone compound has a relatively high dielectric constant and is superior in oxidation resistance to cyclic carbonates, and can dissolve the supporting salt in a wide composition range with the fluorinated ether compound. Since both the sulfone compound and the fluorinated ether compound are excellent in oxidation resistance, gas generation in a high-temperature cycle can be greatly suppressed.
- a carbonate ester compound may be further added to the fluorinated ether compound and the sulfone compound, and the cycle characteristics can be further improved by adding the carbonate ester compound.
- the sulfone compound is represented by the following formula (1) (hereinafter, the “sulfone compound represented by the formula (1)” may be simply referred to as “sulfone compound”). .
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
- the carbon atom of R 1 and the carbon atom of R 2 are bonded through a single bond or a double bond. And a ring structure may be formed.
- R 2 of R 1 is 1 ⁇ n 1 ⁇ 12,1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ 12 , respectively, 1 ⁇ n 1 ⁇ 6, 1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ 6 are more preferable, and 1 ⁇ n 1 ⁇ 3 and 1 ⁇ n 2 ⁇ 3 are still more preferable.
- the alkyl group includes linear, branched, or cyclic groups.
- examples of the substituent include an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, and an isobutyl group),
- An aryl group for example, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group
- a halogen atom for example, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom
- the sulfone compound is preferably a cyclic sulfone compound represented by the following formula (7-1).
- R 3 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group.
- the alkylene group preferably has 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and more preferably 4 to 6 carbon atoms.
- examples of the substituent include an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group), halogen atom (for example, chlorine atom, bromine atom, fluorine atom). Atom) and the like.
- the cyclic sulfone compound is more preferably a compound represented by the following formula (7-2).
- m is an integer of 1 to 6).
- m is an integer of 1 to 6, and preferably an integer of 1 to 3.
- Preferred examples of the cyclic sulfone compound represented by the formula (7-1) include tetramethylene sulfone, pentamethylene sulfone, hexamethylene sulfone and the like.
- Preferred examples of the cyclic sulfone compound having a substituent include 3-methylsulfolane and 2,4-dimethylsulfolane. Since these materials are compatible with the fluorinated ether compound and have a relatively high dielectric constant, they have the advantage of being excellent in the dissolution / dissociation action of the lithium salt.
- the sulfone compound may be a chain sulfone compound.
- the chain sulfone compound include ethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl isopropyl sulfone, ethyl isobutyl sulfone, dimethyl sulfone, and diethyl sulfone.
- ethyl methyl sulfone, ethyl isopropyl sulfone, and ethyl isobutyl sulfone are preferable. Since these materials are compatible with the fluorinated ether compound and have a relatively high dielectric constant, they have the advantage of being excellent in the dissolution / dissociation action of the lithium salt.
- a sulfone compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a cyclic sulfone compound and a chain sulfone compound may be used in combination, for example, a combination of sulfolane and ethyl methyl sulfone, or sulfolane and dimethyl sulfone.
- the content of the sulfone compound is preferably 5% by volume or more and 75% by volume or less in the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent, more preferably 5% by volume or more and 50% by volume or less, and more preferably 5% by volume or more and less than 50% by volume. More preferably, it is more preferably 5 volume% or more and 40 volume% or less, and still more preferably 5 volume% or more and 30 volume% or less. If the content of the sulfone compound is too low, the compatibility of the electrolytic solution may be reduced. If the content is too high, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution will increase, especially when the capacity of the cycle characteristics at room temperature is reduced. There is.
- the fluorinated ether compound is represented by the following formula (2).
- the “fluorinated ether compound represented by the formula (2)” may be simply referred to as “fluorinated ether”.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluorinated alkyl group).
- the total number of carbon atoms of R 1 and R 2 is preferably 10 or less.
- the fluorine atom content in the fluorinated alkyl group is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, based on the total of fluorine atoms and hydrogen atoms.
- the withstand voltage is further improved, and even when a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium is used, deterioration of battery capacity after cycling is more effectively reduced. Is possible.
- fluorinated ether compound examples include CF 3 OCH 3 , CF 3 OC 2 H 5 , F (CF 2 ) 2 OCH 3 , F (CF 2 ) 2 OC 2 H 5 , and CF 3 (CF 2 ) CH 2 O.
- fluorinated ether compounds a fluorinated ether compound represented by the following formula (8-1) is more preferable.
- n and m are each independently 1 to 8.
- X 1 to X 6 are each independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom, provided that at least one of X 1 to X 3 One is a fluorine atom, and at least one of X 4 to X 6 is a fluorine atom, and when n is 2 or more, a plurality of X 2 and X 3 are independent of each other, When m is 2 or more, a plurality of X 4 and X 5 are independent of each other.
- the fluorinated ether compound is more preferably a compound represented by the following formula (8-2) from the viewpoint of voltage resistance and compatibility with other electrolytes.
- X 1- (CX 2 X 3 ) n -CH 2 O-CX 4 X 5 -CX 6 X 7 -X 8 (8-2) (In the formula (8-2), n is 1 to 8, and X 1 to X 8 are each independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom, provided that at least one of X 1 to X 3 is a fluorine atom. And at least one of X 4 to X 8 is a fluorine atom.)
- n 2 or more
- a plurality of X 2 may be the same or different
- a plurality of X 3 are the same or different from each other. Also good.
- the fluorinated ether compound is more preferably represented by the following formula (8-3).
- n is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
- Y 1 to Y 8 are each independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom. However, at least one of Y 1 to Y 4 is a fluorine atom, and at least one of Y 5 to Y 8 is a fluorine atom.
- n 2 or more, a plurality of Y 1 to Y 4 may be the same or different from each other.
- the content of the fluorinated ether compound is preferably 5% by volume or more and 90% by volume or less in the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent, preferably 15% by volume or more and 90% by volume or less, and 40% by volume or more and 90% by volume or less. It is more preferable that it is 50 volume% or more and 90 volume% or less, and it is still more preferable that it is 50 volume% or more and 80 volume% or less. If the content of the fluorinated ether compound is too small, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution increases, so that the conductivity is lowered, and the capacity may be reduced in the cycle.
- a fluorinated ether compound can be used individually by 1 type or in mixture of 2 or more types.
- the electrolytic solution in addition to the sulfone compound and the fluorinated ether, the electrolytic solution further includes a carbonate ester compound represented by the following formula (3), a fluorinated carboxylate ester represented by the following formula (A), It is preferable to contain at least one selected from a compound containing a cyclic sulfonic acid ester represented by the formula (9) and an N (SO 2 F) 2 anion (FSI anion) represented by the formula (B).
- a carbonate ester compound represented by the following formula (3) a fluorinated carboxylate ester represented by the following formula (A)
- the carbonic acid ester compound represented by the formula (3) is simply “carbonic acid ester compound”
- the fluorinated carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (A) is simply “fluorinated carboxylic acid ester”
- cyclic sulfonic acid ester represented by formula (9) is simply “cyclic sulfonic acid ester”
- N (SO 2 F) 2 anion represented by formula (B) is simply “FSI”.
- anion Sometimes referred to as “anion”.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
- the carbon atom of R 1 and the carbon atom of R 2 are bonded through a single bond or a double bond. And a ring structure may be formed.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluorine-substituted alkyl group.
- a and B each independently represent an alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group.
- X represents a single bond or —OSO 2 — group.
- the carbonic acid ester compound, the fluorinated carboxylic acid ester compound, the cyclic sulfonic acid ester compound, and the compound containing N (SO 2 F) 2 anion (FSI anion) each have an action of forming a film on the positive electrode or the negative electrode, or both. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery can be improved by containing these compounds.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent may include a carbonate compound represented by the formula (3).
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
- the carbon atom of R 1 and the carbon atom of R 2 are bonded through a single bond or a double bond. And a ring structure may be formed.
- R 1 and / or R 2 when R 1 and / or R 2 is a substituted alkyl group, examples of the substituent include a halogen atom (for example, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom), and the like, and it is a fluorine atom. preferable.
- a halogen atom for example, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom
- Examples of the carbonate compound include cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates.
- Examples of the carbonate compound include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (MEC). , Dipropyl carbonate (DPC), and the like.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- BC butylene carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- MEC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DPC Dipropyl carbonate
- a part or all of these alkyl groups or alkylene groups may be substituted with a halogen atom, preferably a fluorine atom.
- fluorinated cyclic carbonate examples include 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one ⁇ monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) ⁇ , (cis or trans) 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2.
- FEC fluorinated cyclic carbonate
- -One, 4,4-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-5-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and the like can be used. Of these, FEC is more preferred.
- the carbonate compound can be used alone or in combination of two or more, and includes at least ethylene carbonate (EC) and / or propylene carbonate (PC) which are cyclic carbonates among the above-mentioned carbonate compounds. Is preferred.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC) may be further included.
- the content of the carbonate ester compound in the total non-aqueous electrolytic solvent may be 0% by volume, but is preferably 1 to 40% by volume, more preferably 5 to 30% by volume. More preferably, it is 30% by volume. If the content of the carbonate compound is too small, the conductivity of the electrolytic solution may decrease, and the cycle characteristics may deteriorate. If the carbonic acid ester compound content is too high, the carbonic acid ester compound is likely to decompose at a higher potential than the sulfone compound or the fluorinated ether compound, which may cause an increase in gas generation.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent may include a fluorinated carboxylic acid ester represented by the formula (A).
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluorine-substituted alkyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group is preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 8, and more preferably 1 to 6. Is more preferable, and 1 to 4 is particularly preferable.
- examples of the substituent include a halogen atom (for example, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, a fluorine atom) and the like, and a fluorine atom is preferable.
- the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group includes a linear, branched, or cyclic group.
- the fluorine-substituted alkyl group represents a substituted alkyl group having a structure in which at least one hydrogen atom in the unsubstituted alkyl group is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- the fluorine-substituted alkyl group is preferably linear.
- R 1 and R 2 are each independently a fluorine-substituted alkyl group.
- R 1 is an alkyl group
- R 2 is a fluorine-substituted alkyl group.
- R 1 is a fluorine-substituted alkyl group
- R 2 is an alkyl group.
- the chain fluorinated carboxylic acid ester compound is preferably a compound represented by the following (A-1).
- Z 1 and Z 2 may be independent for each carbon atom to which they are bonded.
- Z 3 and Z 4 may be independent for each carbon atom to which they are bonded.
- the chain fluorinated carboxylic acid ester compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- fluorinated carboxylic acid ester examples include, for example, ethyl pentafluoropropionate, ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, methyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate, acetic acid 2, 2-difluoroethyl, methyl heptafluoroisobutyrate, methyl 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropionate, methyl pentafluoropropionate, methyl 2- (trifluoromethyl) -3,3,3-trifluoropropionate , Ethyl heptafluorobutyrate, methyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acetate, isopropyl trifluoroacetate, tert-butyl trifluoroacetate, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyric acid Ethyl, methyl 4,4,4-trifluorobutyrate, 2,2-
- the content of the chain fluorinated carboxylic acid ester compound in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 0.01 to 70% by volume, more preferably 0.1 to 50% by volume. preferable.
- the content of the chain fluorinated carboxylic acid ester compound is 0.01% by volume or more, a film can be effectively formed on the negative electrode surface, and the decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be more effectively suppressed. It is considered possible.
- the internal resistance of the battery is increased due to excessive generation of the SEI film that is expected to be caused by the chain fluorinated carboxylic acid ester compound. It is thought that it can be suppressed.
- the electrolytic solution may include a cyclic sulfonate compound represented by the following formula (9).
- a and B each independently represent an alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group.
- X represents a single bond or —OSO 2 — group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkylene group is, for example, 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, and more preferably 1 to 4.
- the fluorinated alkylene group represents a substituted alkylene group having a structure in which at least one hydrogen atom of the unsubstituted alkylene group is substituted with a fluorine atom.
- the carbon number of the fluorinated alkylene group is, for example, 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, and more preferably 1 to 4.
- the -OSO 2 -group may be in any direction.
- the cyclic sulfonate ester is preferably a cyclic monosulfonate ester, and the cyclic monosulfonate ester is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (10-1).
- R 101 and R 102 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 .
- the cyclic sulfonate ester is preferably a cyclic disulfonate ester, and the cyclic disulfonate ester is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (10-2).
- R 201 to R 204 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and n is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
- n is 2 or more
- a plurality of R 203 may be the same or different from each other, and a plurality of R 204 may be the same or different from each other.
- Examples of the cyclic sulfonate ester include 1,3-propane sultone, 1,2-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1,2-butane sultone, 1,3-butane sultone, 2,4-butane sultone, 1,3 -Monosulfonic acid esters such as pentane sultone (when X in formula (9) is a single bond), disulfonic acid esters such as methylenemethane disulfonic acid ester, ethylenemethane disulfonic acid ester (X in formula (9) is- OSO 2 - for group).
- 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, and methylene methane disulfonic acid ester are preferable from the viewpoint of film forming effect, availability, and cost.
- the content of the cyclic sulfonic acid ester in the electrolytic solution may be 0% by mass, but is preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, and 0.3% More preferably, it is ⁇ 3% by mass.
- a coating can be more effectively formed on the positive electrode surface to suppress decomposition of the electrolytic solution.
- the content of the cyclic sulfonic acid ester is 10% by mass or less, the initial capacity close to the theoretical capacity is ensured by charging at 20 ° C. by adjusting the viscosity and conductivity of the electrolytic solution within a more appropriate range. Can do.
- the electrolytic solution may include a compound containing an FSI anion represented by the following formula (B).
- M represents a metal ion.
- M represents a metal ion.
- it is a compound containing the FSI anion represented by these, and an FSI anion arises when this compound melt
- a salt of an FSI anion and an alkali metal is preferable, and examples thereof include LiFSI, NaFSI, and KFSI.
- LiFSI is more preferable because it also functions as an electrolyte of a lithium ion battery and can improve the ionic conductivity of the electrolytic solution.
- the content of the compound containing the FSI anion in the electrolytic solution may be 0% by mass, but is preferably 0.1 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.2 to 3% by mass. More preferably, it is 3 to 2% by mass. If the content is too low, the effect as a film may not be sufficiently obtained. If the content is too high, excess additives may react with the positive electrode to become a gas generation source.
- the electrolyte solution may contain a fluorinated phosphate ester represented by the following formula (C) as a nonaqueous solvent.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is a fluorine-substituted alkyl.
- the carbon atom of R 1 and the carbon atom of R 2 may be bonded via a single bond or a double bond to form a cyclic structure.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently have 1 to 3 carbon atoms. At least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is preferably a fluorine-substituted alkyl group in which 50% or more of the hydrogen atoms of the corresponding unsubstituted alkyl group are substituted with fluorine atoms. Further, all of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are fluorine-substituted alkyl groups, and 50% or more of the hydrogen atoms of the unsubstituted alkyl group to which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 correspond are substituted with fluorine atoms. More preferred is a fluorine-substituted alkyl group.
- the ratio of the number of fluorine atoms to the total number of hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms in the fluorine-substituted alkyl group is more preferably 55% or more.
- fluorinated phosphate ester For example, Tris (trifluoromethyl) phosphate, Tris (pentafluoroethyl) phosphate, Tris (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TTFP), Tris (2, 2, 3, Fluorinated alkyl phosphate compounds such as 3-tetrafluoropropyl) phosphate, Tris (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) phosphate, Tris (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) phosphate.
- Tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate (TTFP) is preferable as the fluorinated phosphate compound. Fluorinated phosphates can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the fluorinated phosphate is too much, the ionic conductivity decreases due to the increase in the viscosity of the electrolyte or the decrease in the dielectric constant, so that the internal resistance of the cell increases, and room temperature (about 20 ° C.) In some cases, the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the battery deteriorate.
- the content of the fluorinated phosphate ester in the nonaqueous electrolytic solvent is preferably 10% by volume or more and 70% by volume or less, more preferably 10% by volume or more and 40% by volume or less, and more preferably 10% by volume or more and 30% by volume or less. Moreover, 13 volume% or more and 60 volume% or less are more preferable, and 16 volume% or more and 50 volume% or less are further more preferable.
- nonaqueous electrolytic solvent examples include ⁇ -lactones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, chain ethers such as 1,2-ethoxyethane (DEE) and ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), tetrahydrofuran, -Cyclic ethers such as methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, formamide, acetamide, dimethylformamide, dioxolane, acetonitrile, propylnitrile, nitromethane, ethyl monoglyme, phosphoric acid triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane derivatives, Non-protons such as 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivatives, tetrahydrofuran derivatives, ethyl ether, anisole, N-methylpyrrol
- the electrolytic solution preferably contains a lithium salt, a lithium salt, is not particularly limited, for example, LiPF 6, LiAsF 6, LiAlCl 4, LiClO 4, LiBF 4, LiSbF 6, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 CO 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiB 10 C 1 10 , lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate, chloro Examples thereof include lithium borane, lithium tetraphenylborate, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiSCN, and LiCl.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mol / l. By setting the concentration of the lithium salt within this range, it is easy to adjust the density, viscosity, electrical conductivity, and the like to an appropriate range.
- the secondary battery of this embodiment includes a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium metal.
- the positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium can be selected by the following method, for example. First, a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material and Li metal are placed in a state of facing each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and an electrolytic solution is injected to produce a battery. When charging / discharging is performed at a constant current of, for example, 5 mAh / g per positive electrode active material mass in the positive electrode, a charge / discharge capacity of 10 mAh / g or more per mass of active material is a potential of 4.5 V or more with respect to lithium. Can be a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium.
- the charge / discharge capacity per active material mass at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium is 20 mAh / g or higher. It is preferable that it is 50 mAh / g or more, and it is further more preferable that it is 100 mAh / g or more.
- the shape of the battery can be, for example, a coin type.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher include a spinel type, an olivine type, a Si composite oxide, and a positive electrode active material having a layered structure.
- a spinel-type lithium manganese composite oxide represented by the following formula (4) can be used.
- Y when a is 0, it is preferable that Y includes at least Li and 0 ⁇ y. When y is 0, 0 ⁇ a is preferable.
- the positive electrode active material operating at a potential of 4.5 V or more is a spinel type lithium manganese composite oxide represented by the following formula (4-1) from the viewpoint of obtaining a sufficient capacity and extending the life. Is more preferable.
- LiNi x Mn 2-xy A y O 4 (4-1) (In formula (4-1), 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3, A is at least one selected from Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, Ti, and Si. .)
- A is preferably at least one selected from Li, Ti, and Si.
- Examples of the spinel-type positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or more include LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 and LiCr x Mn 2-x O 4 (0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1). LiFe x Mn 2-x O 4 (0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1), LiCu x Mn 2-x O 4 (0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6), LiCo x Mn 2-x O 4 ( 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.1), LiCrMnO 4 , LiFeMnO 4 , LiCoMnO 4 , or LiCu 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4, and solid solutions thereof. These positive electrode active materials have a high capacity.
- LiMPO 4 (5) (In Formula (5), M is at least one of Co and Ni.) LiCoPO 4 or LiNiPO 4 or the like is preferable.
- examples of the positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or more include Si composite oxide.
- examples of the Si composite oxide include Li 2 MSiO 4 (M: Mn, Fe, Co). Type).
- Examples of the positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or more include those having a layered structure, for example, Li (Li x M 1-x -z Mn z) O 2 (6) (In formula (6), 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3, 0.3 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.7, and M is at least one selected from Co, Ni, and Fe.) Is mentioned.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is, for example, 0.01 ⁇ 5m 2 / g, preferably 0.05 ⁇ 4m 2 / g, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ 3m 2 / g, 0.2 ⁇ 2m 2 / g is more preferable.
- the contact area with the electrolytic solution can be adjusted to an appropriate range. That is, when the specific surface area is 0.01 m 2 / g or more, lithium ions can be easily inserted and desorbed smoothly, and the resistance can be further reduced.
- the central particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.2 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the particle size can be measured by a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution measuring apparatus.
- the positive electrode mainly includes a positive electrode active material that operates at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium, but may include a 4 V class active material.
- the positive electrode can be formed, for example, by placing a positive electrode slurry prepared by mixing a positive electrode active material, a conductivity-imparting agent, and a positive electrode binder on a current collector.
- Examples of the conductivity-imparting agent include carbon materials such as acetylene black, carbon black, fibrous carbon, and graphite, metal materials such as Al, and conductive oxide powders.
- the positive electrode binder is not particularly limited.
- polyvinylidene fluoride PVdF
- vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- styrene-butadiene Copolymer rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamideimide and the like can be used.
- the content of the conductivity-imparting agent in the positive electrode slurry can be, for example, 1 to 10% by mass.
- the content of the binder in the positive electrode slurry can be, for example, 1 to 10% by mass. If it exists in such a range, it will become easy to ensure the ratio of the amount of active materials in an electrode enough, and will become easy to obtain sufficient capacity
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but aluminum, nickel, copper, silver, and alloys thereof are preferable from the viewpoint of electrochemical stability.
- Examples of the shape include foil, flat plate, and mesh.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can occlude and release lithium ions.
- a known material can be used.
- Specific examples of the negative electrode active material include carbon materials such as graphite, coke, and hard carbon, lithium alloys such as lithium-aluminum alloy, lithium-lead alloy, and lithium-tin alloy, lithium metal, Si, SnO 2 , SnO, and TiO. 2 , Nb 2 O 3 , SiO, and the like are metal oxides whose base potential is lower than that of the positive electrode active material.
- the negative electrode can be formed, for example, by placing a negative electrode slurry prepared by mixing a negative electrode active material, a conductivity-imparting agent, and a negative electrode binder on a negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of the conductivity-imparting agent include carbon materials and conductive oxide powders.
- the binder for the negative electrode is not particularly limited.
- polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer Rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylic acid, or the like can be used.
- polyimide or polyamideimide is preferred because of its high binding properties.
- the amount of the binder for the negative electrode to be used is preferably 5 to 25 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material from the viewpoints of “sufficient binding force” and “high energy” which are in a trade-off relationship. .
- the negative electrode current collector aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, copper, silver, and alloys thereof are preferable in view of electrochemical stability.
- the shape include foil, flat plate, and mesh.
- Examples of the method for forming the negative electrode active material layer include a doctor blade method, a die coater method, a CVD method, and a sputtering method. After forming a negative electrode active material layer in advance, a thin film of aluminum, nickel, or an alloy thereof may be formed by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering to form a negative electrode.
- the separator is not particularly limited, and for example, a known one can be used. Specifically, as the separator, for example, a polyolefin microporous film such as polyethylene or polypropylene, or one containing cellulose or glass fiber can be used.
- a polyolefin microporous film such as polyethylene or polypropylene, or one containing cellulose or glass fiber can be used.
- the exterior body can be appropriately selected as long as it is stable to the electrolytic solution and has a sufficient water vapor barrier property.
- a laminated laminate type secondary battery a laminate film made of aluminum, silica-coated polypropylene, polyethylene, or the like can be used as the outer package.
- an aluminum laminate film from the viewpoint of suppressing volume expansion.
- a secondary battery includes a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material, a separator as an insulator sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity. It can take the form sealed in the body.
- the positive electrode active material releases lithium ions
- the negative electrode active material occludes lithium ions
- the battery is charged. In the discharged state, the state is opposite to the charged state.
- Examples of the shape of the battery include a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, a button shape, and a laminate shape.
- Examples of the battery outer package include stainless steel, iron, aluminum, titanium, alloys thereof, and plated products thereof. As the plating, for example, nickel plating can be used.
- a secondary battery is, for example, a battery in which a negative electrode and a positive electrode are laminated via a separator in a dry air or inert gas atmosphere, or a laminate of the laminate is accommodated in an outer container such as a can case. And it can manufacture by inject
- the form of the secondary battery is not particularly limited, and for example, it is possible to take a form such as a positive electrode opposed to a separator, a winding type in which a negative electrode is wound, and a laminated type in which these are stacked.
- FIG. 1 shows a laminate type secondary battery as an example of the secondary battery.
- a separator 5 is sandwiched between a positive electrode composed of a positive electrode active material layer 1 containing a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode current collector, and a negative electrode composed of a negative electrode active material layer 2 and a negative electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector 3 is connected to the positive electrode lead terminal 8
- the negative electrode current collector 4 is connected to the negative electrode lead terminal 7.
- An exterior laminate 6 is used for the exterior body, and the inside of the secondary battery is filled with an electrolytic solution.
- Examples of the laminate resin film used for the laminate mold include aluminum, an aluminum alloy, and a titanium foil.
- Examples of the material of the heat-welded portion of the metal laminate resin film include thermoplastic polymer materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate.
- the metal laminate resin layer and the metal foil layer are not limited to one layer, and may be two or more layers.
- Example 1 (Preparation of positive electrode) First, powders of MnO 2 , NiO, Li 2 CO 3 , and Ti 3 O 3 were weighed so as to have a target composition ratio, and pulverized and mixed. Thereafter, the mixed powder was fired at 750 ° C. for 8 hours to produce LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.37 Ti 0.13 O 4 .
- This positive electrode active material was confirmed to have a substantially single-phase spinel structure.
- the produced positive electrode active material and a carbon black as a conductivity-imparting agent were mixed, and this mixture was dispersed in a solution of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, the conductivity-imparting agent, and the positive electrode binder was 91/5/4.
- the positive electrode slurry was uniformly applied on both surfaces of the current collector made of Al. Then, it was made to dry in vacuum for 12 hours, and the positive electrode was produced by compression molding with a roll press.
- Graphite as the negative electrode active material was dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone dissolved in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as the negative electrode binder to prepare a negative electrode slurry.
- the mass ratio of the negative electrode active material and the negative electrode binder was 90/10.
- the slurry was uniformly applied on both sides of the Cu current collector. Then, it was made to dry in vacuum for 12 hours, and the negative electrode was produced by compression molding with a roll press.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were cut into 1.5 cm ⁇ 3 cm. Five layers of the obtained positive electrode and six layers of the negative electrode were alternately stacked while sandwiching a polypropylene porous film as a separator. The ends of the positive electrode current collector that is not covered with the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector that is not covered with the negative electrode active material are welded to each other, and the positive electrode terminal made of aluminum and the positive electrode terminal made of nickel are further connected to the welded portion. Each was welded to obtain an electrode element having a planar laminated structure. The electrode element was wrapped with an aluminum laminate film as an outer package, and an electrolyte solution was injected therein, and then sealed while reducing the pressure to produce a secondary battery.
- Examples 2 to 11, Comparative Examples 1 to 3 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the solvent and additive in the electrolytic solution had the composition shown in Table 1.
- Table 1 in Examples 4 to 11, in addition to SL and FE1, MMDS (methylenemethane disulfonate), PS (1,3-propane sultone), LiFSI, TFMP (methyl-2,2,3) , 3-tetrafluoropropionate), FEC (monofluoroethylene carbonate), PC (propylene carbonate), and EC (ethylene carbonate) were mixed.
- Gas generation evaluation The amount of gas generation was evaluated by measuring the change in cell volume after the charge / discharge cycle. The cell volume was measured using the Archimedes method, and the gas generation amount was calculated by examining the difference before and after the charge / discharge cycle.
- Table 1 shows the capacity retention ratio and volume increase ratio after 300 cycles at 45 ° C. in Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 in which the solvent composition and the additive composition were changed.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 3 the electrolyte containing only one of the sulfone compound and the fluorinated ether or the electrolyte containing none of the sulfone compound has a capacity in the case of the positive electrode operating at a potential of 4.5 V or more. The maintenance rate was poor and the volume increase was large.
- Example 12 to 40 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an electrolytic solution using a solvent having a composition ratio of fluorinated ether / sulfone compound / carbonate compound shown in Table 2 was used. In Examples 31 to 40, an electrolytic solution to which the additives shown in Table 2 were further added was used. Table 2 shows the results of evaluation in the same manner as in Example 1. Good cycle characteristics were obtained even when the composition ratio and type of the fluorinated ether / sulfone compound / carbonic acid ester compound were changed as in Examples 12 to 40. Furthermore, the cycle characteristics were improved by adding an additive.
- Examples 41 to 52 As shown in Table 3, an electrolytic solution obtained by mixing a fluorinated ether / sulfone compound / carbonic acid ester compound with an electrolytic solution solvent further containing a fluorinated phosphate ester or a fluorinated carboxylate ester and various additives was used. Produced a battery in the same manner as in Example 1. Table 3 shows the results of evaluation in the same manner as in Example 1. By including a fluorinated phosphate ester or a fluorinated carboxylate ester in the electrolyte solution as in Examples 41 to 52, good cycle characteristics were obtained, and gas generation was greatly suppressed. Furthermore, these effects were obtained by including various additives in the electrolytic solution.
- the numerical value in a parenthesis represents these volume ratios.
- the numerical value in a parenthesis represents content (mass%) of the additive in electrolyte solution.
- Example 53 to 72 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the fluorinated ether having the structural formula shown in Table 4 was used and the electrolytic solution composition was changed to the composition shown in Table 4.
- Table 4 shows the results of evaluation in the same manner as in Example 1. Even if the type of fluorinated ether was changed as in Example 11 and Examples 53 to 72, good cycle characteristics were obtained.
- Examples 73 to 81 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the sulfone compound shown in Table 5 was used and the electrolytic solution composition was changed to the composition shown in Table 5.
- the sulfone compounds used in each example are sulfolane (SL), dimethyl sulfone (DMS), ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS), ethyl isopropyl sulfone (EiPS), and isopropyl isobutyl sulfone (iPiBS).
- SL sulfolane
- DMS dimethyl sulfone
- EMS ethyl methyl sulfone
- EiPS ethyl isopropyl sulfone
- iPiBS isopropyl isobutyl sulfone
- Example 82 to 95 A battery was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 11 except that the positive electrode active material shown in Table 6 was used.
- Table 4 good cycle characteristics were obtained even when the type of the positive electrode active material operating at a potential of 4.5 V or higher with respect to lithium was changed.
- Example 101 (Preparation of negative electrode) Natural graphite powder (average particle size (D 50 ): 20 ⁇ m, specific surface area: 1 m 2 / g) as a negative electrode active material and PVDF as a binder are uniformly dispersed in NMP at a mass ratio of 95: 5 Thus, a negative electrode slurry was produced. By applying this negative electrode slurry on both sides of a 15 ⁇ m thick copper foil serving as a negative electrode current collector and drying at 125 ° C. for 10 minutes to evaporate NMP, a negative electrode active material layer is formed and further pressed. A negative electrode was produced. In addition, the weight of the negative electrode active material layer per unit area after drying was set to 0.015 g / cm 2 .
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 powder (average particle diameter (D 50 ): 10 ⁇ m, specific surface area: 0.5 m 2 / g) as a positive electrode active material was prepared.
- a positive electrode active material, PVDF as a binder, and carbon black as a conductive additive were uniformly dispersed in NMP at a mass ratio of 93: 4: 3 to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- the positive electrode slurry was applied to both surfaces of a 20 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil serving as a positive electrode current collector, and then dried at 125 ° C. for 10 minutes to evaporate NMP, thereby producing a positive electrode.
- the weight of the positive electrode active material layer per unit area after drying was set to 0.040 g / cm 2 .
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were cut into 1.5 cm ⁇ 3 cm. Five layers of the obtained positive electrode and six layers of the negative electrode were alternately stacked while sandwiching a polypropylene porous film as a separator. The ends of the positive electrode current collector that is not covered with the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector that is not covered with the negative electrode active material are welded to each other, and the positive electrode terminal made of aluminum and the positive electrode terminal made of nickel are further connected to the welded portion. Each was welded to obtain an electrode element having a planar laminated structure. The electrode element was wrapped with an aluminum laminate film as an outer package, and an electrolyte solution was injected therein, and then sealed while reducing the pressure to produce a secondary battery.
- Example 102 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 101 except that LiFSI was not added.
- Example 103 A secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 101 except that 1% by mass of methylenemethane disulfonate (MMDS) was added as an additive in the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyte instead of LiFSI in Example 101, and evaluation was performed. did.
- MMDS methylenemethane disulfonate
- Example 104 instead of the additive in Example 101, LiFSI was added in an amount of 0.5% by mass in the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte and MMDS was added in an amount of 0.5% by mass in the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 101.
- Table 7 shows the results of Examples 101 to 105.
- Example 106 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that CH 3 CH 2 O (CF 2 ) 4 F (FE2) was used as the fluorinated ether instead of FE1.
- FE2 CH 3 CH 2 O (CF 2 ) 4 F
- Example 107 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that H (CF 2 ) 4 CH 2 O (CF 2 ) 2 H was used as the fluorinated ether instead of FE1.
- Example 108 A secondary battery was fabricated and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that CF 3 CHFCF 2 OCH 2 (CF 2 ) 2 F was used as the fluorinated ether instead of FE1.
- Example 109 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that dimethyl sulfone (DMS) was used instead of SL as the sulfone compound.
- DMS dimethyl sulfone
- Example 110 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS) was used as the sulfone compound instead of SL.
- EMS ethyl methyl sulfone
- Example 111 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that ethyl isopropyl sulfone (EiPS) was used as the sulfone compound instead of SL.
- EiPS ethyl isopropyl sulfone
- Table 8 shows the results of Example 106 to Example 111.
- Example 112 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that 1,3-propane sultone (PS) was used instead of MMDS as the cyclic sulfonate ester.
- PS 1,3-propane sultone
- Example 113 A secondary battery was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 104 except that 1,4-butane sultone (BS) was used instead of MMDS as the cyclic sulfonate ester.
- BS 1,4-butane sultone
- Table 9 shows the results of Example 112 and Example 113.
Abstract
Description
リチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能な正極と、非水電解溶媒を含む電解液と、を有する二次電池であって、
前記正極は、リチウムに対して4.5V以上で動作する正極活物質を有し、
前記非水電解溶媒は、下記式(1)で表されるスルホン化合物と、下記式(2)で表されるフッ素化エーテル化合物と、を含有することを特徴とする二次電池(好ましくはリチウムイオン二次電池)である。
本実施形態における電解液は、非水電解溶媒として式(1)で表されるスルホン化合物と、式(2)で表されるフッ素化エーテル化合物を含む。
(式(8-1)中、n、mはそれぞれ独立に1~8である。X1~X6は、それぞれ独立に、フッ素原子または水素原子である。ただし、X1~X3の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子であり、X4~X6の少なくとも一つはフッ素原子である。また、nが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX2およびX3は、それぞれ、互いに独立であり、mが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX4およびX5は、それぞれ、互いに独立である。)
(式(8-2)中、nは1~8であり、X1~X8は、それぞれ独立に、フッ素原子または水素原子である。ただし、X1~X3の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子であり、X4~X8の少なくとも一つはフッ素原子である。)
(式(A-1)において、nは1~4であり、mは0~4であり、Z1~Z4は、それぞれ独立に、フッ素原子または水素原子である。ただし、Z1~Z2のうち少なくとも1つはフッ素原子である。)
で表されるFSIアニオンを含む化合物であることが好ましく、該化合物が非水電解液中に溶解することによりFSIアニオンが生じる。FSIアニオンを含む化合物としては、FSIアニオンとアルカリ金属との塩が好ましく、例えば、LiFSI、NaFSI、KFSIなどが挙げられる。これらのうち、LiFSIは、リチウムイオン電池の電解質としても働き、電解液のイオン伝導性の向上が図れるので、より好ましい。
本実施形態の二次電池は、リチウム金属に対して4.5V以上の電位で動作する正極活物質を有する正極を備える。
(式(4)中、0.4≦x≦1.2、0≦y、x+y<2、0≦a≦1.2、0≦w≦1である。MはCo、Ni、Fe、Cr及びCuよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種である。Yは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Si、K及びCaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。Zは、F又はClの少なくとも一種である。)。
(式(4-1)中、0.4<x<0.6、0≦y<0.3、Aは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti及びSiから選ばれる少なくとも一種である。)
LiMPO4 (5)
(式(5)中、MはCo及びNiの少なくとも一方である。)
が挙げられ、LiCoPO4、又はLiNiPO4等が好ましい。
Li(LixM1-x-zMnz)O2 (6)
(式(6)中、0≦x<0.3、0.3≦z≦0.7であり、MはCo、Ni、Feから選ばれる少なくとも一種である。)
が挙げられる。
負極活物質としては、リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出することができれば、特に限定されるものでなく、例えば公知のものを用いることができる。負極活物質の具体例としては、黒鉛、コークス、ハードカーボン等の炭素材料、リチウム-アルミニウム合金、リチウム-鉛合金、リチウム-錫合金等のリチウム合金、リチウム金属、Si、SnO2、SnO、TiO2、Nb2O3、SiO等の電位が正極活物質に比べて卑な金属酸化物が挙げられる。
セパレータとしては、特に制限されるものではなく、例えば公知のものを用いることができる。セパレータとしては、具体的には、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィン系微多孔膜、セルロースやガラス繊維を含むもの等を用いることができる。
外装体としては、電解液に安定で、かつ十分な水蒸気バリア性を持つものであれば、適宜選択することができる。例えば、積層ラミネート型の二次電池の場合、外装体としては、アルミニウム、シリカをコーティングしたポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のラミネートフィルムを用いることができる。特に、体積膨張を抑制する観点から、アルミニウムラミネートフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
二次電池は、正極活物質を有する正極と、負極活物質を有する負極と、正極と負極の間に狭持された絶縁体としてのセパレータと、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する電解液と、が外装体内に密閉された形態をとることができる。正極と負極に電圧を印加することにより、正極活物質がリチウムイオンを放出し、負極活物質がリチウムイオンを吸蔵し、電池は充電状態となる。放電状態では充電状態と逆の状態となる。
FE1:H(CF2)2CH2O(CF2)2H
SL:スルホラン
EC:エチレンカーボネート
DMC:ジメチルカーボネート
PC:プロピレンカーボネート
MMDS:メチレンメタンジスルホン酸エステル
PS:1,3-プロパンスルトン
DMS:ジメチルスルホン
EMS:エチルメチルスルホン
EiPS:エチルイソプロピルスルホン
iPiBS:イソプロピルイソブチルスルホン
TFMP:メチル-2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピオネート
FEC:モノフルオロエチレンカーボネート
FP:O=P(OCH2CF3)3
(正極の作製)
まず、MnO2、NiO、Li2CO3、Ti3O3の粉末を用い、目的の組成比になるように秤量し、粉砕混合した。その後、混合粉末を750℃で8時間焼成して、LiNi0.5Mn1.37Ti0.13O4を作製した。この正極活物質はほぼ単相のスピネル構造であることを確認した。作製した正極活物質と導電付与剤であるカーボンブラックを混合し、この混合物をN-メチルピロリドンに結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を溶かした溶液に分散させ、正極スラリーを調製した。正極活物質、導電付与剤、正極結着剤の質量比は91/5/4とした。Alからなる集電体の両面に正極スラリーを均一に塗布した。その後、真空中で12時間乾燥させて、ロールプレスで圧縮成型することにより正極を作製した。
負極活物質としての黒鉛を、N-メチルピロリドンに負極結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を溶かしたものに分散させ、負極スラリーを調製した。負極活物質、負極結着剤の質量比は90/10とした。Cu集電体の両面に前記スラリーを均一に塗布した。その後、真空中で12時間乾燥させて、ロールプレスで圧縮成型することにより負極を作製した。
H(CF2)2CH2O(CF2)2Hで表されるフッ素化エーテル(FE1)とスルホラン(SL)をFE1:SL=30:70(体積比)となるように混合して溶媒を調製した。この溶媒に、LiPF6が1Mとなるようにそれぞれ加えて電解液を調製した。
上記の正極と負極を1.5cm×3cmに切り出した。得られた正極の5層と負極の6層を、セパレータとしてのポリプロピレン多孔質フィルムを挟みつつ交互に重ねた。正極活物質に覆われていない正極集電体および負極活物質に覆われていない負極集電体の端部をそれぞれ溶接し、更にその溶接箇所にアルミニウム製の正極端子およびニッケル製の正極端子をそれぞれ溶接して、平面的な積層構造を有する電極素子を得た。上記電極素子を外装体としてのアルミニウムラミネートフィルムで包み、内部に電解液を注液した後、減圧しつつ封止することで二次電池を作製した。
電解液中の溶媒と添加剤を表1に示す組成とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。表1に示すように、実施例4~11はSLとFE1の他に、MMDS(メチレンメタンジスルホン酸エステル)、PS(1,3-プロパンスルトン)、LiFSI、TFMP(メチル-2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピオネート)、FEC(モノフルオロエチレンカーボネート)、PC(プロピレンカーボネート)、およびEC(エチレンカーボネート)から選ばれる1種以上を混合した。表1中、炭酸エステル化合物および/またはフッ素化カルボン酸エステルのうちの2種以上混合している例において、括弧内はこれらの体積比を表す。また、添加剤を用いている例において、括弧内の数値は、電解液中の添加剤の含有量(質量%)を表す。
以上のようにして作製した電池について高温サイクル特性評価を行った。1Cで4.8Vまで充電した後、合計で2.5時間定電圧充電を行ってから、1Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電するというサイクルを、45℃で300回繰り返した。容量維持率として初回放電容量に対する300サイクル後の放電容量の割合を求めた。
ガス発生量は、充放電サイクル後のセル体積の変化を測定することにより評価した。セル体積は、アルキメデス法を用いて測定し、充放電サイクル前後での差分を調べることにより、ガス発生量を算出した。
表2に示すフッ素化エーテル/スルホン化合物/炭酸エステル化合物の組成比の溶媒を用いた電解液を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。実施例31から40においては、更に、表2に示す添加剤を加えた電解液を用いた。実施例1と同様に評価を行った結果を表2に示す。実施例12~40のようにフッ素化エーテル/スルホン化合物/炭酸エステル化合物の組成比、種類を変えても良好なサイクル特性となった。更に添加剤を加えることでサイクル特性が良好になった。なお、表2中、炭酸エステル化合物を2種以上用いている例において、括弧内の数値は、これらの体積比を表す。また、添加剤を用いている例において、括弧内の数値は、電解液中の添加剤の含有量(質量%)を表す。
表3に示すように、フッ素化エーテル/スルホン化合物/炭酸エステル化合物に、更にフッ素化リン酸エステルまたはフッ素化カルボン酸エステルを含む電解液溶媒と、各種添加剤を混合した電解液を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。実施例1と同様に評価を行った結果を表3に示す。実施例41~52のように電解液にフッ素化リン酸エステルまたはフッ素化カルボン酸エステルを含むことにより良好なサイクル特性となり、ガス発生も大幅に抑えられた。さらに、電解液に各種添加剤を含むことでよりこれら効果が得られた。なお、非水電解溶媒について、括弧内の数値は、これらの体積比を表す。また、添加剤を用いている例において、括弧内の数値は、電解液中の添加剤の含有量(質量%)を表す。
表4に示す構造式のフッ素化エーテルを用い、電解液組成を表4に示す組成とした以外は、実施例11と同様にして電池を作製した。実施例1と同様に評価を行った結果を表4に示す。実施例11、実施例53~72のようにフッ素化エーテルの種類を変えても良好なサイクル特性となった。
表5に示すスルホン化合物を用い、電解液組成を表5に示す組成とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。各実施例において用いたスルホン化合物は、スルホラン(SL)、ジメチルスルホン(DMS)、エチルメチルスルホン(EMS)、エチルイソプロピルスルホン(EiPS)、イソプロピルイソブチルスルホン(iPiBS)である。実施例1と同様にして二次電池を作製し、評価した結果を示す。表5に示されるように、スルホン化合物の種類を変えたり、2種類のスルホン化合物を併用したりしても良好なサイクル特性となった。
表6に示す正極活物質を用いた以外は、実施例11と同様にして電池を作製した。なお、Siの原料としてSiO2、Mgの原料としてMgO、Naの原料としてNa2O、Bの原料としてB2O3、Alの原料としてAl2O3、Fの原料としてLiF、Feの原料としてFe2O3、Crの原料としてCr2O3、Coの原料としてCo2O3の粉末を用いた。実施例11と同様にして二次電池を作製し、評価した結果を示す。表4に示されるように、リチウムに対して4.5V以上の電位で動作する正極活物質において種類を変えても良好なサイクル特性が得られた。
EC:エチレンカーボネート
DMC:ジメチルカーボネート
FE1:H(CF2)2CH2OCF2CF2H
FE2:CH3CH2O(CF2)4F
FP:O=P(OCH2CF3)3
SL:C4H8SO2で表されるスルホラン
DMS:ジメチルスルホン
EMS:エチルメチルスルホン
EiPS:エチルイソプロピルスルホン
(負極の作製)
負極活物質としての天然黒鉛粉末(平均粒径(D50):20μm、比表面積:1m2/g)と、結着剤としてのPVDFとを、質量比95:5でNMP中に均一に分散させて、負極スラリーを作製した。この負極スラリーを負極集電体となる厚み15μmの銅箔の両面に塗布して125℃にて10分間乾燥させてNMPを蒸発させることにより、負極活物質層を形成し、さらにプレスすることによって負極を作製した。なお、乾燥後の単位面積当たりの負極活物質層の重量を0.015g/cm2とした。
正極活物質としてのLiNi0.5Mn1.5O4粉末(平均粒径(D50):10μm、比表面積:0.5m2/g)を用意した。正極活物質と、結着剤としてのPVDFと、導電助剤としてのカーボンブラックとを、質量比93:4:3でNMP中に均一に分散させて、正極スラリーを作製した。この正極スラリーを正極集電体となる厚み20μmのアルミニウム箔の両面に塗布後、125℃にて10分間乾燥させてNMPを蒸発させることにより、正極を作製した。なお、乾燥後の単位面積当たりの正極活物質層の重量を0.040g/cm2とした。
ECと、PCと、FE1と、FPと、C4H8SO2で表される環状スルホン化合物(スルホラン、SL)とを、EC:PC:SL:FE1:FP=10:10:10:40:30(体積比)の比率で混合した非水溶媒を調製した。電解質として0.8mol/Lの濃度でLiPF6を溶解させた。この電解溶液に、添加剤としてLiFSIを、非水電解液の全質量に対し1質量%溶解させ、非水電解液を調製した。
上記の正極と負極を1.5cm×3cmに切り出した。得られた正極の5層と負極の6層を、セパレータとしてのポリプロピレン多孔質フィルムを挟みつつ交互に重ねた。正極活物質に覆われていない正極集電体および負極活物質に覆われていない負極集電体の端部をそれぞれ溶接し、更にその溶接箇所にアルミニウム製の正極端子およびニッケル製の正極端子をそれぞれ溶接して、平面的な積層構造を有する電極素子を得た。上記電極素子を外装体としてのアルミニウムラミネートフィルムで包み、内部に電解液を注液した後、減圧しつつ封止することで二次電池を作製した。
上記のように作製したラミネート型電池を、20℃にて5時間率(0.2C)相当の16mAの定電流で4.75Vまで充電した後、合計で8時間の4.75V定電圧充電を行ってから、1時間率(1C)相当の80mAで3.0Vまで定電流放電した。
初回充放電が終了したラミネート型電池を、1Cで4.75Vまで充電した後、合計で2.5時間の4.75V定電圧充電を行ってから、1Cで3.0Vまで定電流放電するという充放電サイクルを、45℃で300回繰り返した。初回放電容量に対する300サイクル後の放電容量の比率を容量維持率(%)として算出した。また、初回充放電後と300サイクル後のセル体積を求め、初回放電後に対する300サイクル後のセルの体積増加率(%)を算出した。体積は水中と空気中での重量差からアルキメデス法を用いて測定した。
LiFSIを添加しなかった以外は例101と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
例101のLiFSIに代えて、添加剤としてメチレンメタンジスルホン酸エステル(MMDS)を非水電解液の全質量中1質量%添加した以外は例101と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
例101の添加剤に代えて、添加剤として、LiFSIを非水電解液の全質量中0.5質量%とMMDSを非水電解液の全質量中0.5質量%とを添加した以外は例101と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
例104の非水溶媒に代えて、ECと、FE1と、FPと、SLとを、EC:SL:FE1:FP=10:20:40:30の体積比率で混合した非水溶媒を用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
フッ素化エーテルとして、FE1に代えて、CH3CH2O(CF2)4F(FE2)を用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
フッ素化エーテルとして、FE1に代えて、H(CF2)4CH2O(CF2)2Hを用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
フッ素化エーテルとして、FE1に代えて、CF3CHFCF2OCH2(CF2)2Fを用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
スルホン化合物として、SLに代えて、ジメチルスルホン(DMS)を用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
スルホン化合物として、SLに代えて、エチルメチルスルホン(EMS)を用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
スルホン化合物として、SLに代えて、エチルイソプロピルスルホン(EiPS)を用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
環状スルホン酸エステルとして、MMDSに代えて1,3―プロパンスルトン(PS)を用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
環状スルホン酸エステルとして、MMDSに代えて1,4-ブタンスルトン(BS)を用いた以外は例104と同様の方法で二次電池を作製し、評価した。
2 負極活物質層
3 正極集電体
4 負極集電体
5 セパレータ
6 外装ラミネート
7 負極リード端子
8 正極リード端子
Claims (20)
- リチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能な正極と、非水電解溶媒を含む電解液と、を有する二次電池であって、
前記正極は、リチウムに対して4.5V以上で動作する正極活物質を有し、
前記非水電解溶媒は、下記式(1)で表されるスルホン化合物と、下記式(2)で表されるフッ素化エーテル化合物と、を含有することを特徴とする二次電池;
- 前記電解液が、さらに、下記式(3)で表される炭酸エステル化合物、下記式(A)で表されるフッ素化カルボン酸エステル、下記式(9)で表される環状スルホン酸エステル、および、下記式(B)で表されるN(SO2F)2アニオン(FSIアニオン)を含む化合物から選ばれる少なくとも一種を含有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の二次電池。
- 前記正極活物質が、下記式(4)、(5)及び(6)のうちいずれかで表されるリチウムマンガン複合酸化物である請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の二次電池;
Lia(MxMn2-x-yYy)(O4-wZw) (4)
(式(4)中、0.4≦x≦1.2、0≦y、x+y<2、0≦a≦1.2、0≦w≦1である。Mは、Co、Ni、Fe、Cr及びCuからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一種を含む。Yは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、Si、K及びCaからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種である。Zは、F又はClの少なくとも一種である。)。
LiMPO4 (5)
(式(5)中、MはCo及びNiの少なくとも一方である。)
Li(LixM1-x-zMnz)O2 (6)
(式(6)中、0≦x<0.3、0.3≦z≦0.7であり、MはCo、Ni、Feから選ばれる少なくとも一種である。) - 前記正極活物質が下記式(4-1)で表されるリチウムマンガン複合酸化物である請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の二次電池;
LiNixMn2-x-yAyO4 (4-1)
(式(4-1)中、0.4<x<0.6、0≦y<0.3、Aは、Li、B、Na、Mg、Al、Ti、及びSiから選ばれる少なくとも一種である。)。 - 前記フッ素化エーテル化合物は下記式(8-1)で表される請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の二次電池;
X1-(CX2X3)n-O-(CX4X5)m-X6 (8-1)
(式(8-1)中、n、mは、それぞれ独立に、1~8である。X1~X6は、それぞれ独立に、フッ素原子または水素原子である。ただし、X1~X3の少なくとも1つはフッ素原子であり、X4~X6の少なくとも一つはフッ素原子である。また、nが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX2およびX3は、それぞれ、互いに独立であり、mが2以上のとき、複数個存在するX4およびX5は、それぞれ、互いに独立である。)。 - 前記フッ素化エーテルの非水電解溶媒中の含有量は15~90体積%であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記フッ素化エーテルの非水電解溶媒中の含有量は50~90体積%であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記式(1)中、R1の炭素数n1、R2の炭素数n2はそれぞれ1≦n1≦6、1≦n2≦6であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記スルホン化合物として、2種以上のスルホン化合物を含むことを特徴とする請求項1乃至10のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記スルホン化合物として、環状スルホン化合物と鎖状スルホン化合物とを含むことを特徴とする請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記スルホン化合物の非水電解溶媒中の含有量は5~50体積%であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至12のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記非水電解溶媒が、前記式(3)で表される炭酸エステル化合物を含むことを特徴とする請求項2乃至13のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記炭酸エステル化合物の非水電解溶媒中の含有量は5~30体積%であることを特徴とする請求項2乃至14のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記炭酸エステル合物は少なくとも炭酸エチレンを含むことを特徴とする請求項2乃至15のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記式(9)で表される環状スルホン酸エステルの電解液中の含有量は0.01質量%以上10質量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項2乃至16のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記式(B)で表されるN(SO2F)2アニオン(FSIアニオン)を含む化合物がアルカリ金属との塩であることを特徴とする請求項2乃至17のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 前記式(B)で表されるN(SO2F)2アニオン(FSIアニオン)を含む化合物がLiとの塩であることを特徴とする請求項2乃至18のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
- 電極素子と電解液と外装体を有する二次電池の製造方法であって、
リチウムを吸蔵・放出することが可能で、リチウムに対して4.5V以上で動作する正極活物質を有する正極と、負極と、を対向配置して電極素子を作製する工程と、
前記電極素子と、下記式(1)で表されるスルホン化合物と下記式(2)で表されるフッ素化エーテル化合物とを含む非水電解溶媒を含む電解液と、を外装体の中に封入する工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする、二次電池の製造方法;
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2858164A1 (en) | 2015-04-08 |
EP2858164A4 (en) | 2016-02-17 |
EP2858164B1 (en) | 2018-01-17 |
CN104364958A (zh) | 2015-02-18 |
JPWO2013183655A1 (ja) | 2016-02-01 |
JP6187458B2 (ja) | 2017-08-30 |
BR112014030119A2 (pt) | 2017-06-27 |
US9905887B2 (en) | 2018-02-27 |
US20150140443A1 (en) | 2015-05-21 |
CN104364958B (zh) | 2017-10-17 |
CN107742743A (zh) | 2018-02-27 |
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