TWI737965B - 用於藉由虛擬助理來提供自然語言互動之方法、電子裝置及非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體 - Google Patents
用於藉由虛擬助理來提供自然語言互動之方法、電子裝置及非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供用於操作一虛擬助理以提供自然助理互動的系統及程序。根據一或多個實例，一種方法包括在具有一或多個處理器及記憶體之一電子裝置處：接收包括一或多個話語之一第一音訊串流；判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發；產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示；判定該一或多個候選文字表示的至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略。若至少一個候選文字表示待被忽略，則基於除待忽略之該至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖。
Description
本案大致上係關於虛擬助理，更具體地，係關於藉由虛擬助理提供自然語言互動。
虛擬助理(或數位助理或智慧型自動化助理)可提供有益的人機介面。此類助理可允許使用者使用口頭及/或文字形式的自然語言來與裝置或系統進行互動。例如，使用者可提供含有使用者請求的話音輸入至在電子裝置上操作的數位助理。虛擬助理可從話音輸入解譯使用者意圖及使該使用者意圖操作為任務。然後，可藉由執行電子裝置的一或多個服務來執行該等任務，且回應於使用者請求的相關輸出可傳回給使用者。
在接收諸如「嘿，Siri」的觸發片語時，可啟動虛擬助理。啟動後，虛擬助理可接收及處理使用者話音輸入。例如，使用者話音輸入可包括用以啟動虛擬助理的導言觸發片語，後續接著資訊請求(例如，「嘿，Siri，今天天氣如何？」)。然而，用觸發片語(例如，「嘿，Siri」)作為各話音輸入的導言會不方便，且很快變得麻煩。這亦不是自然溝通方式。例如，當第一使用者與第二使用者交談時，第一使用者通常不會用第二使用者的名字作為每
句的導言。因此，要求使用者用觸發片語作為各話音輸入的導言表現出不自然的溝通方式且效率較低。
提供用於由虛擬助理提供自然語言互動之系統及程序。
根據一或多個實例，一種方法包括在具有一或多個處理器、記憶體及一麥克風之電子裝置處：經由該麥克風接收包括一或多個話語之一第一音訊串流；及判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發。根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，該方法進一步包括：產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示；及判定該一或多個候選文字表示的至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略。根據至少一個候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，該方法進一步包括：基於除待忽略之該至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖。該方法進一步包括：判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖。根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，該方法進一步包括：執行至少一個可採取動作之意圖；及輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
本文揭示實例性非暫時性電腦可讀媒體。一種實例性非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體儲存一或多個程式。該一或多個程式包含指令，當由該電子裝置之一或多個處理器執行該等指令時，引起該電子裝置：經由一麥克風接收包括一或多個話語之一第一音訊串流；判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發；根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，產生該一或多個話語的一
或多個候選文字表示；判定該一或多個候選文字表示的至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略；根據至少一個候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，基於除待忽略之該至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖；判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖；根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖；及輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
本文揭示實例性電子裝置。一種實例性電子裝置包含：一或多個處理器；一記憶體；及一或多個程式，其中該一或多個程式儲存在記憶體中且經組態以由一或多個處理器予以執行，該一或多個程式包括用於下列的指令：經由麥克風接收包括一或多個話語之一第一音訊串流；判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發；根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示；判定該一或多個候選文字表示的至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略；根據至少一個候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，基於除待忽略之該至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖；判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖；根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖；輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
一種實例電子裝置包含：用於經由麥克風接收包括一或多個話語之一第一音訊串流的構件；用於判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一觸發語彙的構件；根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，用於產生該一或多個話
語的一或多個候選文字表示的構件；用於判定該一或多個候選文字表示的至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略的構件；根據至少一個候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，用於基於除待忽略之該至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖的構件；用於判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖的構件；根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，用於執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的構件；及用於輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果的構件。
用於促進基於話音之人機互動的目前技術通常需要在來自使用者的話語之開始部分處使用觸發片語。如上文所述，此要求會導致人機互動變得累贅、使人機使用者介面較不自然且較無效率。本申請案中所描述用於提供自然語言互動之各種技術可消除或減少每句使用者話語用觸發片語作為導言的此要求。而是，觸發字或片語可放置在可包括一或多個使用者話語的音訊串流之任何部分中。此外，本申請案中所述之技術不需要使用包括複數個字(例如「嘿，Siri」)的觸發片語。可使用單一字(例如「Siri」)來指示包括使用者話語的音訊串流被導引至虛擬助理。這使得溝通更加自然。
此外，本申請案中所述之促進基於話音之人機互動之各種技術增強裝置的可操作性，且(例如，藉由不需要用觸發片語作為各使用者話語的導言)使得使用者裝置介面更有效率，另外，藉由讓使用者能夠更快且高效率地使用裝置來降低電力使用且改善裝置的電池壽命。
100:系統
102:客戶端/客戶端側部分
104:裝置
106:伺服器/伺服器側部分
108:伺服器系統/伺服器
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118:I/O介面
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216:輸入控制裝置
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220:處理單元/處理器/CPU
222:記憶體控制器
224:外部埠
226:作業系統
228:通訊模組
229:數位助理客戶端模組/光學感測器
230:接觸/運動模組
231:使用者資料及模型/使用者資料
232:圖形模組
233:觸感回饋模組
234:文字輸入模組
235:全球定位系統(GPS)模組
236:應用程式
236-1:應用程式
237:連絡人模組/連絡人/應用程式
238:電話模組/電話
239:視訊會議模組
240:電子郵件客戶端模組/電子郵件
241:即時傳訊(IM)模組
242:健身支援模組
243:成像模組/攝影機模組
244:影像管理模組
247:瀏覽器模組/瀏覽器
248:行事曆模組
249:工具集模組
249-1:天氣工具集
249-2:股票工具集
249-3:計算器工具集
249-4:鬧鐘工具集
249-5:字典工具集
249-6:使用者建立之工具集
250:工具集建立器模組
251:搜尋模組
252:視訊及音樂播放器模組
253:筆記模組
254:地圖模組
255:線上視訊模組
256:顯示控制器
257:裝置/全域內部狀態
258:光學感測器控制器
259:強度感測器控制器
260:輸入控制器
261:觸感回饋控制器
262:電力系統
264:光學感測器
265:接觸強度感測器
266:近接感測器
267:觸覺輸出產生器
268:加速度計
270:事件分類器
271:事件監測器
272:點閱視圖判定模組
273:作用中事件辨識器判定模組
274:事件調度程式模組
276:資料更新器
277:物件更新器
278:GUI更新器
279:事件資料
280:事件辨識器
282:事件接收器
283:後設資料
284:事件比較器
286:事件定義
287-1:事件1
287-2:事件2
288:事件遞送指令
290:事件處置器
291:應用程式視圖
292:應用程式內部狀態
300:使用者介面(UI)
302:手指
303:觸控筆
304:主頁/功能表按鈕
306:推按按鈕
308:音量調整按鈕
310:用戶識別模組(SIM)卡片槽
312:耳機插口
400:裝置
410:處理單元(CPU)
420:通訊匯流排
430:輸入/輸出(I/O)介面
440:顯示器
450:鍵盤及/或滑鼠
455:觸控板
457:觸覺輸出產生器/感測器
459:感測器/觸覺輸出產生器
460:通訊介面
470:記憶體
480:繪圖模組
482:呈現模組
484:文書處理模組
486:網站建立模組
488:碟片製作模組
490:試算表模組
500:使用者介面
502:信號強度指示符
504:時間
505:藍牙指示符
506:電池狀態指示符
508:系統匣
510:指示符
514:指示符
516:圖示
518:圖示
520:圖示
522:圖示
524:圖示
526:圖示
528:圖示
530:圖示
532:圖示
534:圖示
536:圖示
538:圖示
540:圖示
542:圖示
544:圖示
546:圖示
550:顯示器
551:觸敏表面
552:主軸線
553:主軸線
560:接觸
562:接觸
568:接觸
570:接觸
600:裝置
602:主體
604:觸敏顯示器螢幕/觸控螢幕
606:輸入機構
608:輸入機構
612:匯流排
614:I/O區段
616:電腦處理器
618:記憶體
622:觸敏組件
624:觸摸強度敏感組件
630:通訊單元
632:GPS感測器
634:加速度計
636:陀螺儀
638:運動感測器
640:方向感測器
700:數位助理系統
702:記憶體
704:處理器
706:輸入/輸出(I/O)介面
708:網路通訊介面
710:通訊匯流排或信號線
712:有線通訊埠
714:無線傳輸及接收電路系統/無線電路系統
716:輸入/輸出裝置/I/O裝置
718:作業系統
720:通訊模組
722:使用者介面模組
724:應用程式
726:數位助理模組
728:輸入/輸出處理模組/I/O處理模組
730:話音轉文字(STT)處理模組
731:音標字母轉換模組
732:自然語言處理模組
734:對話流程處理模組/對話處理模組
736:任務流程處理模組
738:服務處理模組
740:話音合成模組
744:詞彙索引/詞彙
748:使用者資料
754:任務流程模型
756:服務模型
758:ASR系統/系統
760:本體論/自然語言處理模組
762:餐廳預訂域
764:提醒域
800:虛擬助理
802:音訊串流
810:輸入模組
812:緩衝器
814:語音活動偵測器
816:話音結果
820:自然語言引擎
822:候選文字表示
840:偽觸發減輕器(FTM)
842:候選意圖
860:候選意圖評估器(CIE)
862:任務流程處理模組
864:對話處理模組
868:意圖
880:任務執行模組
900:裝置
910:使用者
912:音訊串流
942:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1000:虛擬助理
1022:候選文字表示
1044:執行結果及脈絡資訊
1110:使用者
1112:音訊串流
1120:裝置
1122:使用模式及時間
1130:使用者
1132:話語
1134:話語
1136:話語
1138:結果
1140:結果
1210:使用者
1212:第一音訊串流
1214:第二音訊串流
1220:裝置
1222:音訊/視覺訊息
1222A:時間
1222B:時間
1224:音訊及/或視覺訊息
1226:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1242:第一音訊串流
1244:第二音訊串流
1310:使用者
1312:音訊串流
1320:裝置
1326:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1342:第一音訊串流
1344:第二音訊串流
1346:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1348:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1410:使用者
1412:音訊串流
1414:第二音訊串流
1416:第三音訊串流
1418:音訊串流
1420:裝置
1424:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1426:使用者介面
1432:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1434:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1436:音訊及/或視覺輸出
1500:程序
1502:方塊
1504:方塊
1506:方塊
1508:方塊
1510:方塊
1512:方塊
1514:方塊
1516:方塊
1518:方塊
1510:方塊
1522:方塊
1524:方塊
1526:方塊
1528:方塊
1530:方塊
1532:方塊
1534:方塊
1536:方塊
1538:方塊
1540:方塊
1542:方塊
1544:方塊
1546:方塊
1548:方塊
1550:方塊
1552:方塊
1554:方塊
1556:方塊
1558:方塊
1560:方塊
1562:方塊
1564:方塊
1566:方塊
1568:方塊
1570:方塊
1572:方塊
1574:方塊
1576:方塊
1578:方塊
1580:方塊
1582:方塊
1584:方塊
1586:方塊
1588:方塊
1590:方塊
1592:方塊
1594:方塊
1596:方塊
1598:方塊
1600:程序
1602:方塊
1604:方塊
1606:方塊
1608:方塊
1610:方塊
1612:方塊
1614:方塊
1616:方塊
1618:方塊
1620:方塊
1622:方塊
1624:方塊
1626:方塊
1628:方塊
1630:方塊
1632:方塊
1634:方塊
圖1係繪示根據各種實例之用於實施數位助理之系統及環境的方塊圖。
圖2A係繪示根據各種實例之實施數位助理之客戶端側部分的可攜式多功能裝置的方塊圖。
圖2B係繪示根據各種實例之用於事件處置之例示性組件的方塊圖。
圖3繪示根據各種實例之實施數位助理之客戶端側部分的可攜式多功能裝置的方塊圖。
圖4係根據各種實例之具有顯示器及觸敏表面之例示性多功能裝置的方塊圖。
圖5A繪示根據各種實例之用於可攜式多功能裝置上之應用程式功能表的例示性使用者介面。
圖5B繪示根據各種實例之用於具有與顯示器分離之觸敏表面的多功能裝置的例示性使用者介面。
圖6A繪示根據各種實例之個人電子裝置。
圖6B係繪示根據各種實例之個人電子裝置的方塊圖。
圖7A係繪示根據各種實例之數位助理系統或其伺服器部分的方塊圖。
圖7B繪示根據各種實例之圖7A所示之數位助理的功能。
圖7C繪示根據各種實例之本體論之一部分。
圖8繪示用於提供自然語言互動之例示性虛擬助理的方塊圖。
圖9繪示用於藉由虛擬助理來提供自然語言互動之示例示性使用者介面。
圖10繪示使用脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之例示性虛擬助理的方塊圖。
圖11A繪示用於由虛擬助理使用與使用模式相關聯的脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之示例示性使用者介面。
圖11B繪示用於藉由虛擬助理使用與感測資料相關聯的脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之例示性使用者介面。
圖12A至圖12D繪示用於由虛擬助理使用與執行先前判定可採取動作之意圖相關聯的脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之示例示性使用者介面。
圖13A至圖13B繪示用於由虛擬助理使用與使用者話語或音訊串流的關係相關聯的脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之例示性使用者介面。
圖14A至圖14D繪示用於使用脈絡資訊從複數個任務中選擇任務之例示性使用者介面。
圖15A至圖15G繪示根據各種實施例之用於藉由虛擬助理來提供自然語言互動之程序。
本案主張2018年3月26日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第62/648,084號且標題為「NATURAL ASSISTANT INTERACTION」，以及2018年6月26日申請之美國非臨時專利申請案第16/019,331號且標題為「NATURAL ASSISTANT INTERACTION」之優先權，其兩者申請案的內容以全文引用方式併入本文中。
在下列實施例之說明中係參照隨附圖式，其中經由圖解顯示可實行的特定實例。應了解，其他實例可經使用並可進行結構變更而不偏離各種實例之範疇。
描述促進更自然人機互動作用之各種技術。該等技術包括減少或消除對用觸發片語作為使用者話語的導言的需要，及使用偽觸發減輕器來改善與判定使用者話語是否導引至虛擬助理相關聯的準確性。該等技術亦包括：在沒有實際執行的情況中執行候選意圖評估(例如，進行試執行(dry run))，從而判定候選意圖是否可操作。此判定避免浪費處理能力、使用者混淆、從而改善裝置的操作效率。
儘管以下描述使用用語「第一(first)」、「第二(second)」等來描述各種元件，但此等元件不應被該等用語限制。此等用語僅用於區別一元件與另一元件。例如，第一輸入可稱為第二輸入，且類似地，第二輸入可稱為第一輸入，而不脫離各種所描述實例之範疇。第一輸入及第二輸入皆為輸入，且在一些情況中為分開且不同的輸入。
本文中用於描述各種所描述之實例的用語僅出於描述特定實例之目的，且其並不意欲為限制性的。如用於描述各種所描述之實例及隨附申請專利範圍，除非上下文另有清晰指示，否則單數形式「一(a/an)」及「該(the)」亦意欲包括複數形式。亦將理解，如本文中所使用之用語「及/或(and/or)」係指且涵蓋相關聯之所列項目中之一或多者的任何及所有可能組合。應進一步理解，用語「包括(includes/including)」及/或「包含(comprises/comprising)」當在本說明書中使用時指定所陳述特徵、整數、步驟、操作、元件及/或組件的存在，但並不排除一或多個其他特徵、整數、步驟、操作、元件、組件及/或其群組的存在或新增。
用語「若(if)」可取決於上下文而解釋為意謂「在...時(when)」或「在...後(upon)」或「回應於判定(in response to determining)」或「回應於偵
測(in response to detecting)」。類似地，片語「若判定(if it is determined)」或「若偵測到[所陳述條件或事件](if[a stated condition or event]is detected)」可取決於上下文而解釋為意謂「在判定後(upon determining)」或「回應於判定(in response to determining)」或「在偵測到[所陳述條件或事件]後(upon detecting[the stated condition or event])」或「回應於偵測到[所陳述條件或事件](in response to detecting[the stated condition or event])」。
圖1繪示根據各種實例之系統100的方塊圖。在一些實例中，系統100實施數位助理。用語「數位助理(digital assistant)」、「虛擬助理(virtual assistant)」、「智慧型自動化助理(intelligent automated assistant)」或「自動數位助理(automatic digital assistant)」可係指解譯呈口頭及/或文字形式之自然語言輸入以推斷使用者意圖並基於所推斷之使用者意圖執行動作的任何資訊處理系統。例如，為按推斷之使用者意圖執行動作，系統可執行以下各者中之一或多者：識別具有經設計以達成所推斷使用者意圖之步驟及參數的任務流程；輸入來自所推斷使用者意圖之具體需求至任務流程中；藉由叫用程式、方法、服務、API或類似者執行任務流程；及以聽覺(例如，話音)及/或視覺形式產生給使用者的輸出回應。
具體而言，數位助理可能夠接受至少部分地呈自然語言命令、請求、陳述、敍述及/或查詢形式之使用者請求。通常，使用者請求可藉由數位助理尋求任務之資訊性回答或執行。對使用者請求之良好回應可係提供所請求資訊性回答、執行所請求任務，或兩者之組合。例如，使用者可向虛擬助理詢
問問題，諸如「我此刻在何處？」基於使用者之目前位置，數位助理可回答「你在中央公園西門附近」。使用者亦可請求執行任務，例如，「請邀請我的朋友在下一週參加我女朋友的生日聚會」。作為回應，數位助理可藉由說「好，立刻進行」對請求作出應答，且接著將代表使用者之合適的行事曆邀請發送給使用者之電子通訊錄中所列出的使用者朋友中的每一者。在所請求任務之執行期間，數位助理有時可在擴展時間段內在涉及資訊之多個交換的連續對話中與使用者互動。存在與數位助理互動以請求各種任務之資訊或執行的眾多其他方式。除提供口頭回應及採用程式化動作以外，數位助理亦可以其他視覺或音訊形式(例如，如文字、警示、音樂、視訊、動畫等)提供回應。
如圖1中所示，在一些實例中，可根據主從式(client-server)模型實施數位助理。數位助理包括在使用者裝置104上執行之客戶端側部分102(下文稱為「DA客戶端102」)及在伺服器系統108上執行之伺服器側部分106(下文稱為「DA伺服器106」)。DA客戶端102可透過一或多個網路110來與DA伺服器106通訊。DA客戶端102可提供客戶端側功能性給DA伺服器106，諸如與使用者互動(user-facing)之輸入及輸出處理與通訊。DA伺服器106可提供用於任何數目個DA客戶端102之伺服器側功能性，該等DA客戶端各自駐留於各別使用者裝置104上。
在一些實例中，DA伺服器106包括面向客戶端(client-facing)的I/O介面112，一或多個處理模組114、資料及模型116、及/或至外部服務之I/O介面118。面向客戶端之I/O介面112促進用於DA伺服器106的與客戶端互動之輸入及輸出處理。一或多個處理模組114利用資料及模型116來處理話音輸入並基於自然語言輸入判定使用者意圖。另外，一或多個處理模組114基於推斷使用
者意圖執行任務執行。在一些實例中，DA伺服器106透過(多個)網路110來與外部服務120通訊，以用於任務完成或資訊獲取。至外部服務之I/O介面118促進此類通訊。
使用者裝置104可係任何合適的電子裝置。在一些實例中，使用者裝置係攜帶型多功能裝置(例如，下文參照圖2A所述之裝置200)、多功能裝置(例如，下文參照圖4所述之裝置400)、或個人電子裝置(例如，下文參照圖6A至圖6B所述之裝置600)。攜帶型多功能裝置是例如行動電話，該裝置亦含有諸如PDA及/或音樂播放器功能之其他功能。可攜式多功能裝置之具體實例包括(但不限於)來自Cupertino,California.之Apple公司的iPhone®、iPod Touch®及iPad®裝置。可攜式多功能裝置的其他實例包括但不限於膝上型電腦或平板電腦。另外，在一些實例中，使用者裝置104係非攜帶型多功能裝置。具體地，使用者裝置104係桌上型電腦、遊戲控制台，電視、或電視機上盒。在一些實例中，使用者裝置104包括觸敏表面(例如，觸控螢幕顯示器及/或觸控板)。此外，使用者裝置104選用地包括一或多個其他實體使用者介面裝置，諸如實體鍵盤、滑鼠及/或操縱桿。下文更詳細地描述電子裝置的各種實例，諸如多功能裝置。
(多個)通訊網路110之實例可包括區域網路(local area networks,LAN)及廣域網路(wide area networks,WAN)，例如網際網路。(多個)通訊網路110可使用任何已知網路協定實施，包括各種有線或無線協定，例如，諸如乙太網路、通用串列匯流排(universal serial bus,USB)、FIREWIRE、全球行動通訊系統(global system for mobile communications,GSM)、增強型資料GSM環境(enhanced data GSM environment,EDGE)、分碼多
重存取(code division multiple access,CDMA)、分時多重存取(time division multiple access,TDMA)、藍牙、Wi-Fi、網際網路通訊協定語音(voice over Internet protocol,VoIP)、Wi-MAX，或任何其他合適的通訊協定。
可在一或多個獨立資料處理設備或分散式電腦網路上實施伺服器系統108。在一些實例中，伺服器系統108亦可採用各種虛擬裝置及/或第三方服務提供商(例如，第三方雲端服務提供商)之服務，以提供伺服器系統108之基礎計算資源及/或基礎架構資源。
在一些實例中，使用者裝置104經由第二使用者裝置122來與DA伺服器106通訊。第二使用者裝置122與使用者裝置104相似或相同。例如，第二使用者裝置122類似於下文參照圖2A、圖4及圖6A至圖6B所述之裝置200、400或600。使用者裝置104經組態以經由直接通訊連接(諸如藍牙、NFC、BTLE，或類似者)或經由有線或無線網路(諸如區域Wi-Fi網路)而通訊地耦接至第二使用者裝置122。在一些實例中，第二使用者裝置122經組態以充當介於使用者裝置104與DA伺服器106之間的代理(proxy)。例如，使用者裝置104的DA客戶端102經組態以經由第二使用者裝置122傳輸資訊(例如，在使用者裝置104處所接收之使用者請求)至DA伺服器106。DA伺服器106處理資訊並經由第二使用者裝置122傳回相關資料(例如回應於使用者請求的資料內容)至使用者裝置104。
在一些實例中，使用者裝置104經組態以傳達資料的經縮寫請求至第二使用者裝置122，以減少從使用者裝置104所傳輸之資訊量。第二使用者裝置122經組態以判定要新增至經縮寫請求的補充資訊，以產生要傳輸至DA伺服器106的完整請求。此系統架構可有利地允許具有有限通訊能力及/或有限
電池電力的使用者裝置104(例如，手錶或類似的精巧電子裝置)藉由使用具有較大通訊能力及/或電池電力的第二使用者裝置122(例如，行動電話、筆記型電腦、平板電腦，或類似者)作為至DA伺服器106的代理，來存取由DA伺服器106所提供的服務。雖然圖1展示僅兩個使用者裝置104及122，然而應理解，在一些實例中，系統100包括任意數目及類型的使用者裝置，該等使用者裝置經組態以在此代理組態中與DA伺服器系統106通訊。
儘管圖1所示的數位助理包括客戶端側部分(例如，DA客戶端102)及伺服器側部分(例如，DA伺服器106)，但在一些實例中，數位助理的功能被實施為安裝在使用者裝置上的獨立應用程式。此外，在不同實施方案中，數位助理的客戶端部分與伺服器部分之間的功能劃分可變化。例如，在一些實例中，DA客戶端是僅提供與使用者互動之輸入及輸出處理功能的精簡客戶端，且委派數位助理的所有其他功能給後端伺服器。
現在將注意導引朝向具有觸敏顯示器之攜帶型裝置的實施例。圖2A係繪示根據一些實施例之具有觸敏顯示系統212之可攜式多功能裝置200的方塊圖。為方便起見，觸敏顯示器212有時稱為「觸控螢幕」，且有時名為或稱為「觸敏顯示器系統」。裝置200包括記憶體202(其選用地包括一或多個電腦可讀儲存媒體)、記憶體控制器222、一或多個處理單元(CPU)220、周邊介面218、RF電路系統208、音訊電路系統210、揚聲器211、麥克風213、輸入/輸出(input/output,I/O)子系統206、其他輸入控制裝置216及外部埠224。裝置200選用地包括一或多個光學感測器264。裝置200選用地包括一或多個接觸強度感
測器265，用於偵測裝置200(例如，諸如裝置200之觸敏顯示器系統212之觸敏表面)上接觸之強度。裝置200選用地包括一或多個觸覺輸出產生器267，用於產生裝置200上之觸覺輸出(例如，產生諸如裝置200之觸敏顯示器系統212或裝置400之觸控板455的觸敏表面上之觸覺輸出)。此等組件選用地經由一或多個通訊匯流排或信號線203進行通訊。
如本說明書及申請專利範圍中所使用，用語觸敏表面上之接觸的「強度(intensity)」係指觸敏表面上之接觸(例如，手指接觸)的力或壓力(每單位面積之力)，或係指觸敏表面上之接觸的力或壓力之替代物(代理)。接觸之強度具有包括至少四個不同值之值範圍，且更通常包括數百個不同值(例如，至少256個)。選用地使用各種方法及各種感測器或感測器之組合來判定(或量測)接觸之強度。例如，選用地使用觸敏表面下面或鄰近於該表面的一或多個力感測器，以量測觸敏表面上之各種點處的力。在一些實施方案中，組合(例如，加權平均)來自多個力感測器之力量測，以判定接觸之估計力。類似地，選用地使用觸控筆之壓敏式尖端，以判定觸控筆在觸敏表面上的壓力。替代地，將觸敏表面上偵測到的接觸面積之大小及/或其變化、接近接觸的觸敏表面之電容及/或其變化，及/或接近接觸的觸敏表面之電阻及/或其變化用作觸敏表面上之接觸的力或壓力之替代物。在一些實施方案中，直接使用接觸力或壓力之替代物量測，以判定是否已超過強度臨限值(例如，以對應於替代物量測之單位所描述的強度臨限值)。在一些實施方案中，將接觸力或壓力之替代物量測轉換成估計力或壓力，且將該估計力或壓力用於判定是否已超過強度臨限值(例如，強度臨限值為以壓力單位量測的壓力臨限值)。使用接觸之強度作為使用者輸入之屬性允許使用者存取大小縮減之裝置上的額外裝置
功能性，該額外裝置功能性原本可能並非使用者可存取的，該大小縮減之裝置具有用於顯示可視線索(例如，在觸敏顯示器上)及/或接收使用者輸入(例如，經由觸敏顯示器、觸敏表面或諸如旋鈕或按鈕之實體/機械控制)的有限佔據面積。
如本說明書及申請專利範圍中所使用，用語「觸覺輸出(tactile output)」係指裝置相對於裝置之先前方位的實體移位、裝置之組件(例如，觸敏表面)相對於裝置之另一組件(例如，外殼)的實體移位，或將由使用者藉由其觸摸感測偵測到的組件相對於裝置之質量中心的移位。例如，在裝置或裝置之組件接觸對觸摸敏感的使用者之表面(例如，手指、手掌或使用者之手的其他部分)的情況中，由實體移位所產生之觸覺輸出將由使用者解譯為對應於裝置或裝置之組件的實體特性中所感知到之變化的觸覺感覺。例如，使用者將觸敏表面(例如，觸敏顯示器或軌跡板)之移動選用地解譯為實體致動器按鈕之「向下點選」或「向上點選」。在一些情況中，即使在與觸敏表面相關聯之由使用者之移動實體地按壓(例如，移位)的實體致動器按鈕並未移動時，使用者將仍感覺到諸如「向下點選」或「向上點選」之觸覺感覺。作為另一實例，即使在觸敏表面之平滑度並無變化時，使用者仍將觸敏表面之移動選用地解譯或感測為觸敏表面之「粗糙度」。雖然使用者之此等觸摸解譯將受到使用者之個別化感覺感知影響，但存在較大部分使用者共同之許多觸摸感覺感知。因此，除非另外陳述，否則當觸覺輸出經描述為對應於使用者之特定感覺感知(例如，「向上點選」、「向下點選」、「粗糙度」)時，所產生觸覺輸出對應於將產生典型(或平均)使用者所描述之感覺感知的裝置或其組件之實體移位。
應瞭解，裝置200僅係可攜式多功能裝置之一個實例，且裝置200選用地具有比所展示更多或更少之組件、選用地組合兩個或兩個以上組件，或選用地具有不同組態或配置之組件。圖2A中所展示之各種組件以硬體、軟體或硬體及軟體兩者之組合予以實施，其包括一或多個信號處理及/或特殊應用積體電路。
記憶體202包括一或多個電腦可讀儲存媒體。電腦可讀儲存媒體可係例如有形且非暫時性的。記憶體202可包括高速隨機存取記憶體，且亦可包括非揮發性記憶體，諸如一或多個磁碟儲存裝置、快閃記憶體裝置，或其他非揮發性固態記憶體裝置。記憶體控制器222可控制裝置200之其他組件對記憶體202之存取。
在一些實例中，記憶體202的一非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體用於儲存指令(例如，用於執行下文描述之程序的各態樣)以供由指令執行系統、設備、或裝置使用，或結合執行系統、設備、或裝置使用，諸如基於電腦之系統、含處理器之系統、或可從執行系統、設備、或裝置提取該等指令且執行該等指令的其他系統。在其他實例中，指令(例如，用於執行下文所述方法的態樣)儲存在伺服器系統108的非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體(圖中未展示)上，或在記憶體202的非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體與伺服器系統108的非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體之間劃分。
周邊介面218用於將裝置之輸入及輸出周邊裝置耦接至CPU 220及記憶體202。一或多個處理器220運行或執行儲存在記憶體202中的各種軟體程式及/或指令集以執行裝置200及處理資料的各種功能。在一些實施例中，周
邊介面218、CPU 220及記憶體控制器222可實施於諸如晶片204之單晶片上。在一些其他實施例中，其等可實施於分開之晶片上。
RF(radio frequency，射頻)電路系統208接收及發送RF信號，該等信號亦稱為電磁信號。RF電路系統208將電信號轉換成電磁信號/自電磁信號轉換成電信號，且經由電磁信號來與通訊網路及其他通訊裝置進行通訊。RF電路系統208選用地包括用於執行此等功能之熟知電路系統，包括但不限於天線系統、RF收發器、一或多個放大器、調諧器、一或多個振盪器、數位信號處理器、編碼解碼器晶片組、用戶識別模組(subscriber identity module,SIM)卡、記憶體等。RF電路系統208選用地藉由無線通訊來與諸如網際網路(亦稱為全球資訊網(World Wide Web,WWW))、內部網路及/或無線網路(諸如蜂巢式電話網路、無線區域網路(LAN)及/或都會區域網路(metropolitan area network,MAN))之網路及其他裝置進行通訊。RF電路系統208選用地包括用於諸如藉由近程通訊無線電來偵測近場通訊(near field communication,NFC)場之熟知電路系統。無線通訊選用地使用複數種通訊標準、協定及技術中之任一者，包括(但不限於)全球行動通訊系統(global system for mobile communications,GSM)、增強型資料GSM環境(enhanced data GSM environment,EDGE)、高速下行連結封包存取(high-speed downlink packet acces,HSDPA)、高速上行連結封包存取(high-speed uplink packet access,HSUPA)、演進型純資料(evolution,data-only,EV-DO)、HSPA、HSPA+、雙載波HSPA(dual-cell HSPA,DC-HSPDA)、長期演進(long term evolution,LTE)、近場通訊(near field communication,NFC)、寬頻分碼多重存取(wideband code division multiple access,W-CDMA)、分碼多重存取(code division multiple access,CDMA)、分時多重存取(time division
multiple access,TDMA)、藍牙、藍牙低能量(Bluetooth low energy,BTLE)、無線保真(wireless fidelity,Wi-Fi)(例如，IEEE 802.11a、IEEE 802.11b、IEEE 802.11g、IEEE 802.11n及/或IEEE 802.11ac)、網際網路通訊協定語音(voice over Internet protocol,VoIP)、Wi-MAX、用於電子郵件之協定(例如，網際網路訊息存取協定(Internet message access protocol,IMAP)及/或郵局協定(post office protocol,POP))、即時傳訊(例如，可擴展傳訊及現況資訊協定(extensible messaging and presence protocol,XMPP)、用於即時傳訊及現況資訊利用擴展之工作階段起始協定(session initiation protocol for instant messaging and presence leveraging extensions,SIMPLE)、即時傳訊及現況資訊服務(instant messaging and presence service,IMPS))，及/或短訊息服務(short message service,SMS)，或任何其他合適之通訊協定(包括自本文件申請日期起尚未開發之通訊協定)。
音訊電路系統210、揚聲器211及麥克風213提供介於使用者與裝置200之間的音訊介面。音訊電路系統210接收來自周邊介面218之音訊資料、將音訊資料轉換成電信號及將電信號傳輸至揚聲器211。揚聲器211將電信號轉換成人類可聽到的聲波。音訊電路系統210亦接收藉由麥克風213自聲波轉換之電信號。音訊電路系統210將電信號轉換成音訊資料且將音訊資料傳輸至周邊介面218以供處理。可由周邊介面218自記憶體202及/或RF電路系統208擷取音訊資料，及/或將音訊資料傳輸至該記憶體及/或該RF電路系統。在一些實施例中，音訊電路系統210亦包括耳機插口(例如，圖3之耳機插口312)。耳機插口提供介於音訊電路系統210與可卸除式音訊輸入/輸出周邊裝置之間的介
面，該等周邊裝置諸如僅輸出頭戴式耳機或具有輸出(例如，用於一或兩個耳朵之頭戴式耳機)及輸入(例如，麥克風)兩者的耳機。
I/O子系統206將裝置200上之輸入/輸出周邊裝置(諸如觸控螢幕212及其他輸入控制裝置216)耦接至周邊介面218。I/O子系統206選用地包括顯示控制器256、光學感測器控制器258、強度感測器控制器259、觸感回饋控制器261及用於其他輸入或控制裝置之一或多個輸入控制器260。一或多個輸入控制器260接收來自其他輸入控制裝置216的電信號/發送電信號至該等其他輸入控制裝置。其他輸入控制裝置216選用地包括實體按鈕(例如，推按按鈕、搖桿按鈕等)、撥號盤、滑桿開關、操縱桿、點選輪等。在一些替代性實施例中，輸入控制器260選用地耦接至以下中之任一者(或不耦接至以下中之任一者)：鍵盤、紅外線埠、USB埠及諸如滑鼠之指標裝置。一或多個按鈕(例如，圖3之按鈕308)選用地包括用於揚聲器211及/或麥克風213之音量控制的上調/下調按鈕。一或多個按鈕選用地包括推按按鈕(例如，圖3之306)。
推按按鈕之快速按壓可解開觸控螢幕212之鎖定或開始一處理程序，該處理程序在觸控螢幕上使用手勢以解鎖該裝置，如在2005年12月23日申請的美國專利申請案11/322,549「Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image」(美國專利第7,657,849號)中所描述，該專利在此以全文引用之方式併入。推按按鈕(例如，推按按鈕306)之較長按壓可開啟或關閉裝置200之電源。使用者能夠自訂該等按鈕中之一或多者的功能性。觸控螢幕212用於實施虛擬或螢幕按鈕及一或多個螢幕小鍵盤。
觸敏顯示器212提供介於裝置與使用者之間的輸入介面及輸出介面。顯示控制器256接收來自觸控螢幕212的電信號及/或發送電信號至該觸控
螢幕。觸控螢幕212顯示視覺輸出給使用者。視覺輸出可包括圖形、文字、圖示、視訊及其任何組合(統稱為「圖形(graphics)」)。在一些實施例中，視覺輸出中之一些或所有可對應於使用者介面物件。
觸控螢幕212具有觸敏表面、基於觸感及/或觸覺接觸接收來自使用者之輸入之感測器或感測器集合。觸控螢幕212及顯示控制器256(連同記憶體202中之任何相關聯模組及/或指令集)偵測觸控螢幕212上之接觸(及接觸之任何移動或中斷)且將所偵測接觸轉換成與觸控螢幕212上所顯示的使用者介面物件(例如，一或多個螢幕按鍵、圖示、網頁或影像)之互動。在例示性實施例中，觸控螢幕212與使用者之間的接觸點對應於使用者的手指。
觸控螢幕212可使用LCD(liquid crystal display，液晶顯示器)技術、LPD(light emitting polymer display，發光聚合物顯示器)技術，或者LED(light emitting diode，發光二極體)技術，但在其他實施例中可使用其他顯示技術。觸控螢幕212及顯示控制器256可使用現在已知或稍後開發的複數種觸摸感測技術中之任一者來偵測接觸及其任何移動或中斷，該等技術包括(但不限於)電容性、電阻性、紅外線及表面聲波技術，以及用於判定與觸控螢幕212之一或多個接觸點的其他近接感測器陣列或其他元件。在例示性實施例中，使用投影式互電容感測技術，諸如在來自Cupertino,California的Apple公司之iPhone®及iPod Touch®中所發現之彼技術。
在觸控螢幕212之一些實施例中之觸敏顯示器可類似於以下專利中描述之多點觸敏觸控板：美國專利6,323,846(Westerman等人)、美國專利6,570,557(Westerman等人)及/或6,677,932(Westerman)及/或美國專利公開案2002/0015024A1，該等專利及專利公開案中之各者在此以全文引用之方式併
入。然而，觸控螢幕212顯示來自裝置200之視覺輸出，而觸敏觸控板並不提供視覺輸出。
觸控螢幕212之一些實施例中之觸敏顯示器可如以下申請案中所描述：(1)2006年5月2日申請的美國專利申請案第11/381,313號「Multipoint Touch Surface Controller」；(2)2004年5月6日申請的美國專利申請案第10/840,862號「Multipoint Touchscreen」；(3)2004年7月30日申請的美國專利申請案第10/903,964號「Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices」；(4)2005年1月31日申請的美國專利申請案第11/048,264號「Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices」；(5)2005年1月18日申請的美國專利申請案第11/038,590號「Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices」；(6)2005年9月16日申請的美國專利申請案第11/228,758號「Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface」；(7)2005年9月16日申請的美國專利申請案第11/228,700號「Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface」；(8)2005年9月16日申請的美國專利申請案第11/228,737號「Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard」；及(9)2006年3月3日申請的美國專利申請案第11/367,749號「Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device」。所有此等申請案以全文引用之方式併入本文中。
觸控螢幕212可具有超過100dpi之視訊解析度。在一些實施例中，觸控螢幕具有近似160dpi之視訊解析度。使用者可使用任何合適之物件或附件(諸如，觸控筆、手指等等)來與觸控螢幕212接觸。在一些實施例中，使用者介面經設計以主要與基於手指之接觸及手勢一起作用，與基於觸控筆之輸入相比較，基於手指之接觸及手勢可歸因於手指在觸控螢幕上之較大接觸面
積而不精密。在一些實施例中，裝置將基於手指之粗糙輸入轉譯成精密指標/游標方位或命令以用於執行使用者所要動作。
在一些實施例中，除觸控螢幕之外，裝置200可包括用於啟動或撤銷啟動特定功能之觸控板(圖中未展示)。在一些實施例中，觸控板為裝置之觸敏區域，不同於觸控螢幕，觸控板不顯示視覺輸出。觸控板可係與觸控螢幕212分離之觸敏表面，或由觸控螢幕所形成之觸敏表面的延伸部。
裝置200亦包括用於為各種組件供電之電力系統262。電力系統262可包括電力管理系統、一或多個電源(例如，電池、交流電(alternating current,AC))、再充電系統、電力故障偵測電路、電力轉換器或變換器、電力狀態指示符(例如，發光二極體(LED))及與攜帶型裝置中之電力之產生、管理及分佈相關聯之任何其他組件。
裝置200亦包括：一或多個光學感測器264。圖2A展示耦接至I/O子系統206中之光學感測器控制器258的光學感測器。光學感測器264可包括電荷耦合裝置(charge-coupled device,CCD)或互補金屬氧化物半導體(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor,CMOS)光電晶體。光學感測器264接收透過一或多個透鏡投射之環境光且將光轉換成表示影像之資料。結合成像模組243(亦稱為攝影機模組)，光學感測器264可捕獲靜態影像或視訊。在一些實施例中，光學感測器位於裝置200之背面上，與裝置之正面上的觸控螢幕顯示器212相對，使得觸控螢幕顯示器可用作靜態及/或視訊影像獲取之取景器。在一些實施例中，一光學感測器位於裝置之正面上，使得在使用者查看觸控螢幕顯示器上之其他視訊會議參與者時，可獲得使用者之影像以用於視訊會議。在一些實施例中，光學感測器264之方位可由使用者(例如，藉由旋轉裝置外
殼中之透鏡及感測器)改變，使得單一光學感測器264可連同觸控螢幕顯示器一起用於視訊會議及靜態及/或視訊影像獲取兩者。
裝置200選用地亦包括一或多個接觸強度感測器265。圖2A展示耦接至I/O子系統206中之強度感測器控制器259的接觸強度感測器。接觸強度感測器265選用地包括一或多個壓阻式應變計、電容式力感測器、電動力感測器、壓電式力感測器、光學力感測器、電容式觸敏表面或其他強度感測器(例如，用於量測觸敏表面上之接觸的力(或壓力)之感測器)。接觸強度感測器265接收來自環境的接觸強度資訊(例如，壓力資訊或壓力資訊之代理)。在一些實施例中，至少一接觸強度感測器與觸敏表面(例如，觸敏顯示器系統212)共置或接近該表面。在一些實施例中，至少一接觸強度感測器位於裝置200之背面上，與位於裝置200之正面上的觸控螢幕顯示器212相對。
裝置200亦可包括一或多個近接感測器266。圖2A展示耦接至周邊介面218之近接感測器266。替代地，近接感測器266可耦接至I/O子系統206中之輸入控制器260。近接感測器266可如以下美國專利申請案中所描述般執行：第11/241,839號「Proximity Detector In Handheld Device」；第11/240,788號「Proximity Detector In Handheld Device」；第11/620,702號「Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output」；第11/586,862號「Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices」；及第11/638,251號「Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals」，該等申請案在此以全文引用之方式併入。在一些實施例中，當多功能裝置靠近使用者之耳朵置放時(例如，當使用者正進行電話通話時)，近接感測器關閉且停用觸控螢幕212。
裝置200選用地亦包括一或多個觸覺輸出產生器267。圖2A展示耦接至I/O子系統206中之觸感回饋控制器261的觸覺輸出產生器。觸覺輸出產生器267選用地包括一或多個電聲裝置(諸如，揚聲器或其他音訊組件)，及/或將能量轉換成線性活動之機電裝置，諸如馬達、螺線管、電活性聚合物、壓電致動器、靜電致動器，或其他觸覺輸出產生組件(例如，將電信號轉換成裝置上之觸覺輸出的組件)。接觸強度感測器265接收來自觸感回饋模組233之觸覺回饋產生指令且在裝置200上產生能夠由裝置200之使用者感測到的觸覺輸出。在一些實施例中，至少一觸覺輸出產生器與觸敏表面(例如，觸敏顯示器系統212)共置，或接近該表面，且選用地藉由垂直(例如，進入/離開裝置200之表面)或橫向(例如，在與裝置200之表面相同的平面中來回)移動觸敏表面而產生觸覺輸出。在一些實施例中，至少一觸覺輸出產生器感測器位於裝置200之背面上，與位於裝置200之正面上的觸控螢幕顯示器212相對。
裝置200亦可包括一或多個加速度計268。圖2A展示耦接至周邊介面218之加速度計268。替代地，加速度計268可耦接至I/O子系統206中之輸入控制器260。加速度計268可如以下各者中描述般執行：美國專利公開案第20050190059號「Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices」及美國專利公開案第20060017692號「Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer」，該等專利公開案兩者以全文引用之方式併入本文中。在一些實施例中，基於對自一或多個加速度計所接收資料的分析，於觸控螢幕顯示器上以縱向視圖或橫向視圖顯示資訊。除了(多個)加速度計268外，裝置200選用地包括磁力計(圖中
未展示)及GPS(或GLONASS或其他全球導航系統)接收器(圖中未展示)以用於獲得與裝置200之位置及定向(例如，縱向或橫向)有關之資訊。
在一些實施例中，儲存於記憶體202中之軟體組件包括作業系統226、通訊模組(或指令集)228、接觸/運動模組(或指令集)230、圖形模組(或指令集)232、文字輸入模組(或指令集)234、全球定位系統(GPS)模組(或指令集)235、數位助理客戶端模組229、及應用程式(或指令集)236。另外，記憶體202儲存資料及模型，諸如使用者資料及模型231。此外，在一些實施例中，記憶體202(圖2A)或470(圖4)儲存裝置/全域內部狀態257，如圖2A及圖4中所示。裝置/全域內部狀態257包括以下中之一或多者：作用中應用程式狀態(指示哪些應用程式(若存在)目前正在作用中)；顯示器狀態(指示哪些應用程式、視圖或其他資訊佔用觸控螢幕顯示器212之各種區域)；感測器狀態(包括自裝置之各種感測器及輸入控制裝置216獲得的資訊)；及關於裝置之位置及/或姿態的位置資訊。
作業系統226(例如，Darwin、RTXC、LINUX、UNIX、OS X、WINDOWS，或諸如VxWorks之嵌入式作業系統)包括用於控制及管理通用系統任務(例如，記憶體管理、儲存裝置控制、電力管理等)之各種軟體組件及/或驅動程式，且促進各種硬體組件與軟體組件之間的通訊。
通訊模組228促進經由一或多個外部埠224來與其他裝置之通訊，且亦包括用於處置藉由RF電路系統208及/或外部埠224接收之資料的各種軟體組件。外部埠224(例如，通用串列匯流排(USB)、FIREWIRE等)經調適用於直接耦接至其他裝置或經由網路(例如，網際網路、無線LAN等)間接耦
接。在一些實施例中，外部埠為多接腳(例如，30接腳)連接器，其與iPod®(Apple公司之商標)裝置上使用的30接腳連接器相同或類似及/或相容。
接觸/運動模組230選用地偵測與觸控螢幕212(結合顯示控制器256)及其他觸敏裝置(例如，觸控板或實體點選輪)之接觸。接觸/運動模組230包括用於執行與接觸偵測相關之各種操作的各種軟體組件，諸如判定是否已發生接觸(例如，偵測手指向下事件)、判定接觸之強度(例如，接觸之力或壓力或接觸之力或壓力的替代物)、判定接觸是否存在移動及橫跨觸敏表面追蹤該移動(例如，偵測一或多個手指拖曳事件)，及判定接觸是否已停止(例如，偵測手指向上事件或接觸中斷)。接觸/運動模組230接收來自觸敏表面之接觸資料。判定接觸點之移動(其由一系列接觸資料表示)選用地包括判定接觸點之速率(量值)、速度(量值及方向)及/或加速度(量值及/或方向之變化)。選用地將此等操作應用於單接觸(例如，一個手指接觸)或應用於多個同時接觸(例如，「多觸摸」/多個手指接觸)。在一些實施例中，接觸/運動模組230及顯示控制器256偵測觸控板上之接觸。
在一些實施例中，接觸/運動模組230使用一或多個強度臨限值之集合，以判定使用者是否已執行操作(例如，判定使用者是否已「點選」圖示)。在一些實施例中，根據軟體參數判定強度臨限值之至少一子集(例如，並非藉由特定實體致動器之啟動臨限值來判定強度臨限值，且可調整強度臨限值而無需改變裝置200之實體硬體)。例如，軌跡板或觸控螢幕顯示器之滑鼠「點選」臨限值可設定為較大範圍之預定義臨限值中之任一者，而無需改變軌跡板或觸控螢幕顯示器硬體。另外，在一些實施方案中，裝置之使用者具備用於調整強度臨限值之集合中之一或多者的軟體設定(例如，藉由調整個別強度
臨限值，及/或藉由用系統層級之點選「強度」參數，一次調整複數個強度臨限值)。
接觸/運動模組230選用地偵測由使用者所輸入之手勢。觸敏表面上之不同手勢具有不同的接觸模式(例如，偵測到之接觸的不同運動、時序及/或強度)。因此，選用地藉由偵測特定接觸模式而偵測手勢。例如，偵測手指輕觸手勢包括偵測手指向下事件，後續接著在與手指向下事件相同之方位(或實質上相同之方位)(例如，在圖示之方位)偵測手指向上(抬起)事件。作為另一實例，偵測觸敏表面上之手指滑移手勢包括偵測手指向下事件，後續接著偵測一或多個手指拖曳事件，且隨後接著偵測手指向上(抬起)事件。
圖形模組232包括用於在觸控螢幕212或其他顯示器上演現及顯示圖形的各種已知軟體組件，包括用於改變所顯示之圖形的視覺效果(例如，亮度、透明度、飽和度、對比度或其他視覺性質)之組件。如本文中所使用，用語「圖形(graphics)」包括可顯示給使用者之任何物件，包括(但不限於)文字、網頁、圖示(諸如包括螢幕按鍵之使用者介面物件)、數位影像、視訊、動畫及其類似者。
在一些實施例中，圖形模組232儲存表示待使用之圖形之資料。各圖形選用地被指派對應代碼。圖形模組232自應用程式等接收指定待顯示之圖形之一或多個代碼連同座標資料及其他圖形性質資料(若必要)，且然後產生螢幕影像資料以輸出至顯示控制器256。
觸感回饋模組233包括各種軟體組件以用於產生由觸覺輸出產生器267所使用之指令，以回應於使用者與裝置200之互動在裝置200上之一或多個位置處產生觸覺輸出。
文字輸入模組234(其可係圖形模組232之組件)提供用於在各種應用程式(例如，連絡人237、電子郵件240、IM 241、瀏覽器247及需要文字輸入之任何其他應用程式)中鍵入文字之螢幕小鍵盤。
GPS模組235判定裝置之位置，且提供此資訊供各個應用程式使用(例如提供至電話238，供在基於位置之撥號中使用；提供給攝影機243，作為圖片/視訊後設資料；及提供至提供基於位置之服務的應用程式，諸如天氣工具集、本地黃頁工具集，及地圖/導航工具集)。
數位助理客戶端模組229包括各種客戶端側數位助理指令以提供數位助理之客戶端側功能性。例如，數位助理客戶端模組229能夠透過可攜式多功能裝置200的各種使用者介面(例如，麥克風213、(多個)加速度計268、觸敏顯示器系統212、(多個)光學感測器229、其他輸入控制裝置216等)接受語音輸入(例如，話音輸入)、文字輸入、觸摸輸入及/或手勢輸入。數位助理客戶端模組229亦能夠透過可攜式多功能裝置200的各種輸出介面(例如，揚聲器211、觸敏顯示器系統212、(多個)觸覺輸出產生器267等)提供音訊(例如，話音輸出)、視覺及/或觸覺形式的輸出。例如，輸出被提供為語音、聲音、警報、文字訊息、功能表、圖形、視訊、動畫、振動及/或上述兩者或更多者的組合。在操作期間，數位助理客戶端模組229使用RF電路系統208來與DA伺服器106通訊。
使用者資料及模型231包括與使用者相關聯的各種資料(例如，使用者特定詞彙資料、使用者偏好資料、使用者指定之名稱發音、來自使用者電子通訊錄的資料、待辦清單、購物清單等)，以提供數位助理之客戶端側功能性。另外，使用者資料及模型231包括用於處理使用者輸入及判定使用者意圖的各種模型(例如，話音辨識模型、統計語言模型、自然語言處理模型、本體論、任務流程模型、服務模型等)。
在一些實例中，數位助理客戶端模組229利用可攜式多功能裝置200的各種感測器、子系統及周邊裝置來蒐集來自可攜式多功能裝置200之周圍環境之額外資訊以建立與使用者、目前使用者互動及/或目前使用者輸入相關聯之脈絡。在一些實例中，數位助理客戶端模組229可將具有使用者輸入之脈絡資訊或其子集提供至DA伺服器106以有助於推斷使用者之意圖。在一些實例中，數位助理亦可使用脈絡資訊來判定如何準備及遞送輸出給使用者。脈絡資訊稱為脈絡資料。
在一些實例中，伴隨使用者輸入之脈絡資訊可包括感測器資訊，例如照明、環境噪音、環境溫度、周圍環境之影像或視訊等。在一些實例中，脈絡資訊亦可包括裝置之實體狀態，例如，裝置定向、裝置位置、裝置溫度、剩餘電量、速度、加速度、運動模式、蜂巢式信號強度等。在一些實例中，可將與DA伺服器106及可攜式多功能裝置200之軟體狀態有關之資訊(例如，執行中處理程序、安裝之程式、過去與現在網路活動、背景服務、錯誤日誌、資源利用等)提供至DA伺服器106作為與使用者輸入相關聯之脈絡資訊。
在一些實例中，回應於來自DA伺服器106之請求，數位助理客戶端模組229可選擇性地提供儲存於可攜式多功能裝置200上之資訊(例如，使
用者資料231)。在一些實例中，數位助理客戶端模組229亦可根據DA伺服器106之請求經由自然語言對話或其他使用者介面引出來自使用者之額外輸入。數位助理客戶端模組229可將額外輸入傳遞至DA伺服器106以有助於DA伺服器106對在使用者請求中表達的使用者意圖進行意圖推斷及/或履行。
下文參照圖7A至圖7C說明數位助理的更詳細說明描述。應瞭解，數位助理客戶端模組229可包括下文所述之數位助理模組726的任意數目個子模組。
應用程式236包括以下模組(或指令集)，或其子集或超集：●連絡人模組237(有時稱為通訊錄或連絡人清單)；●電話模組238；●視訊會議模組239；●電子郵件客戶端模組240；●即時傳訊(Instant messaging,IM)模組241；●健身支援模組242；●用於靜態及/或視訊影像之攝影機模組243；●影像管理模組244；●視訊播放器模組；●音樂播放器模組；●瀏覽器模組247；●行事曆模組248；●工具集模組249，其可包括以下中之一或多者：天氣工具集249-1、股票工具集249-2、計算器工具集249-3、鬧鐘工具集249-4、字典工具
集249-5及使用者獲得之其他工具集，以及使用者建立之工具集249-6；●用於產生使用者建立之工具集249-6的工具集建立器模組250；●搜尋模組251；●視訊及音樂播放器模組252，其合併視訊播放器模組與音樂播放器模組；●筆記模組253；●地圖模組254；及/或●線上視訊模組255。
可儲存於記憶體202中的其他應用程式236之實例包括其他文書處理應用程式、其他影像編輯應用程式、繪圖應用程式、呈現應用程式、具JAVA功能之應用程式、加密、數位版權管理、語音辨識及語音複寫。
結合觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及文字輸入模組234，連絡人模組237可用於管理通訊錄或連絡人清單(例如，儲存在記憶體202或記憶體470中之連絡人模組237之應用程式內部狀態292中)，包括：在通訊錄中新增姓名；自通訊錄刪除姓名；使電話號碼、電子郵件地址、實體地址或其他資訊與姓名相關聯；使影像與姓名相關聯；對姓名進行歸類及分類；提供電話號碼或電子郵件地址，以起始及/或促進藉由電話238、視訊會議模組239、電子郵件240或IM 241之通訊等。
結合RF電路系統208、音訊電路系統210、揚聲器211、麥克風213、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及文字輸入模組234，電話模組238可用於鍵入對應於電話號碼之字元序列、存取連絡
人模組237中之一或多個電話號碼、修改已鍵入之電話號碼、撥打各別電話號碼、進行交談及當交談完成時斷開連接或掛斷。如上所述，無線通訊可使用複數種通訊標準、協定及技術中之任一者。
結合RF電路系統208、音訊電路系統210、揚聲器211、麥克風213、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、光學感測器264、光學感測器控制器258、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、文字輸入模組234、連絡人模組237及電話模組238，視訊會議模組239包括用以根據使用者指令而起始、進行及終止使用者與一或多個其他參與者之間的視訊會議之可執行指令。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及文字輸入模組234，電子郵件客戶端模組240包括用以回應於使用者指令而建立、發送、接收及管理電子郵件之可執行指令。結合影像管理模組244，電子郵件客戶端模組240使得非常易於建立及發送帶有用攝影機模組243拍攝之靜態影像或視訊影像之電子郵件。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及文字輸入模組234，即時傳訊模組241包括用以鍵入對應於即時訊息之字元序列、修改先前鍵入之字元、傳輸各別即時訊息(例如，對基於電話之即時訊息使用短訊息服務(short message service,SMS)或多媒體訊息服務(multimedia message service,MMS)協定，或對基於網際網路之即時訊息使用XMPP、SIMPLE或IMPS)、接收即時訊息，及查看所接收之即時訊息的可執行指令。在一些實施例中，所傳輸及/或接收之即時訊息可包括圖形、相片、音訊檔案、視訊檔案及/或在MMS及/或增強型傳訊服務(enhanced messaging service,EMS)中支援之其他附加檔案。如本文中所使用，「即時傳
訊」係指基於電話之訊息(例如，使用SMS或MMS發送之訊息)及基於網際網路之訊息(例如，使用XMPP、SIMPLE或IMPS發送之訊息)兩者。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、文字輸入模組234、GPS模組235、地圖模組254及音樂播放器模組，健身支援模組242包括用於下列之可執行指令：建立健身計劃(例如，具有時間、距離及/或卡路里燃燒目標)；與健身感測器(運動裝置)通訊；接收健身感測器資料；校準用於監測健身之感測器；為健身選擇及播放音樂；及顯示、儲存及傳輸健身資料。
結合觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、光學感測器264、光學感測器控制器258、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及影像管理模組244，攝影機模組243包括用以捕獲靜態影像或視訊(包括視訊串流)及將其儲存至記憶體202中、修改靜態影像或視訊之特性或自記憶體202刪除靜態影像或視訊的可執行指令。
結合觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、文字輸入模組234及攝影機模組243，影像管理模組244包括用以配置、修改(例如，編輯)或以其他方式操控、標記、刪除、呈現(例如，以數位投影片放映或相簿)及儲存靜態及/或視訊影像的可執行指令。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及文字輸入模組234，瀏覽器模組247包括用以根據使用者指令瀏覽網際網路之可執行指令，包括搜尋、連結至、接收及顯示網頁或其部分，以及連結至網頁之附加檔案及其他檔案。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、文字輸入模組234、電子郵件客戶端模組240及瀏覽器模組247，行事曆模組248包括用以根據使用者指令建立、顯示、修改及儲存行事曆及與行事曆相關聯之資料(例如，行事曆輸入項、代辦事件清單等)的可執行指令。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、文字輸入模組234及瀏覽器模組247，工具集模組249為可由使用者下載及使用之微型應用程式(例如，天氣工具集249-1、股票工具集249-2、計算器工具集249-3、鬧鐘工具集249-4、及字典工具集249-5)或由使用者建立之微型應用程式(例如，使用者建立之工具集249-6)。在一些實施例中，工具集包括HTML(超文字標記語言)檔案、CSS(階層式樣式表)檔案及JavaScript檔案。在一些實施例中，工具集包括XML(可延伸性標記語言)檔案及JavaScript檔案(例如，Yahoo！工具集)。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、文字輸入模組234及瀏覽器模組247，工具集建立器模組250可由使用者使用以建立工具集(例如，將網頁之使用者所指定部分變成工具集)。
結合觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及文字輸入模組234，搜尋模組251包括用以根據使用者指令而在記憶體202中搜尋匹配一或多個搜尋準則(例如，一或多個使用者指定搜尋項目)之文字、音樂、聲音、影像、視訊及/或其他檔案的可執行指令。
結合觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、音訊電路系統210、揚聲器211、RF電路系統208及瀏覽器模組247，視訊及音樂播放器模組252包括允許使用者下載及播放以一或多個檔案格式儲存之所記錄的音樂及其他聲音檔案(諸如MP3或AAC檔案)的可執行指令，及用以顯示、呈現或以其他方式播放視訊(例如，在觸控螢幕212上或在經由外部埠224連接之外部顯示器上)的可執行指令。在一些實施例中，裝置200選用地包括諸如iPod(Apple公司之商標)之MP3播放器的功能性。
結合觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232及文字輸入模組234，筆記模組253包括用以根據使用者指令而建立及管理筆記、待辦事件清單及其類似物之可執行指令。
結合RF電路系統208、觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、文字輸入模組234、GPS模組235及瀏覽器模組247，地圖模組254可用於根據使用者指令接收、顯示、修改及儲存地圖及與地圖相關聯之資料(例如，駕駛方向；儲存器上之資料及特定位置處或附近之所關注的其他點；及其他基於位置之資料)。
結合觸控螢幕212、顯示控制器256、接觸/運動模組230、圖形模組232、音訊電路系統210、揚聲器211、RF電路系統208、文字輸入模組234、電子郵件客戶端模組240及瀏覽器模組247，線上視訊模組255包括允許使用者存取、瀏覽、接收(例如，藉由串流傳輸及/或下載)、播放(例如，在觸控螢幕上或在經由外部埠224連接之外部顯示器上)、發送具有至特定線上視訊之連結的電子郵件且以其他方式管理一或多個檔案格式(諸如H.264)之線上視訊的指令。在一些實施例中，即時傳訊模組241(而非電子郵件客戶端模
組240)用於發送至特定線上視訊之連結。線上視訊應用程式之額外描述可在以下各者中找到：2007年6月20日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第60/936,562號「Portable Multifunction Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos」及2007年12月31日申請之美國專利申請案第11/968,067號「Portable Multifunction Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos」，該等申請案之內容在此以全文引用之方式併入。
以上所識別模組及應用程式中之各者對應於用於執行上文描述之一或多個功能及描述於本申請案中之方法(例如，本文所描述之電腦實施方法及其他資訊處理方法)的可執行指令集。此等模組(例如，指令集)無需實施為分開之軟體程式、程序或模組，且因此在各種實施例中，可組合或以其他方式重新配置此等模組之各種子集。例如，視訊播放器模組可與音樂播放器模組組合成單一模組(例如，視訊及音樂播放器模組252，圖2A)。在一些實施例中，記憶體202可儲存上文所識別之模組及資料結構的子集。此外，記憶體202可儲存上文未描述之額外模組及資料結構。
在一些實施例中，裝置200為經由觸控螢幕及/或觸控板排他地執行裝置上之預定義功能集合之操作的裝置。藉由將觸控螢幕及/或觸控板用作用於裝置200之操作的主要輸入控制裝置，可減少裝置200上之實體輸入控制裝置(諸如，推按按鈕、撥號盤及類似者)的數目。
經由觸控螢幕及/或觸控板排他地執行之預定義功能集合選用地包括使用者介面之間的導覽。在一些實施例中，當由使用者觸摸時，觸控板將裝置200自顯示於裝置200上之任何使用者介面導覽至主功能表、主頁功能表或
根功能表。在此等實施例中，使用觸控板實施「功能表按鈕」。在一些其他實施例中，功能表按鈕為實體推按按鈕或其他實體輸入控制裝置，而非觸控板。
圖2B為繪示根據一些實施例之用於事件處置之例示性組件的方塊圖。在一些實施例中，記憶體202(圖2A)或470(圖4)包括事件分類器270(例如，在作業系統226中)及各別應用程式236-1(例如，前述應用程式237至251、255、480至490中之任一者)。
事件分類器270接收事件資訊且判定將事件資訊遞送至應用程式236-1及應用程式236-1之應用程式視圖291中之哪一者。事件分類器270包括事件監測器271及事件調度程式模組274。在一些實施例中，應用程式236-1包括應用程式內部狀態292，其指示在應用程式處於作用中或正在執行時觸敏顯示器212上所顯示的目前應用程式視圖。在一些實施例中，事件分類器270使用裝置/全域內部狀態257以判定哪一(哪些)應用程式目前處於作用中，且事件分類器270使用應用程式內部狀態292以判定將事件資訊遞送至哪些應用程式視圖291。
在一些實施例中，應用程式內部狀態292包括額外資訊，諸如以下中之一或多者：當應用程式236-1恢復執行時將使用之恢復資訊，指示正在顯示的資訊或準備由應用程式236-1顯示之使用者介面狀態資訊，用於使得使用者能夠返回應用程式236-1的先前狀態或視圖的狀態佇列及由使用者採取的前述動作之重做/復原(redo/undo)佇列。
事件監測器271接收來自周邊介面218的事件資訊。事件資訊包括關於子事件(例如，作為多點觸摸手勢之一部分的觸敏顯示器212上之使用者觸摸)的資訊。周邊介面218傳輸其自I/O子系統206或諸如近接感測器266之
感測器、加速度計268及/或麥克風213(經由音訊電路系統210)接收之資訊。周邊介面218自I/O子系統206接收之資訊包括來自觸敏顯示器212或觸敏表面之資訊。
在一些實施例中，事件監測器271以預定間隔發送請求至周邊介面218。作為回應，周邊介面218傳輸事件資訊。在其他實施例中，周邊介面218僅在存在重大事件(例如，接收高於預定雜訊臨限值及/或超過預定持續時間的輸入)時傳輸事件資訊。
在一些實施例中，事件分類器270亦包括點閱視圖判定模組272及/或作用中事件辨識器判定模組273。
點閱視圖判定模組272提供用於判定當觸敏顯示器212顯示一個以上視圖時在一或多個視圖內何處已發生子事件的軟體程序。視圖由使用者可在顯示器上看見之控制件及其他元件構成。
與應用程式相關聯之使用者介面之另一態樣為視圖集合(有時在本文中稱為應用程式視圖或使用者介面視窗)，在其中顯示資訊且發生基於觸摸之手勢。其中偵測到觸摸之(各別應用程式之)應用程式視圖可對應於應用程式之程式化或視圖階層內之程式化層級。例如，偵測到觸摸之最低層級視圖可稱為點閱視圖，且可至少部分基於開始基於觸摸之手勢的初始觸摸之點閱視圖來判定辨識為恰當輸入之事件集合。
點閱視圖判定模組272接收關於基於觸摸之手勢之子事件的資訊。在應用程式具有組織在一階層中之多個視圖時，點閱視圖判定模組272將一點閱視圖識別為該階層中應處置子事件之最低視圖。在大多數情況中，點閱視圖為其中發生起始子事件(例如，形成一事件或潛在事件之子事件序列中之
第一子事件)的最低層級視圖。一旦點閱視圖判定模組272識別點閱視圖，該點閱視圖通常接收關於相同觸摸或輸入來源之所有子事件，因此其經識別為點閱視圖。
作用中事件辨識器判定模組273判定視圖階層內哪一或哪些視圖應接收特定子事件序列。在一些實施例中，作用中事件辨識器判定模組273判定僅點閱視圖應接收特定子事件序列。在其他實施例中，作用中事件辨識器判定模組273判定包括子事件之實體位置之所有視圖為主動參與之視圖，且因此判定所有主動參與之視圖應接收特定子事件序列。在其他實施例中，即使觸摸子事件完全受限於與一個特定視圖相關聯之區域，階層中較高之視圖仍將維持為主動參與之視圖。
事件調度程式模組274將事件資訊調度至事件辨識器(例如，事件辨識器280)。在包括作用中事件辨識器判定模組273之實施例中，事件調度程式模組274遞送事件資訊至由作用中事件辨識器判定模組273判定之事件辨識器。在一些實施例中，事件調度程式模組274將事件資訊儲存在事件佇列中，由各別事件接收器282擷取該事件佇列。
在一些實施例中，作業系統226包括事件分類器270。替代地，應用程式236-1包括事件分類器270。在其他實施例中，事件分類器270係獨立模組，或係儲存在記憶體202中之另一模組(諸如接觸/運動模組230)之一部分。
在一些實施例中，應用程式236-1包括複數個事件處置器290及一或多個應用程式視圖291，該等視圖中之各者包括用於處置應用程式之使用者介面之各別視圖內發生的觸摸事件的指令。應用程式236-1之各應用程式視
圖291包括一或多個事件辨識器280。通常，各別應用程式視圖291包括複數個事件辨識器280。在其他實施例中，事件辨識器280中之一或多者係獨立模組之一部分，諸如使用者介面套件(圖中未展示)或應用程式236-1自其繼承方法及其他性質之較高層級物件。在一些實施例中，各別事件處置器290包括以下中之一或多者：資料更新器276、物件更新器277、GUI更新器278、及/或自事件分類器270所接收之事件資料279。事件處置器290可利用或呼叫資料更新器276、物件更新器277、或GUI更新器278來更新應用程式內部狀態292。替代地，應用程式視圖291中之一或多者包括一或多個各別事件處置器290。另外，在一些實施例中，資料更新器276、物件更新器277及GUI更新器278中之一或多者包括於各別應用程式視圖291中。
各別事件辨識器280自事件分類器270接收事件資訊(例如，事件資料279)且自事件資訊識別事件。事件辨識器280包括事件接收器282及事件比較器284。在一些實施例中，事件辨識器280亦包括以下各者之至少一子集：後設資料283及事件遞送指令288(其可包括子事件遞送指令)。
事件接收器282接收來自事件分類器270的事件資訊。事件資訊包括關於子事件(例如，觸摸或觸摸移動)之資訊。取決於子事件，事件資訊亦包括額外資訊，諸如子事件之位置。當子事件考量觸摸之運動時，事件資訊亦可包括子事件之速度及方向。在一些實施例中，事件包括裝置自一個定向至另一定向(例如，自縱向定向至橫向定向，或反之亦然)之旋轉，且事件資訊包括關於裝置之目前定向(亦稱為裝置姿態)的對應資訊。
事件比較器284比較事件資訊與預定義事件或子事件定義，且基於該比較判定事件或子事件，或判定或更新事件或子事件之狀態。在一些實
施例中，事件比較器284包括事件定義286。事件定義286含有例如事件1(287-1)、事件2(287-2)及其他事件之事件(例如，預定義子事件序列)之定義。在一些實施例中，事件(287)中之子事件包括(例如)觸摸開始、觸摸結束、觸摸移動、觸摸取消及多個觸摸。在一個實例中，事件1(287-1)之定義為所顯示物件上之雙輕觸。雙輕觸(例如)包含持續預定階段之所顯示物件上之第一觸摸(觸摸開始)、持續預定階段之第一抬起(觸摸結束)、持續預定階段之所顯示物件上之第二觸摸(觸摸開始)及持續預定階段之第二抬起(觸摸結束)。在另一實例中，事件2(287-2)之定義為所顯示物件上之拖曳。拖曳(例如)包含持續預定階段之所顯示物件上之觸摸(或接觸)、觸摸跨越觸敏顯示器212之移動及觸摸之抬起(觸摸結束)。在一些實施例中，事件亦包括用於一或多個相關聯事件處置器290之資訊。
在一些實施例中，事件定義287包括用於各別使用者介面物件之事件之定義。在一些實施例中，事件比較器284執行點閱測試來判定哪一使用者介面物件與子事件相關聯。例如，在三個使用者介面物件顯示於觸敏顯示器212上之應用程式視圖中，當在觸敏顯示器212上偵測到觸摸時，事件比較器284執行點閱測試來判定三個使用者介面物件中之哪一者與該觸摸(子事件)相關聯。若各所顯示物件與各別事件處置器290相關聯，則事件比較器使用點閱測試之結果來判定應啟動哪一事件處置器290。例如，事件比較器284選擇與子事件及觸發點閱測試之物件相關聯之事件處置器。
在一些實施例中，各別事件(287)之定義亦包括延遲事件資訊之遞送直至已判定子事件序列是否對應於事件辨識器之事件類型之後的延遲動作。
當各別事件辨識器280判定一系列子事件並不匹配事件定義286中之任何事件時，各別事件辨識器280鍵入事件不可行、事件失敗或事件結束狀態，其後忽略基於觸摸之手勢之後續子事件。在此情況中，對於點閱視圖保持作用中之其他事件辨識器(若存在)繼續追蹤及處理進行中的基於觸摸之手勢之子事件。
在一些實施例中，各別事件辨識器280包括具有指示事件遞送系統應如何執行子事件遞送至主動參與之事件辨識器之可組態性質、旗標及/或清單的後設資料283。在一些實施例中，後設資料283包括指示事件辨識器可如何互動，或能夠彼此互動的可組態性質、旗標及/或清單。在一些實施例中，後設資料283包括指示子事件是否經遞送至視圖或程式化階層中之不同層級的可組態性質、旗標及/或清單。
在一些實施例中，各別事件辨識器280在辨識到事件之一或多個特定子事件時啟動與事件相關聯之事件處置器290。在一些實施例中，各別事件辨識器280將與事件相關聯之事件資訊遞送至事件處置器290。啟動事件處置器290不同於將子事件發送(及推遲發送)至各別點閱視圖。在一些實施例中，事件辨識器280擲回與所辨識事件相關聯之旗標，且與旗標相關聯之事件處置器290捕捉該旗標且執行預定義處理程序。
在一些實施例中，事件遞送指令288包括遞送關於子事件之事件資訊而不啟動事件處置器的子事件遞送指令。實情為，子事件遞送指令將事件資訊遞送至與一系列子事件相關聯之事件處置器或至主動參與之視圖。與一系列子事件相關聯或具有主動參與之視圖之事件處置器接收事件資訊且執行預定處理程序。
在一些實施例中，資料更新器276產生及更新用於應用程式236-1中之資料。例如，資料更新器276更新用於連絡人模組237中之電話號碼或儲存用於視訊播放器模組中之視訊檔案。在一些實施例中，物件更新器277產生及更新用於應用程式236-1中之物件。例如，物件更新器277產生新使用者介面物件或更新使用者介面物件之方位。GUI更新器278更新GUI。例如，GUI更新器278準備顯示資訊且將其發送至圖形模組232以用於在觸敏顯示器上之顯示。
在一些實施例中，(多個)事件處置器290包括或具有對資料更新器276、物件更新器277及GUI更新器278之存取。在一些實施例中，資料更新器276、物件更新器277及GUI更新器278包括於各別應用程式236-1或應用程式視圖291之單一模組中。在其他實施例中，其包括於兩個或兩個以上軟體模組中。
應理解，關於觸敏顯示器上之使用者觸摸之事件處置的前文論述亦適用於其他形式之用以操作具有輸入裝置之多功能裝置200的使用者輸入，並非所有該等使用者輸入都是在觸控螢幕上起始。例如，選用地將滑鼠移動及滑鼠按鈕按壓(其選用地與下列協調：單一或多個鍵盤按壓或保持；接觸移動(諸如觸控板上之輕觸、拖曳、捲動等)；筆觸筆輸入；裝置之移動；口頭指令；所偵測到之眼睛運動；生物特徵輸入；及/或其任何組合)用作對應於定義待辨識之事件的子事件之輸入。
圖3繪示根據一些實施例之具有觸控螢幕212之可攜式多功能裝置200。觸控螢幕選用地在使用者介面(user interface,UI)300內顯示一或多個圖形。在此實施例以及以下描述之其他實施例中，使用者能夠藉由(例如)用一或多個手指302(圖式中並未按比例繪製)或一或多個觸控筆303(圖式中並未
按比例繪製)在圖形上作出手勢而選擇圖形中之一或多者。在一些實施例中，當使用者中斷與一或多個圖形之接觸時，發生一或多個圖形之選擇。在一些實施例中，手勢選用地包括已接觸裝置200的手指之一或多個輕觸、一或多個滑移(自左至右、自右至左、向上及/或向下)，及/或捲動(自右至左、自左至右、向上及/或向下)。在一些實施方案或情況中，與圖形之無意接觸並不選擇該圖形。例如，當對應於選擇之手勢為輕觸時，掠過應用程式圖示之滑移手勢選用地並不選擇對應應用程式。
裝置200亦可包括一或多個實體按鈕，諸如「主頁」或功能表按鈕304。如上文所述，功能表按鈕304可用於導覽至可於裝置200上執行之應用程式集合中之任何應用程式236。替代地，在一些實施例中，功能表按鈕實施為顯示於觸控螢幕212上之GUI中的螢幕按鍵。
在一個實施例中，裝置200包括觸控螢幕212、功能表按鈕304、用於為裝置開/關供電及鎖定裝置之推按按鈕306、音量調整按鈕308、用戶識別模組(subscriber identity module,SIM)卡片槽310、耳機插口312，以及插接/充電外部埠224。推按按鈕306選用地：用於藉由按壓該按鈕及保持該按鈕處於按壓狀態達預定義時間間隔來開啟/關閉裝置的電源；用於藉由按壓該按鈕及在經過該預定義時間間隔之前釋放該按鈕來鎖定裝置；及/或用於解鎖該裝置或起始解鎖處理程序。在替代性實施例中，裝置200亦接受用於經由麥克風213而啟動或撤銷啟動一些功能的口頭輸入。裝置200亦選用地包括用於偵測觸控螢幕212上之接觸的強度之一或多個接觸強度感測器265，及/或用於為裝置200之使用者產生觸覺輸出的一或多個觸覺輸出產生器267。
圖4為根據一些實施例之具有顯示器及觸敏表面之例示性多功能裝置的方塊圖。裝置400不需要係攜帶型。在一些實施例中，裝置400為膝上型電腦、桌上型電腦、平板電腦、多媒體播放器裝置、導覽裝置、教學裝置(諸如兒童學習玩具)、遊戲系統，或控制裝置(例如，家用控制器或工業控制器)。裝置400通常包括一或多個處理單元(CPU)410、一或多個網路或其他通訊介面460、記憶體470，及用於互連此等組件之一或多個通訊匯流排420。通訊匯流排420選用地包括互連及控制系統組件之間的通訊之電路系統(有時稱為晶片組)。裝置400包括包含顯示器440之輸入/輸出(I/O)介面430，該顯示器通常為觸控螢幕顯示器。I/O介面430亦選用地包括鍵盤及/或滑鼠(或其他指標裝置)450及觸控板455，用於在裝置400上產生觸覺輸出之觸覺輸出產生器457(例如，類似於上文參照圖2A所描述之(多個)觸覺輸出產生器267)、感測器459(例如，類似於上文參照圖2A所描述之(多個)接觸強度感測器265的光學、加速度、近接、觸敏及/或接觸強度感測器)。記憶體470包括高速隨機存取記憶體，諸如DRAM、SRAM、DDR RAM或其他隨機存取固態記憶體裝置；且選用地包括非揮發性記憶體，諸如一或多個磁碟儲存裝置、光碟儲存裝置、快閃記憶體裝置，或其他非揮發性固態儲存裝置。記憶體470選用地包括遠離CPU 410定位之一或多個儲存裝置。在一些實施例中，記憶體470儲存類似於可攜式多功能裝置200(圖2A)之記憶體202中所儲存的程式、模組及資料結構之程式、模組及資料結構，或其子集。此外，記憶體470選用地儲存可攜式多功能裝置200之記憶體202中不存在的額外程式、模組及資料結構。例如，裝置400之記憶體470選用地儲存繪圖模組480、呈現模組482、文書處理模組
484、網站建立模組486、碟片製作模組488，及/或試算表模組490，而可攜式多功能裝置200(圖2A)之記憶體202選用地並不儲存此等模組。
圖4中之上文識別之元件中之各者可儲存於先前提及之記憶體裝置之一或多者中。上文所識別之模組中之各者對應於用於執行上文所描述之功能的指令集合。上文所識別之模組或程式(例如，指令集合)無需實施為分開之軟體程式、程序或模組，且因此在各種實施例中，可組合或以其他方式重新配置此等模組之各種子集。在一些實施例中，記憶體470可儲存上文所識別之模組及資料結構的子集。此外，記憶體470可儲存上文未描述之額外模組及資料結構。
現在將注意導引朝向可實施於(例如)可攜式多功能裝置200上之使用者介面的實施例。
圖5A繪示根據一些實施例之用於可攜式多功能裝置200上之應用程式功能表的例示性使用者介面。類似使用者介面可實施於裝置400上。在一些實施例中，使用者介面500包括以下元件，或其子集或超集：用於無線通訊(諸如蜂巢式及Wi-Fi信號)之信號強度指示符502；●時間504；●藍牙指示符505；●電池狀態指示符506；●具有用於頻繁使用之應用程式之圖示的系統匣508，該等圖示諸如：○用於電話模組238之圖示516，標記為「電話」，其選用地包括未接來電或語音郵件訊息之數目的指示符514；
○用於電子郵件客戶端模組240之圖示518，標記為「郵件」，其選用地包括未讀電子郵件之數目的指示符510；○用於瀏覽器模組247之圖示520，標記為「瀏覽器」；及○用於視訊及音樂播放器模組252(其亦名為iPod(Apple公司之商標)模組252)之圖示522，標記為「iPod」；及●用於其他應用程式之圖示，諸如：○用於IM模組241之圖示524，標記為「訊息」；○用於行事曆模組248之圖示526，標記為「行事曆」；○用於影像管理模組244之圖示528，標記為「相片」；○用於攝影機模組243之圖示530，標記為「攝影機」；○用於線上視訊模組255之圖示532，標記為「線上視訊」；○用於股票工具集249-2之圖示534，標記為「股票」；○用於地圖模組254之圖示536，標記為「地圖」；○用於天氣工具集249-1之圖示538，標記為「天氣」；○用於鬧鐘工具集249-4之圖示540，標記為「鬧鐘」；○用於健身支援模組242之圖示542，標記為「健身支援」；○用於筆記模組253之圖示544，標記為「筆記」；及○用於設定應用程式或模組之圖示546，標記為「設定」，其提供對用於裝置200及其各種應用程式236之設定的存取。
應注意，圖5A中所繪示之圖示標記僅係例示性。例如，用於視訊及音樂播放器模組252之圖示522可選用地標記為「音樂」或「音樂播放器」。其他標記選用地用於各種應用程式圖示。在一些實施例中，用於各別應
用程式圖示之標記包括對應於該各別應用程式圖示的應用程式之名稱。在一些實施例中，用於特定應用程式圖示之標記不同於對應於該特定應用程式圖示的應用程式之名稱。
圖5B繪示在具有與顯示器550(例如，觸控螢幕顯示器212)分離的觸敏表面551(例如，圖4的平板電腦或觸控板455)的裝置(例如，圖4的裝置400)上之例示性使用者介面。裝置400亦選用地包括用於偵測觸敏表面551上之接觸的強度之一或多個接觸強度感測器(例如，感測器457中之一或多者)，及/或用於為裝置400之使用者產生觸覺輸出的一或多個觸覺輸出產生器459。
儘管將參照觸控螢幕顯示器212上之輸入給出以下實例中之一些(其中組合觸敏表面及顯示器)，但在一些實施例中，裝置偵測與顯示器分離之觸敏表面上的輸入，如圖5B中所展示。在一些實施例中，觸敏表面(例如，圖5B中的觸敏表面551)具有主軸線(例如，圖5B中的主軸線552)，該主軸線對應於顯示器(例如，顯示器550)上的主軸線(例如，圖5B中的主軸線553)。根據此等實施例，裝置偵測在對應於顯示器上之各別位置之位置處與觸敏表面551的接觸(例如，圖5B中之接觸560及接觸562)(例如，在圖5B中，接觸560對應於接觸568且接觸562對應於接觸570)。以此方式，裝置在觸敏表面(例如，圖5B中之觸敏表面551)所偵測到之使用者輸入(例如，接觸560及562，及其移動)由該裝置使用，以在該觸敏表面與顯示器分離時操縱多功能裝置之顯示器(例如，圖5B中之顯示器550)上之使用者介面。應理解，類似方法選用地用於本文中所描述之其他使用者介面。
另外，雖然主要參照手指輸入(例如，手指接觸、手指輕觸手勢、手指滑移手勢)給出以下實例，但應理解，在一些實施例中，用來自另一輸入裝置之輸入(例如，基於滑鼠之輸入或觸控筆輸入)替換一或多個手指輸入。例如，選用地用滑鼠點選(例如，代替接觸)，後續接著游標沿滑移之路徑的移動(例如，代替接觸之移動)而替換滑移手勢。作為另一實例，在游標位於輕觸手勢之位置上方時，選用地用滑鼠點選(例如，代替偵測到接觸，後續接著停止偵測該接觸)替換輕觸手勢。類似地，當同時偵測到多個使用者輸入時，應理解，選用地同時使用多個電腦滑鼠，或選用地同時使用滑鼠及手指接觸。
圖6A繪示例示性個人電子裝置600。裝置600包括主體602。在一些實施例中，裝置600可包括關於裝置200及400(例如，圖2A至圖4)描述之一些或全部特徵。在一些實施例中，裝置600具有觸敏顯示器螢幕604(下文稱為觸控螢幕604)。替代地，或除了觸控螢幕604之外，裝置600具有顯示器及觸敏表面。如同裝置200及400，在一些實施例中，觸控螢幕604(或觸敏表面)可具有用於偵測所施加之接觸(例如，觸摸)之強度的一或多個強度感測器。觸控螢幕604(或觸敏表面)之一或多個強度感測器可提供表示觸摸強度之輸出資料。裝置600之使用者介面可基於觸摸之強度對觸摸作出回應，意謂不同強度之觸摸可叫用裝置600上之不同的使用者介面操作。
可例如在以下相關申請案中發現用於偵測及處理觸摸強度之技術：2013年5月8日申請之國際專利申請案第PCT/US2013/040061號、標題為「Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application」、及2013年11月11日申請之國際專利
申請案第PCT/US2013/069483號、標題為「Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships」，該等案中之各者在此以全文引用之方式併入。
在一些實施例中，裝置600具有一或多個輸入機構606及608。輸入機構606及608(若包括)可係實體機構。實體輸入機構之實例包括推按按鈕及可旋轉機構。在一些實施例中，裝置600具有一或多個附接機構。該等附接機構(若包括)可准許裝置600與(例如)帽子、眼鏡、耳飾、項鏈、襯衫、外套、手鐲、錶帶、鏈子、褲子、皮帶、鞋、錢包、背包等附接。此等附接機構可准許裝置600由使用者穿戴。
圖6B描繪例示性個人電子裝置600。在一些實施例中，裝置600可包括關於圖2A、圖2B及圖4描述之一些或全部組件。裝置600具有將I/O區段614與一或多個電腦處理器616及記憶體618以操作方式耦接之匯流排612。I/O區段614可連接至顯示器604，該顯示器可具有觸敏組件622且選用地具有觸摸強度敏感組件624。另外，I/O區段614可與用於使用Wi-Fi、藍牙、近場通訊(NFC)、蜂巢式及/或其他無線通訊技術接收應用程式及作業系統資料之通訊單元630連接。裝置600可包括輸入機構606及/或608。例如，輸入機構606可係可旋轉輸入裝置。在一些實例中，輸入機構608可係按鈕。
在一些實例中，輸入機構608可係麥克風。個人電子裝置600可包括各種感測器，諸如GPS感測器632、加速度計634、方向感測器640(例如，羅盤)、陀螺儀636、運動感測器638，及/或其組合，其等全部可以操作方式連接至I/O區段614。
個人電子裝置600之記憶體618可係用於儲存電腦可執行指令之非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體，該等指令在由一或多個電腦處理器616執行時(例如)可使電腦處理器執行下文所描述之技術。電腦可執行指令亦可儲存及/或輸送於任何非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體內以供指令執行系統、設備或裝置(諸如基於電腦之系統、含有處理器之系統或可自指令執行系統、設備或裝置提取指令且執行指令之其他系統)使用或結合指令執行系統、設備或裝置使用。個人電子裝置600不限於圖6B之組件及組態，而可包括多個組態中之其他或額外組件。
如此處所使用，用語「可視線索(affordance)」係指可在裝置200、400及/或600(圖2A、圖4及圖6A至圖6B)之顯示器螢幕上顯示之使用者互動圖形使用者介面物件。例如，影像(例如圖示)、按鈕及文字(例如超連結)可各自構成可視線索。
如本文所使用，用語「焦點選擇器(focus selector)」係指指示使用者正與其進行互動的使用者介面之目前部分的輸入元件。在包括游標或其他位置識記之一些實施中，游標充當「焦點選擇器」，以使得當在觸敏表面(例如，圖4中之觸控板455或圖5B中之觸敏表面551)上偵測到輸入(例如，按壓輸入)而游標在特定的使用者介面元件(例如，按鈕、視窗、滑桿或其他使用者介面元件)上方時，根據所偵測之輸入調整特定的使用者介面元件。在包括啟用與觸控螢幕顯示器上之使用者介面元件的直接互動的觸控螢幕顯示器(例如，圖2A中之觸敏顯示器系統212或圖5A中之觸控螢幕212)之一些實施中，觸控螢幕上偵測到之接觸充當「焦點選擇器」，以使得當在觸控螢幕顯示器上於特定的使用者介面元件(例如，按鈕、視窗、滑桿或其他使用者介面元件)
之位置處偵測到輸入(例如，藉由接觸之按壓輸入)時，根據所偵測之輸入調整特定使用者介面元件。在一些實施方案中，在觸控螢幕顯示器上無對應的游標之移動或接觸之移動(例如，藉由使用tab鍵或方向鍵將焦點自一個按鈕移動至另一個按鈕)的情況中，將焦點自使用者介面之一個區域移動至使用者介面之另一個區域；在此等實施中，焦點選擇器根據焦點在使用者介面之不同區域之間的移動而移動。不考慮焦點選擇器所採用之特定形式，焦點選擇器大體上為使用者介面元件(或觸控螢幕顯示器上之接觸)，該使用者介面元件由使用者控制以傳達使用者所意欲的與使用者介面之互動(例如，藉由向裝置指示使用者正意欲進行互動之使用者介面之元件)。例如，當在觸敏表面(例如，觸控板或觸控螢幕)上偵測到按壓輸入時，焦點選擇器(例如，游標、接觸或選取範圍方塊)在各別按鈕上方之位置將指示，使用者正意欲啟動各別按鈕(與裝置之顯示器上所示之其他使用者介面元件相對)。
如說明書及申請專利範圍中所使用，用語接觸之「特性強度(characteristic intensity)」係指基於接觸之一或多個強度之接觸的特性。在一些實施例中，特性強度基於多個強度樣本。特性強度選用地基於強度樣本之預定義數目，或在相對於預定義事件(例如，在偵測到接觸之後，在偵測到接觸之抬起之前、在偵測到接觸之移動開始之前或之後、在偵測到接觸結束之前、在偵測到接觸之強度增加之前或之後，及/或在偵測到接觸之強度減少之前或之後)的預定時間段(例如，0.05秒、0.1秒、0.2秒、0.5秒、1秒、2秒、5秒、10秒)期間收集之強度樣本集合。接觸之特性強度選用地基於以下中之一或多者：接觸之強度的最大值、接觸之強度的均值(mean value)、接觸之強度的平均值、接觸之強度的前10百分位數值、接觸之強度的最大值之一半處的值、接觸
之強度的最大值之90%處的值，或類似者。在一些實施例中，接觸之持續時間用於判定特性強度(例如，當特性強度為接觸之強度隨著時間的平均值時)。在一些實施例中，比較特性強度與一或多個強度臨限值之集合以判定使用者是否已執行操作。例如，一或多個強度臨限值之集合可包括第一強度臨限值及第二強度臨限值。在此實例中，具有不超過第一臨限值之特性強度的接觸導致第一操作，具有超過第一強度臨限值且不超過第二強度臨限值之特性強度的接觸導致第二操作，且具有超過第二臨限值之特性強度的接觸導致第三操作。在一些實施例中，特性強度與一或多個臨限值之間的比較用於判定是否執行一或多個操作(例如，是執行各別操作還是放棄執行該各別操作)，而不是用於判定是執行第一操作還是第二操作。
在一些實施例中，出於判定特性強度之目的而識別手勢之一部分。例如，觸敏表面可接收自起點位置轉移且到達末端位置之連續滑移接觸，此時，接觸強度增加。在此實例中，在末端位置處之接觸的特性強度可僅基於連續滑移接觸之一部分而不是整個滑移接觸(例如，僅末端位置處之滑移接觸之部分)。在一些實施例中，在判定接觸之特性強度之前，可將平滑演算法應用於滑移接觸之強度。例如，平滑演算法選用地包括以下中之一或多者：未加權之滑動平均數平滑演算法、三角形平滑演算法、中值濾波器平滑演算法，及/或指數平滑演算法。在一些情況中，此等平滑演算法出於判定特性強度之目的而消除滑移接觸之強度中之狹窄尖峰或突降。
觸敏表面上之接觸的強度可相對於一或多個強度臨限值進行表徵，該等強度臨限值諸如接觸偵測強度臨限值、淺按壓強度臨限值、深按壓強度臨限值及/或一或多個其他強度臨限值。在一些實施例中，淺按壓強度臨限值
對應於裝置將執行通常與點選實體滑鼠之按鈕或軌跡板相關聯的操作的強度。在一些實施例中，深按壓強度臨限值對應於裝置將執行操作的強度，該等操作不同於通常與點選實體滑鼠之按鈕或軌跡板相關聯的操作。在一些實施例中，當偵測到接觸具有低於淺按壓強度臨限值(例如，且高於標稱接觸偵測強度臨限值，低於該標稱接觸偵測強度臨限值，不再偵測到接觸)的特性強度時，該裝置將根據觸敏表面上之接觸之移動來移動焦點選擇器而不執行與淺按壓強度臨限值或深按壓強度臨限值相關聯之操作。大體而言，除非另有陳述，否則該等強度臨限值在使用者介面圖式之不同集合之間是一致的。
接觸之特性強度自低於淺按壓強度臨限值的強度增加至淺按壓強度臨限值與深按壓強度臨限值之間的強度有時名為「淺按壓」輸入。接觸之特性強度自低於深按壓強度臨限值的強度增加至高於深按壓強度臨限值的強度有時名為「深按壓」輸入。接觸之特性強度自低於接觸偵測強度臨限值的強度增加至接觸偵測強度臨限值與淺按壓強度臨限值之間的強度有時名為偵測到觸控式表面上之接觸。接觸之特性強度自高於接觸偵測強度臨限值的強度降低至低於接觸偵測強度臨限值的強度有時名為偵測到接觸自觸控式表面之抬起。在一些實施例中，接觸偵測強度臨限值係零。在一些實施例中，接觸偵測強度臨限值大於零。
在本文所述之一些實施例中，回應於偵測到包括各別按壓輸入之手勢或回應於偵測到利用各別接觸(或複數個接觸)執行之各別按壓輸入來執行一或多個操作，其中至少部分地基於偵測到接觸(複數個接觸)之強度增加到高於按壓輸入強度臨限值來偵測各別按壓輸入。在一些實施例中，回應於偵測到各別接觸之強度增加到高於按壓輸入強度臨限值來執行各別操作(例
如，各別按壓輸入之「向下劃動」)。在一些實施例中，按壓輸入包括各別接觸之強度增加到高於按壓輸入強度臨限值及接觸之強度然後降低到低於按壓輸入強度臨限值，且回應於偵測到各別接觸之強度然後降低到低於按壓輸入臨限值來執行各別操作(例如，各別按壓輸入之「向上劃動」)。
在一些實施例中，裝置採用強度滯後以避免有時稱為「抖動」之意外輸入，其中裝置定義或選擇與按壓輸入強度臨限值具有預定義關係的滯後強度臨限值(例如，滯後強度臨限值比按壓輸入強度臨限值低X個強度單位，或滯後強度臨限值為按壓輸入強度臨限值的75%、90%或某一合理的比例)。因此，在一些實施例中，按壓輸入包括各別接觸的強度增加到高於按壓輸入強度臨限值及接觸之強度然後降低到低於對應於按壓輸入強度臨限值之滯後強度臨限值，且回應於偵測到各別接觸的強度然後降低到低於滯後強度臨限值而執行各別操作(例如，各別按壓輸入之「向上劃動」)。類似地，在一些實施例中，僅在裝置偵測到接觸之強度自處於或低於滯後強度臨限值之強度增加至處於或高於按壓輸入強度臨限值的強度及選用地接觸之強度然後降低至處於或低於滯後強度的強度時偵測到按壓輸入，且回應於偵測到按壓輸入(例如，選用地而定，接觸之強度的增加或接觸之強度的降低)而執行各別操作。
為了易於解釋，回應於與按壓輸入強度臨限值相關聯之按壓輸入或回應於包括按壓輸入之手勢而執行的操作之描述為選用地回應於偵測到以下中任一者而觸發：接觸之強度增加到高於按壓輸入強度臨限值；接觸之強度自低於滯後強度臨限值的強度增加到高於按壓輸入強度臨限值的強度；接觸之強度降低到低於按壓輸入強度臨限值；及/或接觸之強度降低到低於對應於按壓輸入強度臨限值之滯後強度臨限值。此外，在操作經描述為回應於偵測到接觸
之強度降低到低於按壓輸入強度臨限值而執行之實例中，回應於偵測到接觸之強度降低到對應於且低於按壓輸入強度臨限值之低於滯後強度臨限值而選用地執行該操作。
圖7A說明根據各種實例之實例數位助理系統700的方塊圖。在一些實例中，數位助理系統700可實施於獨立電腦系統上。在一些實例中，數位助理系統700可分佈橫跨多個電腦。在一些實例中，數位助理之一些模組及功能可經劃分為伺服器部分及客戶端部分，其中客戶端部分駐留於使用者裝置(例如，裝置104、122、200、400或600)上且經由一或多個網路來與伺服器部分(例如，伺服器系統108)通訊，例如，如圖1中所示。在一些實例中，數位助理系統700可係圖1所示之伺服器系統108(及/或DA伺服器106)之實施方案。應注意，數位助理系統700僅係數位助理系統之一項實例，且數位助理系統700可具有比所示更多或更少之組件、可組合兩個或兩個以上組件、或可具有不同的組件組態或配置。圖7A所示之各種組件可以硬體、用於由一或多個處理器執行之軟體指令、韌體(包括一或多個信號處理及/或特殊應用積體電路)或其組合來實施。
數位助理系統700可包括記憶體702、一或多個處理器704、輸入/輸出(I/O)介面706及網路通訊介面708。此等組件可經由一或多個通訊匯流排或信號線710彼此通訊。
在一些實例中，記憶體702可包括非暫時性電腦可讀媒體，諸如，高速隨機存取記憶體及/或非揮發性電腦可讀儲存媒體(例如，一或多個磁碟儲存裝置、快閃記憶體裝置或其他非揮發性固態記憶體裝置)。
在一些實例中，I/O介面706可將數位助理系統700之輸入/輸出裝置716(諸如，顯示器、鍵盤、觸控螢幕及麥克風)耦接至使用者介面模組722。I/O介面706結合使用者介面模組722可接收使用者輸入(例如，語音輸入、鍵盤輸入、觸摸輸入等)且據此處理該等使用者輸入。在一些實例中，例如，當數位助理實施於獨立使用者裝置上時，數位助理系統700可包括關於圖2A、圖4及圖6A至圖6B中描述之裝置200、400或600描述的組件與I/O及通訊介面中之任一者。在一些實例中，數位助理系統700可表示數位助理實施之伺服器部分，且可經由駐留於使用者裝置(例如，裝置104、200、400或600)上之客戶端側部分來與使用者互動。
在一些實例中，網路通訊介面708包括有線通訊埠712以及/或無線傳輸及接收電路系統714。有線通訊埠可經由一或多個有線介面(例如，乙太網路、通用串列匯流排(USB)、FIREWIRE等)接收及發送通訊信號。無線電路系統714可自通訊網路及其他通訊裝置接收RF信號及/或光學信號/將該等信號發送至通訊網路及其他通訊裝置。無線通訊可使用複數種通訊標準、協定及技術(諸如，GSM、EDGE、CDMA、TDMA、藍牙、Wi-Fi、VoIP、Wi-MAX或任何其他合適的通訊協定)中之任一者。網路通訊介面708實現數位助理系統700與諸如網際網路、內部網路及/或無線網路(諸如蜂巢式電話網路、無線區域網路(LAN)及/或都會區域網路(MAN))之網路及其他裝置之間的通訊。
在一些實例中，記憶體702或記憶體702之電腦可讀儲存媒體可儲存程式、模組、指令及包括以下中之所有或子集之資料結構：作業系統718、通訊模組720、使用者介面模組722、一或多個應用程式724及數位助理模組726。具體地，記憶體702或記憶體702之電腦可讀儲存媒體可儲存用於執行下文所描述之處理程序之指令。一或多個處理器704執行此等程式、模組及指令，且自資料結構進行讀取/寫入至資料結構。
作業系統718(例如，Darwin、RTXC、LINUX、UNIX、OS X、WINDOWS或諸如VxWorks之嵌入式作業系統)可包括用於控制及管理通用系統任務(例如，記憶體管理、儲存裝置控制、電力管理等)之各種軟體組件及/或驅動程式，且促進各種硬體、韌體及軟體組件之間的通訊。
通訊模組720促進數位助理系統700與其他裝置之間經由網路通訊介面708進行通訊。例如，通訊模組720與電子裝置(諸如圖2A、圖4及圖6A至圖6B所示之裝置200、400或600)的RF電路系統208通訊。通訊模組720亦可包括用於處置藉由無線電路系統714及/或有線通訊埠712接收之資料的各種組件。
使用者介面模組722可經由I/O介面706接收來自使用者之命令及/或輸入(例如，來自鍵盤、觸控螢幕、指標裝置、控制器及/或麥克風)，且在顯示器上產生使用者介面物件。使用者介面模組722亦可準備輸出(例如，話音、聲音、動畫、文字、圖示、振動、觸感回饋、光等)且將該等輸出經由I/O介面706(例如，經由顯示器、音訊頻道、揚聲器、觸控板等)遞送給使用者。
應用程式724可包括經組態以藉由一或多個處理器704執行之程式及/或模組。例如，若數位助理系統實施於獨立使用者裝置上，則應用程式724可包括使用者應用程式，諸如，遊戲、行事曆應用程式、導航應用程式或電子郵件應用程式。若數位助理系統700實施於伺服器上，則應用程式724可包括(例如)資源管理應用程式、診斷應用程式或排程應用程式。
記憶體702亦儲存數位助理模組726(或數位助理之伺服器部分)。在一些實例中，數位助理模組726可包括以下子模組或其子集或超集：輸入/輸出處理模組728、話音轉文字(speech-to-text,STT)處理模組730、自然語言處理模組732、對話流程處理模組734、任務流程處理模組736、服務處理模組738、及話音合成模組740。此等模組中之各者可存取數位助理726之以下系統或資料及模型、或其子集或超集中之一或多者：本體論760、詞彙索引744、使用者資料748、任務流程模型754、服務模型756、及ASR系統758。
在一些實例中，使用實施於數位助理模組726中之處理模組、資料及模型，數位助理可執行以下各者中之至少一些：將話音輸入轉換成文字；識別以自使用者接收之自然語言輸入表達的使用者意圖；主動地引發及獲得所需要的資訊以充分推斷使用者意圖(例如，藉由釐清字、遊戲、意圖等)；判定用於實現經推斷意圖之任務流程；及執行任務流程以實現經推斷意圖。
在一些實例中，如圖7B中所示，I/O處理模組728可透過圖7A中之I/O裝置716來與使用者互動或透過圖7A中之網路通訊介面708來與使用者裝置(例如，裝置104、200、400或600)互動，以獲得使用者輸入(例如，話音輸入)及提供對使用者輸入之回應(例如，作為話音輸出)。I/O處理模組728
可選用地連同使用者輸入之接收一起或在其不久後獲得與來自使用者裝置之使用者輸入相關聯之脈絡資訊。脈絡資訊可包括使用者特定資料、詞彙及/或與使用者輸入相關之偏好。在一些實例中，脈絡資訊亦包括在接收使用者請求時之裝置之軟體與硬體狀態，及/或在接收使用者請求時與使用者之周圍環境相關之資訊。在一些實例中，I/O處理模組728亦可發送關於使用者請求之後續問題給使用者且接收來自使用者之回答。在由I/O處理模組728接收使用者請求且使用者請求可包括話音輸入時，I/O處理模組728可將話音輸入轉遞至STT處理模組730(或話音辨識器)以進行話音轉文字轉換。
STT處理模組730包括一或多個ASR系統758。一或多個ASR系統758可處理透過I/O處理模組728接收之話音輸入以產生辨識結果。各ASR系統758可包括前端話音預處理器。前端話音預處理器可自話音輸入擷取代表性特徵。例如，前端話音預處理器可對話音輸入執行傅立葉變換以擷取將話音輸入表徵為代表性多維向量之序列的光譜特徵。此外，各ASR系統758可包括一或多個話音辨識模型(例如，聲波模型及/或語言模型)且可實施一或多個話音辨識引擎。話音辨識模型之實例可包括隱式馬爾可夫模型、高斯混合模型、深層神經網路模型、n元語法模型及其他統計模型。話音辨識引擎之實例可包括基於動態時間規整之引擎及基於加權有限狀態換能器(weighted finite-state transducer,WFST)之引擎。一或多個話音辨識模型及一或多個話音辨識引擎可用以處理前端話音預處理器之擷取之代表性特徵，以產生中間辨識結果(例如，音素、音素字串及子字(sub-word))，且最終產生文字辨識結果(例如，字、字序列或符記(token)序列)。在一些實例中，話音輸入可至少部分地由第三方服務處理或在使用者之裝置(例如，裝置104、200、400或600)上處理以
產生辨識結果。一旦STT處理模組730產生含有文字辨識結果(例如，字、字序列或符記序列)，則可將辨識結果傳遞至自然語言處理模組732以進行意圖推論。在一些實例中，STT處理模組730產生話音輸入的複數個候選文字表示。各候選文字表示係對應於話音輸入之一序列字或符記。在一些實例中，各候選文字表示與話音辨識信賴度評分相關聯。基於話音辨識信賴度評分，STT處理模組730排序候選文字表示且提供n個最佳(例如，n個最高排名)候選文字表示至自然語言處理模組732以進行意圖推斷，其中n係大於零的預定整數。例如，在一個實例中，僅最高排名(n=1)候選文字表示被傳送至自然語言處理模組732以進行意圖推斷。在另一實例中，五個最高排名(n=5)候選文字表示被傳送至自然語言處理模組732以進行意圖推斷。
關於話音轉文字處理的更多細節描述於2011年9月20日申請的美國專利申請第13/236,942號「Consolidating Speech Recognition Results」中，茲將該案之揭露內容全文以引用方式併入本文中。
在一些實例中，STT處理模組730可包括音標字母轉換模組731及/或經由該音標字母轉換模組存取可辨識字之詞彙。各詞彙字可與話音辨識音標字母中所表示之字的一或多個候選發音相關聯。具體地，可辨識字的詞彙包括與複數個候選發音相關聯的字。例如，詞彙可包括與/
/及/
/之候選發音相關聯之字「番茄(tomato)」。此外，詞彙字與基於來自使用者的先前話音輸入之自訂候選發音相關聯。此類自訂候選發音儲存在STT處理模組730中，且經由裝置上的使用者設定檔而使此類自訂候選發音與特定使用者相關聯。在一些實例中，可基於字之拼寫及一或多個語言及/或音標規則來判定字之候選發音。在一些實例中，可例如基於已知典範發音來手動產生候選發音。
在一些實例中，可基於候選發音之共同性對候選發音進行排名。例如，候選發音/
/之排名可比/
/高，此係因為前者係更常用之發音(例如，在所有使用者中，用於處於特定地理區域中之使用者，或用於使用者之任何其他適當子集)。在一些實例中，候選發音基於候選發音是否為與使用者相關聯的自訂候選發音予以排名。例如，自訂候選發音的排名高於典範候選發音。這可有助於辨識具有偏離典範發音的名詞之唯一讀音。在一些實例中，候選發音與一或多個話音特性(諸如發源地、國籍或族裔)相關聯。例如，與美國相關聯的候選發音/
/與美國相關聯，而候選發音/
/與英國相關聯。此外，候選發音的排名基於儲存在裝置上的使用者設定檔中的使用者之一或多個特性(例如，發源地、國籍、族裔等)。例如，可從與美國相關聯之使用者的使用者設定檔來判定。基於使用者與美國相關聯，候選發音/
/(與美國相關聯)排名高於候選發音/
/(與英國相關聯)。在一些實例中，經排名候選發音之一者被選擇為預測發音(例如，最可能的發音)。
當接收到話音輸入時，STT處理模組730可用以(例如，使用聲波模型)判定對應於話音輸入之音素且接著試圖判定匹配音素之字(例如，使用語言模型)。例如，若STT處理模組730可首先識別對應於話音輸入之一部分之音素序列/
/，則其可接著基於詞彙索引744判定此序列對應於字「番茄(tomato)」。
在一些實例中，STT處理模組730可使用近似匹配技術以判定話語中之字。因此，例如，STT處理模組730可判定音素序列/
/對應於字「番茄(tomato)」，即使特定音素序列並非為該字之候選音素中之一者。
數位助理之自然語言處理模組732(「自然語言處理器」)可獲取由STT處理模組730產生之(多個)n最佳候選文字表示(「(多個)字序列或(多個)符記序列)且試圖使候選文字表示之各者與由數位助理所辨識之一或多個「可採取動作之意圖」相關聯。在一些實施例中，如下文詳細描述，STT處理模組730嘗試使用偽觸發減輕器(false trigger mitigator,FTM)來使候選文字表示之各者與一或多個「可採取動作之意圖」相關聯。FTM提供候選意圖給候選意圖評估器(candidate intent evaluator,CIE)，該候選意圖評估器評估該等候選意圖是否包括一或多個「可採取動作之意圖」。「可採取動作之意圖」(或「使用者意圖」)表示可由數位助理執行的任務，且可具有在任務流程模型754中實施的相關聯之任務流程。相關聯任務流程係數位助理採用以執行任務之一系列程式化動作及步驟。數位助理之能力之範疇取決於已實施及儲存於任務流程模型754中之大量及多種任務流程，或換言之，取決於數位助理辨識之大量及多種「可採取動作之意圖」。然而，數位助理之有效性亦取決於該助理自以自然語言表達之使用者請求推斷正確「可採取動作之意圖」的能力。
在一些實例中，除自STT處理模組730獲得之字或符記序列之外，自然語言處理模組732亦可例如自I/O處理模組728接收與使用者請求相關聯之脈絡資訊。自然語言處理模組732選用地使用脈絡資訊以澄清、補充及/或進一步定義自STT處理模組730接收之候選文字表示中所含之資訊。脈絡資訊可包括(例如)使用者偏好、使用者裝置之硬體及/或軟體狀態、在使用者請求之前、期間或不久後蒐集之感測器資訊、數位助理與使用者之間的先前互動(例如，對話)及其類似者。如本文所描述，脈絡資訊係動態的，且可隨對話之時間、位置、內容及其他因素變化。
在一些實例中，自然語言處理基於例如本體論760。本體論760係含有許多節點之階層式結構，每一節點表示「可採取動作之意圖」或與「可採取動作之意圖」或其他「屬性」中之一或多者相關之「屬性」。如上所述，「可採取動作之意圖」可表示數位助理能夠執行之任務，即，係「可採取動作的」或可付諸行動。「屬性」可表示與可採取動作之意圖或另一屬性之子態樣相關聯之參數。本體論760中之可採取動作之意圖節點與屬性節點之間的連結可定義由屬性節點表示之參數如何與由可採取動作之意圖節點表示之任務相關。
在一些實例中，本體論760由可採取動作之意圖節點及屬性節點組成。在本體論760內，各可採取動作之意圖節點直接連結至一或多個屬性節點或透過一或多個中間屬性節點連結至一或多個屬性節點。類似地，各屬性節點直接連結至一或多個可採取動作之意圖節點或透過一或多個中間屬性節點連結至一或多個可採取動作之意圖節點。例如，如圖7C所示，本體論760包括「餐廳預訂」節點(即可採取動作之意圖節點)。屬性節點「餐廳」、「日期/時間」(用於預訂)、「人數(party size)」各直接連結至可採取動作之意圖節點(即「餐廳預訂」節點)。
此外，屬性節點「菜餚」、「價格範圍」、「電話號碼」、及「地點」係屬性節點「餐廳」之子節點，且各皆透過中間屬性節點「餐廳」連結至「餐廳預訂」節點(即，可採取動作之意圖節點)。對於另一實例，如圖7C所示，本體論760亦包括「設定提醒」節點(即，另一可採取動作之意圖節點)。屬性節點「日期/時間」(用於設定提醒)及「主旨」(用於提醒)各連結至「設定提醒」節點。由於屬性「日期/時間」與進行餐廳預訂任務及設定提
醒任務相關，因此在本體論760中，屬性節點「日期/時間」連結至「餐廳預訂」節點及「設定提醒」節點兩者。
可採取動作之意圖節點連同其連結之概念節點一起描述為「域」。在本討論中，各域與各別可採取動作之意圖相關聯，且係指與特定可採取動作之意圖相關聯的節點群組(及之間的關係)。例如，圖7C所示之本體論760包括餐廳預訂域762的實例以及本體論760內之提醒域764的實例。餐廳預訂域包括：可採取動作之意圖節點「餐廳預訂」；屬性節點「餐廳」、「日期/時間」、及「人數」；以及子屬性節點「菜餚」、「價位範圍」、「電話號碼」及「地點」。提醒域764包括可採取動作之意圖節點「設定提醒」、及屬性節點「主旨」與「日期/時間」。在一些實例中，本體論760由許多域組成。各域與一或多個其他域共用一或多個屬性節點。例如，除了餐廳預訂域762及提醒域764外，「日期/時間」屬性節點亦與許多不同域(例如，排程域、旅行預約域、電影票務域等)相關聯。
雖然圖7C繪示本體論760內的兩個實例域，但其他域包括例如「尋找電影」、「撥電話」、「規劃路線」、「排程會議」、「發送訊息」及「提供問題回答」、「讀清單」、「提供導覽指令」、「提供任務指令」等。「發送訊息」域與「發送訊息」可採取動作之意圖節點相關聯，且進一步包括屬性節點，諸如「(多個)收件人」、「訊息類型」及「訊息主體」。例如，藉由諸如「收件人姓名」及「訊息地址」的子屬性節點來進一步定義屬性節點「收件人」。
在一些實例中，本體論760包括數位助理能夠理解及採取動作的所有域(且因此係可採取動作之意圖)。在一些實例中，諸如藉由新增或移
除整個域或節點來修改本體論760，或藉由修改本體論760內的節點之間的關係來修改本體論。
在一些實例中，在本體論760中，與複數個相關可採取動作之意圖相關聯的節點被群集在「超級域」下。例如，「旅行」超級域包括與旅行有關的屬性節點及可採取動作之意圖節點的群集。與旅行有關的可採取動作之意圖節點包括「飛機訂位」、「飯店預訂」、「汽車租賃」、「規劃路線」、「尋找關注點」等。同一超級域(例如，「旅行」超級域)下的可採取動作之意圖節點共同具有許多屬性節點。例如，用於「飛機訂位」、「飯店預訂」、「汽車租賃」、「規劃路線」、「尋找關注點」的可採取動作之意圖節點共用屬性節點「出發地」、「目的地」、「出發日期/時間」、「到達日期/時間」、及「人數」之一或多者。
在一些實例中，本體論760中的各節點與由節點表示的屬性或可採取動作之意圖相關的一組字及/或片語相關聯。與各節點相關聯的各別組之字及/或片語稱為與該節點相關聯的「詞彙」。與各節點相關聯的各別組之字及/或片語以與由該節點所表示的屬性或可採取動作之意圖相關聯之方式儲存在詞彙索引744中。例如，回到圖7B，與「餐廳」之屬性相關聯的詞彙包括諸如「食物」、「飲料」、「菜餚」、「飢餓」、「吃」、「披薩」、「快餐」、「餐食」等字。例如，與用於可採取動作之意圖「撥電話」之節點相關聯的詞彙包括，諸如「撥打」、「電話」、「撥」、「鈴」、「撥打這個電話號碼」、「打電話給」等字及片語。詞彙索引744選用地包括不同語言的字及片語。
自然語言處理模組732接收來自STT處理模組730的候選文字表示(例如，(多個)文字字串或(多個)符記序列)，且針對各候選表示，判定候選文字表示中之字所蘊含的節點。在一些實例中，若候選文字表示中的字或片語與本體論760中的一或多個節點相關聯(經由詞彙索引744)，則字或片語「觸發」或「啟動」這些節點。基於被啟動節點的數量及/或相對重要性，自然語言處理模組732選擇可採取動作之意圖中之一者作為使用者意圖數位助理執行的任務。在一些實例中，選擇具有最多「經觸發」節點的域。在一些實例中，選擇具有最高信賴度值的域(例如，基於其各種觸發節點的相對重要性)。在一些實例中，根據經觸發節點的數量及重要性之組合來選擇域。在一些實例中，在選擇節點時亦考慮額外因素，諸如數位助理先前是否正確地解釋來自使用者的類似請求。
使用者資料748可包括使用者特定之資訊，諸如，使用者特定之詞彙、使用者偏好、使用者地址、使用者之預設及次要語言、使用者之連絡人清單及針對每一使用者之其他長期或短期資訊。在一些實例中，自然語言處理模組732可使用使用者特定之資訊來補充使用者輸入中所含之資訊以進一步定義使用者意圖。例如，對於使用者請求「邀請我的朋友參加我的生日聚會」，自然語言處理模組732能夠存取使用者資料748以判定「朋友」是誰及「生日聚會」將於何時及何地舉辦，而不是要求使用者在其請求中明確提供此類資訊。
應瞭解，在一些實例中，使用一或多個機器學習機構(例如，神經網路)來實施自然語言處理模組732。具體地，該一或多個機器學習機構經組態以接收候選文字表示及與候選文字表示相關聯的脈絡資訊。基於候選文
字表示及相關聯的脈絡資訊，該一或多個機器學習機構經組態以判定一組候選可採取動作之意圖的意圖信賴度評分。自然語言處理模組732可基於所判定之意圖信賴度評分來從該組候選可採取動作之意圖中選擇一或多個候選可採取動作之意圖。在一些實例中，亦使用本體論(例如，本體論760)來從該組候選可採取動作之意圖中選擇一或多個候選可採取動作之意圖。
基於符記字串搜尋本體論的其他細節描述在2008年12月22日申請之美國專利申請第12/341,743號、標題為「Method and Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology」中，茲將該案之揭露內容全文以引用方式併入本文中文。
在一些實例中，一旦自然語言處理模組732基於使用者請求識別可採取動作之意圖(或域)，則自然語言處理模組732可產生結構化查詢以表示經識別之可採取動作之意圖。在一些實例中，結構化查詢包括用於可採取動作之意圖之域內之一或多個節點之參數，且用在使用者請求中指定之特定資訊及要求填入該等參數之至少一些。例如，使用者說「為我在吃壽司的地方預訂7點的晚餐」。在此情況中，自然語言處理模組732能夠基於使用者輸入將可採取動作之意圖正確地識別為「餐廳預訂」。根據本體論，對於「餐廳預訂」域之結構化查詢可包括諸如{菜餚}、{時間}、{日期}、{人數}及其類似者之參數。在一些實例中，基於話音輸入及使用STT處理模組730自該話音輸入導出之文字，自然語言處理模組732可產生對於餐廳預訂域之部分結構化查詢，其中該部分結構化查詢包括參數{菜餚=「壽司」}及{時間=「7pm」}。然而，在此實例中，使用者之話語含有不足以完成與域相關聯之結構化查詢之資訊。因此，未基於目前可用之資訊在結構化查詢中指定諸如{人數}及{日期}之其他必
需參數。在一些實例中，自然語言處理模組732用已接收之脈絡資訊填入結構化查詢之一些參數。例如，在一些實例中，若使用者請求「我附近的」壽司餐廳，則自然語言處理模組732可用來自使用者裝置之GPS座標來填入結構化查詢中之{位置}參數。
在一些實例中，自然語言處理模組732針對接收自STT處理模組730的各候選文字陳述識別多個候選可採取動作之意圖。進一步，在一些實例中，針對各所識別候選可採取動作之意圖產生各別結構化查詢(部分或完整)。自然語言處理模組732判定各候選可採取動作之意圖的意圖信賴度評分，且基於意圖信賴度評分來排名該等候選可採取動作之意圖。在一些實例中，自然語言處理模組732傳遞(多個)查詢結構化查詢(包括任何完整參數)至任務流程處理模組736(「任務流程處理器」)。在一些實例中，提供用於m個最佳(例如，m個最高排名)候選可採取動作之意圖的(多個)結構化查詢至任務流程處理模組736，其中m係大於零的預定整數。在一些實例中，提供用於m個最佳(例如，m個最高排名)候選可採取動作之意圖的(多個)結構化查詢連同對應之候選文字表示至任務流程處理模組736。
基於從話音輸入的多個候選文字表示所判定的複數個候選可採取動作之意圖來推斷使用者意圖的其他細節描述於2014年6月6日申請之美國專利申請案第14/298,725號「System and Method for Inferring User Intent From Speech Inputs」中，茲將該案之揭露內容全文以引用方式併入本文中。
任務流程處理模組736經組態以從自然語言處理模組732接收(多個)結構化查詢、使結構化查詢完整(若必要)、及執行「完成」使用者之最終請求的所需任務。在一些實例中，在任務流程模型754中提供完成此等
任務所需之各種程序。在一些實例中，任務流程模型754包括用於自使用者獲得額外資訊之程序及用於執行與可採取動作之意圖相關聯之動作的任務流程。
如上文所描述，為了使結構化查詢完整，任務流程處理模組736需要起始與使用者之額外對話以獲得額外資訊，及/或釐清潛在不明確話語。當此類互動係必需時，任務流程處理模組736叫用對話流程處理模組734以參加與使用者之對話。在一些實例中，對話流程處理模組734判定如何(及/或何時)向使用者請求額外資訊，且接收及處理使用者回應。可經由I/O處理模組728提問使用者且可接收來自使用者之回答。在一些實例中，對話流程處理模組734經由音訊及/或視覺輸出呈現對話輸出給使用者且經由口頭或實體(例如，點選)回應而接收來自使用者之輸入。繼續以上實例，當任務流程處理模組736叫用對話流程處理模組734來針對與域「餐廳預訂」相關聯之結構化查詢判定「人數」及「日期」資訊時，對話流程處理模組734可產生諸如「總人數？」及「哪天？」之問題以傳遞給使用者。一旦接收到來自使用者之回答，然後對話流程處理模組734用缺失資訊填入結構化查詢，或傳遞該資訊至任務流程處理模組736以使來自結構化查詢之缺失資訊完整。
一旦任務流程處理模組736已完成對於可採取動作之意圖的結構化查詢，則任務流程處理模組736繼續執行與可採取動作之意圖相關聯之最終任務。因此，任務流程處理模組736根據結構化查詢中所含之特定參數來執行任務流程模型中之步驟及指令。例如，用於「餐廳預訂」的可採取動作之意圖的任務流程模型包括用於連絡餐廳及實際上請求在特定時間針對特定人數之預訂的步驟及指令。例如，使用結構化查詢，諸如：{餐廳預訂，餐廳=ABC咖啡館，日期=3/12/2012，時間=7pm，人數=5}，任務流程處理模組736執行以
下步驟：(1)登入ABC咖啡館或餐廳預訂系統之伺服器(諸如，OPENTABLE®)上；(2)在網站上之表格中鍵入日期、時間及人數資訊；(3)提交表格及(4)在使用者之行事曆中作出針對預訂之行事曆項目。
在一些實例中，任務流程處理模組736採用服務處理模組738(「服務處理模組」)之輔助以完成使用者輸入中所請求之任務或提供使用者輸入中所請求之資訊性回答。例如，服務處理模組738代表任務流程處理模組736採取動作以進行通話、設定行事曆項目、叫用地圖搜尋、叫用安裝於使用者裝置上之其他使用者應用程式或與該應用程式互動，及叫用第三方服務(例如，餐廳預訂入口網站、社交網路連線網站、銀行入口網站等)或與第三方服務互動。在一些實例中，藉由服務模型756中之各別服務模型來指定各服務所需之協定及應用程式設計介面(API)。服務處理模組738針對服務存取適當服務模型且根據服務模型來根據服務所需之協定及API產生對於服務之請求。
例如，若餐廳已啟用線上預訂服務，則餐廳提交服務模型至線上預訂服務，該服務模型指定用於進行預訂的必要參數及用於傳達必要參數之值的API。當由任務流程處理模組736請求時，服務處理模組738可使用儲存於服務模型上之網址建立與線上預訂服務之網路連線，且根據線上預訂服務之API以一格式將預訂之必要參數(例如，時間、日期、人數)發送至線上預訂介面。
在一些實例中，可聯合地及反覆地使用自然語言處理模組732、對話流程處理模組734及任務流程處理模組736來推斷及定義使用者之意圖，獲得用以進一步澄清及精簡使用者意圖之資訊，且最終產生回應(即，至使用者之輸出，任務之完成)以實現使用者之意圖。所產生之回應係對至少部
分地滿足使用者意圖的話音輸入的對話回應。另外，在一些實例中，所產生之回應輸出為話音輸出。在這些實例中，所產生之回應被發送至話音合成模組740(例如，話音合成器)，在該話音合成模組處可處理該所產生之回應以合成話音形式的對話回應。在又其它實例中，所產生之回應係與滿足話音輸入中之使用者請求的相關的資料內容。
在其中任務流程處理模組736接收來自自然語言處理模組732的多個結構化查詢的實例中，任務流程處理模組736最初處理該等所接收結構化查詢之第一結構化查詢，以嘗試使該第一結構化查詢完整及/或執行由該第一結構化查詢所表示之一或多個任務或動作。在一些實例中，該第一結構化查詢對應於最高排名的可採取動作之意圖。在其他實例中，基於對應話音辨識信賴度評分及對應意圖信賴度評分的組合，從該等所接收結構化查詢中選擇該第一結構化查詢。在一些實例中，若任務流程處理模組736在處理該第一結構化查詢期間遇到錯誤(例如，由於無法判定所需參數)，則任務流程處理模組736可繼續進行以選擇及處理該等所接收結構化查詢之一第二結構化查詢，該第二結構化查詢對應於一較低排名的可採取動作之意圖。例如基於對應候選文字表示的話音辨識信賴度評分、對應候選執行意圖的意圖信賴度評分、該第一結構化查詢中缺失之必要參數，或其任何組合而選擇該第二結構化查詢。
話音合成模組740經組態以合成用於呈現給使用者的話音輸出。話音合成模組740基於由數位助理提供的文字來合成話音輸出。例如，所產生之對話回應呈文字字串形式。話音合成模組740將文字字串轉換為可聽到的話音輸出。話音合成模組740使用任何合適的話音合成技術以從文字來產生話音輸出，包括但不限於拼接式合成、單元選取合成、雙音素合成、域特定合
成、波形拼接合成、基於隱藏馬爾可夫模型(hidden Markov model,HMM)之合成以及正弦波合成。在一些實例中，話音合成模組740經組態以基於對應於字的音素字串來合成個別字。例如，音素字串與所產生之對話回應中的字相關聯。音素字串儲存在與字相關聯的後設資料中。話音合成模型740經組態以直接處理後設資料中的音素字串，以依話音形式來合成字。
在一些實例中，代替(或除了)使用話音合成模組740，在遠端裝置(例如，伺服器系統108)上執行話音合成，且將經合成話音發送至使用者裝置以輸出給使用者。例如，這可發生在其中在伺服器系統處產生用於數位助理的輸出的一些實施方案中。且由於與使用者裝置相比，伺服器系統大致上具有更多處理能力或資源，所以運用客戶端側合成的實踐相比，獲得更高品質的話音輸出係可行的。
有關數位助理的更多細節可見於在2011年1月10日申請之美國專利申請第12/987,982號、標題為「Intelligent Automated Assistant」及2011年9月30日申請之美國專利申請第13/251,088號、標題為「Generating and Processing Task Items That Represent Tasks to Perform」中，茲將該等案之揭露內容全文以引用方式併入本文中。
圖8繪示用於提供自然語言互動之虛擬助理800的方塊圖。在一些實例中，可由根據各種實施例之使用者裝置來實施虛擬助理800(例如，數位助理系統700)。在一些實施例中，該使用者裝置、一伺服器(例如，伺服器108)、或其組合可實施虛擬助理800。可使用例如圖1、圖2A至圖2B、圖
4、圖9、圖11A至圖11B、圖12A至圖12D、圖13A至圖13B及圖14A至圖14D所繪示之裝置104、200、400、900、1120、1220、1320或1420來實施該使用者裝置。在一些實施例中，如圖8所示，虛擬助理800包括下列子模組，或其子集或超集：一輸入模組810、一自然語言引擎820、一偽觸發減輕器(FTM)840、一候選意圖評估器(CIE)860、及一任務執行模組880。在一些實施例中，可使用圖7B所示之數位助理系統700的數位助理模組726來實施虛擬助理800。例如，類似於數位助理模組726，虛擬助理800可包括一或多個模組、模型、應用程式、詞彙、及使用者資料。請參照圖7B及圖8，作為一個實例，輸入模組810可係例如輸入/輸出處理模組728的子模組或變化例。自然語言引擎820可包括例如STT處理模組730、音標字母轉換模組731、詞彙744、使用者資料748、及/或自然語言處理模組760之一或多者。虛擬助理800亦可包括未包括在數位助理模組726中的模組、模型、應用程式、詞彙、及使用者資料。例如，如圖8所示之偽觸發減輕器840可不包括在數位助理模組726中。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，輸入模組810接收一或多個音訊串流802。音訊串流可包括一或多個話語。在一些實施例中，音訊串流中的話語可包括片語(該片語包括複數個字)及/或一或多個句子。如圖9所示之實例，音訊串流912可包括一或多個使用者話語作為句子，諸如「外面暗了。開燈，Siri」。
請重新參照圖8，輸入模組810可被啟動或保持作用中狀態(例如，達預組態時期)以接收一或多個音訊串流802。例如，輸入模組810的語音活動偵測器814可偵測存在或不存在人類語音(例如，基於在語音活動偵測器814處接收到之輸入信號的振幅及/或頻譜)。在一些實施例中，輸入模組810可
包括一緩衝器812(例如，環形緩衝區)，該緩衝器經組態以儲存一或多個所接收音訊串流(例如，儲存10秒的音訊串流)。
在一些實施例中，使用儲存在緩衝器812中的所接收音訊串流，語音活動偵測器814可判定音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發。語彙觸發可包括單一字或複數個字。例如，語彙觸發可係「嘿，Siri」、「嘿，助理」、「Siri」、「助理」，或類似者。在一些實施例中，在輸入模組810(例如，語音活動偵測器814)接收到語彙觸發後，虛擬助理800之至少一部分(例如，NLE 820)被啟動。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理800之至少一部分(例如，輸入模組810、NLE 820、FTM 840)可保持作用中或保持作用中達預組態時期。例如，輸入模組810可保持作用中以接收音訊串流802達30秒。在其中虛擬助理800之至少一部分保持作用中達至少一段預組態時期的實施例中，語彙觸發可不引起虛擬助理800之一部分變成被啟動。而是，語彙觸發可指示音訊串流之至少一部分被導引至虛擬助理。
使用上文圖9所示之實例，話語「開燈，Siri」包括單一字語彙觸發「Siri」，其指示話語被導引至在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理。在一些實施例中，語彙觸發可定位在音訊串流中的話語之開始部分處(例如「Siri，股價是多少？」)。在一些實施例中，語彙觸發可定位在除話語之開始部分之外的任何部分(例如，「開燈，Siri」)。允許該語彙觸發定位在除話語之開始部分之外的任何部分實現使用者與虛擬助理之間更自然的人機互動，而不必要求使用者用語彙觸發作為被導引至虛擬助理的所有話語的導言。這增強使用者體驗、降低耗電量、並改善系統效率。
請重新參照圖8，如上文所述，輸入模組810接收一或多個音訊串流802。虛擬助理800(例如，使用輸入模組810的VAD814)可判定一或多個音訊串流802的一特定音訊串流之開始點/結束點及/或持續時間。基於此類判定，虛擬助理800可判定在特定音訊串流內是否包括一語彙觸發。
作為一個實例，為了偵測特定音訊串流之開始點，虛擬助理800經由麥克風(圖8中未展示)偵測到在接收該特定音訊串流之前無語音活動(例如，偵測相鄰話語之間的無聲或停頓)。虛擬助理800可進一步判定在接收該特定音訊串流之前是否無語音活動超過一第一臨限時期(例如，3秒)。若無語音活動超過該第一臨限時期，則虛擬助理800判定該特定音訊串流之開始點。例如，若第一臨限時期係3秒，且若虛擬助理800判定在接收到第一音訊串流之前存在5秒無聲，或輸入模組810未接收到音訊輸入已歷時5秒，則虛擬助理800判定無語音活動之週期超過該第一臨限時期。因此，可判定該特定音訊串流之開始點。
在一些實施例中，為了偵測該特定音訊串流之結束點，虛擬助理800可經由麥克風(圖8中未展示)偵測到在接收該特定音訊串流之一或多個話語之後無語音活動(例如，偵測相鄰話語之間的無聲或停頓)。虛擬助理800可進一步判定在接收該特定音訊串流之後是否無語音活動超過一第二臨限時期(例如，3秒)。若無語音活動之週期超過該第二臨限時期，則虛擬助理800判定該特定音訊串流之結束點。例如，若第二臨限時期係3秒，且若虛擬助理800判定在接收到第一音訊串流之後存在5秒無聲，或輸入模組810在接下來5秒未接收到音訊輸入，則虛擬助理800判定無語音活動之週期超過該第二臨限時期。因此，可判定該特定音訊串流該結束點。
如圖9所示，一特定音訊串流912可包括一第一話語(例如，「外面暗了」)及一第二話語(例如，「開燈，Siri」)。在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理(例如，虛擬助理800)可判定在接收到音訊串流912之第一話語之前未接收到音訊輸入達至少3秒；及在接收到第二話語音訊串流912之後未接收到音訊輸入達至少3秒。虛擬助理可進一步判定該第一話語與該第二話語之間僅有短暫無語音活動週期(例如，0.5秒的短暫停頓)。因此，虛擬助理可判定音訊串流912之開始點/結束點及/或持續時間。
在一些實施例中，請參照圖8，可基於輸入模組810經組態以接收音訊串流的預組態持續時間來判定特定音訊串流之結束點。例如，若音訊串流中的一或多個使用者話語被導引至虛擬助理(例如，為了獲得資訊或指示虛擬助理執行一任務)，則使用者話語通常不能持續超過30秒。因此，預組態持續時間可設定為例如30秒。因此，在偵測到該特定音訊串流之開始點之後30秒內所接收之任何使用者話語可被判定為同一音訊串流的話語。因此，為了判定一特定音訊串流之結束點，在一些實施例中，虛擬助理800(例如，使用輸入模組810)可偵測音訊串流之開始點、獲得音訊串流之預組態持續時間(例如，30秒)、及基於該預組態持續時間及該開始點來判定該音訊串流之結束點(例如，該結束點係在該開始點之後的30秒)。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，可基於緩衝器812的容量來判定音訊串流之結束點。緩衝器812可儲存所接收到之一或多個音訊串流作為音訊檔案。音訊檔案緩衝區812的儲存大小取決於緩衝區812的容量(例如，在百萬位元組範圍內)。作為基於緩衝器812的容量來判定音訊串流之結束點的一個實例，虛擬助理800(例如，使用輸入模組810)可判定表示包括一或多個話語
的所接收之音訊串流的音訊檔案之大小，並比較該音訊檔案之該大小與緩衝區812的容量。在一些實施例中，若該音訊檔案之該大小達到緩衝器812的容量(例如，基本上等於緩衝器812的容量)，則虛擬助理800可判定音訊檔案中包括的話語表示整個音訊串流。基於該判定結果，虛擬助理800可判定該音訊串流之該結束點。
在一些實施例中，虛擬助理800亦可估計在接收到特定音訊串流之前或之後的特定無語音活動分別對應於該特定音訊串流之一開始點或一結束點的可能性。如上文所述，虛擬助理800可偵測到在接收到話音輸入之前或之後無語音活動。在一些實例中，虛擬助理800之自動話音辨識系統(例如，圖7A所示之系統758)處理話音輸入並且產生辨識結果。基於該辨識結果(例如，話音輸入之文字)及一或多個語言模型(例如，由如上文所述之ASR系統758使用的模型)，虛擬助理800估計特定無語音活動分別對應於該特定音訊串流之一開始點或一結束點的可能性。在上文之音訊串流912(例如，「外面暗了。開燈，Siri」」)的實例中，基於ASR系統的辨識結果及一或多個語言模型，虛擬助理800可估計在接收到音訊串流912之後的無語音活動(例如，3秒無聲)對應於音訊串流912之一結束點的可能性。基於所估計可能性，虛擬助理800可偵測到音訊串流912之結束點且信賴度增加或改進(例如，基於比較該所估計可能性與一臨限值)。
在偵測到特定音訊串流之結束點及開始點後，虛擬助理800可判定該特定音訊串流之持續時間。在一些實施例中，基於該特定音訊串流之該持續時間，虛擬助理800可判定該特定音訊串流中是否包括一語彙觸發。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理800不判定特定音訊串流之持續時間，而是可使用該特
定音訊串流之該所偵測開始點及該所偵測結束點來判定該特定音訊串流中是否包括一語彙觸發。
如上文所述，圖9繪示包括一或多個話語的音訊串流912(例如，「外面暗了。開燈，Siri」)，及虛擬助理800判定在音訊串流912中包括語彙觸發(例如「Siri」)。如圖9所示，音訊串流912的一或多個話語可包括非導引至虛擬助理800的至少一個話語。例如，第一話語「外面暗了」可係意見，且不是導引至在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理(例如，虛擬助理800)的話語。因此，虛擬助理可不基於此類話語而執行任務或採取動作。如下文更詳細描述，使用各種技術，虛擬助理可判定話語不是導引至該虛擬助理且因此被忽略。此類話語可包括例如使用者意見、一個使用者對另一使用者的話語，或類似者。虛擬助理判定話語是否被導引至該虛擬助理的能力增強裝置的操作效率，因為該虛擬助理可忽略非導引至該虛擬助理的任何話語，同時消除或減少被導引至虛擬助理的所有話語用觸發字或片語作為的導言的要求。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，根據一或多個音訊串流802之一特定音訊串流包括語彙觸發(例如「Siri」)之一判定，輸入模組810產生一或多個話音結果816。話音結果816可包括在特定音訊串流中所包括的一或多個話語之音訊表示(例如，音標表達)。輸入模組810進一步提供話音結果816至自然語言引擎820，該自然語言引擎可包括一或多個模組，諸如話音轉文字(STT)處理模組730及/或自然語言處理模組732(圖7B中所示)或其變化例。基於話音結果816，自然語言引擎820可產生表示特定音訊串流中之一或多個話語的候選文字表示822。如上文所述，各候選文字表示可係對應於特定音訊串流中之話語的字序列或符記序列。使用圖9所示之音訊串流912作為實例，在裝置900
上操作的虛擬助理的自然語言引擎可執行音訊串流912之各話語的話音轉文字轉換，且產生包括第一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)及第二候選文字表示(例如，「開燈，Siri」)的候選文字表示。
在一些實施例中，自然語言引擎820可進一步判定對應於一或多個候選文字表示822的信賴度等級。例如，如上文所述，各候選文字表示可與話音辨識信賴度評分相關聯。並且自然語言引擎820可(例如，使用STT處理模組730)排名候選文字表示822且提供n個最佳(例如，n個最高排名)候選文字表示以用於候選意圖產生或導出。
如上文所述，自然語言引擎820可包括例如STT處理模組730、音標字母轉換模組731、詞彙744、使用者資料748、及/或自然語言處理模組760之一或多者。在一些實施例中，使用自然語言處理模組760，自然語言引擎820可進一步解譯候選文字表示以導出預減輕意圖及與該等預減輕意圖相關聯的信賴度等級。例如，自然語言引擎820可選用地排名與該等預減輕意圖相關聯的信賴度等級，且提供n個最佳預減輕意圖以用於候選意圖產生或導出。
請參照圖8，虛擬助理800的偽觸發減輕器(FTM)840可判定一或多個候選文字表示822的至少一個候選文字表示(或經排名候選文字表示)待被虛擬助理800忽略。可例如使用圖7B所示之數位助理模組726的一子模組或變化例來實施FTM 840。例如，FTM 840可包括自然語言處理732或其變化例來導出一或多個候選意圖842。在一些實施例中，FTM 840可包括決策樹，諸如簡易決策樹或增強決策樹。如上文所述，在一些實施例中，特定音訊串流中的一或多個話語之至少一個話語可能非導引至虛擬助理800，因此可被虛擬助理800忽略。
圖9繪示判定至少一個候選文字表示是否待被忽略的一個實例。如圖9及上文所述，基於使用者910的話語，在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理的自然語言引擎(例如NLE 820)可產生例如兩個候選文字表示，諸如「外面暗了」及「開燈，Siri」。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理之FTM(例如，FTM 840)判定候選文字表示是否包括一語彙觸發。例如，FTM判定第一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)不包括一語彙觸發，但第二候選文字表示(例如，「開燈，Siri」)包括語彙觸發(例如「Siri」)。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，若FTM 840判定候選文字表示包括語彙觸發，則FTM 840判定對應之使用者話語被導引至虛擬助理800且因此特定候選文字表示非待被忽略。因此，將進一步處理該特定候選文字表示，如下文更詳細描述。如圖9所示，在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理之FTM判定該第二候選文字表示(例如，「開燈，Siri」)非待被忽略，因為該第二候選文字表示包括單一字語彙觸發「Siri」。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，若FTM 840判定候選文字表示不包括一語彙觸發，則FTM 840可估計對應於不應被忽略特定候選文字表示的話語非導引至虛擬助理800的可能性。使用如圖9所示之實例，如上文所述，在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理之FTM判定該第一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)不包括一語彙觸發。此外，使用決策樹，虛擬助理之FTM可估計與該第一候選文字表示對應的話語非導引至該虛擬助理。例如，FTM可判定對應於該第一候選文字表示的預減輕意圖(例如，「外面暗了」)與該虛擬助理所辨識之域或候選意圖不相關聯或可能不相關聯。因此，FTM可估計對應於該第一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)的話語非導引至該虛擬助理的可能性，及
判定所估計可能性是否滿足臨限值條件。若是，FTM判定該話語非導引到該虛擬助理。因此，為了產生一個候選意圖之目的，該第一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)可被忽略。在一些實施例中，可基於脈絡資訊(諸如使用模式)及/或感測資料來判定一候選文字表示是否待被忽略亦，如下文更詳細地描述。
請重新參照圖8，在一些實施例中，對於候選文字表示822之各者，FTM 840可判定一特定候選文字表示是否待被忽略。若候選文字表示822中之至少一者待被忽略，則FTM 840可基於非待被忽略的候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖842。例如，基於非待被忽略之候選文字表示的預減輕意圖，FTM 840可導出候選意圖842。在圖9所示之上述實例中，在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理之FTM判定該第一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)待被忽略，但該第二候選文字表示(例如，「開燈，Siri」)非待被忽略。因此，在一些實施例中，虛擬助理之FTM可嘗試使該第二候選文字表示的預減輕意圖與本體論(例如，本體論760)中的可辨識域之一者相關聯以解譯該預減輕意圖，以導出候選意圖。例如，FTM可選擇對應於該第二候選文字表示的預減輕意圖作為候選意圖(例如，打開使用者客廳燈)，同時篩除對應於該第一候選文字表示的預減輕意圖。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，FTM 840可獲得對應於一或多個候選意圖842之各者的信賴度等級。如上文所述，對於預先減輕類意圖之各者，NLE 820可產生一信賴度等級。例如，特定候選文字表示可與多個所辨識域相關聯，且因此該多個預減輕意圖可導出自同一候選文字表示。NLE 820及/
或FTM 840可判定信賴度評分(例如，基於在本體論中的其各種已觸發節點之相對重要性)以選擇具有最高信賴度值的域，且繼而，判定對應之候選意圖。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，虛擬助理800包括一候選意圖評估器(CIE)860。CIE 860可判定一或多個候選意圖842是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖。例如，CIE 860可針對候選意圖842之各者判定是否可執行一任務。在一些實施例中，CIE 860可作出此類判定而不實際執行該任務(例如，進行試執行)。作為一個實例，CIE 860可包括數位助理模組726的一或多個子模組或其變化例，諸如任務流程處理模組736及對話處理模組734，如圖7B所示。CIE 860可執行使用這些子模組或其變化例來判定候選意圖842是否係一可採取動作之意圖，而不提供結果至話音合成模組740且不輸出結果。
如圖8所示之另一實例，CIE 860可包括任務流程處理模組862及對話處理模組864，以用於判定候選意圖842是否係一可採取動作之意圖。圖8所示之任務流程處理模組862及對話處理模組864可係如圖7B所示之任務流程處理模組736及對話處理模組734的重複項，惟任務流程處理模組862及對話處理模組864可不提供其處理結果給話音合成模組或以其他方式輸出給使用者除外。因此，CIE 860可判定候選意圖842是否係一可採取動作之意圖，且可進行此類判定而無需虛擬助理8000實際執行該任務。因此，若無法執行或僅能部分執行該任務，則CIE 860可進行此類判定而無需引起虛擬助理800實際執行該任務，而是將嘗試獲得更多資訊(例如，獲得脈絡資訊或發起與使用者之對話以獲得更多資訊)以供實際執行該任務。判定候選意圖是否係一可採取動作之意圖而無需實際執行一任務改進操作效率且增強人機介面。例如，此類判定節省電力並且避免輸出部分執行的任務或引起使用者混淆。
繼續圖9所示之實例，如上文所述，基於候選文字表示(例如，「開燈，Siri」)，在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理之FTM產生打開使用者客廳燈的候選意圖。虛擬助理之CIE(例如，CIE 860)判定是否可執行關於該候選意圖的任務。在一些實施例中，CIE亦可使用任務流程處理模組(例如，任務流程處理模組862)及/或對話處理模組(例如，對話處理模組864)來執行此類判定。例如，任務流程處理模組可嘗試基於使用對應候選意圖所產生之結構化查詢來執行打開使用者客廳燈的任務。在一些實例中，該任務流程處理模組可判定因為找不到控制客廳燈的家庭自動化裝置而無法執行這類任務。在一些實例中，任務流程處理模組可判定控制燈的家庭自動化裝置可用，因此可執行對應任務。
請參照圖8，在一些實施例中，若CIE 860判定可執行對應於候選意圖842的任務，則判定特定候選意圖842係一可採取動作之意圖。CIE 860可重複判定針對候選意圖842之各者且產生可採取動作之意圖868。如圖8所示，CIE 860提供可採取動作之意圖868中之各者至任務執行模組880，該任務執行模組根據可採取動作之意圖868而執行一或多個任務。任務執行模組880可包括數位助理模組726的一或多個子模組或其變化例，諸如任務流程處理模組736及對話處理模組734，如圖7B所示。不同於CIE 860，這不會引起實際執行任務，任務執行模組880根據可採取動作之意圖868而接收一(或多個)結構化查詢、使結構化查詢完整(若必要)、及執行「完成」使用者之最終請求的所需任務。繼續圖9所示之實例，在接收到打開使用者客廳燈的可採取動作之意圖後，在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理的任務執行模組可開燈並選用地輸出可採
取動作之意圖的執行結果(例如，提供音訊及/或視覺輸出942，諸如「您的燈開了」)。
請重新參照圖8，在一些實施例中，CIE 860可基於與執行一任務相關聯的信賴度等級的估計來判定是否可執行該任務。例如，CIE 860可估計與執行一任務相關聯的信賴度等級，且判定與執行該任務相關聯的該信賴度等級是否滿足一臨限信賴度等級。若CIE 860判定與執行該任務相關聯的該信賴度等級滿足該臨限信賴度等級，則CIE 860判定可執行該任務。
圖10繪示用於使用執行結果及脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之例示性虛擬助理1000的方塊圖。在一些實例中，可由根據各種實施例之使用者裝置來實施虛擬助理1000(例如，數位助理系統700)。在一些實施例中，該使用者裝置、一伺服器(例如，伺服器108)、或其組合可實施虛擬助理1000。可使用例如圖1、圖2A至圖2B、圖4、圖9、圖11A至圖11B、圖12A至圖12D、圖13A至圖13B、及圖14A至圖14D所繪示之裝置104、200、400、900、1120、1220、1320或1420來實施該使用者裝置。類似於虛擬助理800，虛擬助理1000包括輸入模組810、自然語言引擎816、FTM 840、CIE 860及任務執行模組880。虛擬助理1000的這些模組或組件類似於上文關於虛擬助理800所述之模組或組件，因此不重複描述。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理1000的各種模組、模型、應用程式、詞彙及使用者資料中之一或多者可接收額外資訊(諸如先前執行結果及/或脈絡資訊)，以輔助語音活動偵測、候選文字表示判定、候選意圖判定、可採取動作之意圖判定及/或執行可採取動作之意圖。
請參照圖10及圖11A，例如，在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理(例如，虛擬助理1000)經由輸入模組(例如，輸入模組810)接收來自使用
者1110的音訊串流1112。音訊串流1112包括一或多個使用者話語，諸如「今天天氣如何，Siri？而且你知道股價是多少嗎？」虛擬助理使用包括在音訊串流1112中的話語產生話音結果。基於話音結果，虛擬助理經由自然語言引擎(例如，自然語言引擎820)產生一或多個候選文字表示(例如，候選文字表示1022)。
接下來，對於候選文字表示的各候選文字表示，虛擬助理經由FTM(例如，FTM 840)判定特定候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略。如上文所述，在一些實施例中，虛擬助理可例如判定特定候選文字表示是否包括語彙觸發。作為圖11A所展示的實例，表示音訊串流1112的候選文字表示包括第一候選文字表示(例如，「今天天氣如何，Siri？」)及第二候選文字表示(例如，「而且你知道股價是多少嗎？」)。虛擬助理判定該第一候選文字表示包括語彙觸發(例如，「Siri」)且因此非待被忽略，因為對應的話語被導引至在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理。關於該第二候選文字表示，虛擬助理判定其不包括語彙觸發。根據此類判定，虛擬助理估計對應於該第二候選文字表示的話語非導引至虛擬助理1000的可能性。
請參照圖10及圖11A，在一些實施例中，為了估計對應於該第二候選文字表示的話語非導引至虛擬助理的可能性，虛擬助理獲得脈絡資訊(例如，執行結果及脈絡資訊1044)。脈絡資訊可與在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理的使用模式相關聯。該虛擬助理的使用模式可指示使用者1110使用虛擬助理及/或使用裝置1120執行的特定活動之模式，如圖11A所示。例如，在上午約6點，使用者1110將經常詢問有關天氣及股價的相同問題。因此，可產生關於使用者在上午6點或約6點的活動的使用模式(例如，向虛擬助理詢問相同的問
題)。該脈絡資訊可包括從裝置1120獲得的此類使用模式及時間1122(例如，指示上午約6點)。基於與使用模式相關聯的脈絡資訊，該虛擬助理可經由FTM(例如，FTM 840)來估計對應於該第二候選文字表示的話語非導引至該虛擬助理的可能性。例如，基於指示使用者經常在上午約6點向虛擬助理詢問股價，且目前時間為約6點，虛擬助理可估計話語「而且你知道股價是多少嗎？」非導引至虛擬助理1000的可能性低(例如，不滿足臨限值)。因此，虛擬助理基於該所估計可能性來判定該第二候選文字表示非待被忽略。
在一些實施例中，脈絡資訊亦可用於判定候選意圖是否係一可採取動作之意圖。繼續上文圖11A所展示的實例，根據判定第一候選文字表示(例如，「今天天氣如何，Siri？」)及第二候選文字表示(例如，「而且你知道股價是多少嗎？」)非待被忽略，在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理產生一或多個候選意圖。例如，虛擬助理產生獲得今天天氣資訊之一第一候選意圖及獲得股價資訊之一第二候選意圖。針對該等候選意圖之各者，虛擬助理經由CIE(例如CIE 860)來判定是否可執行一任務。如上文所述，CIE可藉由使用例如任務流程處理模組及/或對話處理模組進行此類判定而無需實際執行該任務。
在一些實施例中，關於獲得天氣資訊之一第一候選意圖，虛擬助理判定執行獲得天氣資訊的任務需要額外位置資訊。然而，在該第一候選文字表示中不存在或未提供位置資訊。因此，在一些實施例中，虛擬助理可從通訊地耦接至裝置1120的一或多個感測器獲得與感測資料相關聯的脈絡資訊，且基於該脈絡資訊來判定是否可執行該任務。例如，可獲得位置資料作為指示裝置1120之目前位置的脈絡資訊。運用此脈絡資訊，虛擬助理判定獲得天氣資訊
之該第一候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖，因為可從內部或外部資料來源(例如，來自天氣資訊網站)獲得裝置1120之目前位置的天氣資訊。
請參照圖11A，關於獲得股價資訊之一第二候選意圖，虛擬助理判定執行獲得股價的任務需要股票名稱的附加資訊。然而，在該第二候選文字表示中不存在或未提供股票名稱。因此，在一些實施例中，虛擬助理可獲得與虛擬助理及/或裝置1120之使用模式相關聯的脈絡資訊。虛擬助理及/或裝置1120的使用模式可指示使用者1110使用虛擬助理1000及/或使用使用者裝置1120執行的特定活動之模式，如圖11A所示。例如，在上午約6點，使用者1110將經常詢問有關S&P指數的問題。因此，可產生關於使用者在上午6點或約6點的活動的使用模式(例如，向虛擬助理詢問相同的S&P 500指數問題)。脈絡資訊可包括由裝置1120提供的此類使用模式及時間1122(例如，指示在上午約6點)。運用此脈絡資訊，虛擬助理判定獲得股價之該第二個候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖，因為可獲得S&P 500指數資訊。
圖11B繪示用於由虛擬助理(例如，圖10所示之虛擬助理1000)使用與感測資料相關聯的脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之例示性使用者介面。如圖10及圖11B所示，例如，在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理接收來自使用者1110及使用者1130的一或多個音訊串流。音訊串流可包括例如來自使用者1130的話語1132，來自使用者1130的話語1134及來自使用者1110的話語1136。來自使用者1110的一或多個話語可被導引至虛擬助理或使用者1130。例如，來自使用者1110的話語1132將包括「Siri，今天S&P指數是多少？」類似於上文所述者，虛擬助理判定話語1132之一第一候選文字表示包括語彙觸發(例如「Siri」)且因此非待被忽略。基於此類判定，虛擬助理產生一第一候選意圖
且判定獲得S&P 500指數之該第一候選意圖是可採取動作。因此，虛擬助理執行獲得S&P 500指數的任務並且輸出結果1138(例如，指示「今天S&P 500指數是在12000」的音訊及/或視覺輸出)。
如圖11B所示，在聽到虛擬助理1000輸出的S&P 500指數後，使用者1130將提供詢問使用者1130「你聽說AAPL今天大漲嗎？」的話語1134。在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理可產生對應於話語1134的一第二候選文字表示，並判定該第二候選文字表示是否待被忽略。例如，虛擬助理可判定該第二候選文字表示不包括語彙觸發，因此估計可能話語1134非導引至該虛擬助理。在一些實施例中，為了估計可能性，虛擬助理可從通訊地耦接至裝置1120的一或多個感測器獲得感測資料，並且基於所獲得感測資料，估計話語1134非導引至該虛擬助理的可能性。例如，裝置1120可包括光學感測器264(例如，攝影機)，該光學感測器偵測使用者1110在任何給定時間相對於裝置1120的眼睛注視。光學感測器264可偵測例如當由在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理接收到話語1134時，使用者1130未注視裝置1120。因此，虛擬助理估計使用由光學感測器264提供的感測資料來估計話語1134非導引至虛擬助理的可能性高(例如，與臨限值相比較)。因此，FTM 840判定該第二候選文字表示待被忽略。
繼續圖11B所示之實例，在聽到話語1134後，使用者1130將提供話語1136「真的，今天AAPL的價格是多少？」虛擬助理可產生對應於話語1136的一第三候選文字表示且判定該一第三候選文字表示是否待被忽略。類似於上文所述者，虛擬助理可判定該第三候選文字表示不包括語彙觸發。基於此類判定，虛擬助理可估計話語1136非導引至在裝置1120上操作的虛擬助理的可能性。在一些實施例中，為了估計可能性，虛擬助理可獲得感測資料，並且基
於所獲得感測資料，估計話語1136非導引至虛擬助理1000的可能性。例如，光學感測器264可偵測例如當虛擬助理接收到話語1136時，使用者1110正注視裝置1120。因此，使用由光學感測器264提供的感測資料來估計話語1136非導引至該虛擬助理1000的可能性低(例如，與可能性臨限值相比較)。因此，虛擬助理判定該第三候選文字表示非待被忽略。因此，虛擬助理基於該第三候選文字表示而產生一候選意圖，並判定該候選意圖是一可採取動作之意圖。因此，虛擬助理執行該任務以獲得AAPL股價且輸出結果1140(例如，指示「AAPL今天收盤時在$200。」的音訊及/或視覺輸出)。
圖12A至圖12D繪示用於由裝置1220上操作的虛擬助理使用與執行先前判定可採取動作之意圖相關聯的脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之示例示性使用者介面。如圖10及圖12A所示，使用者1210提供一第一音訊串流1212(例如，「Siri，播放一些音樂」)，該第一音訊串流由在裝置1220上操作的虛擬助理接收。類似於上文所述者，虛擬助理判定第一音訊串流1212包括語彙觸發(例如，「Siri」)、產生第一音訊串流1212(例如，「Siri，播放一些音樂」)的候選文字表示、判定第一音訊串流1212的候選文字表示非待被忽略(因為該第一音訊串流包括語彙觸發)、產生一候選意圖、判定該候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖(例如，執行播放音樂的任務)、且輸出執行結果(例如，輸出音訊及/或視覺訊息1224，諸如「這裡有您可能喜歡的一些音樂」)。如圖12A所繪示，虛擬助理1000可在時間1222A(例如，9AM)接收及處理第一音訊串流1212。
如圖12B所繪示，雖然在裝置1220上操作的虛擬助理正在執行播放音樂的任務，但虛擬助理可在時間1222B(例如，9：05AM)接收來自使用
者1210之一第二音訊串流1214。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理產生第二音訊串流1214的候選文字表示。基於第二音訊串流1214的候選文字表示，虛擬助理可判定第二音訊串流1214(例如，「停止」)是與第一音訊串流1212(例如，「播放一些音樂」)相同的音訊工作階段之一部分。
在一些實施例中，為了判定第二音訊串流1214是否係包括第一音訊串流1212的同一音訊工作階段之一部分，在裝置1220上操作的虛擬助理可獲得與執行先前判定可採取動作之意圖相關聯的脈絡資訊。例如，虛擬助理偵測到當接收到第二音訊串流1214時，由於執行先前判定可採取動作之意圖而正在播放音樂。因此，該虛擬助理判定第二音訊串流1214係或可能係包括第一音訊串流1212的同一音訊工作階段之一部分。在一些實施例中，此類判定亦可考量到第一音訊串流1212與第二音訊串流1214之間的關係(例如，語義關係、話題關係)。在下文中更詳細描述考量關係的實施例。
請參照圖12B，根據第二音訊串流1214係包括第一音訊串流1212的同一音訊工作階段之一部分之一判定，虛擬助理基於第二音訊串流1214的候選文字表示而產生一第二候選意圖。虛擬助理進一步判定該第二候選意圖是否包括一可採取動作之意圖。在一些實施例中，該判定可基於與由虛擬助理先前執行或正在執行的任務相關聯的脈絡資訊。例如，該脈絡資訊可與執行先前播放音樂任務相關聯。如圖12B所示，該第二候選意圖可因此被判定為停止目前播放的音樂。因此，虛擬助理可根據此第二候選意圖來判定可執行一任務(例如停止播放音樂)，因此該第二候選意圖是可採取動作的。因此，虛擬助理執行停止播放音樂的可採取動作之意圖。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理選用地提供指示執行結果的音訊及/或視覺輸出1226(例如，「OK」)。
圖12C及圖12D繪示類似情形，其中在裝置1220上操作的虛擬助理接收包括話語諸如「Siri，播放一些音樂」的一第一音訊串流1242。類似於上文所述者，虛擬助理判定播放音樂的可採取動作之意圖、執行可採取動作之意圖、且選用地輸出音訊/視覺訊息1222(例如，「這裡有您可能喜歡的一些音樂」)。當音樂仍在播放時，虛擬助理接收包括話語諸如「跳過此歌曲」的一第二音訊串流1244。虛擬助理偵測何時接收到第二音訊串流1244，由於執行先前判定可採取動作之意圖的結果而正在播放音樂。因此，該虛擬助理可判定第二音訊串流1244係或可能係包括第一音訊串流1242的同一音訊工作階段之一部分。因此，基於第二音訊串流1244的候選文字表示，虛擬助理產生一第二候選意圖。虛擬助理進一步判定該第二候選意圖是否包括一可採取動作之意圖。例如，如圖12D所示，該第二候選意圖可被判定為跳過目前正在播放的曲目1且開始播放下一曲目。因此，虛擬助理可根據此第二候選意圖來判定可執行一任務，且因此該第二候選意圖是可採取動作的。因此，虛擬助理執行該可採取動作之意圖而停止播放曲目1且開始播放曲目2。
圖13A至圖13B繪示用於由虛擬助理使用與使用者話語或音訊串流的關係相關聯的脈絡資訊來提供自然語言互動之例示性使用者介面。如上文所述，可將脈絡資訊提供給虛擬助理的一或多個模組或組件(例如，圖10所示之虛擬助理1000的FTM 840及CIE 860)。在一些實施例中，可將脈絡資訊提供給CIE(例如，CIE 860)，以用於判定候選意圖是否係一可採取動作之意圖。此類脈絡資訊可包括例如在音訊串流中表示使用者話語的候選文字表示之中的一或多個關係。
作為圖13A所示的一個實例，在裝置1320上操作的虛擬助理(例如，虛擬助理1000)接收一音訊串流1312。音訊串流1312可包括一第一話語(例如，「你知道warriors上一場比賽表現出色。」)及一第二話語(例如，「下一場比賽在何時，Siri？」)。基於音訊串流1312，可產生候選文字表示以表示包括在音訊串流1312中的話語。虛擬助理可(例如，使用FTM 840)判定該第一話語(例如，「你知道warriors上一場比賽表現出色。」)的候選文字表示不包括一語彙觸發，且該第一個話語很可能非導引至虛擬助理。因此，為了產生候選意圖之目的，虛擬助理可判定該第一話語的候選文字表示待被忽略。在一些實施例中，當為了產生候選意圖之目的而使該第一話語的候選文字表示被忽略時，仍然保持以供判定多個候選文字表示之中的關係。
繼續圖13A所示之實例，虛擬助理可(例如，使用FTM 840)判定該第二話語的候選文字表示(例如，「下一場比賽在何時，Siri？」)包括語彙觸發，且因此第二話語很可能被導引至虛擬助理。因此，候選文字表示之一第二話語待被忽略。因此，虛擬助理基於該第二話語的候選文字表示而產生一候選意圖，且判定該候選意圖是否係一可採取動作之意圖。如上文所述，為了判定候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖，在一些實施例中，虛擬助理可根據可採取動作之意圖來判定是否執行一任務。可基於該第二話語的候選文字表示，及基於指示候選文字表示之中關係的脈絡資訊，判定是否可執行一任務。
如上文所述，在音訊串流1312中之第二話語的候選文字表示可包含「下一場比賽在何時，Siri？」僅基於該候選文字表示，虛擬助理可能無法判定是否可執行一任務，因為該候選文字表示未指示使用者是指哪場比賽。在一些實例中，虛擬助理可判定相鄰候選文字表示之中的關係。例如，虛擬助
理判定該第一話語(例如，「你知道warriors上一場比賽表現出色。」)的候選文字表示在語義、話題及/或時間方面與第二話語(例如，下一場比賽在何時，Siri？」)的候選文字表示相關聯。因此，虛擬助理可使用與候選文字表示之中關係相關聯的脈絡資訊來判定是否可執行一任務。在本實例中，脈絡資訊指示使用者1310在使用者1310詢問「下一場比賽在何時，Siri？」時，很可能是指Golden State Warriors比賽。因此，虛擬助理判定可基於脈絡資訊來執行一任務(例如，藉由搜尋網際網路而可執行獲得Warriors比賽排程的任務)，從而判定候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖。因此，虛擬助理可執行可採取動作之意圖且提供例如音訊及/或視覺輸出1326，諸如「Golden State Warriors下一場比賽定於明天5：30pm舉行」。
現在轉到圖13B，亦可使用與多個音訊串流之中的關係(例如，語義、話題及/或時間)相關聯的脈絡資訊來判定二或更多個音訊串流是否在同一音訊工作階段中。參照圖13B，在裝置1320上操作的虛擬助理(例如，圖10所示之虛擬助理1000)接收包括諸如「Warriors比賽得幾分？」之話語的一第一音訊串流1342。類似於上文所述者，虛擬助理產生第一音訊串流1342的一候選文字表示、判定該候選文字表示非待被忽略、產生一候選意圖、判定該候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖，且提供音訊及/或視覺輸出1346，諸如「Warriors戰勝Knicks，得分是123比112」。
在一些實施例中，虛擬助理輸出對應於第一音訊串流1342的可採取動作之意圖的執行結果時或之後，在裝置1320上操作的虛擬助理接收包括諸如「下一場比賽是何時？」之話語的一第二音訊串流1344。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理產生候選文字表示以表示第二音訊串流1344。可執行第二音訊串
流1344的候選文字表示的產生，而不論第二音訊串流1344是否包括一語彙觸發。例如，虛擬助理可判定接收第二音訊串流1344與執行對應於第一音訊串流1342的可採取動作之意圖之間的時間關係。虛擬助理進一步判定指示在始於執行該可採取動作之意圖的臨限時期內接收到第二音訊串流1344的時間關係，且因此產生第二音訊串流1344的候選文字表示不需要第二音訊串流1344中的語彙觸發。
在產生第二音訊串流1344的候選文字表示之後，在裝置1320上操作的虛擬助理可判定第二音訊串流1344是否係包括第一音訊串流1342的同一音訊工作階段之一部分。虛擬助理可判定第一音訊串流1322及第二音訊串流1344的各別候選文字表示之中的關係。例如，虛擬助理判定第一音訊串流1322(例如，「Warriors比賽得幾分？」)的候選文字表示在語義、話題及/或時間方面與第二音訊串流(例如，「下一場比賽是何時？」)的候選文字表示相關聯。因此，虛擬助理可使用與第一音訊串流的各別候選文字表示之中的關係相關聯的脈絡資訊來判定音訊串流是否在同一音訊工作階段中。在圖13B所示之實例中，虛擬助理判定第二音訊串流1344係包括第一音訊串流1322的同一音訊工作階段之一部分，此係因為該等音訊串流的各別候選文字表示在語義及/或話題方面相關。根據此類判定，虛擬助理：基於第二音訊串流1322的候選文字表示而產生候選意圖；判定候選意圖是否係一可採取動作之意圖；且若是，則執行可採取動作之意圖。因此，虛擬助理提供音訊及/或視覺輸出1348，諸如「Golden State Warriors下一場比賽定於明天5：30pm舉行」。
圖14A至圖14D繪示用於使用脈絡資訊從複數個任務中選擇任務之例示性使用者介面。如上文所述，可將先前執行結果及/或脈絡資訊提供給
虛擬助理的一或多個模組或組件(例如，圖10所示之虛擬助理1000的FTM 840及CIE 860)。在一些實施例中，為了選擇要執行的一或多個任務之目的，可提供脈絡資訊給任務執行模組880。請參照圖14A，在裝置1420上操作的虛擬助理接收包括話語諸如「Siri，播放一些音樂。」的一第一音訊串流1412。類似於上文關於圖12A所述者，虛擬助理判定音訊串流1412包括一語彙觸發、產生一候選文字表示、判定該候選文字表示非待被忽略、產生一候選意圖、判定該候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖、及執行該可採取動作之意圖。因此，虛擬助理開始播放音樂及選用地提供一音訊及/或視覺輸出1424，例如「這裡有您可能喜歡的一些音樂」。
參照圖14B，在一些實施例中，在虛擬助理正在執行先前判定可採取動作之意圖(例如，播放音樂)時，虛擬助理接收一第二音訊串流1414。第二音訊串流1414亦可包括另一使用者請求，該使用者請求與第一音訊串流1412可能在語義或話題方面不相關。例如，第二音訊串流1414包括諸如「我想發送訊息給我的妻子，Siri」之話語。在裝置1420上操作的虛擬助理可重複類似於上文描述之程序並且執行基於第二音訊串流1414而導出的一第二可採取動作之意圖。因此，虛擬助理使裝置1420顯示例如用於撰寫文字訊息的文字訊息使用者介面1426。
轉到圖14C，在一些實施例中，在執行先前判定可採取動作之意圖(例如，播放音樂及顯示用於撰寫文字訊息的文字訊息使用者介面)時，在裝置1420上操作的虛擬助理接收一第三音訊串流1416。第三音訊串流1416與先前判定可採取動作之意圖中之一或兩者的執行相關。例如，第三音訊串流1416可包括諸如「停止」之話語。基於第三音訊串流1416，虛擬助理可例如判
定停止目前播放之音樂的一第一候選意圖及停止撰寫文字訊息的一第二候選意圖。虛擬助理可進一步判定該第一候選意圖及第二候選意圖皆係一可採取動作之意圖，此係因為可執行各別任務。
在一些實施例中，若存在複數個可採取動作之意圖，則虛擬助理從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的複數個任務中選擇要執行的單一任務。在一些實施例中，可基於脈絡資訊來選擇單一任務以用於執行。例如，該虛擬助理獲得與由該虛擬助理所起始之一最近任務相關聯的脈絡資訊，並根據此類脈絡資訊選擇單一任務以用於執行。在上述實例中，由該虛擬助理所起始的最近任務係顯示用於撰寫文字訊息的使用者介面。因此，基於與顯示用於撰寫文字訊息的使用者介面的該最近任務相關聯的該脈絡資訊，虛擬助理釐清一第三音訊串流1416中包括的使用者請求且選擇停止或取消撰寫文字訊息的任務。選用地，如圖14C所示，虛擬助理可提供音訊及/或視覺輸出1432，諸如「OK，取消發送給您的妻子的訊息」。
在一些實施例中，若存在複數個可採取動作之意圖，則虛擬助理基於使用者選擇而從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的複數個任務中選擇要執行的單一任務。此展示在圖14D中，其中虛擬助理輸出複數個任務選項。例如，虛擬助理提供提示使用者1410選擇任務的音訊及/或視覺輸出1434(例如，「您是否想要停止音樂或取消發送給您的妻子的訊息？」)。虛擬助理在音訊串流1418(例如，「停止音樂」)中接收使用者選擇，且基於使用者選擇來執行該任務。選用地，如圖14D所示，虛擬助理可提供音訊及/或視覺輸出1436，諸如「音樂停止」。
在一些實施例中，若存在複數個可採取動作之意圖，則虛擬助理基於與該複數個任務之各者相關聯的優先順序，而從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的複數個任務中選擇要執行的單一任務。例如，虛擬助理(例如，虛擬助理1000)可接收包括話語之一第一音訊串流，諸如「今天天氣如何，Siri？」。虛擬助理回應之前，虛擬助接收包括話語的一第二音訊串流，諸如「有車禍！Siri，請撥911！」基於音訊串流，虛擬助理判定獲得天氣資訊的一第一可採取動作之意圖及進行緊急呼叫的一第二可採取動作之意圖。在一些實施例中，虛擬助理可判定與該複數個任務之各者相關聯的一優先順序及基於與該等所判定優先順序來選擇該任務。在以上實例中，在接收該第一音訊串流之後接收到該第二音訊串流時，虛擬助理判定與撥緊急呼叫911的該第二可採取動作之意圖相關聯的任務的優先順序高於與獲得天氣資訊的該第一可採取動作之意圖相關聯的任務。因此，虛擬助理選擇與該第二可採取動作之意圖相關聯的任務以用於執行(例如，撥緊急呼叫911)。
雖然上文所述之各種實施例係關於特定類型的脈絡資訊，但應當理解，所描述之技術亦可使用任何類型的脈絡資訊，如於2017年9月1日申請之美國專利申請案第15/694,267號「Methods and Systems for Customizing Suggestions Using User-specific Information」中所描述，該案之全文以引用方式併入本文中。
圖15A至圖15G繪示根據各種實施例之用於操作用於提供自然語言互動之虛擬助理的程序1500。例如使用實施虛擬助理的一或多個電子裝置
來執行程序1500。在一些實例中，使用主從式系統(例如，系統100)來執行程序1500，且依任何方式在伺服器(例如，DA伺服器106)與客戶端裝置之間塊劃分程序1500的方塊。在其他實例中，在伺服器與複數個客戶端裝置之間(例如，行動電話及智慧型手錶)劃分程序1500的方塊。因此，雖然程序1500之部分在本文中描述為由主從式系統之特定裝置予以執行，然而將理解，程序1500未如此受限制。在其他實例中，程序1500僅使用客戶端裝置(例如，使用者裝置104、200、400、600、900、1120、1220、1320或1420)或僅使用多個客戶端裝置予以執行。在程序1500中，選用地組合一些方塊，選用地改變一些方塊的順序，及選用地省略一些方塊。在一些實例中，可結合程序1500來執行額外步驟。
如上文所述，總是需要在來自使用者的話語之開始部分處使用觸發片語會導致人機互動變得累贅及導致人機使用者介面較不自然且較無效率。本申請案中所述之技術(包括程序1500所表示者)消除或減少每句使用者話語用觸發片語作為導言的此要求。而是，觸發字或片語可放置在可包括一或多個使用者話語的音訊串流之任何部分中。此外，本申請案中所述之技術不需要使用包括複數個字(例如「嘿，Siri」)的觸發片語。可使用單一字(例如「Siri」)來指示包括使用者話語的音訊串流被導引至虛擬助理。這使得溝通更加自然。因此，本發明技術增強裝置的可操作性且使得使用者裝置介面更有效率，另外，藉由使得使用者能夠更快且有效率地使用該裝置，降低裝置的電力使用且改善裝置的電池壽命。
請參照圖15A，在方塊1502，一第一音訊串流(例如，如圖9所示之音訊串流912)包括經由一麥克風接收一或多個話語。在方塊1504，判定
該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發。在一些實施例中，該語彙觸發係一單一字語彙觸發。在一些實施例中，該第一音訊串流包括一第一話語，且該單一字語彙觸發定位在除該第一話語之開始部分之外的該第一話語之一部分。作為圖9所描述的實例，語彙觸發(例如，「Siri」)定位在話語的結束(例如，「開燈，Siri」)。
在方塊1506，為了判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發，偵測該第一音訊串流之一開始點。作為偵測該第一音訊串流之該開始點的一個實例，在方塊1508，偵測到在接收該第一音訊串流之前無語音活動。在方塊1510，判定在接收該第一音訊串流之前是否無語音活動超過一第一臨限時期。在方塊1512，根據該無語音活動超過該第一臨限時期之一判定，基於在接收該第一音訊串流之前無語音活動，而判定該第一音訊串流之該開始點。
在方塊1514，為了判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發，偵測該第一音訊串流之一結束點。作為偵測該第一音訊串流之該結束點的一個實例，在方塊1516，經由該麥克風偵測在接收該第一音訊串流之一或多個話語之後無語音活動。在方塊1518，判定在接收該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之後是否無語音活動超過一第二臨限時期。在方塊1520，根據在接收該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之後無語音活動超過該第二臨限時期之一判定，基於在接收該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之後無語音活動，而判定該第一音訊串流之該結束點。
作為偵測該第一音訊串流之該結束點的另一實例，在方塊1522，獲得電子裝置經組態以接收該第一音訊串流的一預組態持續時間。請參
照圖15B，在方塊1524，基於該第一音訊串流之該所偵測開始點及該預組態持續時間，而判定該第一音訊串流之該結束點。
作為偵測該第一音訊串流之該結束點的另一實例，在方塊1526，判定表示該第一音訊串流之該所接收一或多個話語的一音訊檔案之一大小。在方塊1528，比較該音訊檔案之該大小與儲存該音訊檔案的一緩衝器之一容量。在方塊1530，基於比較該音訊檔案之該大小與儲存該音訊檔案的該緩衝器之該容量的一結果而判定該第一音訊串流之該結束點。上文關於例如圖8及圖9詳細描述偵測音訊串流之開始點及結束點的各種實施例。
在方塊1532，為了判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發(例如，「Siri」)，判定該第一音訊串流之該開始點與該結束點之間是否包括一語彙觸發。
在方塊1534，根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示。如上文關於圖8所述，可由自然語言引擎(例如NLE 820)產生候選文字表示。
在方塊1536，為了產生一或多個候選文字表示，執行該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之各者的話音轉文字轉換。例如，可執行圖9所示之音訊串流912之該等話語之各者的話音轉文字轉換，來產生包括第一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)及第二候選文字表示(例如，「開燈，Siri」)的候選文字表示。在方塊1538，判定對應於該一或多個候選文字表示的信賴度等級。
請參照圖15C，在方塊1540，判定該一或多個候選文字表示的至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略。在方塊1542，為了判定該一
或多個候選文字表示的至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略，判定該至少一個候選文字表示是否包括該語彙觸發。在方塊1544，根據該至少一個候選文字表示不包括該語彙觸發之一判定，估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的一可能性。如上文所述，在圖9所示之實例中，在裝置900上操作的虛擬助理之FTM判定一候選文字表示(例如，「外面暗了」)不包括一語彙觸發。此外，使用決策樹，虛擬助理之FTM可估計與該特定第一候選文字表示對應的話語非導引至該虛擬助理。
作為估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性的一個實例，在方塊1546，獲得與該虛擬助理之使用模式(例如，在特定時間詢問特定問題的頻率，如圖10及圖11A所示)。在方塊1548，基於與該虛擬助理之該使用模式相關聯的該脈絡資訊來估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性。
作為估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性的另一實例，在方塊1550，從通訊地耦接至電子裝置的一或多個感測器獲得感測資料(例如，如上所述之位置資料)。在方塊1552，基於感測資料，估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性。
作為估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性的另一實例，判定候選文字表示符合對應於對虛擬助理的經辨識/有效請求的語言模型(language model,LM)及/或脈絡無關文法(context free grammar,CFG)的程度。例如，諸如「吃蔬菜」之候選文字表示可具有對LM及/或CFG的低符合程度，且因此不太可能被導引至虛擬助理。諸如「預訂
兩人座的桌子」之另一候選文字表示可具有對LM及/或CFG的高符合程度，且因此更可能被導引至虛擬助理。
在方塊1554，基於該所估計可能性，判定該一或多個候選文字表示的該至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略。如上文關於圖11A所述之一個實例，基於指示使用者經常在約6AM向虛擬助理詢問股價，且目前時間為約6AM，虛擬助理可估計話語「而且你知道股價是多少嗎？」非導引至虛擬助理的可能性低(例如，不滿足臨限值)。因此，虛擬助理基於該所估計可能性來判定特定候選文字表示非待被忽略。
請參照圖15D，在方塊1556，根據至少一個候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，基於除待忽略至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖。為了產生候選意圖，在方塊1558，獲得對應於該一或多個話語的該一或多個候選文字表示的一或多個預減輕意圖。在方塊1560，從該一或多個預減輕意圖中選擇對應於除待忽略之至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的該一或多個候選意圖。如上文關於圖10所述，可由FTM(例如，FTM 1044)產生候選意圖。
在方塊1562，判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖。在方塊1564，為了判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖，針對該一或多個候選意圖之各者，判定是否可執行一任務。如上文所述，在一些實施例中，可由CIE(例如，圖10所示之CIE 860)執行此類判定。作為判定是否可執行一任務的一個實例，在方塊1566，獲得與該虛擬助理之一使用模式相關聯的脈絡資訊。在方塊1568，基於與虛擬助理之該
使用模式相關聯的該脈絡資訊，判定是否可執行該任務。上文關於圖11B圖解闡釋基於使用模式的此類判定的一個實例。
作為判定是否可執行一任務的另一實例，在方塊1570，獲得與由該虛擬助理所執行之先前任務相關聯的脈絡資訊。在方塊1572，基於由該虛擬助理所執行之該先前任務相關聯的該脈絡資訊，判定是否可執行該任務。上文關於圖12A至圖12D圖解闡釋基於由該虛擬助理所執行之先前任務相關聯的此類判定的一個實例。
參照圖15E，判定是否可執行該任務的另一實例，在方塊1574，判定一或多個候選文字表示之中的一或多個關係。在方塊1576，基於該一或多個候選文字表示之中的該一或多個關係來判定是否可執行該任務。上文關於圖13A至圖13B示基於一或多個關係的此類判定的一個實例。
作為判定是否可執行一任務的另一實例，在方塊1578，從通訊地耦接至電子裝置的一或多個感測器獲得感測資料(例如，位置資料)。在方塊1580，基於該感測資料來執行來判定是否可執行該任務。
作為判定是否可執行該任務之另一實例，在方塊1582，估計與執行該任務相關聯的一信賴度等級。在方塊1584，判定與執行該任務相關聯的該信賴度等級是否滿足一臨限信賴度等級。在方塊1586，根據與執行該任務相關聯的該信賴度等級滿足該臨限信賴度等級之一判定，判定可執行該任務。
在方塊1588，根據可執行該任務之一判定，判定該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖。例如，如上文關於圖11A所描述，基於脈絡資訊(例如，使用模式及時間)，虛擬助理判定獲得股價之一特定候選意圖係一可採取動作之意圖。
在方塊1590，根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖。在方塊1592，根據該至少一個可採取動作之意圖而執行一或多個任務。
請參照圖15F，為了執行至少一個可採取動作之意圖，在方塊1594，從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的複數個任務選擇一第一任務以用於執行。作為選擇該第一任務以用於執行的一個實例，在方塊1596，獲得與由該虛擬助理所起始之一最近任務相關聯的脈絡資訊(例如，顯示用於撰寫文字訊息的使用者介面，如圖14B所繪示)。在方塊1598，基於與由該虛擬助理所執行之先前任務相關聯的該脈絡資訊而選擇該第一任務。
作為選擇該第一任務以用於執行的一個實例，在方塊1600，輸出對應於與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的該複數個任務的複數個任務選項。在方塊1602，從該複數個任務選項接收一使用者選擇。在方塊1604，基於該使用者選擇來選擇該第一任務以用於執行。上文關於圖14D圖解闡釋基於一使用者選擇來選擇一任務以用於執行。
作為選擇執行該第一任務以用於執行的一個實例，在方塊1606，判定與該複數個任務之各者相關聯的一優先順序。在方塊1608，基於與該複數個任務之各者相關聯的該優先順序來選擇該第一任務以用於執行。在方塊1610，執行該所選取之第一任務。如上文所述，選擇具有較高優先順序(例如，撥緊急呼叫)的任務而優先於具有較低優先順序(例如，報告天氣資訊)的任務。
在方塊1612，輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
請參照圖15G，在方塊1614，在執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖後，經由該麥克風接收一第二音訊串流。在方塊1616，產生一或多個第二候選文字表示以表示該第二音訊串流。在方塊1618，基於該一或多個第二候選文字表示，判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的一音訊工作階段之一部分。
在方塊1620，作為判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的一音訊工作階段之一部分的一個實例，獲得與執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的脈絡資訊。在方塊1622，根據與執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的該脈絡資訊，判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分。
在方塊1624，作為判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的一音訊工作階段之一部分的一個實例，判定該第一音訊串流與該第二音訊串流的各別候選文字表示之中的一關係。在方塊1626，基於該第一音訊串流與該第二音訊串流的各別候選文字表示之中的該關係，判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分。
在方塊1628，根據該第二音訊串流係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分之一判定，基於該一或多個第二候選文字表示而產生一或多個第二候選意圖。
在方塊1630，判定該一或多個第二候選意圖是否包括至少一個第二可採取動作之意圖。在方塊1632，根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖。在方塊
1634，輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。上文關於圖12A至圖12D描述圖15G所繪示之程序的實例。
為了解釋之目的，前文描述已參照具體實施例進行描述。然而，上文描述性論述非意圖窮舉或使本發明限於所揭示之精確形式。鑑於上述教示，許多修改及變化例係可行的。實施例經選擇及描述以最佳解釋技術原理及其實務應用。從而，所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者能夠最佳地利用技術及各種實施例，且設想適合特定用途的各種修改。
雖然已參照隨附圖式完整地描述本揭露及實例，須注意，各種變化例及修改對所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者將係顯而易見的。應理解，此類變化例及修改包括在由隨附申請專利範圍所界定之本揭露及實例的範疇內。
如上文所述，本技術之一個態樣是蒐集及使用來自各種來源的資料(例如，與虛擬助理或裝置之使用模式相關聯的脈絡資訊)以改善人機介面以提供更自然語言互動。本揭露設想，在某些情況中，所蒐集資料可包括個人資訊資料及唯一識別或可用於連絡或定位特定人。此類個人資料可包括人口資料、基於位置的資料、電話號碼、電子郵件位址、twitter ID、住址、與使用者健康或體適能相關的資料或記錄(例如，生命體徵測量、用藥資訊、運動資訊等)、出生日期、或任何其他識別資訊。
本揭露認知到，在本技術中，此類個人資訊資料之使用可用來對使用者有益。例如，可使用個人資訊資料來遞送使用者較關注的經定目標內容。據此，使用此類個人資訊資料實現所遞送之內容的經計算控制。進一步，本揭露亦設想有益於使用者的個人資訊資料之其他用途。例如，健康及健身資
料可用於提供使用者一般健康的洞察，或可用作為給使用技術以追求健康目標的個人之積極正回饋。
本揭露進一步設想，負責此類個人資訊資料之收集、分析、揭露、傳送、儲存、或其他使用的實體將遵循經妥善制定之隱私權政策及/或隱私權作法。具體而言，此類實體應實施及一致地使用一般認知為符合或超過產業或政府對維持個人資訊資料隱私及安全之要求的隱私權政策及隱私權作法。此類策略應係使用者可輕易觸及的，且應隨著資料收集及/或使用的改變而更新。應收集來自使用者的個人資訊以供實體合法且合理使用且不分享或出售而超過彼等合法使用。進一步，此類收集/分享應僅發生在接收到使用者的知情同意(informed consent)之後。此外，此類實體將採取任何必要步驟來保障並保護存取此類個人資訊資料的安全，並且確保可存取個人資訊資料的其他者遵守其等之隱私權政策及程序。進一步，可由第三方評鑑此類實體本身，以認證該等實體遵守廣泛接受之隱私權政策及隱私權作法。此外，政策及實踐應經調適以用於收集及/或存取特定類型的個人資訊收集，且經調適以符合適用法律及標準，包括特定管轄考量。例如，在美國，收集及/或存取某些健康資料可受到聯邦及/或州法律的監管，諸如健康保險隱私及責任法案(Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act,HIPAA)；而其他國家的健康資料可受制於其他條例及政策，且應據此處置。因此，應在各國家針對不同個人資料類型維護隱私權實施條例。
儘管有前述內文，本揭露亦設想其中使用者選擇性封鎖對個人資訊資料之使用或存取的實施例。即，本揭露設想，可提供硬體及/或軟體元件以防止或封鎖對此類個人資訊資料之存取。例如，在收集使用者活動的使用模
式的情況中，本技術可經組態以允許使用者在此類收集之前或期間選擇「加入」或「退出」參與個人資訊資料之收集。作為另一實例，使用者可選擇不提供或分享使用者活動資訊。作為另一實例，使用者可選擇限制維護使用者活動資訊的時間長度，或完全禁止基於活動資訊來開發使用模式。除了提供「加入」及「退出」選項外，本揭露亦設想提供與存取或使用個人資訊相關的通知。例如，可在下載應用程式後向使用者通知該應用程式將存取其個人資訊資料，然後在應用程式存取個人資訊資料之前再次提醒使用者。
此外，本揭露的意圖是應以使無意或未經授權存取或使用之風險降至最低的方式來管理及處置個人資訊資料。可藉由限制資料收集及一旦不再需要即刪除資料來使風險降至最低。此外，且當適用時，包括在某些健康相關應用中，資料去識別化(de-identification)可用於保護使用者隱私。可藉由移除特定識別符(例如，出生日期等)、控制所儲存的資料量或明確性(例如，收集城市層級的位置資料，而不是在地址層級)、控制儲存資料的方式(例如，彙總跨使用者的資料)及/或其他方法來促進身份識別。
因此，雖然本揭露廣義地涵蓋使用個人資訊資料來實施一或多個各種所揭露實施例，但本揭露亦設想實施各種實施例而無需存取此類個人資訊資料。即，本技術之各種實施例不會由於缺少此類個人資訊資料之全部或部分而不可操作。例如，可基於非個人資訊資料或最低限度的個人資訊(諸如與使用者相關聯的裝置所請求之內容)、虛擬助理可取得的其他非個人資訊、或可公開獲得的資訊來評估使用者話語被導引至虛擬助理的可能性。
810:輸入模組
812:緩衝器
814:語音活動偵測器
820:自然語言引擎
840:偽觸發減輕器(FTM)
860:候選意圖評估器(CIE)
862:任務流程處理模組
864:對話處理模組
880:任務執行模組
900:裝置
1000:虛擬助理
1022:候選文字表示
1044:執行結果及脈絡資訊
Claims (30)
- 一種用於藉由一虛擬助理來提供自然語言互動之方法，該方法包含：在具有一或多個處理器、記憶體、及一麥克風之一電子裝置處：經由該麥克風接收包括一或多個話語(utterances)之一第一音訊串流；判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙(lexical)觸發；根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示；判定該一或多個候選文字表示的一第一候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略；根據該第一候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，基於該一或多個候選文字表示的一第二候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖(intent)，其中產生該一或多個候選意圖包含：獲得對應於該一或多個話語之該一或多個候選文字表示之一或多個預減輕意圖(pre-mitigation intent)；及從該一或多個預減輕意圖選擇對應於該第二候選文字表示之該一或多個候選意圖，其中對應於該第一候選文字表示之一預減輕意圖指示對應於該第一候選文字表示之一話語不導引(not directed)至該虛擬助理；基於該第一候選文字表示與該第二候選文字表示之間之一關係以判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖(actionable intent)；根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖；及 輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
- 如請求項1之方法，其中該語彙觸發係一單一字語彙觸發。
- 如請求項2之方法，其中該第一音訊串流包括一第一話語，且其中該單一字語彙觸發定位在除該第一話語之開始部分之外的該第一話語之一部分中。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發包含：偵測該第一音訊串流之一開始點；偵測該第一音訊串流之一結束點；及判定該第一音訊串流之該開始點與該結束點之間是否包括一語彙觸發。
- 如請求項4之方法，其中偵測該第一音訊串流之該開始點包含：經由該麥克風偵測在接收該第一音訊串流之前無語音活動；判定在接收該第一音訊串流之前是否無語音活動超過一第一臨限時期；及根據無語音活動超過該第一臨限時期之一判定，基於在接收該第一音訊串流之前無語音活動，而判定該第一音訊串流之該開始點。
- 如請求項4之方法，其中偵測該第一音訊串流之該結束點包含：經由該麥克風偵測在接收該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之後無語音活動；判定在接收該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之後是否無語音活動超過一第二臨限時期；及 根據在接收該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之後無語音活動超過該第二臨限時期之一判定，基於在接收該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之後無語音活動，而判定該第一音訊串流之該結束點。
- 如請求項4之方法，其中偵測該第一音訊串流之該結束點包含：獲得該電子裝置經組態以接收該第一音訊串流的一預組態持續時間；及基於所偵測之該第一音訊串流之該開始點及該預組態持續時間，而判定該第一音訊串流之該結束點。
- 如請求項4之方法，其中偵測該第一音訊串流之該結束點包含：判定表示所接收之該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語的一音訊檔案之一大小；比較該音訊檔案之該大小與儲存該音訊檔案的一緩衝器之一容量；及基於比較該音訊檔案之該大小與儲存該音訊檔案的該緩衝器之該容量的一結果而判定該第一音訊串流之該結束點。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語包括非導引至該虛擬助理的至少一個話語。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示包含：執行該第一音訊串流之該一或多個話語之各者的話音轉文字轉換，以產生該一或多個候選文字表示；及判定對應於該一或多個候選文字表示的信賴度等級。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中判定該一或多個候選文字表示的該至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略包含： 判定該至少一個候選文字表示是否包括該語彙觸發；及根據該至少一個候選文字表示不包括該語彙觸發之一判定，估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的一可能性；及基於所估計之該可能性，判定該一或多個候選文字表示的該至少一個候選文字表示是否待被該虛擬助理忽略。
- 如請求項11之方法，其中估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性包含：獲得與該虛擬助理之一使用模式相關聯的脈絡資訊；及基於與該虛擬助理之該使用模式相關聯的該脈絡資訊來估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性。
- 如請求項11之方法，其中估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性包含：從通訊地耦接至該電子裝置的一或多個感測器獲得感測資料；及基於感測資料，估計對應於該至少一個候選文字表示的該話語非導引至該虛擬助理的該可能性。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中基於除待忽略之該至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的該等候選文字表示而產生該一或多個候選意圖包含：獲得對應於該一或多個話語的該一或多個候選文字表示的一或多個預減輕意圖；及從該一或多個預減輕意圖選擇對應於除待忽略之該至少一個候選文字表示之外的該一或多個候選文字表示的該一或多個候選意圖。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖包含：針對該一或多個候選意圖之各者，判定是否可執行一任務；及根據可執行該任務之一判定，判定該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖。
- 如請求項15之方法，其中判定是否可執行該任務包含：獲得與該虛擬助理之一使用模式相關聯的脈絡資訊；及基於與該虛擬助理之該使用模式相關聯的該脈絡資訊來判定是否可執行該任務。
- 如請求項15之方法，其中判定是否可執行該任務包含：獲得與由該虛擬助理所執行之一先前任務相關聯的脈絡資訊；及基於與由該虛擬助理所執行之該先前任務相關聯的該脈絡資訊來判定是否可執行該任務。
- 如請求項15之方法，其中判定是否可執行該任務包含：判定該一或多個候選文字表示之中的一或多個關係；基於該一或多個候選文字表示之中的該一或多個關係來判定是否可執行該任務。
- 如請求項15之方法，其中判定是否可執行該任務包含：從通訊地耦接至該電子裝置的一或多個感測器獲得感測資料；及基於該感測資料來執行來判定是否可執行該任務。
- 如請求項15之方法，其中判定是否可執行該任務包含：估計與執行該任務相關聯的一信賴度等級； 判定與執行該任務相關聯的該信賴度等級是否滿足一臨限信賴度等級；及根據與執行該任務相關聯的該信賴度等級滿足該臨限信賴度等級之一判定，判定可執行該任務。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖包含：根據該至少一個可採取動作之意圖而執行一或多個任務。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中該一或多個候選意圖包括複數個可採取動作之意圖，且其中執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖包含：從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的複數個任務選擇一第一任務以用於執行；及執行所選取之該第一任務。
- 如請求項22之方法，其中從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的該複數個任務選擇該第一任務以用於執行包含：獲得與由該虛擬助理所起始之一最近任務相關聯的脈絡資訊；及基於與由該虛擬助理所執行之一先前任務相關聯的該脈絡資訊而選擇該第一任務。
- 如請求項22之方法，其中從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的該複數個任務選擇該第一任務以用於執行包含：輸出對應於與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的該複數個任務的複數個任務選項；從該複數個任務選項接收一使用者選擇；及基於該使用者選擇而選擇該第一任務。
- 如請求項22之方法，其中從與該複數個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的該複數個任務選擇該第一任務以用於執行包含：判定與該複數個任務之各者相關聯的一優先順序；及基於與該複數個任務之各者相關聯的該優先順序來選擇該第一任務以用於執行。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法，其中該一或多個程式包含用於下列的進一步指令：在執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖後，經由該麥克風接收一第二音訊串流；產生一或多個第二候選文字表示以表示該第二音訊串流；基於該一或多個第二候選文字表示，判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的一音訊工作階段之一部分；根據該第二音訊串流係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分之一判定，基於該一或多個第二候選文字表示而產生一或多個第二候選意圖；判定該一或多個第二候選意圖是否包括至少一個第二可採取動作之意圖；根據該一或多個第二候選意圖包括至少一個第二可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個第二可採取動作之意圖；及輸出執行該至少一個第二可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
- 如請求項26之方法，其中判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分包含：獲得與執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的脈絡資訊；及 基於與執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖相關聯的該脈絡資訊，判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分。
- 如請求項26之方法，其中判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分包含：判定該第一音訊串流與該第二音訊串流的各別候選文字表示之中的一關係；及基於該第一音訊串流與該第二音訊串流的各別候選文字表示之中的該關係，判定該第二音訊串流是否係包括該第一音訊串流的該音訊工作階段之一部分。
- 一種電子裝置，其包含：一或多個處理器；一麥克風；及記憶體，其儲存經組態以由該一或多個處理器執行的一或多個程式，該一或多個程式包括用於下列的指令：經由該麥克風接收包括一或多個話語之一第一音訊串流；判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發；根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示；判定該一或多個候選文字表示的一第一候選文字表示是否待被一虛擬助理忽略；根據該第一候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，基於該一或多個候選文字表示的一第二候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖，其中產生該一或多個候選意圖包含： 獲得對應於該一或多個話語之該一或多個候選文字表示之一或多個預減輕意圖；及從該一或多個預減輕意圖選擇對應於該第二候選文字表示之該一或多個候選意圖，其中對應於該第一候選文字表示之一預減輕意圖指示對應於該第一候選文字表示之一話語不導引至該虛擬助理；基於該第一候選文字表示與該第二候選文字表示之間之一關係以判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖；根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖；及輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
- 一種儲存經組態以由一電子裝置之一或多個處理器執行的一或多個程式之非暫時性電腦可讀儲存媒體，該一或多個程式包括用於下列的指令：經由一麥克風接收包括一或多個話語之一第一音訊串流；判定該第一音訊串流是否包括一語彙觸發；根據該第一音訊串流包括該語彙觸發之一判定，產生該一或多個話語的一或多個候選文字表示；判定該一或多個候選文字表示的一第一候選文字表示是否待被一虛擬助理忽略；根據該第一候選文字表示待被該虛擬助理忽略之一判定，基於該一或多個候選文字表示的一第二候選文字表示而產生一或多個候選意圖，其中產生該一或多個候選意圖包含： 獲得對應於該一或多個話語之該一或多個候選文字表示之一或多個預減輕意圖；及從該一或多個預減輕意圖選擇對應於該第二候選文字表示之該一或多個候選意圖，其中對應於該第一候選文字表示之一預減輕意圖指示對應於該第一候選文字表示之一話語不導引至該虛擬助理；基於該第一候選文字表示與該第二候選文字表示之間之一關係以判定該一或多個候選意圖是否包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖；根據該一或多個候選意圖包括至少一個可採取動作之意圖之一判定，執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖；及輸出執行該至少一個可採取動作之意圖的一結果。
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2018
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2019
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