WO2013042684A1 - リポ蛋白を用いた神経疾患予防・治療剤ならびに神経疾患予防・治療方法 - Google Patents
リポ蛋白を用いた神経疾患予防・治療剤ならびに神経疾患予防・治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/177—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
- A61K38/1787—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for neuromediators, e.g. serotonin receptor, dopamine receptor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/45—Transferases (2)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/43—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/46—Hydrolases (3)
- A61K38/465—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1), e.g. lipases, ribonucleases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
- A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
- A61P27/06—Antiglaucoma agents or miotics
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a preventive / therapeutic agent for neurological diseases and a method for preventing / treating neurological diseases, wherein the lipoprotein contains at least apolipoprotein E. More specifically, the present invention relates to a neurological disease characterized in that apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein activates a neuroprotective molecule and inactivates or suppresses a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule via a lipoprotein receptor. The present invention relates to a preventive / therapeutic agent and a method for preventing / treating neurological diseases.
- Refractory neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinocerebellar degeneration, which often develop in middle-aged and older, all cause abnormal protein accumulation inside the neuron, and eventually the neuron Since selective cell death occurs, it is considered to be a neurodegenerative disease having a common onset mechanism. Thus, in neurodegenerative diseases, it is likely that abnormalities have occurred in the apoptosis control mechanism of normal cells.
- Degenerative diseases of the retina and optic nerve exist as diseases that are considered to be one of various neurodegenerative diseases whose main form is apoptosis of nerve cells.
- this degenerative disease of the retina and optic nerve is the cause of most of the blindness, and in the ongoing super-aged society in Japan, the optic nerve such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy can be called “adult diseases of the eye”.
- Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in which the optic nerve degenerates and falls, and is the first cause of blindness in Japan and second in the world. Vision is one of the most important sensations, and even if it does not lead to blindness, visual impairment significantly reduces the quality of life.
- Diabetic retinopathy is known as one of the three major complications of diabetes and is a major cause of blindness in the worker generation in developed countries. For these reasons, the development of new treatments for both diseases is urgent.
- retinal ganglion cells that make up the optic nerve are known to be damaged in diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Once it develops, it is difficult to treat, so it is extremely difficult to maintain visual function, which is a big social problem from the viewpoint of quality of life.
- Non-patent Document 1 Non-patent Document 1
- the present inventor has focused on glial cell-derived lipoproteins as a factor that protects retinal ganglion cells, and has developed glaucoma and diabetic retina.
- glial cell-derived lipoproteins As a factor that protects retinal ganglion cells, and has developed glaucoma and diabetic retina.
- this glial cell-derived lipoprotein can suppress optic nerve cell death in such optic neurodegenerative diseases, it can be used to elucidate the mechanism of neuronal cell death in the neurodegeneration of other neurodegenerative diseases and develop therapeutic methods. I can expect it.
- Non-patent Document 2 the present inventor confirmed that the glial cell-derived apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein has a nerve cell protective action against apoptosis.
- the present inventor has confirmed that the apoprotein E-containing lipoprotein ⁇ (E-LP) produced in the central nervous system glial cells prevents apoptosis induced by nutrient removal of rat retinal ganglion neurons, It has been shown that calcineurin activation involved in the neuronal cell death pathway is inhibited and that it also has a protective effect against neuronal cell death caused by oxidative stress (Non-patent Document 3).
- an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein has a neuronal cell protective action against apoptosis by an experiment using an in vitro system.
- this experiment shows that when the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein is actually used in the living body, the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein is It is not clear whether it shows a cytoprotective effect.
- the present inventor injected apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein into the vitreous body of a mouse in which a large amount of lipoprotein was present, and confirmed whether it exhibited a neuronal cell protective effect against apoptosis in the in vivo system (in vivo) did.
- apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein has a nerve cell protective action against apoptosis even in an in vivo system.
- a complex of an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein and a neuroprotective molecule such as LRP1 also has a neuroprotective action against apoptosis in an in vivo system.
- the present invention provides a neuroprotective mechanism in which activation of neuroprotective molecules via apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins and / or lipoprotein receptors, and inactivation of neurodegeneration-inducing molecules are active. It was completed based on the finding that it has a neuronal protective effect against apoptosis in the body system.
- At least a lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein or apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein activates a neuroprotective molecule and inactivates a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule via a lipoprotein receptor.
- apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein refers to the case where apolipoprotein E and lipoprotein are in the same medium in addition to the case where apolipoprotein E and lipoprotein are chemically associated. It also includes the case of coexisting.
- neuroprotective molecule used in the present specification means a molecule that is activated when an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein exerts a neuroprotective effect, such as a lipoprotein receptor, Examples thereof include phospholipase C and protein kinase C ⁇ .
- a molecule that exhibits an effect opposite to this and is inactivated (suppressed) when exerting a neuroprotective effect is referred to as “neurodegeneration-inducing molecule”. Body, calcium, or GSK3 ⁇ .
- lipoprotein receptor is a receptor of the lipoprotein receptor family that binds to apoprotein E in the central nervous system, and includes, for example, LRP1 receptor, LDL receptor, ApoER2 receptor, VLDL receptor, LR11 receptor, LRP4 receptor, LRP1B receptor, Megalin receptor, LRP5 receptor, LRP6 receptor and the like.
- the present invention also provides a neurodegeneration inhibitor such as an apoptosis inhibitor containing an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein, a lipoprotein receptor, a neuroprotective factor, and a neurodegeneration inducer as an active ingredient, such as glaucoma
- a neurodegeneration inhibitor such as an apoptosis inhibitor containing an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein, a lipoprotein receptor, a neuroprotective factor, and a neurodegeneration inducer as an active ingredient, such as glaucoma
- a neurodegeneration inhibitor such as an apoptosis inhibitor containing an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein, a lipoprotein receptor, a neuroprotective factor, and a neurodegeneration inducer as an active ingredient, such as glaucoma
- a neurodegeneration inhibitor such as an apoptosis inhibitor containing an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein, a lipoprotein receptor, a neuroprotective factor
- the present invention provides, as another aspect, prevention of neurological diseases utilizing an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein or a neuroprotective mechanism via a lipoprotein receptor, a neuroprotective factor, or a neurodegeneration inducer in an in vivo system.
- the object is to provide a therapeutic agent and a method for preventing and treating neurological diseases.
- the present invention provides a therapeutic agent for neurological diseases, characterized in that the lipoprotein contains at least apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein.
- the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein includes, for example, a glial cell-derived apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein, an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein-containing lipoprotein separated from blood, or an artificially reconstituted apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein.
- apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein selected from proteins and neuroprotective molecules such as lipoprotein receptor, phospholipase C, protein kinase C ⁇ , and neurodegeneration inducers such as NMDA receptor, calcium, or GSK3 ⁇ Etc. are provided.
- the present invention also provides a complex in which the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein is bound to a neuroprotective molecule and / or a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule containing a lipoprotein receptor.
- the present invention provides, as another form, a neurodegeneration inhibitor wherein the lipoprotein uses activation of a neuroprotective molecule via a lipoprotein receptor and inactivation of a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule as a neuroprotective mechanism.
- An agent for preventing and treating neurological diseases effective for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases caused by neurodegeneration such as
- the present invention provides a neuronal apoptosis inhibitor that suppresses apoptosis of neurons, and also provides a prophylactic / therapeutic agent for glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy that suppresses optic nerve degeneration, for example. .
- activation of a neuroprotective molecule via the lipoprotein receptor and inactivation of a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule are caused by neurodegeneration using a neuroprotective mechanism.
- a method for preventing and treating neurological diseases effective for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as a method for inhibiting apoptosis of nerve cells.
- the present invention provides an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein that binds to the lipoprotein receptor, activation of a neuroprotective molecule via the lipoprotein receptor, Provided is a method for preventing and treating neurological diseases using inactivation of degeneration-inducing molecules as a neuroprotective mechanism.
- the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein has a nerve cell protective action against apoptosis not only in an in vitro system but also in an in vivo system. Therefore, this invention is expected to contribute to the development of preventive and therapeutic agents for glaucoma and the like because it can suppress neurodegeneration in neurodegenerative diseases, for example, apoptosis of optic nerve cells. Further, since it has a neuroprotective effect not only on optic nerve cells but also on cerebral cortical neurons, it is expected to contribute to the development of preventive and therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
- Example 11 which is a figure which shows the formation promotion effect
- Example 12 which is a figure which shows the inhibitory effect of the retinal ganglion cell death of a GLAST-KO mouse (normal-tension glaucoma model) by intravitreal administration of the lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein E.
- the figure which shows that the mixture of glutamic acid and glycine induces apoptosis in RGC (Example 19).
- the figure which shows the substance which participates in glutamic acid induction neurotoxicity in RGC (Example 20).
- FIG. 25 shows the recovery of RGC survival in Glast +/ ⁇ and Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mice by E-LP (Example 25).
- the present inventor has determined that apoptosis of cultured cerebral cortical neurons and retinal ganglion cells in which the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein used in the present invention is induced by glutamic acid in an in vitro system. It is confirmed that it suppresses. In other words, this mechanism is that lipoproteins bind to LRP1 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1), a member of the lipoprotein receptor family, to form a complex and suppress the activity of glutamate receptors. It is thought to be caused.
- LRP1 low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- the present inventor determined whether or not the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein of the present invention has a neuroprotective effect even in an in vivo system, by using a GLAST-deficient mouse model animal for glaucoma, which is one of neurodegenerative diseases. Considered using. As a result, it was clarified that apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells can be suppressed by vitreous administration of apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein despite the presence of a large amount of mouse lipoprotein in the vitreous humor.
- the present inventor has found that a small amount of the lipoprotein containing apolipoprotein E according to the present invention is present in a small amount in spite of the presence of a large amount of lipoprotein originally bound with lipid and apoprotein. It was confirmed that the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein of the present invention can suppress apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells by injection into the vitreous body.
- the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein of the present invention can suppress neurodegeneration, particularly apoptosis of nerve cells among neurological diseases, not only in in vitro systems but also in in vivo systems. became.
- the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein according to the present invention is an apolipoprotein-binding lipoprotein in which apolipoprotein E, which is a kind of apolipoprotein, and a lipid are chemically associated.
- apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins include glial cell-derived apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins, apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein-containing high-density lipoproteins separated from blood, and artificially reconstituted apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins And so on.
- the high-density lipoprotein separated from blood is a fraction (solution) of various high-density lipoproteins including apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein.
- a molecule involved in the neuroprotective effect of the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein which is activated by the apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein and exhibits a neuroprotective effect
- a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule that is activated (suppressed) to exert a neuroprotective effect.
- the neuroprotective molecule include lipoprotein receptor, phospholipase C, protein kinase C ⁇ , and the like.
- examples of the neurodegeneration-inducing molecule include NMDA receptor, calcium, GSK3 ⁇ , and the like.
- the lipoprotein receptor is a receptor of the lipoprotein receptor family that binds to apoprotein E in the central nervous system.
- LRP1 receptor LDL receptor, ApoER2 receptor, VLDL receptor, LR11
- LRP4 receptors LRP1B receptors
- Megalin receptors LRP5 receptors, LRP6 receptors, etc.
- LRP1 receptors are particularly preferred.
- an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein or a lipoprotein receptor is used.
- Neurodegeneration inhibitors that use neuroprotective mechanisms as active ingredients or mechanisms of action such as neurodegenerative inhibitors such as neuronal apoptosis inhibitors / treatments It can be applied as an agent. Examples of such neurodegeneration inhibitors include preventive or therapeutic agents for glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy.
- the neurological disease preventive / therapeutic agent according to the present invention can be administered orally or parenterally.
- the dosage form include tablets, capsules, fine granules, pills, troches, infusions, Injectables, eye drops, suppositories, ointments, patches and the like can be mentioned.
- parenteral administration particularly administration by vitreous injection is preferable.
- Ophthalmic compositions such as ophthalmic injections are preferred.
- a physiological saline mixed with other water-soluble additives and chemicals as necessary can be used.
- additives added to such water nutrients such as alkali metal ions such as potassium and magnesium, lactic acid, various amino acids, fats, glucose, fructose, saccharose and other carbohydrates, vitamins A, B, C, Examples include vitamins such as D, phosphate ions, chloride ions, hormones, plasma proteins such as albumin, polymer polysaccharides such as dextrin and hydroxyethyl starch, and the like.
- the concentration of the compound in such an aqueous solution is preferably in the range of 10 ⁇ 7 M to 10 ⁇ 5 M.
- the neurological disease preventive / therapeutic agent according to the present invention can also be administered to a living body as a solid agent.
- solid agents include powders, fine granules, granules, microcapsules, tablets and the like. Among such solid preparations, it is preferable that the tablet is preferably easy to swallow.
- a filler and a binder for forming a tablet known ones such as oligosaccharides can be used. It is preferable that the tablet has a diameter of 2 to 10 mm and a thickness of 1 to 5 mm. Moreover, you may mix and use with another therapeutic agent.
- additives can be added to the solid agent.
- additives include stabilizers, surfactants, solubilizers, plasticizers, sweeteners, antioxidants, flavoring agents, coloring agents, preservatives, inorganic fillers, and the like.
- anionic surfactants such as higher fatty acid soap, alkyl sulfate ester salt, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate salt, acyl N-methyl taurate salt, alkyl ether phosphate ester salt, N-acyl amino acid salt;
- Cationic surfactants such as alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, dialkyldimethylammonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, alkyldimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, alkylamidodimethylaminoacetic acid betaine, 2-alkyl-N-carboxy-N-hydroxyimidazolinium betaine
- Nonionic surfactants such as amphoteric surfactants, polyoxyethylene types, polyhydric alcohol ester types, and ethylene oxide / propylene oxide block copolymers are available, but are not limited thereto.
- Examples of the inorganic filler to be blended for the purpose of improving swallowing properties include talc, mica, titanium dioxide and the like.
- Examples of the stabilizer include adipic acid and ascorbic acid.
- Examples of the solubilizer include surfactants such as sucrose fatty acid ester and stearyl alcohol, asparagine, arginine and the like.
- Examples of the sweetener include aspartame, amateur, licorice, fennel and the like.
- suspending agent examples include carboxyvinyl polymer, the antioxidant includes ascorbic acid, the flavoring agent includes sugar flavor, and the pH adjusting agent includes sodium citrate.
- the neurological disease preventive / therapeutic agent of the present invention is usually administered into the body within a range of 1 to 40 mg, preferably 10 mg to 20 mg, 3 times a day.
- the prophylactic / therapeutic agent for neurological diseases which is a preferred embodiment is used as an eye drop or an ophthalmic injection
- various other components are included in the drug as long as the effects of the present invention are not hindered.
- pharmacologically active ingredients and physiologically active ingredients may be contained in combination.
- Such components are not particularly limited.
- Examples of decongestants include, for example, epinephrine and ephedrine.
- ⁇ -adrenergic agonists include imidazoline derivatives (such as naphazoline and tetrahydrozoline) and ⁇ -phenylethylamine derivatives (such as phenylephrine, epinephrine, ephedrine, and methylephedrine).
- Anti-inflammatory components include, for example, indomethacin, berberine, celecoxib, rofecoxib, and the like, and antihistamine or antiallergic components include, for example, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, iproheptin, and other vitamins is, for example, Burutachion and vitamin C, E, etc.
- amino acids such as leucine, Isoiroishin, valine, methionine, etc., threonine, alanine
- saccharides such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, glycine, asparagine and aspartic acid
- monosaccharides such as glucose (for example, disaccharides such as trehalose, lactose and fructose, oligosaccharides such as lactulose, raffinose and pullulan
- steroid components such as gum arabic, karaya gum, xanthan gum, guar gum, and tragacanth polysaccharides include hydrocortisone and prednisolone.
- the agent for preventing or treating neurological diseases according to the present invention can be formulated by a formulation technique commonly used in the art. That is, the neurological disease preventive / therapeutic agent of the present invention uses apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein, which is the active ingredient of the present invention, as a stabilizer, plasticizer, antioxidant, sweetener, flavoring agent, preservative, inorganic filler. It can be formulated into a predetermined dosage form by mixing with an excipient such as an agent.
- the present invention also relates to activation of a neuroprotective molecule via apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein or lipoprotein receptor according to the present invention, and inactivation of a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule as an active ingredient or action mechanism.
- the preventive / therapeutic agent for neurological diseases contained as an introduction to neurological diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases it is possible to provide a method for preventing / treating neurological diseases that can prevent / treat neurological diseases. That is, the method for preventing / treating a neurological disease according to the present invention comprises the agent for preventing / treating the neurological disease according to the present invention in the form of tablets, capsules, fine granules, pills, lozenges, orally or infusions, injections. It consists of parenteral administration in dosage forms such as drugs.
- rabbit polyclonal anti-LRP1 antibody (material) Among the materials used in the present invention, rabbit polyclonal anti-LRP1 antibody (R2629) is a D.I. K. Provided by courtesy of Dr. D. K. Strickland (University of Baltimore, MD). Recombinant human apoprotein E3 and apoprotein E4 were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka). GLAST-/-mouse colonies were established at Kumamoto University using mice from Tokyo Medical and Dental University (Tokyo). All experimental methods were approved by the Kumamoto University Animal Handling Committee.
- Isolated retinal ganglion cells in RGC medium (1 mM glutamine, 5 ⁇ g / ml insulin, 60 ⁇ g / ml N-acetylcysteine, 62 ng / ml progesterone, 16 ⁇ g / ml putrescine, 40 ng / ml sodium selenite Salt, 0.1 mg / ml bovine serum albumin, 40 ng / ml triiodothyronine, 0.1 mg / ml transpherin, 1 mM pyruvate sodium salt, 2% B27 supplement (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 10 ⁇ M forskolin (Sigma, St.
- BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor
- RGC RGC was added to each well for 96-well plates. 5,000 cells per cell, each for microdish 5,000 cells per insert, or mounted so as to partition 15,000 cells per dish for culture. Followinged by at least 10 days of culture prior to the experiment.
- the glial cell-derived lipoprotein was isolated from a medium prepared for glial cells.
- Glial cells were prepared from cerebral cortex of 2 day old SD rats and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Glial cell media was concentrated to> 80% astrocytes (Hayashi et al., J Biol Chem 2009).
- the glial cells were cultured in RGC culture medium containing no forskolin, BDNF, CNTF and bFGF for 3 days. This culture medium was used as a glial cell preparation medium.
- This example is an experiment showing that the glial cell-derived apoprotein E-containing lipoprotein obtained in Example 2 suppresses apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells caused by glutamic acid.
- Retinal ganglion cells primary cultured from 2 days old rats in Example 1 were cultured for 14 days or more, and glial cell-derived apoprotein E-containing lipoproteins obtained in Example 2 were induced to induce apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells by glutamate.
- An experiment was carried out according to the following method as to whether or not it has an action of suppressing the above. The result is shown in FIG.
- Cont represents an untreated group
- Glu represents a 300 ⁇ M glutamic acid addition group
- + glial LP represents a 300 ⁇ M glutamic acid + glia cell-derived apolipoprotein E addition group.
- Glial® LP was added at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g cholesterol / ml.
- the percentage of apoptotic cells was calculated by observing nuclear aggregation (a: nuclear staining with Hoechst33342) or esterase activity / membrane permeability retention (b: calcein AM / Propidium Iodide staining) 24 hours after treatment. .
- the glial cell-derived apoprotein E-containing lipoprotein significantly suppressed the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells induced by glutamate (* p ⁇ 0.05: Glu vs. Glu + glial LP).
- This example is an experiment showing that the glial cell-derived apoprotein E-containing lipoprotein obtained in Example 2 suppresses apoptosis of cerebral cortical neurons caused by glutamic acid.
- Cortical neurons cultured primarily from embryonic 16-day-old rats are cultured for 6 days, and the glial cell-derived apoprotein E-containing lipoprotein obtained in Example 2 suppresses apoptosis of cerebral cortical neurons by glutamate
- the experiment was conducted in substantially the same manner as in Example 3. The result is shown in FIG.
- Cont represents an untreated group
- Glu represents a 300 ⁇ M glutamic acid addition group
- + glial LP represents a 300 ⁇ M glutamic acid + glia cell-derived apolipoprotein E addition group.
- Glial LP was added at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g cholesterol / ml.
- the proportion of apoptotic cells was calculated by observing nuclear aggregation after staining with Hoechst33342 at 24 hours after treatment. As a result, it was found that the glial cell-derived apoprotein E-containing lipoprotein significantly suppressed the apoptosis of cerebral cortical neurons induced by glutamate (* p ⁇ 0.0001: Glu vs. Glu + glial LP).
- Mouse plasma HDL or rat plasma HDL was isolated from abdominal aortic blood of C57BL / 6J mice or SD rats, respectively.
- Example 3 an experiment was conducted in the same manner as in Example 3 to determine whether high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (isolated from rat blood in Example 5 inhibits apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells caused by glutamic acid.
- HDL high-density lipoprotein
- Example 5 an experiment was conducted in the same manner as in Example 3 to determine whether high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (isolated from rat blood in Example 5 inhibits apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells caused by glutamic acid.
- HDL isolated from rat blood suppressed apoptosis induced by the same method as in Example 3 (see FIG. 3 * p ⁇ 0.05: Glu vs. Glu + HDL).
- HDL was added at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g cholesterol / ml.
- Apoptotic cells were calculated from nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342.
- E-LP apoprotein E-containing lipoprotein
- POPC 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-glycerophosphocholine
- cholesterol C3045, Sigma
- molar ratio 100: 10: 1 or 100: 0: 1.
- Preparation media, plasma or solutions containing reconstituted apoprotein E-containing lipoproteins were subjected to a discontinuous sucrose gradient.
- the composition of the solution used was 3 ml for a density of 1.30 g / ml, 3 ml for a density of 1.2 g / ml, 3 ml for a density of 1.1 g / ml, and 6 ml for a density of 1.006 g / ml.
- the sucrose gradient was centrifuged at 100,000 g at 4 ° C. for 72 hours using an SRP28SA1 rotor (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Ten fractions (1.5 ml) were collected from the top of the gradient and immunoblotted for apoprotein E as follows.
- apoprotein E Fractions containing apoprotein E (typically fractions 5-7) were merged and Amicon Ultra filter (100 kDa or 50 kDa molecular weight cutoff; Millipore, Bedford, MA). The amount of lipoprotein is determined by the cholesterol concentration (2 ⁇ g / ml) for HDL, and the protein concentration (100 ng / ml). The cholesterol and protein concentrations were measured with LabAssay cholesterol kit (Wako) and BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rockford, IL), respectively.
- Example 3 an experiment was conducted in the same manner as in Example 3 to determine whether or not apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells caused by reconstituted lipoprotein (LP) containing human apoprotein E3 obtained in Example 7 and glutamic acid was suppressed.
- LP lipoprotein
- LP reconstituted lipoprotein
- Human apoprotein E3 was added at a concentration of 100 ng protein / ml.
- Apoptosis-like cells were calculated from nuclear staining with Hoechst33342.
- a neurodegeneration-inducing molecule such as NMDA receptor, calcium, calpain, calcineurin, and caspase is involved in the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells induced by glutamate is similarly performed according to the method of Example 3.
- the results are shown in FIG. 5 (* p ⁇ 0.05: Glu vs. Glu + MK801, ALLN, FK506 or Z-VAD).
- (a) shows that apoptosis is inhibited by MK801 (10 ⁇ M), an inhibitor for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor).
- (B) shows that apoptosis due to glutamic acid was not induced in a culture solution not containing calcium.
- apoptosis was inhibited by the calpain inhibitor ALLN (1 ⁇ M), but dimethylsulfoxide (DM) dissolving ALLN did not show an inhibitory effect.
- (D) shows that apoptosis was inhibited by the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 (1 ⁇ M).
- (E) shows that apoptosis was inhibited by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (20 ⁇ M). Apoptosis-like cells were calculated from nuclear staining with Hoechst33342.
- reconstituted lipoprotein (LP) ⁇ ⁇ containing human apoprotein E3 protects retinal ganglion cells via LRP1 (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1), and GSK3 ⁇ is involved in the mechanism (See FIG. 6. * p ⁇ 0.05: Glu + LP vs. Glu + LP + anti-LRP1).
- FIG. 6a shows that the neuroprotective effect of reconstituted lipoprotein (LP) containing human apoprotein E3 was inhibited by antibody (10 ⁇ g / ml) against LRP1, but not by normal IgG. Apoptosis-like cells were calculated by nuclear staining with Hoechst33342.
- FIG. 6b also shows that reconstituted lipoprotein (LP) ⁇ containing human apoprotein E3 restored the phosphorylation level of glycogen synthase kinase 3 ⁇ (GSK3 ⁇ ).
- LP lipoprotein
- GSK3 ⁇ glycogen synthase kinase 3 ⁇
- Rabbit anti-phosphorylated GSK3 ⁇ (p-GSK3 ⁇ ) antibody and rabbit anti-GSK3 ⁇ antibody were used for Western blot.
- LP lipoprotein
- IP immunoprecipitation sputum
- Rabbit anti-NMDA receptor 2B antibody was used for immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting of LRP1 and NMDA receptor 2B was performed.
- This example is an experiment to examine whether reconstituted lipoprotein (LP) containing human apoprotein E3 suppresses retinal ganglion cell death in GLAST-deficient mice, a normal-tension glaucoma model.
- LP 100 ng protein / ml
- phosphate buffer control group
- LP suppresses apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells despite the presence of a large amount of mouse LP in the vitreous. This mechanism is thought to be due to lipoprotein binding to LRP1, which is one of the lipoprotein receptor families, forming a complex and inhibiting the activity of glutamate receptors.
- apoprotein E-LP 1.5 ⁇ g protein / ml
- HDL 30 ⁇ g cholesterol / ml
- injections were made using a 33-gauge nanopass needle (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) attached to a 10 ⁇ l Hamilton syringe (Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland), and the vitreous body of the other eye was injected with the same amount of PBS. This operation was carefully performed under a stereomicroscope so as not to damage the lens and retina. The vitreous humor was also collected using the same needle as the intravitreal injection.
- the immunoblotting used in the above examples was performed as follows. That is, the lipoprotein obtained in each of the above examples was dissolved in 62.5 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 10% glycerol, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 5% ⁇ -mercaptoethanol (sample buffer). Boiled for 5 minutes. The obtained protein was separated by electrophoresis using 0.1% SDS-containing polyacrylamide gel and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane.
- the membrane was then incubated with 5% skimmed milk containing TBS-T (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20) for 1 hour at room temperature, and then 5% bovine serum albumin was added. Probed overnight with primary antibody in TBS-T. Subsequently, the membrane was probed with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (Thermo), goat anti-mouse IgG (Thermo) or mouse anti-goat IgG (Thermo) for an additional hour at room temperature.
- TBS-T 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl and 0.1% Tween 20
- Immunoreactive proteins were visualized with chemiluminescence analysis methods GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) or Super Signal West Dura (Thermo).
- the primary antibodies used were as follows: mouse anti- ⁇ -actin (a5441, dilution 1: 10,000, Sigma), goat anti-human apoprotein E (k74190g, dilution 1: 5000, Biodesign, Saco, ME), goat anti Mouse apoprotein E (sc-6384, dilution 1: 1000, Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-human GSK3 ⁇ and phospho-Ser 9-GSK3 ⁇ (9315 and 9336S, dilution 1: 1000, Cell signaling Technology, Danvers, MA), goat anti-human Brn-3a (sc-31984, dilution 1: 1000, Santa Cruz), rabbit anti-human LRP1 (2703-1, dilution 1: 1000, Epitomics), mouse anti-human LRP1 (545503, dilution 1: 1000, R & D systems, Minneapolis , MN),
- RGC immunocytochemistry Cultured RGCs were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and fixed with acetone for 10 minutes at 4 ° C. RGCs were then blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin and 5% goat serum in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by rabbit anti-human LRP1 (dilution 1: 2000, Epitomics), mouse anti-NMDAR2B (32-0700 , Dilution 1: 500, Invitrogen), mouse anti-rat cytochrome c (556432, dilution, 1: 3000, BD Biosciences) in PBS (containing 1% bovine serum albumin and 5% goat serum) at room temperature Cultured for 1 hour.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the obtained cells were washed three times with PBS, and then Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (dilution 1: 200, Invitrogen), Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (dilution 1: 200, Invitrogen) or The cells were cultured for 1 hour at room temperature using Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (dilution 1: 200, Invitrogen).
- the obtained RGC was washed three times with PBS, and then an immune response was initiated using Fluormount / Plus (Japan Tanner, Osaka, Japan).
- CMXRos MitoTracker Red CMXRos
- RGC was prepared by washing twice with Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing 2.4 mM CaCl 2 , 20 mM HEPES and not containing magnesium, and adding 300 ⁇ M glutamate and 10 ⁇ M glycine to the Hanks balanced salt solution.
- the cells were cultured in the medium at 37 ° C. for 2 hours.
- RGCs were cultured for 22 hours at 37 ° C. in RGC culture medium without forskolin, BDNF, CNTF and bFGF.
- RGCs were stained with 1 ⁇ g / ml Hoechst 33342 (346-07951, Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) or 1 ⁇ g / ml calcein-AM / propidium iodide (341-07381, Dojindo).
- the fluorescence image was observed using an Olympus IX71 microscope.
- Fragmented or aggregated nuclei stained with the Hoechst reagent were counted as apoptotic nuclei, and round and smooth nuclei were counted as healthy nuclei. Since healthy nuclei were not stained with propidium iodide, nuclei stained with propidium iodide were counted as apoptotic nuclei. More than 300 nuclei in each group were counted.
- RGCs were cultured on a microdish for at least 14 days, and then cultured at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes using 3 ⁇ M Fluo-8 acetoxymethyl ester (AAT® Bioquest, Sunnyvale, CA). The obtained cells were washed twice with 500 ⁇ l of the above HBSS, and then 300 ⁇ M glutamate and 10 ⁇ M glycine were injected. Fluorescence images were taken every 500 msec using an ORCA-R2 digital CCD camera (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan), and analyzed using MetaFluor fluorescence, imaging software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA).
- RGC compartmental culture was performed as follows.
- RGCs were prepared according to methods described in known literature (Hayashi et al., J Biol Chem 2004). After coating micro-dish with poly-d-lysine and laminin, scratch the surface of the dish to make 20 parallel grooves, and attach Teflon (registered trademark) 3-compartment divider on the dish with silicone grease did.
- Teflon registered trademark 3-compartment divider on the dish with silicone grease did.
- RGC culture medium containing 25 ng / ml BDNF and 25 ng / ml CNTF was added, and then 10,000-15,000 RGC cells were seeded per dish.
- RGC culture medium containing 75 ng / ml BDNF, 25 ng / ml CNTF and 50 ng / ml bFGF was placed in both compartments. RGC axons penetrated the compartments on both sides beyond the silicone grease within 5 days. Prior to the start of the experiment, RGC compartment culture was performed for at least 14 days.
- the immunoprecipitation method was performed as follows.
- the co-immunoprecipitation method uses RGC lysate in a complete EDTA-free mixture of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM CaCl 2 and 1% Triton X-100.
- the reaction was performed according to the method of May et al. (May et al., 2004) using a mixture of protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and PhosSTOP phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche).
- RGCs were washed once with HBSS and collected in 96 well plates using 40 ⁇ l lysis buffer per well.
- the lysates from 9-12 wells were combined for each group.
- the RGC lysate was centrifuged 15 times through a 22-gauge injection needle at 15,000 ⁇ g, 4 ° C. for 15 minutes.
- the resulting supernatant was pretreated with 40 ⁇ l of 50% equilibrated protein G-Sepharose (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) for 1 hour at 4 ° C., and Sepharose beads were removed by centrifugation.
- rabbit anti-LRP1 antibody diilution 1: 200; 2703-1, Epitomics, Burlingame, CA
- rabbit anti-NR2B antibody diilution 1: 200; AB1557, Millipore
- FIG. 9A shows treatment after control (C; HBSS) or with glutamic acid alone (Glu ( ⁇ ); 300 ⁇ M glutamate), glycine alone (Gly ( ⁇ ); 10 ⁇ M glycine) or glutamic acid + glycine (Glu; 300 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine) Shown are fragmented or contracted nuclei in RGC detected after 24 hours by Hoechst staining. Data are the mean +/ ⁇ SE values of 4 independent experiments (*: p ⁇ 0.001 (C vs Glu)).
- FIG. 9B shows that control (C; HBSS) or glutamic acid + glycine (Glu; 300 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine) was not washed with HBSS and washed with Hoechst after 24 hours after washing once, twice or three times for 15 minutes. Shown are fragmented or contracted nuclei in RGC detected.
- FIG. 9C shows fluorescence images of RGCs stained with Annexin V-EGFP, propidium Iodide and Hoechst 12 hours after treatment with control or glutamic acid + glycine (Glu; 30 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine). The scale bar is 20 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 9D shows RGCs immunostained with anti-cytochrome c (Cyto C) 12 hours after control or Glu treatment of RGCs treated with 2 nM MitoTracker Red (Mito). The scale bar is 20 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 10A cells were incubated with glutamate in the absence of Ca 2+ (no Ca 2+) or presence (Ca 2+).
- 10B RGC is 10 ⁇ M MK801 (NMDA receptor inhibitor)
- FIG. 10C is 1 ⁇ M ALLN (calpain inhibitor)
- FIG. 10D is 1 ⁇ M FK506 (calcineurin inhibitor)
- FIG. 10E is 200 ⁇ M MK801 (Bax-inhibitory peptide V5; BIP -V5; inhibitor of Bax), in FIG.
- the present inventor has previously reported that the induction of apoptosis of RGC by the removal of nutritional adducts is suppressed by glial E-LP. Therefore, in this example, it was examined whether lipoproteins prevent glutamate-induced apoptosis.
- Glia-derived E-LP, plasma HDL and reconstituted E-LP were extracted as follows. First, glia were extracted from cerebral cortex of 2-day-old Sprague® Dawley rats, digested with 0.25% trypsin, and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Glia was cultured for 3 days in the same medium used for RGC (but not including forskolin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor). The obtained culture solution was centrifuged at 1000 ⁇ g for 10 minutes, and the resulting supernatant was used as a glia-conditioned medium.
- E-LP Mouse or rat HDL was isolated from blood drawn from the abdominal aorta of C57BL / 6J mice or Sprague Dawley rats.
- Reconstituted E-LP was prepared by literature methods. To reconstituted E-LP, 1-palmitoyl-1-oleoyl-glycerophosphocholine, cholesterol and recombinant human apo E were added in a molar ratio of 100: 10: 1 or 100: 0: 1.
- Glia conditioned medium, plasma or reconstituted lipoprotein was centrifuged for 72 hours at discontinuous sucrose gradient 100000xg, 4 ° C with the following solutions: density 1.30 g / ml (3ml), density 1.2 g / ml (3ml), density 1.1 mg / ml (3 ml) and density 1.006 mg / ml (6 ml).
- the top 10 fractions of the gradient (1.5 ml) were collected and immunoblotted for apoE. ApoE-containing fractions were concentrated and then adjusted to cholesterol concentration (2 ⁇ g / ml) for glial E-LP as well as HDL or protein concentration (100 ng / ml) for reconstituted lipoprotein.
- the cholesterol concentration and protein concentration of lipoproteins were measured using LabAssay cholesterol kit (Wako Pure Chemical) and BCA protein assay kit (Termo Fisher Scientific, IL). ⁇ 2 macroglobulin was activated by treatment with 100 mM methylamine at room temperature for 1 hour.
- RGC apoptosis was measured as follows. Primary cultured RGCs were grown at 37 ° C using Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) containing 2.4 mM CaCl 2 without magnesium and 20 mM 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). Incubated twice for 15 minutes and washed. Magnesium was excluded from the wash solution because the NMDA receptor was blocked. Thereafter, RGC was cultured in HBSS containing 2.4 mM CaCl 2 and 20 mM HEPES (magnesium-free) without treatment with 300 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine (NMDA receptor coactivator) at 37 ° C. for 2 hours.
- HBSS Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
- HEPES 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid
- lipoproteins derived from glia (2 ⁇ cholesterol / ml) extracted from glial conditioned medium (GLP) and HDL extracted from rat plasma (2 ⁇ cholesterol / ml) prevent RGCs from glutamate-induced toxicity.
- human apo E3 and E4 isoforms affect neurodegeneration, particularly neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
- no difference was observed in the neuroprotective effect of human apoE3 and E4 containing lipoprotein in glutamic acid-treated RGC.
- FIG. 11A shows apoE in lipoprotein (2 ⁇ cholesterol / ml) extracted from glial conditioned medium (GLP), apoE in HDL (2 ⁇ cholesterol / ml) extracted from rat plasma, and lipoprotein containing reconstituted human apoE.
- Immunoblots against protein (E-LP) 100 ng protein / ml) are shown.
- RGCs were incubated with GLP, HDL or E-LP for 15 minutes, and then Glu was added. *: P ⁇ 0.005 (Glu vs. Glu + GLP, Glu + HDL or Glu + E-LP).
- FIG. 11B shows the dose-dependent protective effect of E-LP against Glu-induced neurotoxicity.
- RGC was incubated with E-LP for 15 minutes, and then Glu was added.
- FIG. 11C shows lipid-free apo E (100 ng protein / ml), cholesterol chol (11 ng / ml), phosphatidylcholine + cholesterol (PC + chol) liposomes (11 ng cholesterol / ml), PC + apoE liposomes ( 100 ng protein / ml), ApoE-containing E-LP, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine (100 ng protein / ml and 11 ng cholesterol / ml), or HDL (MsHDL) (2 ⁇ g cholesterol / ml) from mouse plasma, Glu was added. * And **: p ⁇ 0.001 and p ⁇ 0.0001 (Glu vs.Glu + lipoprotein).
- FIG. 11D RGCs were incubated with reconstituted apoE3-containing liposomes (E3-LP) or apoE4-containing liposomes (E4-LP) (100 ng protein / ml) for 15 minutes, and then Glu was added. *: P ⁇ 0.001 (Glu vs. Glu + E3-LP or E4 + LP).
- RGCs were labeled with Fluo-8 acetoxymethyl ester for 30 minutes, and then Glu (300 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine) was added.
- the fluorescence ratio image (ratio image) is as displayed in the color indicated by the color index shown in the lower part of FIG. 12A. This color represents a ratio 0 and a ratio 2 corresponding to the basal fluorescence intensity (ratio 1) before Glu stimulation.
- the left and right panels show Glu and Glu + E-LP, respectively. This data is from one of eight experiments that showed similar results.
- the scale bar is 80 ⁇ m.
- FIGS. 12B and C are diagrams showing changes in Fluo-8 fluorescence by ⁇ F / F0.
- F0 is the basal fluorescence intensity before Glu stimulation.
- RGC is 100 ng protein / ml E-LP, 10 ⁇ M MK801, 100 ng protein / ml E-LP + 10 ⁇ M MK801, 100 ng protein / ml E-LP + 10 ⁇ g / ml anti-LRP1 antibody or 100 ng protein / ml E-LP + 10 ⁇ g / mg IgG After incubation for 15 minutes, the indicated amount of Glu was added.
- FIG. 12D shows the ratio of fragmented or contracted nuclei detected by Hoechst staining after control (HBSS) or after treatment with glutamic acid + glycine (Glu; lu300 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine) for 24 hours.
- HBSS Hoechst staining after control
- glutamic acid + glycine glutamic acid + glycine
- FIGS. 12E and F show the results of immunoprecipitation using an antibody of LRP1 (E) or NMDA receptor subunit NR2B (F) from a culture solution of RGC untreated or treated with E-LP.
- the immunoprecipitate (pellet) and supernatant were probed with antibodies against LRP1, NR2B or NR2A.
- This data is the mean ⁇ SE of one experiment, three experiments with similar results.
- FIG. 13A is a graph showing the ratio of fragmented or contracted nuclei detected by Hoechst staining 24 hours after treatment with control (HBSS) or glutamic acid + glycine (Glu; 300 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine).
- RGCs were incubated with E-LP (100 ng protein / ml) or E-LP + U (5 ⁇ M U73122, phosphoribose C inhibitor) for 15 minutes, and then Glu was added. This data is the mean ⁇ SE of 5 experiments. *: P ⁇ 0.005 (Glu + E-LP vs Glu + E-LP + U).
- FIG. 13B is a diagram showing protein kinase C ⁇ knocked down by PKC ⁇ siRNA in RGC.
- RGCs were cultured for 6 days with 300 nM negative control (NC) or PKC ⁇ siRNA, and PKC ⁇ was detected by immunoblotting.
- ⁇ -actin was used as an internal control. Fragmented or contracted nuclei were detected by negative control (NC) or PKC ⁇ siRNA knockdown, C, Glu or Glu + E-LP treatment, and 24 hours later, Hoechst staining. Data are the mean ⁇ SE of 5 experiments. *: P ⁇ 0.05 (Glu + E-LP + NC vs Glu + E-LP + PKC ⁇ ).
- FIG. 13C shows that RGCs were collected 16 hours after C, Glu or Glu + E-LP treatment.
- RGCs were immunoblotted with antibodies against GSK3 ⁇ phosphorylated at Ser9 (p-GSK3 ⁇ ) or total GSK3 ⁇ . Quantification of Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3 ⁇ is shown from four experiments. *: P ⁇ 0.001 (Glu vs Glu + E-LP).
- the phase difference image of one track shows that the cell body is localized in the cell body compartment and the axon exists in the right axon compartment.
- the bottom panel shows RGCs stained with anti-LRP1 or anti-NR2B antibodies.
- the scale bar is 50 ⁇ m.
- FIGS. 15A and B show anti-Brn ⁇ retinas of 3 week old (3w) or 6 week old (6w) Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mice (injected with 1 ⁇ l PBS or 1 ⁇ l 1.5 ⁇ g protein / ml E-LP).
- the results of immunoblotting with 3a antibody or anti- ⁇ -actin antibody (A), GSK3 ⁇ phosphorylated with Ser9 (p-GSK3 ⁇ ) or antibodies against total GSK3 ⁇ (B) are shown.
- FIG. 15C shows retinal sections from Glast +/ ⁇ and Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mice (3 or 6 weeks old) injected with 1 ⁇ l PBS, 1 ⁇ l 1.5 ⁇ g protein / ml E-LP or 30 ⁇ g cholesterol / ml® HDL. The results of eosin staining are shown. Arrowheads indicate the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL). The scale bar is 40 ⁇ m. The data was obtained from one retinal section representing 8 sections that showed similar results.
- FIG. 15D shows 6-week-old wild-type mice (+ / +), 3 weeks old or 6 weeks old that were not injected or injected with 1 ⁇ l PBS, 1 ⁇ l 1.5 ⁇ g protein / ml E-LP or 30 ⁇ g cholesterol / ml® HDL.
- the number of RGCs in Glast +/ ⁇ mice (+/ ⁇ ) or Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mice ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) Glast +/ ⁇ and Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mice was quantified. Data was obtained from the results of 8 experiments.
- * P ⁇ 0.05 (PBS v E-LP or HDL; 6-week-old Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mouse).
- FIG. 16 shows immunoblot results of 5 ⁇ l of vitreous humor and 5 ⁇ l of 100 ng protein / ml E-LP from Glast + / + and Glast-/-mice.
- FIGS. 17A and B show retinal or vitreous humor from 3 or 6 week old Glast + / + and Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mice, antibodies against apoE, LRP1, ⁇ -actin, ⁇ 2-macroglobulin (a2M), and albumin. The results of immunoblotting with are shown. The arrowhead indicates a2M.
- FIG. 17A shows the results of four experiments for the quantification of apoE against ⁇ -actin. *: P ⁇ 0.05 (3 week old Glast + / + vs 3 week old Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mouse retina).
- FIG. 17A shows the results of four experiments for the quantification of apoE against ⁇ -actin. *: P ⁇ 0.05 (3 week old Glast + / + vs 3 week old Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mouse retina).
- FIG. 17B is the result of three experiments for the quantification of apoE and a2M on albumin. *: P ⁇ 0.05 (3 week old Glast + / + vs 3 week old Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mouse retina). #: P ⁇ 0.05 (3 week old Glast + / + vs 3 week old Glast ⁇ / ⁇ mouse retina).
- FIG. 17C shows control in the absence or presence of ⁇ 2 macroglobulin (C; HBSS) or glutamic acid treatment (Glu; 300 ⁇ M glutamate + 10 ⁇ M glycine) or Glu + 100 ng protein / ml E-LP and Hoechst 24 hours later. The percentage of fragmented or contracted nuclei detected by staining is shown.
- FIG. 17D shows the state of RGC added with Glu after culturing with 100 nM100a2M and E-LP (100 -3000 ng protein / ml).
- the data in FIGS. 17C and D are mean ⁇ SE values from 4 experimental results.
- the amount of alpha 2 -macroglobulin released from glial cells was examined.
- Human apo E-containing lipoprotein (100 or 1000 ng / ml) was added to the culture medium of primary cultured glial cells, and the culture supernatant was collected 24 hours later. This culture supernatant was detected by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using an anti-alpha 2 -macroglobulin antibody.
- a decrease in the release amount of alpha 2 -macroglobulin from glial cells was observed with the addition of human apo E-containing lipoprotein (FIG. 18).
- the present invention relates to an apolipoprotein E-containing lipoprotein and a lipoprotein receptor having a neuroprotective effect such as a neurodegenerative inhibitory effect against various neurodegenerative diseases such as apoptosis of nerve cells.
- the present invention provides a neurological disease preventive / therapeutic agent using a neuroprotective mechanism and a neurological disease prophylactic / therapeutic method using the same. Therefore, the preventive / therapeutic agent for neurological diseases and the method for preventing / treating neurological diseases of the present invention are useful for the prevention / treatment of neurological diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
Description
この発明で使用する材料のうち、ウサギポリクローナル抗LRP1 抗体 (R2629) は、D.K.ストリックランド博士(Dr. D. K. Strickland; 米国ボルチモア・メリーランド大学医学部)の好意によって提供された。組換えヒトアポ蛋白E3 およびアポ蛋白E4は和光純薬(大阪)から購入した。GLAST-/- マウスのコロニーは、東京医科歯科大学(東京)から得たマウスを用いて熊本大学で確立した。なお、全ての実験方法は、熊本大学動物取扱委員会の承認を得て行った。
生後2日のSprague Dawley(SD)系ラットを用いて、バレスらの方法(Barres et al.、1988)を多少改良した方法(Hayashi et al., J Biol Chem 2009)に従って網膜神経節細胞の初代培養を行った。単離した網膜神経節細胞(RGC)を RGC培地(1 mM グルタミン、5μg/ml インスリン、60μg/ml N-アセチルシステイン、62 ng/ml プロゲステロン、16μg/ml プトレシン、40 ng/ml 亜セレン酸ナトリウム塩、0.1 mg/ml ウシ血清アルブミン、40 ng/ml トリヨードチロニン、0.1 mg/ml トランスフエリン、1 mM ピルビン酸ナトリウム塩、2 % B27 サプリメント(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 10μM ホルスコリン(Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 50 ng/ml 脳由来神経栄養因子 (BDNF; PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ), 50 ng/ml 毛様体神経栄養因子(CNTF; PeproTech) 、ならびに50 ng/ml 塩基性繊維芽細胞増殖因子 (bFGF; PeproTech)の基本培地中に懸濁した。96ウエルプレートをポリ-d-リジン(Sigma) とラミニン(Sigma)でコーティングし、RGCを、96ウエルプレートに対し各ウエル当たり5,000 個の細胞、マイクロディッシュに対し各培養インサート当たり5,000個の細胞、または区画培養用のディッシュ当たり15,000個の細胞になるように装着した。続いて実験前に少なくとも10日間培養した。
グリア細胞由来リポ蛋白をグリア細胞用に調整した培地から単離した。グリア細胞は、生後2日のSD系ラットの大脳皮質から調製し、10%ウシ胎児血清含有ダルベツコ変法イーグル培地中で培養した。グリア細胞培地は星状細胞が>80%になるまで濃縮した(Hayashi et al., J Biol Chem 2009) 。グリア細胞は、ホルスコリン、BDNF、CNTF およびbFGFを含有しないRGC培養培地で3日間培養した。この培養培地をグリア細胞調製用培地とした。
マウス血漿HDL またはラット血漿HDLは、 C57BL/6J マウスまたはSD系ラットの腹部大動脈血からそれぞれ単離した。
再構成アポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白(E-LP)は上述した方法によって製造した(Hayashi et al., J Neurosci 2007)。この再構成アポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白は、1-パルミトイル-2-オレイル-グリセロホスホコリン (POPC; P3017, Sigma)、コレステロール (C3045, Sigma) および組換えヒトアポ蛋白Eから構成されていて、この成分のモル比は100:10:1または100:0:1だった。調製用培地、血漿または再構成アポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白を含む溶液は非連続ショ糖勾配に供した。用いた溶液の組成は、密度1.30 g/mlについて3 ml、密度1.2 g/mlについて3 ml 、密度1.1 g/ml について3 ml、密度1.006 g/ml について6 ml であった。ショ糖勾配は、SRP28SA1ローター (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) を用いて100,000 g、4℃で72時間遠心分離した。10個の分画(1.5 ml) を勾配頂上から採取し、下記のようにしてアポ蛋白Eについて免疫ブロッティングした。アポ蛋白Eを含む分画(典型的には分画5-7)を合併し、Amicon Ultra filter(100 kDaまたは50 kDa分子量カットオフ;Millipore, Bedford, MA)。なお、リポ蛋白量は、HDLについてはコレステロール濃度(2μg/ml)によつて、また再構成リポ蛋白についてはタンパク濃度(100
ng/ml)によって調整した。このコレステロールならびにタンパク濃度は、LabAssay cholesterol kit(Wako)ならびにBCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rockford, IL) にてそれぞれ測定した。
3週齢GLAST+/- またはGLAST-/-マウスを50 mg/kgペントバルビタールナトリウムを腹腔内注射して麻酔した。硝子体中注射をするために、一方の眼の硝子体に1μlアポ蛋白E-LP (1.5μg蛋白/ml) またはHDL (30μgコレステロール/ml)をポリエチレンチューブ(SP8, Natume, Tokyo, Japan)と10μl Hamilton注射器 (Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland) に取り付けた33-gauge nanopass注射針 (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) を用いて注射し、他方の眼の硝子体には同量のPBSを注射した。この操作は、水晶体と網膜を傷つけないように実体顕微鏡下で慎重に行った。硝子体液の採取も硝子体中注射と同じ注射針を用いて行った。
6週齢のマウスの眼球を摘出し、Super Fix (KY-500, Kurabo, Osaka)を用いて4℃で一夜固定し、角膜と水晶体を実体顕微鏡下で除去した。強膜付網膜はパラフィンに包埋した。次に、網膜の4μm パラフィン切片を作製し、ヘマトキシリンとエオシンで染色した。連続した切片から各5個の切片を選択し、神経節細胞層中の細胞数を網膜切片上の一端から視神経を介して他端に亘って計数した。各網膜の10個の切片において、2,000個以上の細胞が計数された。
上記実施例で用いられた免疫ブロッティングは次のようにして行った。つまり、上記各実施例で得られたリポ蛋白は、62.5 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8)、10% グリセロール、2% ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム (SDS) および5% β-メルカプトエタノール (サンプルバッファー)に溶解し、5分間煮沸した。得られた蛋白は、0.1% SDS含有ポリアクリルアミドゲルを用いた電気泳動にて分離し、ポリビニリデンジフルオライド・メンブレンに移した。次いで、メンブレンは、TBS-T (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4)、150 mM NaClおよび0.1% Tween 20) を入れた5% 脱脂乳と共に室温で1時間培養した後、5%ウシ血清アルブミン追加TBS-T中において一次抗体を用いて一夜プローブした。続いて、メンブレンを、ペルオキシダーゼ結合ヤギ抗ウサギIgG (Thermo)、ヤギ抗マウスIgG (Thermo) またはマウス抗ヤギIgG (Thermo)を用いてさらに室温で1時間プローブした。免疫反応性蛋白は、化学発光分析法GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) またはSuper Signal West Dura (Thermo)にて可視化した。使用した一次抗体は次の通りであった:マウス抗β-アクチン (a5441, 希釈1:10,000, Sigma), ヤギ抗ヒトアポ蛋白E (k74190g, dilution 1:5000, Biodesign, Saco, ME)、ヤギ抗マウスアポ蛋白E(sc-6384, 希釈1:1000, Santa Cruz)、ウサギ抗ヒトGSK3βおよびホスホ-Ser 9-GSK3β (9315 and 9336S, 希釈1:1000, Cell signaling Technology, Danvers, MA)、ヤギ抗ヒトBrn-3a (sc-31984, 希釈1:1000, Santa Cruz)、ウサギ抗ヒトLRP1 (2703-1, 希釈1:1000, Epitomics)、マウス抗ヒトLRP1 (545503, 希釈1:1000, R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN)、ウサギ抗ウシホスホリバーゼCγ1 (sc-81, 希釈1:1000, Santa Cruz) およびマウス抗ラットNMDAR2B (610416, 希釈1:1000, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA)。
培養RGCは、リン酸バッファー生理食塩水(PBS)で2度洗浄し、アセトンを用いて10分間4℃で固定した。次いで、RGCを、1%ウシ血清アルブミンおよび5% ヤギ血清のPBS溶液を用いて室温で1時間ブロックした後、ウサギ抗ヒトLRP1 (希釈度1:2000, Epitomics)、マウス抗NMDAR2B (32-0700, 希釈度1:500, Invitrogen)、マウス抗ラットチトクロームc (556432, 希釈度、1:3000, BD Biosciences) のPBS溶液(1% ウシ血清アルブミンおよび5% ヤギ血清を含む)を用いて室温で1時間培養した。得られた細胞は、PBSで3回洗浄した後、Alexa Fluor 488結合ヤギ抗ウサギIgG (希釈度1:200, Invitrogen)、Alexa Fluor 488結合ヤギ抗マウスIgG (希釈度1:200, Invitrogen) またはAlexa Fluor 594結合抗マウスIgG (希釈度1:200, Invitrogen) を用いて室温で1時間培養した。得られたRGCは、PBSで3回洗浄した後、Fluormount/Plus (Japan Tanner, Osaka, Japan)を用いて免疫応答を開始した。ミトコンドリアの染色のために、RGCは、実験の1日前に、2 nM MitoTracker Red CMXRos (Invitrogen)を用いて37℃で30分間培養した。写真は、Olympus IX71顕微鏡 (Tokyo, Japan) またはOlympus FV500共焦点顕微鏡で撮影した。
Claims (9)
- リポ蛋白が少なくともアポリポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白を含むことを特徴とする神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- 前記神経疾患が神経変性を原因とする神経疾患であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- アポリポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白が、グリア細胞由来アポリポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白、血液から分離したアポリポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白含有高比重リポ蛋白、または人工再構成アポリポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白のいずれかであることを特徴とする神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- アポリポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白が、リポ蛋白受容体を介して、活性化して神経保護効果を奏する神経保護分子と、不活化または抑性して神経保護効果を奏する神経変性誘導分子であることを特徴とする請求項1~3記載の神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- リポ蛋白受容体がLRP1受容体、LDL受容体、ApoER2受容体、VLDL受容体、LR11受容体、LRP4受容体、LRP1B受容体、Megalin受容体、LRP5受容体またはLRP6受容体である請求項1~4記載の神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- 前記神経保護分子が、少なくともホスオリパーゼCまたはプロテインキナーゼCδのいずれかであり、神経変性誘導分子が、少なくともNMDA受容体、カルシウム、またはGSK3βのいずれかである請求項1~5記載の神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- アポリポ蛋白E含有リポ蛋白が神経保護分子を活性化し、かつ神経変性誘導分子を不活化または抑性することに加え、グリア細胞からのα2-マクログロブリンの放出を減少させることを特徴とする請求項1~6記載の神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- 大脳皮質神経細胞または網膜神経節細胞のアポトーシスを抑制することを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の神経疾患予防・治療剤。
- アルツハイマー病、緑内障、または糖尿病性網膜症の予防・治療剤であることを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の神経疾患予防・治療剤。
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HAYASHI H. ET AL.: "Apolipoprotein E-Containing Lipoproteins Protect Neurons from Apoptosis via a Signaling Pathway Involving Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1", J.NEUROSCI., vol. 27, no. 8, 21 February 2007 (2007-02-21), pages 1933 - 1941, XP003030963 * |
HAYASHI H. ET AL.: "Protection of Neurons from Apoptosis by Apolipoprotein E-containing Lipoproteins Does Not Require Lipoprotein Uptake and Involves Activation of Phospholipase Cgamma1 and Inhibition of Calcineurin", J.BIOL. CHEM., vol. 284, no. 43, 2009, pages 29605 - 29613, XP003030965 * |
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