JP4202250B2 - 血液脳関門輸送を調節するための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
血液脳関門輸送を調節するための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2001年7月25日出願の米国特許出願第60/308,002号の優先権を主張する。これらの内容は、これらの全体において、本明細書中に参考として各々援用される。
本発明は、化合物の血液脳関門輸送を調節するための組成物および方法に関する。さらに、本発明は、血液脳関門を横切る輸送を調節するのに有用な化合物を同定するためのスクリーニングアッセイを提供する。
1980年代初頭、メラノトランスフェリン(melanotransferrin(MTf))は、正常組織において発現されないか、またはわずかだけ発現するかのいずれかであるが、新生生物細胞(特に、悪性黒色腫細胞)および胎児組織において非常に多く見出される腫瘍胎児抗原として同定された(Woodburyら、P.N.A.S.USA,77:2183−2187(1980))。より最近では、正常組織(汗腺管、肝臓の内皮細胞および内皮ならびに脳の反応性ミクログリアを含む)において同定されているヒトMTfのさらなる報告が存在する(Jefferiesら、Brain Res.、712:122−126(1996);およびRothenbergerら、Brain Res.、712:117−121(1996))。興味深いことに、正常血清は非常に低レベルの可溶性循環MTfを含むが、増加した可溶性血清MTfは進行性アルツハイマー病を有する患者において見出された(Kennardら、Nat.Med.、2:1230−1235(1996);米国特許出願番号第5,981,194)。
本発明は、トランスサイトーシス、エンドサイトーシスおよび化合物の血液脳関門輸送を調節するための組成物および方法を提供する。さらに、本発明は、血液脳関門を横切る輸送を調節するため、そしてLRP(例えば、LRP1およびLRP1B)レセプターに結合した際にエンドサイトーシスまたはトランスサイトーシスを実施するような因子に結合体化した活性剤を送達するために有用な化合物を同定するためのスクリーニングアッセイを提供する。
(A.概要)
本発明は、メラノトランスフェリン(melanotransferrin)レセプターの活性を調節するための新規化合物、薬学的組成物および方法、ならびに、とりわけ、メラノトランスフェリン(「MTf」もしくは「p97」)またはLRP1の他のリガンド、およびより具体的にはLRP1Bと結合体化した活性薬剤の、トランスサイトーシス、エンドサイトーシスおよび血液脳関門輸送を調節するための、新規化合物、薬学的組成物および方法を提供する。このような化合物、組成物および方法を同定するためのスクリーニング方法もまた提供される。本発明は、脳毛細管内皮細胞(BCEC)に対するメラノトランスフェリンの結合が、ラクトフェリン(Lf)、RAPおよびβ−アミロイドタンパク質によって競合的に阻害されるが、トランスフェリン(Tf)またはウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)によっては有意に阻害されないという、本明細書中に初めて開示される発見に基づく。この結合スペクトルは、p97レセプターがLRPファミリーメンバーであることを確立する。この割り当ては、p97のトランスサイトーシスおよびエンドサイトーシスの機構の、本明細書中の特徴づけと一致する。
「メラノトランスフェリン」は、本明細書中で使用する場合、時折、「MTf」または「p97」と称される。本開示において使用される場合、MTfは、膜結合p97(すなわち、GPIアンカーまたはいくつかの他のアンカーに結合したp97)、分泌型p97、可溶性p97、切断型p97、p97の等価物であるp97のアナログ(ペプチド配列レベルで40%より高い相同性を有し、p97の対立遺伝子改変体を含む)、ヒト、マウス、ニワトリおよび/またはウサギのp97、ならびにこれらの誘導体、部分またはフラグメントを含む。p97は、酸性塩もしくは塩基性塩の形態であり得るか、またはその中性形態であり得る。さらに、個々のアミノ酸残基は、例えば、酸化または還元によって改変され得る。さらに、種々の置換、欠失または付加が、アミノ酸配列または核酸配列に対して作製され得、その正味の影響は、p97の所望の生物学的活性を保持または改善することである。コードの縮重性に起因して、例えば、同じアミノ酸配列をコードするヌクレオチド配列においてかなりのバリエーションが存在し得る。
本発明は、MTf−Rを用いるスクリーニングアッセイを提供する。このアッセイにおいて、化合物は、MTf−Rの測定可能な活性に影響を与えるそれらの能力について試験される。MTf−Rは、全細胞形式、細胞抽出物形式、準精製形式、精製形式、またはその活性の測定を可能にする任意の他の形式であり得る。活性は、MTf−Rの発現、機能、または分解における任意の活性であり得、例えば、このような活性の量または時期が挙げられる。例えば、このような活性としては、MTf−R遺伝子配列またはmRNA転写物の転写、転写プロセシング、翻訳、または転写安定性が挙げられる。例えば、このような活性としては、新たなMTf−Rの合成、MTf−Rの細胞下局在化、およびMTf−Rの生物学的活性の活性化が挙げられる。例えば、このような活性としては、物質に結合する、コンホメーションを採択する、反応を触媒する、既知のリガンドに結合するなどのMTf−Rの能力が挙げられる。例えば、このような活性としては、MTf−Rの量または安定性、プロセシング、およびMTf−Rの除去または分解などが挙げられる。好ましい実施形態において、スクリーニングにおいて使用するためのMTf−Rレセプターは、LPR1またはLPR1Bである。
別の実施形態において、本発明は、MTf−Rの生物学的活性を調節する化合物を使用して、メラノトランスフェリン結合治療因子(MTf−TA)の細胞への取り込み量を調節する方法に関する。特に、本発明は、脳へのMTf−TAの取り込みを増大する方法に関する。この方法は、MTf−Rの生物学的活性のモジュレーターを、MTf−TAと同時にかまたは連続してかのいずれかで投与する工程を包含する。あるいは、本発明は、脳へのMTf−TAの取り込みを低減する方法に関する。この方法は、MTf−Rの生物学的活性のモジュレーターを、MTf−TAと同時にかまたは連続してかのいずれかで投与する工程を包含する。好ましい実施形態において、これらの方法は、本明細書上記のスクリーニングアッセイを用いて最初に同定されるMTf−Rのモジュレーターを用いる。好ましい実施形態において、スクリーニングにおいて使用するためのMTf−Rレセプターは、LRP1またはLRP1Bである。
特定のMTf−RがLf−Rであるという驚くべき発見の結果として、それが、Lf−Rの生物学的活性のモジュレーターがMTfの生物学的活性と関連していることが公知の疾患プロセスに対する影響を有し得ることがここで発見された。このようにして、例えば、本発明のスクリーニングアッセイによって同定されるLf−Rのモジュレーターについての以下の用途が、ここで同定された。
本発明の別の実施形態において、MTf−Rタンパク質またはそのフラグメントを、それを必要とする動物に投与し、治療的または予防的結果をもたらすための方法を提供する。インビボでのMTf−Rタンパク質またはそのフラグメントは、MTfに結合し、そしてMTfの循環濃度を効果的に減少させる。この処置は、MTfの増大したレベルが疾患の進行(特に、アルツハイマー病)に関係することが既知の疾患において有用である(Kennardら,Nat.Med.2:1230−1235(1996);米国特許第5,981,194号を参照のこと)。診断ツールとしての、検出可能な標識で標識されたMTf−Rタンパク質またはそのフラグメントの投与は、被験体におけるMTfの位置または量を同定する。このようなツールは、より高いレベルのMTfを発現することが既知の腫瘍細胞を発見するために特に有用である。おそらく、強いβ放射粒子(例えば、特定のヨウ素またはイットリウムアイソトープ)によるMTf−Rの標識は、MTf−Rが結合する腫瘍細胞を死滅させるのを補助する。
MTf−Rの1つ以上のエピトープ、もしくはMTf−Rの保存された改変体のエピトープ、またはMTf−Rのペプチドフラグメントを特異的に認識する抗体もまた、本発明に含まれる。このような抗体としては、ポリクローナル抗体、モノクローナル抗体(mAb)、ヒト化抗体またはキメラ抗体、単鎖抗体、Fab抗体、F(ab’)2抗体、Fab発現ライブラリによって生成されるフラグメント、抗イディオタイプ(抗Id)抗体、および上記いずれかのエピトープ結合フラグメントが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
本発明はまた、MTf−R(例えば、LRP1またはLRP1B)mRNAまたは前駆体RNAへのハイブリダイゼーションに特異的な配列(すなわち、MTf−RまたはmRNAもしくは前駆体RNAに特異的または選択的にハイブリダイズする配列)を有するアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド配列の使用を包含する。当業者は、上記の既知のMTf−R mRNA配列に基づき、適切なアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド配列を容易に同定し得る。当業者は、それらの臨床的有用性を改善するオリゴヌクレオチドの化学特性に対する改変(例えば、ホスホロチオエート改変)を熟知している。MTf−Rアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドは、MTf−R発現を調節するため、特に、そのような発現をダウンレギュレートするために使用され得る化合物の例である。当業者はまた、同様の目的を達成するリボザイムを設計し得る。このような核酸を送達する方法は、以下に記載される。
本発明の特定の実施形態は、遺伝子治療法においてMTf−R遺伝子の使用を用いる。このような介入の目的は、MTf−R遺伝子の機能的なコピーを、それらを必要とする細胞に送達し、その細胞中でのMTf−Rタンパク質の転写ならびにその後の翻訳および発現を増大することである。当業者は、MTf−R遺伝子を含む遺伝子治療ベクターを送達するウイルス法、非ウイルス(すなわち、脂質に基づく)法、裸のDNA法、およびポリマー法を熟知している。このような方法は、当業者に公知であり、当業者に使用されているインビボまたはエキソビボ遺伝子治療技術を用い得る。
本発明はまた、神経学的疾患の診断に関する。この診断は、神経組織または非CNS標的器官に関連する任意の組織(例えば、肺、肝臓、腎臓、脾臓など)において、BBBで発現されるMTf−Rの量または活性を検出する工程を包含する。この診断方法は、MTf−Rに特異的な因子(すなわち、MTf−R抗体、リガンド(例えば、MTfもしくはLf)、またはMTf−Rに特異的に結合する別のリガンド)、および検出可能な結合体または標識(すなわち、テクネチウムまたはヨウ素の放射性同位体)を含む診断因子を使用する。当業者は、MTf−Rの量または位置の決定が関連する疾患または状態を同定し得る。MTf−Rが、本発明の結果として直接的に関連する疾患または状態(例えば、アルツハイマー病)が、最も好ましい。
多数のリガンドが、LDL−Rレセプターファミリーのメンバーに結合することが見出されている。これらのリガンドおよびそれらのレセプターは、表1〜3に示される。
本発明に従う活性薬剤としては、任意の生物学的プロセスに影響する薬剤が挙げられる。用語「薬物」または「治療剤」とは、治療的に有効な量で投与される場合、薬理学的活性を有するか、または健康のためになる活性薬剤をいう。薬物または治療剤の例としては、疾患もしくは状態の、予防、診断、軽減、処置、または治癒に用いられる物質が挙げられる。
抗菌剤、例えば:アミノグリコシド、例えば、アミカシン、アプラマイシン、アルベカシン、バンベルマイシン(bambermycin)、ブチロシン、ジベカシン、ジヒドロストレプトマイシン、フォーチミシン、ゲンタマイシン、イセパマイシン、カナマイシン、ミクロノマイシン、ネオマイシン、ネチルマイシン、パロモマイシン、リボスタマイシン、シソマイシン、スペクチノマイシン、ストレプトマイシン、トブラマイシン、トロスペクトマイシン(trospectomycin);アンフェニコール、例えば、アジダンフェニコール(azidamfenicol)、クロラムフェニコール、フロルフェニコール、およびテイマフェニコール(theimaphenicol);アンサマイシン、例えば、リファミド(rifamide)、リファンピン、リファマイシン、リファペンチン、リファキシミン;β−ラクタム、例えば、カルバセフェム、カルバペネム、セファロスポリン、セファマイシン(cehpamycin)、モノバクタム、オキサフェム、ペニシリン;リンコサミド(lincosamide)、例えば、クリナマイシン(clinamycin)、リンコマイシン;マクロライド、例えば、クラリスロマイシン、ダースロマイシン(dirthromycin)、エリスロマイシンなど;ポリペプチド、例えば、アンホマイシン、バシトラシン、カプレオマイシンなど;テトラサイクリン、例えば、アピサイクリン(apicycline)、クロロテトラサイクリン、クロモサイクリン(clomocyclin)など;合成抗菌剤、例えば、2,4−ジアミノピリミジン、ニトロフラン、キノロンおよびそのアナログ、スルホンアミド、スルホン;
抗真菌剤、例えば:ポリエン、例えば、アンホテリシンB、カンジシジン、ダーモスタチン(dermostatin)、フィリピン、フンギクロミン(fungichromin)、ハチマイシン(hachimycin)、ハミシン(hamycin)、ルセンソマイシン、メパルトリシン(mepartricin)、ナタマイシン、ナイスタチン、ペシロシン(pecilocin)、ペリマイシン(perimycin);合成抗真菌剤、例えば、アリルアミン、例えば、ブテナフィン、ナフチフィン、テルビナフィン;イミダゾール、例えば、ビフォナゾール、ブトコナゾール(butoconazole)、クロルダントイン、クロルミダゾール(chlormidazole)など、チオカルバメート、例えば、トルシクラート、トリアゾール、例えば、フルコナゾール、イトラコナゾール、ターコナゾール;
駆虫薬、例えば:アレコリン、アスピジン、アスピジノール、ジクロロフェン、エンベリン、コシン(kosin)、ナフタレン、ニクロサミド、ペレチエリン、キナクリン、アラントラクトン(alantolactone)、アモカルジン(amocarzine)、アモスカネート(amoscanate)、アスカリドール、ベフェニウム、ビトスカネート(bitoscanate)、カーボンテトラクロリド、カルバクロール、シクロベンダゾール、ジエチルカルバマジンなど;
抗マラリア薬、例えば:アセダプソン、アモジアキン、アルテエーテル、アルテメテル(artemether)、アルテミシニン、アルテスネート(artesunate)、アトバクォン(atovaquone)、ベベリン、ベルベリン、チラタ、クロルグアニド、クロロキン、クロルプロガウニル(chlorprogaunil)、キナ、シンコニジン、シンコニン、シクログアニル、ゲンチオピクリン、ハロファントリン(halofantrine)、ヒドロキシクロロキン、塩酸メフロキン、3−メチルアルサセチン、パマキン、プラスモシド(plasmocid)、プリマキン、ピリメタミン、キナクリン、キニジン、キニーネ、キノーシド、キノリン、第二砒酸ナトリウム;
抗原虫薬、例えば:アクラニル(acranil)、チニダゾール、イプロニダゾール、エチルスチバミン、ペンタミジン、アセタルゾン、アミニトロゾール(aminitrozole)、アニソマイシン、ニフラテル、チニダゾール、ベンジダゾール(benzidazole)、スラミンなど。
以下の米国特許に開示されるような、抗新生物剤:
1つの実施形態では、活性薬剤は、p97、またはLRPレセプターファミリー(例えば、LRP1、LRP1B)のモジュレーターもしくはリガンドに結合体化されるか、またはp97もしくはモジュレーター(例えば、p97に対する抗体)に特異的に結合し得る抗体である。さらなる実施形態では、この薬剤は、増殖因子、リンホカイン、酵素、または薬物のような、治療的活性を有する物質であり得る。本発明はまた、このような結合体を投与する工程を包含する、活性薬剤を血液脳関門を横切って送達する方法に関する。
いくつかの実施形態では、本発明に従う、結合体またはモジュレーターまたはLRPリガンドは、その検出を容易にするために標識される。「標識」または「検出可能な部分」とは、分光学的手段、光化学的手段、生化学的手段、免疫化学的手段、化学的手段、または他の物理的手段によって検出可能な組成物である。例えば、本発明における使用に適切な標識としては、例えば、以下が挙げられる:放射性標識(例えば、32P)、発蛍光団(例えば、フルオレセイン)、電子密度試薬、酵素(例えば、ELISAにおいて通常用いられるような)、ビオチン、ジゴキシゲニン、またはハプテン、および、例えば、放射性標識をハプテンもしくはペプチドへと組み込むことにより検出可能にされ得るか、またはハプテンもしくはペプチドと特異的に反応する抗体を検出するために用いられ得る、タンパク質。
用語「薬学的に受容可能なキャリア」は、標準的な薬学的キャリア、緩衝液、および賦形剤(リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水溶液、水、およびエマルジョン(例えば、油/水エマルジョンまたは水/油エマルジョン))のいずれか、ならびに種々の型の湿潤剤および/またはアジュバントを含む。適切な薬学的キャリアおよびそれらの処方物は、Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,第19版、1995)に記載される。好ましい薬学的キャリアは、活性薬剤の投与の意図される様式に依存する。投与の代表的な様式は、以下に記載される。
近年、新規な化合物リードの生成を補助するためのコンビナトリアル化学ライブラリーの使用に、注目が集中している。コンビナトリアル化学ライブラリーは、多数の化学的「構築ブロック(building block)」(例えば、試薬)を組み合わせることによって、化学合成または生物合成のいずれかによって生成される多岐の化合物の集合物である。例えば、線形コンビナトリアル化学ライブラリー(例えば、ポリペプチドライブラリー)が、アミノ酸と呼ばれる化学物質構築ブロックの組を、所定の化合物の長さ(すなわち、ポリペプチド化合物中のアミノ酸の数)のために可能なすべての様式で組み合わせることによって、形成される。数百万個の化合物が、化学物質構築ブロックのそのような組み合わせ混合を介して合成され得る。例えば、一解説者は、互換可能な100個の化学物質構築ブロックの合成組み合わせ混合は、理論上1億個のテトラマー化合物または100億個のペンタマー化合物の合成をもたらすと述べている(Gallopら、J.Med.Chem.37(9):1233(1994))。
本明細書中に記載される化合物についてのアッセイは、高スループットスクリーニングされやすい。従って、好ましいアッセイは、試験化合物による転写の活性化(すなわち、mRNA産生の活性化)、試験化合物によるタンパク質発現の活性化、または試験化合物による遺伝子産物(例えば、発現されたタンパク質)への結合を検出する。BiaCore法は、結合活性について化合物を迅速にスクリーニングするためのそのような一手段である。
当業者は、タンパク質またはペプチドに活性化因子を結合体化する方法を知っている。活性因子および標識をタンパク質に結合体化する方法は、当該分野で周知である。例えば、米国特許第5,981,194号を参照のこと。多くの試薬および架橋剤が、活性因子と生体ポリマーとの生体結合体を調製するために使用され得る。例えば、Hermanson,GTら、Bioconjugate Techniques,Academic Press(1996)を参照のこと。
本発明のキメラタンパク質は、キメラタンパク質全体をコードする1つの核酸または1つより多くの核酸配列(各々が、そのキメラタンパク質のドメインをコードし、必要に応じてそれらのドメインを連結するように作用するアミノ酸をコードする)を発現する宿主細胞を使用して、産生され得る。そのキメラタンパク質はまた、化学合成により生成され得る。
キメラタンパク質を産生するために使用される宿主細胞は、細菌細胞、酵母細胞、昆虫細胞、非哺乳動物脊椎動物細胞、または哺乳動物細胞であり;この哺乳動物細胞としては、ハムスター細胞、サル細胞、チンパンジー細胞、イヌ細胞、ネコ細胞、ウシ細胞、ブタ細胞、マウス細胞、ラット細胞、ウサギ細胞、ヒツジ細胞およびヒト細胞が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。その宿主細胞は、不死化細胞(細胞株)であっても、非不死化細胞(一次細胞または二次細胞)であってもよく、そして広範な種類の細胞型(例えば、線維芽細胞、ケラチノサイト、上皮細胞(例えば、哺乳動物上皮細胞、腸上皮細胞)、卵巣細胞(例えば、チャイニーズハムスター卵巣細胞すなわちCHO細胞)、内皮細胞、グリア細胞、神経細胞、血液の有構造エレメント(例えば、リンパ球、骨髄細胞)、筋細胞、肝細胞、およびこれらの体細胞型の前駆体が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)のいずれかであり得る。
このキメラタンパク質を発現するために使用される核酸構築物は、トランスフェクトされた哺乳動物細胞において染色体外(エピソーム)で発現される核酸構築物、またはランダムにかもしくは相同組換えを介して予め選択された標的部位にかのいずれかでレシピエントの細胞ゲノム中に組み込まれる核酸構築物であり得る。染色体外で発現される構築物は、キメラタンパク質コード配列に加えて、その細胞中でこのタンパク質の発現のために十分な配列と、必要に応じてその構築物の複製のために十分な配列とを含む。この構築物は、代表的には、プロモーター、キメラタンパク質コードDNA、およびポリアデニル化部位を含む。このキメラタンパク質をコードするDNAは、その発現がプロモーターの制御下にあるような様式で、この構築物中に配置される。必要に応じて、その構築物は、さらなる成分を含み得、このさらなる成分は、例えば、以下のうちの1つ以上である:スプライス部位、エンハンサー配列、適切なプロモーターの制御下にある選択マーカー遺伝子、および適切なプロモーターの制御下にある増幅可能なマーカー遺伝子。
そのキメラタンパク一コードDNAまたはRNAを含む哺乳動物細胞は、その細胞の増殖およびそのDNAまたはRNAの発現に適切な条件下で培養される。既知の方法および本明細書中に記載される方法を使用して、そのキメラタンパク質を発現する細胞が同定され得、そのキメラタンパク質が、既知の方法および本明細書中に記載される方法を使用して、単離および精製され得;キメラタンパク質生成の増幅を伴うかまたは伴わないかのいずれかである。同定は、例えば、そのキメラタンパク質をコードするDNAまたはRNAの存在を示す表現型を示す遺伝子改変哺乳動物細胞のスクリーニング(例えば、PCRスクリーニング、サザンブロット分析によるスクリーニング、またはそのキメラタンパク質の発現についてのスクリーニング)を介して、実行され得る。組み込まれたキメラタンパク質コードDNAを含む細胞の選択は、そのDNA構築物中に選択マーカーを含めること、そして選択マーカー遺伝子を含むトランスフェクトもしくは感染した細胞を、その選択マーカー遺伝子を発現する細胞のみの生存に適切な条件下で培養すること、によって達成され得る。導入されたDNA構築物のさらなる増幅は、増幅に適切な条件下で遺伝子改変哺乳動物細胞を培養すること(例えば、増幅可能なマーカー遺伝子を含む遺伝子改変哺乳動物細胞を、複数コピーの増殖可能なマーカー遺伝子を含む細胞のみが生存し得る濃度の薬物の存在下で培養すること)によってもたらされ得る。
1)クリアランス(μl)=[C]A×VA/[C]L
[C]A=管腔外側トレーサー濃度
VA=管腔外側チャンバの容積
[C]L=管腔トレーサー濃度
2)1/Pe=(1/PSt−1/PSf)/フィルター面積(4.2cm2)
図1および図2は、コントロール実験を示す。
1/PSe=1/PSt−1/PSf
内皮単層単独の透過性は、Peと規定される。ここで:
Pe=PSe/A(ここでAは、膜の面積である)。
(B.p97の結合研究) p97の結合を、BBCECおよびラット脳内皮細胞(これらを、星状細胞からの何らかの妨害を避けるために、リンゲル/Hepes中で2時間プレーインキュベートした)を用いて行った。
図3と同様に、図4は、このとき、ラット脳内皮−4細胞を使用した(RBE4は、ATCCにより商業的に供給される)ことを除いて、比較研究を示す。RBE4細胞を、10% 熱不活性化ウシ胎児血清を補充した最小必須培地αおよびHam’s F10(1:1)中で、5% CO2下で37℃にて24ウェルプラスチック組織培養フラスコ中、単層で増殖させた。p97結合実験のために、RBE4細胞を、リンゲル/Hepes中で2時間37℃にてプレインキュベートした。200μlのリンゲル/Hepes中の125I−p97を、高濃度のコールドp97、ヒトのホロ(holo)トランスフェリンまたはヒトラクトフェリンの存在下あるいは非存在下で4℃にて2時間、RBE4細胞に添加した。インキュベーション後、細胞を、PBSで4回洗浄し、細胞と会合した125I−p97を、測定した。
(A.ヒト脳毛細管の単離) 血液脳関門の毛細管を、Dallaireら,J.Biol.Chem.,267:22323−22327(1992)により以前に記載された手順(わずかに改変した)により、ヒト脳皮質から単離した。ヒト脳を、死後に得た。その脳から、髄膜、表在性の大血管および脈絡叢を取り除いた。以下の手順の全てを、4℃にて行った。大脳皮質を、5容積のリンゲル/Hepes溶液中、Polytron(Brinkman Instruments,Rexdale,Ontario,Canada)を使用してホモジナイズした。そのホモジネートを、等容量のDextran T−70(100mlのリンゲル/Hepes中に27g)と混合した。懸濁液を、25,000gにて10分間遠心分離した。ペレットを、30mlのリンゲル/Hepes中に再懸濁し、250μmのナイロンメッシュスクリーンを通過させた。このナイロンメッシュをすすぎ、濾液を、25,000gで10分間の遠心分離により、遠心分離した。ペレットを、30mlの冷リンゲル/Hepes中に再懸濁し、2.5cm×4.0cm硝子ビーズカラム[40/60−メッシュ(0.25mm)硝子ビーズ]を通過させた。このカラムを、25mlのリンゲル/Hepesで2回洗浄した。硝子ビーズをビーカーに移し、リンゲル/Hepes中で激しく攪拌して(4℃にて15分)、ビーズから微小血管を分離した。ビーズを沈殿させ、上清をデカントし、4℃に保持した。そのビーズを、リンゲル/Hepes中でさらに15分間攪拌した。上清をプールし、微小血管を、25,000gにて10分間遠心分離することにより回収した。脳毛細管を、使用時まで−80℃にて保持した。
(A.脳取り込みおよびインサイチュ脳灌流) [125I]−p97の脳取り込みを測定するために、マウスに、頸静脈を介して、200μlの注射溶液中、約4pmolの[125I]−p97、[125I]−BSAまたはヒト[125I]−ホロ−トランスフェリンを各々与えた。1時間後、動物を屠殺し、心臓大動脈を介して緩衝液で灌流した。血清および脳サンプルを回収し、放射活性をのレベルを測定した。インサイチュ脳灌流を、先に記載したように行った(Dagenais,C.,Rousselle,C.,Pollack,G.M.およびScherrmann,J.M. J.Cereb.Blood Flow Metab.20:381−386(2000))。簡潔には、脳の右半球を、右側総頸動脈中に挿入したカテーテルを介して、外枝の結紮後、Krebs−重炭酸緩衝液(pH7.4、95% O2および5% CO2とともに2.5ml/分の流速にて10分間)中10nMの[125I]−p97または[125I]−ホロトランスフェリンで灌流した。マウスを、断頭して灌流を終わらせ、右半球を氷上で分離し、その後毛細管除去に供した(Triguero,D.,Buciak,J.およびPardridge,W.M.J Neurochem.,54:1882−1888(1990))。ホモジネート、上清、ペレットおよび灌流液のアリコートを、TCA沈降により[125I]−タンパク質中のそれらの含有量を測定し、それらの見かけのVDを評価するために採取した。
(細胞培養) 細胞を、10%熱不活化ウシ胎仔血清を補充したDMEM(正常な星状細胞);10% 仔牛血清を補充したDMEM高グルコース、1mM ピルビン酸ナトリウム(CTX);10%仔牛血清を補充したDMEM高グルコース(RG2);10%仔牛血清および2mMグルタミンを補充したRPMI−1640(CNS−1);10% 仔牛血清を補充したHam’s F12(C6);10% 仔牛血清を補充したMEM、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム(U−87、U−138)中で、37℃、5% CO2下で単層にて増殖させた。
細胞内p97結合部位の存在および範囲を評価するために、BBCECをサポニンで処理した(図12a)。ECのサポニン透過化(permeabilization)は、BBCECと結合した[125I]−p97の量を4倍増加させた。さらに、サポニン処理後の[125I]−p97の結合は、非標識p97の存在下で減少した(図12b)。200倍のモル過剰の非標識p97は、放射性同位元素標識の結合を約50%阻害し、ECとのp97の相互作用の大部分が飽和可能であることを示した。
p97トランスサイトーシスの効率を、p97とウシホロトランスフェリンとの両方の通過を同一の条件下で比較することによって、評価した(図13a)。ECの先端から基底外側表面へのp97の移送は、37℃において、トランスフェリンについてずっと高い(図13a)。熱変性は、BBCEC単一層を通るp97とホロトランスフェリンとの両方の通過を減少させた。このことは、これらのトランスサイトーシスが、コンホメーション依存性であることを示す。p97は、Ringer/Hepes溶液中での熱変性に耐性であるので(図13b)、変性条件を決定することが必要であった。このタンパク質のコンホメーションを、p97とモノクローナル抗体(mAb)L235(この抗体は、p97におけるコンホメーションエピトープを認識する)との間でのリアルタイムでの生物学的相互作用分析を使用して評価した。なぜなら、このタンパク質についての酵素活性は未だに規定されていないからである。この分析アプローチのために、mAb L235をセンサチップの表面に固定し、そしてネイティブp97および5分間、10分間、20分間、または30分間煮沸したp97に、曝露した。ネイティブタンパク質の表面プラズモン共鳴信号、BBCE細胞におけるp97の蓄積は、5.7μg/cm2であり、一方で、ウシトランスフェリンについては、有意な蓄積が観察されない。これらの結果は、p97移送系が、トランスフェリン移送系よりずっと大きい能力を有することを示す。
37℃および4℃でのトランスサイトーシス後のp97の一体性を試験するために、ウェルの下の方の50μlの画分を、30分後、60分後、80分後、および120分後に回収した。次いで、タンパク質をSDS−PAGEで分離し、そしてゲル染色によって可視化した(図14a)。組換えp97の、明らかな分解なしでの時間依存性トランスサイトーシスが観察される。このタンパク質のトランスサイトーシスは、4℃で実験を実施するより37℃で実験を実施する場合の方が、ずっと高い。30分において観察される低分子量のタンパク質は、アッセイ中に残っている血清タンパク質のみである。さらに、ゲルを走査し、そしてBBCEC単一層を通過したp97の量を、既知量のp97を使用して評価した(図14b)。経内皮トランスサイトーシス後のインタクトなp97の総量は、35μg/cm2であり、これは、TCA沈降後の図13aに示される量と非常に類似しており、このことは、p97のヨウ素化が、このトランスサイトーシスを妨害しないことを示す。p97は、トランスフェリンよりずっと速く移送されるので、[14C]−スクロースに対する透過性を、高濃度のp97の存在下で測定した(図14c)。スクロースのクリアランスの有意な増加は、p97の存在下では検出不可能である。さらに、p97の存在下でのスクロースの透過係数(Pe)は、1.04±0.15×10−3cm/分であり、p97の非存在下で測定された1.07±0.19×10−3cm/分の値と有意には異ならない(図14d)。これらのデータは、p97の迅速な通過が、BBCEC単一層の一体性の変化に無関係であることを示す。
このp97移送が飽和可能であるか否か、およびこのp97移送にトランスフェリンレセプターが関与するか否かを確立するために、BBCEC単一層を横切る[125I]−p97の先端から基底への移送を、200倍モル過剰のp97、ウシホロトランスフェリンまたはヒトホロトランスフェリンの存在下で測定した(図15)。過剰の非標識p97は、[125I]−p97の移送を69%減少させ(図15a)、一方でウシまたはヒトのいずれかのホロトランスフェリンの存在は、影響を有さなかった(図15b)。このことは、p97トランスサイトーシスが、トランスフェリンレセプターを使用しない、飽和可能なプロセスであることを示す。この仮定は、mAb OX−26(これは、トランスフェリンレセプターに結合する)が、非特異的IgGの存在下で測定されたトランスサイトーシスと比較して、p97トランスサイトーシスを有意には減少させないという事実によって、支持される(図15c)。
本発明者らはまた、37℃で1時間インキュベートされた、単離されたヒト脳毛細血管への[125I]−p97の取り込みを評価した(図16a)。50倍モル過剰の非標識p97は、[125I]−p97の取り込みを60%阻害した。ヒトラクトフェリンは、[125I]−p97取り込みの類似の阻害を引き起こし、一方でヒトホロトランスフェリンは、効果を有さなかった。これらの結果は、LRP(これは、ラクトフェリンを結合し、そしてBBCEC単一層を通してラクトフェリンを移送する)もまた、脳毛細血管への[125I]−p97の取り込みおよびp97のトランスサイトーシスに関与することを示す。
p97の内在化についての時間経過は図18に示され、この図は、30分間および60分間でのp97の移動、ならびに初期エンドソームにおけるこれらの蓄積を示す。図19は、BBBモデルにおけるp97内在化の速度およびトランスサイトーシスを研究するための条件を図示する。図20は、このような研究の結果を示す。トランスサイトーシスは、10分間程度で迅速であり、膜結合p97の80%が、トランスサイトーシスされた。
増殖する脳毛細血管内皮細胞に対するLRPへの結合の際に、LDLは、古典的に、クラスリン依存性経路(ここで、LDLは、リソソームに指向し、そして分解して、増殖細胞にコレステロールを提供する)によって内在化する。この経路は、フィリピンに感受性である。分化したBCECにおいて、LDLは、トランスサイトーシスされる。証拠は、同じレセプターが両方の経路に関与することを示す(Dehouckら、J.of Cell Biology 138(4)877−889(1997)を参照のこと)。
図23は、細胞膜に関してのLRPレセプターαおよびβサブユニット、ならびにいくつかのLPRリガンドを例示する。図25は、種々の細胞型(星状細胞腫、正常な星状細胞および脳毛細管を含む)におけるLPR/LPR1Bタンパク質の相対量を示す。対照として、星状細胞および星状細胞腫間のメガリン(megalin)の分布は、図26に示される。図27および図28に示されるように、(RT−PCR)によって決定される場合、星状細胞および星状細胞腫におけるLRP1Bの発現は、星状細胞よりも星状細胞腫において増大する。この結果は、星状細胞腫による、標識されたp97のより多い取り込みと一致する。対照として、そしてメガリンがp97の取り込みに関与しないことの確認において、これらの細胞間でのメガリンの発現パターンは、これらの細胞についてのp97の取り込みパターンと全く類似しない(図26を参照のこと)。図28は、p97取り込みとLRP1B発現との間の相関をより明確に例示する。
図29は、LRP/LRP1Bが、p97の存在下で高分子量の解離可能な複合体として移動することを示し、このことは、これら2種の分子の会合を示す。この複合体を還元条件(例えば、β−メルカプトエタノール)に曝すことは、この高分子量複合体からのp97の放出を誘導する(図30を参照のこと)。p97は、同様に、グリア芽細胞腫およびヒト脳毛細管との接触の際に、高分子量複合体を形成する(図31を参照のこと)。
星状細胞腫細胞および星状細胞によって取り込まれるp97の能力を試験するために、各型の細胞を、125I p97と共にインキュベートした。図24に示されるように、このような細胞におけるp97の特異的取り込みは、星状細胞よりも星状細胞腫細胞において大きく増加した。図24に示されるように、星状細胞腫細胞は、星状細胞よりもかなり高い程度までp97を取り込む。この知見は、抗癌剤へのp97結合体が、グリオームの処置において特に有用であることを示す。図34は、U87細胞におけるLRPおよびLRP1Bの発現に対する、p97処置およびRAP処置の影響を示す。p97は、LRP1Bの発現を誘導するが、U−87細胞の形態学に対して識別可能な影響を有さない(図33を参照のこと)。図35は、U−87細胞におけるRT−PCRによって測定される場合の、LRPIBb、LRP、LDL−R、メガリンおよびキュービリンについてのp97の用量応答効果を示す。p97は、LRP1Bレセプターおよびキュービリンレセプターの発現を誘導するが、LRPの発現もメガリンレセプターの発現も誘導しない。RAPは、これらのレセプターに対するp97の影響に拮抗するようである。p97はまた、RT−PCR法によって示されるように、それ自体の発現を誘導するようである(図36を参照のこと)。図37および図38は、RT−PCRによって決定される場合の、グリア芽細胞腫U87細胞株におけるLRP1B、LRP、LDL−R、キュービリン、p97およびメガリンの発現に対する、p97およびRAPの定量された影響を要約する。
繊維芽細胞株MG1391を使用して、繊維芽細胞におけるトランスサイトーシスまたはエンドサイトーシスのためのキャリアとしての、p97および他のLRPリガンド結合体の能力を評価した。図39は、MG1391細胞におけるLDLレセプターファミリーメンバーの発現を示す。RT−PCRによって測定される場合、LRP、LDL、ならびにより低い程度までLRP1Bおよびキュービリンは、発現される。さらに、p97は、図40および図41において示されるように、LRP1Bの発現を特に誘導する。
図42に示されるように、LRP、LRP1BおよびLDL−RならびにLRP8は、ヒト内皮細胞において高度に発現される。星状細胞の非存在下でのLDLレセプターファミリーメンバーの発現は、大まかにLRP5の発現と同じである。しかし、星状細胞の存在は、BBCE細胞においてLRP1BおよびLRP8の発現を誘導する(図43を参照のこと)。
Claims (23)
- 血液脳関門を横切る能力を有する化合物を同定するためのインビトロ方法であって、該方法は:
(a)精製されたLRP1レセプターまたは精製されたLRP1Bレセプターに対する候補化合物の結合を定める工程;
(b)1または複数の脳細胞に該候補化合物を接触させる工程;および
(c)該候補化合物が、該脳細胞をトランスサイトーシスを実行するか、または該脳細胞中にエンドサイトーシスを実行する場合、該候補化合物を、血液脳関門を横切る能力を有する化合物と同定する工程、
を包含する、方法。 - 血液脳関門を横切る結合体を調製するための方法であって、該方法は:
(a)精製されたLRP1レセプターまたは精製されたLRP1Bレセプターに対する化合物の結合を検出する工程;および
(b)該化合物を、神経学的障害の処置、予防または診断において有用である活性剤と結合体化させる工程、
を包含する、方法。 - 前記活性剤は、ポリペプチドである、請求項2に記載の方法。
- メラノトランスフェリン(「MTf」)とのメラノトランスフェリン結合体(「MTf結合体」)のトランスサイトーシスまたはエンドサイトーシスを調節する化合物を同定するためのインビトロ方法であって、該方法は、以下の工程:
(a)該MTfまたはMTf結合体と、LRP1もしくはLRP1Bを発現する1または複数の細胞、および候補化合物とを接触させる工程;ならびに
(b)該候補化合物の存在下または不存在下で該MTf結合体のトランスサイトーシスまたはエンドサイトーシスを定める工程;および
(c)該MTfまたはMTf結合体のトランスサイトーシスまたはエンドサイトーシスが、該候補化合物の存在下で変化する場合、該候補化合物をモジュレーターと同定する工程、
を包含する、方法。 - 前記モジュレーターは、前記MTfまたはMTf結合体のトランスサイトーシスまたはエンドサイトーシスを増大させるものである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記モジュレーターは、血液脳関門を横切る前記MTfまたはMTf結合体の取り込みを増大させるものである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記候補化合物を、神経学的障害の処置、予防または診断における使用のための医薬の調製に用いる工程をさらに包含する、請求項4,5または6に記載の方法。
- MTf結合体と共に投与するための医薬の調製において前記候補化合物を用いる工程をさらに包含する、請求項4,5または6に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が神経学的活性を有する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記神経学的活性が、神経学的障害の処置、予防または診断である、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記神経学的活性が、脳内へのメラノトランスフェリン結合体化治療剤の取り込みの調節である、請求項10に記載の使用。
- 前記方法の少なくとも1つの工程が、高スループットスクリーニングアッセイである、請求項1または4に記載の方法。
- 前記レセプターが、LRP1である、請求項1または4に記載の方法。
- 前記レセプターが、LRP1Bである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記レセプターがヒトのものである、請求項1または4に記載の方法。
- メラノトランスフェリン媒介性(「MTf媒介性」)の鉄の取り込みを調節する化合物を同定する方法であって、該方法は以下の工程:
鉄に結合したMTf(「ハロ−MTf」)の存在下およびトランスフェリンの非存在下で、表面にLRP1レセプターまたはLRP1Bレセプターを発現する細胞と該化合物とをインビトロで接触させる工程;ならびに
該細胞内への鉄の取り込み量を決定する工程、
を包含する、方法。 - 前記化合物が、前記細胞内への鉄の取り込み量を増加させる、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物が、前記細胞内への鉄の取り込み量を減少させる、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、LRP1を発現するものである、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、LRP1Bを発現するものである、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記LRP1またはLRP1Bがヒトのものである、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 神経学的障害の処置、予防または診断において使用するための医薬の調製において、前記候補化合物を用いる工程をさらに包含する、請求項16〜21のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- MTf結合体と共に投与するための医薬の調製における前記候補化合物を用いる工程をさらに包含する、請求項16〜21のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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2002
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- 2002-07-25 WO PCT/US2002/023923 patent/WO2003009815A2/en active Search and Examination
- 2002-07-25 EP EP09012753.1A patent/EP2147679B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-25 EP EP02756731A patent/EP1554572B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-25 JP JP2003515208A patent/JP4202250B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-07-25 US US10/206,448 patent/US20030129186A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-07-25 AU AU2002322720A patent/AU2002322720B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 2002-07-25 CA CA2450073A patent/CA2450073C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
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ATE445838T1 (de) | 2009-10-15 |
US7700554B2 (en) | 2010-04-20 |
EP1554572B1 (en) | 2009-10-14 |
WO2003009815A3 (en) | 2005-05-19 |
EP2147679A2 (en) | 2010-01-27 |
CA2450073A1 (en) | 2003-02-06 |
HK1140686A1 (en) | 2010-10-22 |
EP1554572A2 (en) | 2005-07-20 |
EP1554572A4 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
CA2450073C (en) | 2017-08-29 |
EP2147679B1 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
JP2005509144A (ja) | 2005-04-07 |
WO2003009815A2 (en) | 2003-02-06 |
AU2002322720B2 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
DE60234057D1 (de) | 2009-11-26 |
US20070167365A1 (en) | 2007-07-19 |
US20100183581A1 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
US20030129186A1 (en) | 2003-07-10 |
US7977317B2 (en) | 2011-07-12 |
EP2147679A3 (en) | 2010-03-10 |
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