JP2011501300A - 可変電圧負荷タップ切換え変圧器 - Google Patents

可変電圧負荷タップ切換え変圧器 Download PDF

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JP2011501300A
JP2011501300A JP2010530042A JP2010530042A JP2011501300A JP 2011501300 A JP2011501300 A JP 2011501300A JP 2010530042 A JP2010530042 A JP 2010530042A JP 2010530042 A JP2010530042 A JP 2010530042A JP 2011501300 A JP2011501300 A JP 2011501300A
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voltage
transformer
heater
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secondary winding
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JP5534345B2 (ja
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デヴィッド・ブース・バーンズ
ポール・グレゴリー・カーディナル
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/02Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings
    • H01F29/04Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with tappings on coil or winding; with provision for rearrangement or interconnection of windings having provision for tap-changing without interrupting the load current
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B36/00Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
    • E21B36/04Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/243Combustion in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/30Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0228Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using electromagnetic energy or detectors therefor
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/04Directional drilling
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • H01J37/32917Plasma diagnostics
    • H01J37/32926Software, data control or modelling
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • H01J37/32917Plasma diagnostics
    • H01J37/32935Monitoring and controlling tubes by information coming from the object and/or discharge
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01FMAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/34Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields
    • H01F27/38Auxiliary core members; Auxiliary coils or windings
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49083Heater type

Abstract

地下ヒーターのための電源システムが記載される。電源システムが可変電圧負荷タップ切換え変圧器を含む。可変電圧変圧器を用いて電力を地下ヒーターに供給するためのシステム及び方法も記載される。
【選択図】図3

Description

背景
1.発明の分野
本発明は地下ヒーターのための電源システムに関する。特に、本発明は地下ヒーターに電力を供給するために用いられる可変電圧変圧器に関する。
2.関連技術の説明
単相負荷タップ切換え電圧調整器は、1930年代におけるその誕生から信頼のおける主要なユーティリティ製品であった。エネルギー源から離れた場所にある顧客の電圧を安定させるために、ユーティリティ分配システムの遠端に、負荷タップ切換え電圧調整器を配置した。電圧調整器は電圧を安定にするために確実に調整を行った(例えば±10%)。電圧調整器は、代表的な公称電圧定格の範囲が7200V〜19,900Vの単巻変圧器である。関連の10%負荷タップ切換器は、入力ライン電圧の±10%の調整範囲を有する。例えば、入力電圧定格が13,200Vである電圧調整器は、13,200Vの上で1320V(すなわち14,520Vに至るまで)調整でき、13,200Vの下で1320V(すなわち11,880Vに至るまで)調整できる。
現在のユーティリティ電圧調整器は、マイクロプロセッサーコントローラを有し、出力電圧を監視してタップを上下に調整し所望の設定に合わせる。代表的なコントローラは、電流監視を含み、リモート通信ができてもよい。コントローラのファームウェアは、電流に基づいた制御(例えば、ヒーター抵抗が温度とともに変化する際に一定のワット量を維持するために望まれる制御)のために変更してもよい。電流と電圧の両方をコントローラにより検知できるので、負荷抵抗監視及び他の電気的分析に基づいた測定が可能である。代表的なタップ切換器は公称の短時間電流定格の200%を有する。よって、タップ切換器の動作によって過負荷電流に対応するように、調整器コントローラをプログラミングしてもよい。
地下ヒーターに電力を供給し制御するために、シリコン制御整流器(SCR)などの電子ヒーター制御機器を使用できる。SCRは使用するには高価かもしれず、電力回路における電気エネルギーを浪費し得る。SCRはまた、地下ヒーターの電力制御中に高調波ひずみを発生するかもしれない。高調波ひずみは電力ラインにノイズを乗せ、ヒーターを圧迫するかもしれない。加えて、SCRは、理想的な電流設定にて又はその近くにて電力を調整するのではなく、完全なオンと完全なオフとの間で電力を切り換えることにより、ヒーターに過度の負担をかけるかもしれない。その結果、温度制限ヒーター(例えば、自己制限温度制御のために強磁性体を用いるヒーター)の目標電流にてかなり大きなオーバーシュート及び/又はアンダーシュートが存在するかもしれない。よって、地下の炭化水素含有層を加熱するのに用いられる電気抵抗ヒーター、特に温度制限ヒーターに与えられる電流の制御をより滑らかにし、ひずみを少なくする必要がある。
電子ヒーターの制御に関連した高調波ひずみを伴わず更に簡単に地下ヒーターに電力を供給し制御するために、負荷タップ切換え調節器の構成に基づいた可変電圧負荷タップ切換え変圧器を使用してもよい。安価で簡単なヒューズ付き安全器により、可変電圧変圧器を電力分配システムに接続できる。可変電圧変圧器は、コスト効果的でスタンドアローンでフル機能のヒーターコントローラと絶縁変圧器を提供できる。
一般にここに記載の態様は地下ヒーターのための電力供給システムに関する。特定の態様は、電力を地下ヒーターに供給するのに用いられる可変電圧変圧器に関する。
特定の態様では、可変電圧変圧器が、一次巻線に第1電圧を供給する電圧電源に接続される一次巻線;一次巻線から電気的に分離されると共に、第1電圧を第1電圧の設定割合である第2電圧まで下げるよう構成された二次巻線;二次巻線に接続されると共に、第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の選択された最大割合まで増していく選択数の電圧間隔に第2電圧を分割する多位置負荷タップ切換器を備え、電気負荷が多位置負荷タップ切換器に接続されて電力を選択電圧で前記負荷に供給し、多位置負荷タップ切換器が、前記選択電圧を前記電気負荷に供給するために選択電圧間隔にタップ接続するよう構成される。
特定の態様では、三相電気負荷に電力を供給するための可変電圧変圧器システムが、三相電気負荷の第1脚に連結された第1可変電圧変圧器;三相電気負荷の第2脚に連結された第2可変電圧変圧器;三相電気負荷の第3脚に連結された第3可変電圧変圧器を含む。第1、第2及び第3可変電圧変圧器の各々は、一次巻線、二次巻線、多位置負荷タップ切換器を含み、一次巻線は、一次巻線に第1電圧を供給する電圧電源に接続されるよう構成され、二次巻線は、一次巻線から電気的に絶縁されるとともに、第1電圧の所定割合の第2電圧まで第1電圧を下げるよう構成され、多位置負荷タップ切換器は、二次巻線に接続され、第2電圧を選択された数の電圧間隔に分割し、この電圧間隔は第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の選択された最大割合まで増す。三相電気負荷の対応脚は、多位置負荷タップ切換器に接続され、選択された電圧で負荷に電力を供給するよう構成される。多位置負荷タップ切換器は、選択された電圧を対応脚に供給するために選択された電圧間隔に接続するよう構成される。
特定の態様では、1個以上の電気ヒーターに供給される電圧を制御する方法が、一次巻線に第1電圧を供給する電圧電源に接続される一次巻線;一次巻線から電気的に分離されると共に、第1電圧を第1電圧の設定割合である第2電圧まで下げるよう構成された二次巻線;二次巻線に接続されると共に、第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の選択された最大割合まで増していく選択数の電圧間隔に第2電圧を分割し、且つ前記選択電圧を第1ヒーターに供給するために選択電圧間隔にタップ接続する多位置負荷タップ切換器;を備えた可変電圧変圧器を用いて第1ヒーターに選択電圧にて電力を供給する段階;選択された期間における第1ヒーターの電気抵抗の変化を測定する段階;及び多位置負荷タップ切換器によりタップ接続された選択電圧間隔を変えることにより、第1ヒーターに供給される選択電圧を調整する段階であって、第1ヒーターの電気抵抗の変化に応じて選択電圧を変える前記段階を含む。
特定の態様では、1個以上の電気ヒーターに供給される電圧を制御する方法が、一次巻線に第1電圧を供給する電圧電源に接続される一次巻線;一次巻線から電気的に分離されると共に、第1電圧を第1電圧の設定割合である第2電圧まで下げるよう構成された二次巻線;二次巻線に接続されると共に、第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の選択された最大割合まで増していく選択数の電圧間隔に第2電圧を分割し、且つ前記選択電圧を第1ヒーターに供給するために選択電圧間隔にタップ接続する多位置負荷タップ切換器;を備えた可変電圧変圧器を用いて第1ヒーターに選択電圧にて電力を供給する段階;第1ヒーターの電気抵抗を測定する段階;第1ヒーターの電気抵抗が選択された値に達するまで第1の選択された値にて電力を供給する段階;選択された期間の間、第1ヒーターの電気抵抗を測定し、選択された期間の間に第2の選択された電圧での第1ヒーターの電気抵抗に変化があるか否かを測定する段階;及び多位置負荷タップ切換器により接続された選択電圧間隔を変えることにより、第1ヒーターに与えられる第2の選択電圧を調整し、その際に第1ヒーターの電気抵抗の変化に応じて第2の選択電圧を変える段階を含む。
特定の態様では、1個以上の電気ヒーターに供給される電圧を制御する方法が、一次巻線に第1電圧を供給する電圧電源に接続される一次巻線;一次巻線から電気的に分離されると共に、第1電圧を第1電圧の設定割合である第2電圧まで下げるよう構成された二次巻線;二次巻線に接続されると共に、第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の選択された最大割合まで増していく選択数の電圧間隔に第2電圧を分割し、且つ前記選択電圧を第1ヒーターに供給するために選択電圧間隔にタップ接続する多位置負荷タップ切換器;を備えた可変電圧変圧器を用いて第1ヒーターに選択電圧にて電力を供給する段階;選択された電圧にて第1ヒーターの電気抵抗を測定する段階;及び少なくとも2つの電圧の各々にて選択された期間の後に前記少なくとも2つの電圧間で選択電圧を循環させるように、多位置負荷タップ切換器により接続された選択電圧間隔を少なくとも2つの電圧間隔の間で切り換えることにより、第1ヒーターに供給される選択電圧を循環させる段階を含む。
別の態様では、特定の態様の特徴を他の態様の特徴と組み合わせてもよい。例えば、1つの態様における特徴を、他のいずれかの態様の特徴と組み合わせてもよい。
別の態様では、本明細書に記載の方法、システム、電源、又はヒーターのいずれかを用いて地下層の処理を行う。
別の態様では、本明細書に記載の特定の態様に更なる特徴を追加してもよい。
以下の詳細な説明及び添付の図面を参照すれば、本発明の効果が当業者には明らかになるであろう。
炭化水素を含有した層を処理するための現場での熱処理システムの一部の態様の概略図である。
タップ切換電圧調整器の従来の構成の概略図である。
可変電圧負荷タップ切換変圧器の概略図である。
変圧器とコントローラの1態様を示す。
本発明は種々の変更を行ったり代替の形式をとったりできるが、例としてその特定の態様について図面に示し明細書において詳細に説明する。図面は縮尺どおりではないかもしれない。図面とその詳細な説明は本発明を開示した特定の形式に限定するものではなく、逆に本発明は添付の特許請求の範囲に記載の本発明の思想及び範囲内にあるすべての変更、等価物及び代替物を含むものであることに留意すべきである。
「交流(AC)」とは、実質的に正弦波状に方向を逆転する時間的に変動する電流をいう。ACにより、強磁性導体において表皮効果の電気の流れが発生する。
「キュリー温度」は、その温度を超えると強磁性体がその強磁性特性のすべてを失う温度である。キュリー温度を超えてその強磁性特性のすべてを失うことに加えて、強磁性体は、増大する電流が強磁性体を流れるとその強磁性特性を失い始める。
「累層(又は層)(formation)」は1以上の炭化水素含有層、1以上の非炭化水素層、オーバーバーデン(overburden)、及び/又はアンダーバーデン(underburden)を含む。「炭化水素層」とは累層において炭化水素を含有した層をいう。炭化水素層は非炭化水素物質及び炭化水素物質を含み得る。「オーバーバーデン」及び/又は「アンダーバーデン」は1以上の異なる種類の不浸透性物質を含む。例えば、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンは岩石、頁岩、泥岩、又は湿性/緊密な炭酸塩を含み得る。現場での熱処理プロセスの特定の態様では、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンは、相対的に不浸透性であり且つ現場での熱処理プロセス中に温度に影響されない炭化水素含有層(1又は複数)を含むことができ、その結果、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンの炭化水素含有層の特性がかなり変化する。例えば、アンダーバーデンは頁岩又は泥岩を含んでもよいが、アンダーバーデンは現場での熱処理プロセス中に熱分解温度まで加熱することはできない。場合によっては、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンはいくらか浸透性を有してもよい。
「層流体」とは層中に存在する流体をいい、熱分解流体、合成ガス、移動性の炭化水素、及び水(蒸気)を含み得る。層流体は非炭化水素流体だけでなく炭化水素流体も含み得る。「移動性流体」とは、層の熱処理の結果として流れることができる、炭化水素を含有した層中の流体をいう。「産出流体」とは、当該層から取り出された流体をいう。
熱源は、実質的に伝導及び/又は放射による熱伝達によって層の少なくとも一部を加熱する任意のシステムである。例えば、熱源は、例えば導管中に配置された絶縁導体、細長部材、及び/又は導体などの電気ヒーターを含み得る。熱源はまた、層の外部又は内部で燃料を燃焼させることにより熱を発生するシステムを含み得る。これらのシステムは、地表バーナー、ダウンホールガスバーナー、分散型無炎燃焼器、及び分散型天然燃焼器とし得る。特定の態様では、1以上の熱源に供給される熱又は該熱源で発生される熱は、他のエネルギー源から供給し得る。この他のエネルギー源が層を直接加熱してもよいし、層を直接的又は間接的に加熱する媒体を移動させるためにそのエネルギーを用いてもよい。層を加熱する1以上の熱源は異なるエネルギー源を使用できることが分かる。よって、例えば、所与の層に対して、いくつかの熱源が電気抵抗ヒーターから熱を供給し、いくつかの熱源が燃焼から熱を供給し、いくつかの熱源が1以上のその他のエネルギー源(例えば、化学反応、太陽エネルギー、風力エネルギー、バイオマス、又はその他の再生可能なエネルギー源)から熱を供給できる。化学反応は、発熱反応(例えば酸化反応)を含み得る。熱源はまた、ヒーター井戸などの加熱場所に近接したゾーン及び/又は該加熱場所を包囲したゾーンに熱を供給するヒーターを含み得る。
「ヒーター」は、井戸又は坑井に近接した領域内で熱を発生するための任意のシステム又は熱源である。ヒーターは、限定するものではないが、電気ヒーター、バーナー、層中の物質若しくは該層から産出される物質と反応する燃焼器、及び/又はそれらの組み合わせとし得る。
一般に「炭化水素」は主に炭素原子と水素原子とから形成される分子として定義される。炭化水素は、限定するものではないが例えばハロゲン、金属元素、窒素、酸素、及び/又は硫黄など他の元素を含んでもよい。炭化水素は、限定するものではないが、ケロゲン、ビチューメン、焦性瀝青、オイル、天然鉱蝋、及びアスファルタイトとし得る。炭化水素は地中の鉱物マトリックス中又はそれに隣接して存在し得る。マトリックスとしては、限定するものではないが、堆積岩、砂、シリシライト(silicilytes)、炭酸塩、珪藻土、及びその他の多孔質媒体が挙げられる。「炭化水素流体」は、炭化水素を含んだ流体である。炭化水素流体は、水素、窒素、一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素、硫化水素、水、及びアンモニアなどの非炭化水素流体を含むか、そのような非炭化水素流体を伴うか、又はそのような非炭化水素流体中に混入させ得る。
「現場での熱処理プロセス」とは、熱源を用いて炭化水素含有層を加熱し、当該層の少なくとも一部の温度を炭化水素含有物質の流動性流体、ビスブレーキング、及び/又は熱分解を生じる温度よりも高くすることで、移動性流体、ビスブレーキング流体、及び/又は熱分解流体を当該層中で生成するプロセスをいう。
一般に「温度制限ヒーター」とは、例えば温度コントローラ、電源レギュレータ、整流器、又はその他の装置などの外部制御機器を使用することなく、特定の温度より上に熱出力を調節する(例えば、熱出力を抑制する)ヒーターをいう。温度制限ヒーターは、AC(交流)又は変調(例えば、「チョップド」)DC(直流)駆動の電気抵抗ヒーターとし得る。
「坑井(wellbore)」なる用語は、掘削又は層中への導管の挿入により層中に作られた穴をいう。坑井は実質的に円形の断面形状、又は別の断面形状を有し得る。「井戸」及び「穴」なる用語は、層中の穴をいうときには、「坑井」なる用語と交換可能に使用できる。
様々な方法で層を処理して多くの異なる産出物を産出できる。現場での熱処理プロセス中に層を処理するために様々な段階又はプロセスを用いることができる。特定の態様では、層の1以上の区域をソリューションマイニングして当該区域から可溶鉱物を取り出す。鉱物のソリューションマイニングは、現場での熱処理プロセスの前、間及び/又は後に実施できる。特定の態様では、ソリューションマイニングされる1以上の区域の平均温度を約120℃未満に維持してもよい。
特定の態様では、層の1以上の区域を加熱し、当該区域から水を取り出し、且つ/又は当該区域からメタン及び他の揮発性炭化水素を取り出す。特定の態様では、水及び揮発性炭化水素の取り出し中に平均温度を周囲温度から約220℃未満の温度に上昇させてもよい。
特定の態様では、層中の炭化水素の移動及び/又はビスブレーキングが可能な温度まで、層の1以上の区域を加熱する。特定の態様では、層の1以上の区域の平均温度を、当該区域内の炭化水素の流動化温度(例えば100℃〜250℃、120℃〜240℃、又は150℃〜230℃の範囲の温度)まで上昇させる。
特定の態様では、1以上の区域を層内で熱分解反応が可能な温度まで加熱する。特定の態様では、層の1以上の区域の平均温度を、当該区域内の炭化水素の熱分解温度(例えば230℃〜900℃、240℃〜400℃、又は250℃〜350℃の範囲の温度)まで上昇させてもよい。
複数の熱源を用いて炭素含有層を加熱することにより、層中の炭化水素の温度を所望の加熱速度にて所望の温度まで上昇させる熱源の周りに熱勾配を形成できる。所望の産出物について流動化温度の範囲及び/又は熱分解温度の範囲を通じても温度上昇速度は、炭化水素含有層から産出される層流体の質と量に影響し得る。流動化温度の範囲及び/又は熱分解温度の範囲を通して層の温度をゆっくり上昇させることにより、層から高品質、高API比重の炭化水素を産出できる。流動化温度の範囲及び/又は熱分解温度の範囲を通して層の温度をゆっくり上昇させることにより、炭化水素産出物として層中に存在する大量の炭化水素を取り出すことができる。
現場での熱処理の特定の態様では、温度範囲を通してゆっくり温度を上げる代わりに、層の一部を所望の温度に加熱する。特定の態様では、所望の温度は300℃、325℃、又は350℃である。その他の温度を所望の温度として選ぶこともできる。
熱源からの熱を重ね合わせることにより、所望の温度を比較的速く効率的に層中に形成できる。熱源から層中へのエネルギー入力は、層中の温度を実質的に所望の温度に維持するように調節できる。
産出井を通して層から流動化及び/又は熱分解産出物を産出できる。特定の態様では、1以上の区域の平均温度を流動化温度まで上昇させ、炭化水素を産出井から産出する。流動化が設定値よりも低下するため、1以上の区域の平均温度を産出後に熱分解温度まで上昇させてもよい。特定の態様では、熱分解温度に達する前にかなりの産出を伴うことなく1以上の区域の平均温度を熱分解温度まで上昇させてもよい。熱分解産出物を含んだ層流体を、産出井を通して産出できる。
特定の態様では、流動化及び/又は熱分解の後に合成ガスの産出が可能な十分な温度まで、1以上の区域の平均温度を上昇させてもよい。特定の態様では、合成ガスの産出が可能な十分な温度に達する前にかなりの産出を伴うことなく合成ガスの産出を可能にする十分な温度まで炭化水素を上昇させてもよい。例えば、約400℃〜約1200℃、約500℃〜約1100℃、又は約550℃〜約1000℃の範囲の温度において合成ガスを産出できる。合成ガスを生成する流体(例えば蒸気及び/又は水)を当該区域に導入して合成ガスを生成できる。合成ガスは産出井から産出できる。
現場での熱処理プロセス中に、ソリューションマイニング、揮発性炭化水素及び水の取り出し、炭化水素の流動化、炭化水素の熱分解、合成ガスの生成、及び/又は他のプロセスを実施してもよい。特定の態様では、現場での熱処理プロセスの後にいくつかのプロセスを実施してもよい。このプロセスとして、限定するものではないが、処理された区域から熱を回収すること、前に処理された区域に流体(例えば水及び/又は炭化水素)を貯蔵すること、及び/又は前に処理した区域に二酸化炭素を封入することが挙げられる。
図1は炭化水素含有層を処理するための現場での熱処理システムの一部の態様についての概略図である。現場での熱処理システムはバリア井戸200を含んでもよい。バリア井戸は処理領域のまわりにバリアを形成するために用いられる。バリアにより、流体が処理領域に流入すること及び/又は処理領域から流出することが防止される。バリア井戸として、限定するものではないが、排水井戸、真空井戸、捕獲井戸、注入井戸、グラウト井戸、凍結井戸、又はこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。特定の態様では、バリア井戸200は排水井戸である。排水井戸は液体の水を取り除き、且つ/又は加熱される層又は加熱されている層の一部に液体の水が入るのを防止できる。図1に図示された態様では、バリア井戸200は熱源202の一方の側だけに沿って延びているが、バリア井戸が層の処理領域を加熱するために使用された又は使用される熱源202のすべてを取り囲んでもよい。
熱源202は層の少なくとも一部中に配置される。熱源202としては、例えば絶縁導体、導管内導体型ヒーター、地表バーナー、分散型無炎燃焼器、及び/又は分散型天然燃焼器などのヒーターが挙げられる。熱源202としては、他の種類のヒーターも挙げることができる。熱源202は層の少なくとも一部に熱を与えて層中の炭化水素を加熱する。供給管路204を通してエネルギーを熱源202に供給できる。供給管路204は、層を加熱するのに用いられる熱源(1つ又は複数)の種類に依存して構造が異なってもよい。熱源用の供給管路204は、電気ヒーターに電気を送るか、燃焼器に燃料を輸送するか、又は層中を循環する熱交換流体を輸送することができる。特定の態様では、現場熱処理法のための電気を原子力発電所(1つ又は複数)により供給してもよい。原子力を用いることにより、現場熱処理法における二酸化炭素の排出を削減又は排除できるかもしれない。
産出井206は層から層流体を取り出すのに用いられる。特定の態様では、産出井206は熱源を含む。産出井の熱源は、産出井にて又は産出井付近にて層の1以上の部分を加熱できる。現場での熱処理プロセスの特定の態様では、産出井1メートル当たり産出井から層に供給される熱量は、熱源1メートル当たり層を加熱する熱源から層に加えられる熱量より少ない。
特定の態様では、産出井206中の熱源により、層から層流体の気相除去が可能となる。産出井にて又は産出井を介して加熱することにより、(1)産出流体がオーバーバーデンに近接した産出井の中を移動しているときに産出流体の凝縮及び/又は還流を防止し、(2)層中への入熱を増大させ、(3)熱源を用いない産出井と比べて産出井からの産出速度を高め、(4)産出井中での高炭素数化合物(C以上)の凝縮を防止し、及び/又は(5)産出井にて又はその近くでの層の浸透性を高めることができる。
層中の地下圧力は、層中で生成される流体圧力に対応するかもしれない。層の加熱された部分の温度が高くなるにつれ、流体の熱膨張、流体生成の増加、及び水の蒸発によって加熱部分の圧力が高くなるかもしれない。層からの流体の除去速度を制御することにより、層中の圧力を制御できるかもしれない。層中の圧力は、複数の異なる場所にて、例えば産出井にて若しくはその近くにて、熱源にて若しくはその近くにて、又は監視井戸にて測定してもよい。
特定の炭化水素含有層においては、該層からの炭化水素の産出は、層中の少なくともいくらかの炭化水素が移動及び/又は熱分解されるまで禁止される。選択された品質の層流体である場合には、層流体を層から産出してもよい。特定の態様では、選択された品質として、少なくとも約15°、20°、25°、30°、又は40°のAPI比重が挙げられる。少なくともいくらかの炭化水素が移動及び/又は熱分解されるまで産出を禁止することにより、軽質炭化水素への重質炭化水素の変換を増やすことができる。初期産出を禁止することにより、層からの重質炭化水素の産出を最小化できる。多量の重質炭化水素を産出するには、高額な設備を要し且つ/又は産出設備の寿命を短くするかもしれない。
可動温度又は熱分解温度に達しかつ層からの産出が可能になった後、産出される層流体の組成を変え且つ/又は制御し、層流体中の非凝縮性流体に対する凝縮性流体の割合を制御し、及び/又は産出されている層流体のAPI比重を制御するために、層中の圧力を変化させてもよい。例えば、圧力を下げると、凝縮性流体成分の産出をより多くすることができる。凝縮性流体成分はオレフィンをより大きな割合で含有し得る。
特定の現場熱処理法の態様では、層中の圧力を、API比重が20°より大きい層流体の産出を促進するのに十分なだけ高く維持してもよい。層中の圧力を高く維持することにより、現場熱処理中の層沈下を防止できる。圧力を高く維持することにより、地表にて層流体を圧縮して収集導管で処理施設まで輸送する必要性が低減又は除去できる。
驚くべきことに、層の加熱部分における圧力を高く維持することにより、品質が高くかつ相対的に小さい分子量の炭化水素を多量に産出することができる。産出された層流体が選択された炭素数より上の最小量の化合物を有するように、圧力を維持してもよい。選択される炭素数は、25以下、20以下、12以下、又は8以下とし得る。いくらかの高炭素数化合物は、層中の蒸気中に伴出するかもしれず、蒸気と共に層から除去し得る。層中の圧力を高く維持することにより、蒸気中における高炭素数化合物及び/又は多環炭化水素化合物の伴出を防止できる。高炭素数化合物及び/又は多環炭化水素化合物は、かなりの期間、層中において液相のまま残り得る。このかなりの期間により、化合物が熱分解して低炭素数化合物を形成するのに十分な時間が得られる。
産出井206から産出された層流体は、収集管208を介して処理施設210に輸送できる。層流体はまた熱源202から産出し得る。例えば、熱源付近の層中の圧力を制御するために熱源202から流体を産出し得る。熱源202から産出された流体は、配管又はパイプを介して収集管208に輸送してもよいし、産出した流体を配管又はパイプを介して処理施設210に直接輸送してもよい。処理施設210としては、分離装置、反応装置、品質改善装置、燃料電池、タービン、貯蔵容器、及び/又は産出された層流体を処理するためのその他のシステム及び装置が挙げられる。処理施設は、層から産出された炭化水素の少なくとも一部から輸送燃料を形成することもできる。特定の態様では、輸送燃料はジェット燃料とし得る。
現在のユーティリティ電圧調整器は、マイクロプロセッサーコントローラを有し、出力電圧を監視してタップを上下に調整し所望の設定に合わせる。代表的なコントローラは、電流監視を含み、リモート通信ができてもよい。コントローラのファームウェアは、電流に基づいた制御(例えば、ヒーター抵抗が温度とともに変化する際に一定のワット量を維持するために望まれる制御)のために変更してもよい。電流と電圧の両方をコントローラにより検知できるので、負荷抵抗監視並びに他の電気的分析に基づいた測定及び制御が可能である。限定するものではないが、電流に加えて電力、電圧、力率、抵抗又は高調波を含めて検知される電気特性を、制御パラメータとして使用してもよい。代表的なタップ切換器は公称の短時間電流定格の200%を有する。よって、タップ切換器の動作によって過負荷電流に対応するように、調整器コントローラをプログラミングしてもよい。
地下ヒーターに電力を供給し制御するために、シリコン制御整流器(SCR)などの電子ヒーター制御機器を使用できる。SCRは使用するには高価かもしれず、電力回路における電気エネルギーを浪費し得る。SCRはまた、地下ヒーターの電力制御中に高調波ひずみを発生するかもしれない。高調波ひずみは電力ラインにノイズを乗せ、ヒーターを圧迫するかもしれない。加えて、SCRは、理想的な電流設定にて又はその近くにて電力を調整するのではなく、完全なオンと完全なオフとの間で電力を切り換えることにより、ヒーターに過度の負担をかけるかもしれない。その結果、温度制限ヒーター(例えば、自己制限温度制御のために強磁性体を用いるヒーター)の目標電流にてかなり大きなオーバーシュート及び/又はアンダーシュートが存在するかもしれない。
電子ヒーターの制御に関連した高調波ひずみを伴わず更に簡単に地下ヒーターに電力を供給し制御するために、負荷タップ切換え調節器の構成に基づいた可変電圧負荷タップ切換え変圧器を使用してもよい。安価で簡単なヒューズ付き安全器により、可変電圧変圧器を電力分配システムに接続できる。可変電圧変圧器は、コスト効果的でスタンドアローンでフル機能のヒーターコントローラと絶縁変圧器を提供できる。
図2は従来の構成のタップ切換え電圧調整器212の概略図である。調整器212は入力又はライン電圧の±10%の調整を行う。調整器212は一次巻線214とタップ切換器領域216を含み、タップ切換器領域216は調整器の二次巻線を含む。一次巻線214はタップ切換器領域216の二次巻線に電気的に接続された直列巻線である。タップ切換器領域216は、二次巻線の電圧を電圧間隔に分離する8個のタップ218A−Hを含む。可動タップ切換器220は、バランス巻線を有する可動防止単巻変圧器である。タップ切換器220は、タップ切換器領域216においてタップ218A−H間で移動するスライド式タップ切換器とし得る。タップ切換器220は例えば最大668A又はそれより大きな高電流を流すことができてもよい。
タップ切換器220は1つのタップ218に接触するか、又は2つのタップの間を橋絡して2つのタップ電圧の中間を与える。よって、タップ切換器領域216においてタップ切換器220に接続する16個の同等の電圧間隔が作られる。この電圧間隔は調整の10%範囲を等しく分割する(1間隔当たり5/8%)。スイッチ222はプラス調整とマイナス調整の間で電圧調整を切り換える。よって、入力電圧から+10%又は−10%電圧を調整できる。
計器用変圧器224はブッシング226での電位を検知する。ブッシング226での電位は、マイクロプロセッサーコントローラによる評価に用いることができる。コントローラはタップ位置を調整して設定値に一致させる。制御電力変圧器228は、コントローラとタップ切換器モーターを作動させる電力を供給する。変流器230は、調整器において電流を検知するのに用いる。
図3は可変電圧負荷タップ切換え変圧器232の概略図である。変圧器232のこの概略図は、図2に示された負荷タップ切換え調整器の概略図に基づいている。一次巻線214をタップ切換器領域216の二次巻線から分離し、一次巻線と二次巻線を別個に作る。ブッシング234、236を用いて一次巻線214を電圧源に接続してもよい。電圧源が一次巻線214の両端に第1電圧を加え得る。第1電圧は、少なくとも5kV、少なくとも10kV、少なくとも25kV、又は少なくとも35kVで最大約50kVの電圧などの高電圧にしてもよい。ブッシング238、240を用いてタップ切換器領域216の二次巻線を電気負荷(例えば1個以上の地下ヒーター)に接続してもよい。電気負荷としては、限定するものではないが、絶縁導体ヒーター(例えば無機絶縁導体ヒーター)、導管 コンダクター・イン・コンジット式ヒーター、温度制限ヒーター、二脚ヒーター、又は三相ヒーター構成の1ヒーター脚が挙げられる。電気負荷はヒーター以外(例えば坑井を形成する坑底アセンブリ)でもよい。
タップ切換器領域216における二次巻線は、一次巻線214の両端の第1電圧を第2電圧(例えば第1電圧より低い電圧又は第2電圧)に下げる。特定の態様では、タップ切換器領域216の二次巻線が、一次巻線214からの電圧を、一次巻線の両端の第1電圧の5%〜20%の第2電圧に下げる。特定の態様では、タップ切換器領域216の二次巻線が、一次巻線214からの電圧を、一次巻線の両端の第1電圧の1%〜30%又は3%〜25%の第2電圧に下げる。1態様では、タップ切換器領域216の二次巻線が、一次巻線214からの電圧を、一次巻線の両端の第1電圧の10%の第2電圧に下げる。例えば、一次巻線の両端の第1電圧7200Vを、タップ切換器領域216の二次巻線の両端の第2電圧720Vに下げてもよい。
特定の態様では、タップ切換器領域216における低下割合を事前に設定する。特定の態様では、変圧器232に接続された負荷の所望の動作の必要に応じて、タップ切換器領域216における低下割合を調整してもよい。
タップ218A−H(又は他の任意個数のタップ)が、タップ切換器領域216における二次巻線上の第2電圧を電圧間隔に分割する。第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の全割合の値まで、第2電圧を電圧間隔に分割する。特定の態様では、選択された最小割合から第2電圧全体の値まで、第2電圧を等しい電圧間隔に分割する。特定の態様では、選択された最小割合が第2電圧の0%である。例えば、第2電圧をタップによって0V〜720Vの範囲の電圧間隔に等しく分割してもよい。特定の態様では、選択された最小割合が第2電圧の25%又は50%である。
変圧器232はタップ切換器220を含み、タップ切換器220は、1つのタップ218に接触するか、2つのタップを橋絡して2つのタップ電圧の中間を供給する。タップ上のタップ切換器220の位置が、ブッシング238、240に接続された電気負荷に供給される電圧を決定する。例として、タップ切換器領域216における8個のタップを有する構成により、タップ切換器領域216においてタップ切換器220が接続する16個の電圧間隔が得られる。よって、電気負荷は、選択された最小割合と第2電圧との間で変わる16個の異なる電圧が与えられる。
変圧器232の特定の態様では、電圧間隔が選択された最小割合と第2電圧との間の範囲を等しく分割する(電圧間隔が等しい)。例えば、8個のタップが720Vの第2電圧を0V〜720Vの間を16個の電圧間隔に分割してもよく、それにより各アップは電気負荷に加えられる電圧を45Vずつ増やす。特定の態様では、電圧間隔が選択された最小割合と第2電圧との間の範囲を等しくない増分に分割する。例えば、タップ切換器領域の上半分の電圧間隔を、タップ切換器の下半分の電圧間隔よりも大きくしてもよい。
ブッシング240を二次巻線及びタップ218から電気的に切断するためにスイッチ222を使用できる。ブッシング240を二次巻線から電気的に分離することにより、ブッシング238、240に接続された電気負荷に供給される電力(電圧)が止められる。よって、スイッチ222は変圧器232において内部切断を行い、変圧器に接続された電気負荷を電気的に分離して電力(電圧)を止める。
変圧器232において、計器用変圧器224、制御電力変圧器228、及び変流器230は、一次巻線214から電気的に分離される。電気的な分離により、一次巻線214により生じる電流及び/又は電圧の過負荷から計器用変圧器224、制御電力変圧器228、及び変流器230が保護される。
特定の態様では、可変電気負荷(例えば、限定するものではないが、キュリー温度又は相転移温度範囲にて自己制限する強磁性体を用いた温度制限ヒーターなどの地下ヒーター)に電力を供給するために変圧器232が用いられる。変圧器232は、タップ218間でタップ切換器220を動かすことにより、小さな電圧増分(電圧間隔)にて調整すべき電気負荷に電力を供給できる。よって、電気負荷の変化(例えば電気負荷の抵抗の変化)に応じて、電気負荷に供給される電圧を徐々に増して調整し、電気負荷に実質的に一定の電流を供給できる。電気負荷への電圧は、最小電圧(選択された最小割合)から最大電位(第2電圧)まで段階的に制御できる。増分は等しい増分又は等しくない増分とし得る。よって、電気負荷への電力は、SCRコントローラを用いて行うように完全にオン又はオフして電気負荷を制御する必要はない。小さな増分を用いることにより、電気負荷への循環ストレスを減らすことができ、電気負荷であるデバイスの寿命を延ばすことができる。変圧器232は、SCRにおいて用いられる電気的切換えの代りに機械的な動作を用いて電圧を変える。電気的な切換えでは、電気負荷に与えられる電圧信号に高調波及び/又はノイズが加えられる場合がある。変圧器232の機械的な切換えにより、電気的な負荷に加えられる電圧のクリーンでノイズがなく段階的に調整可能な制御が行われる。
変圧器232はコントローラ242によって制御できる。コントローラ242はマイクロプロセッサーコントローラでもよい。制御電力変圧器228によりコントローラ242に電力供給できる。コントローラ242は、タップ切換器領域216、及び/又は変圧器232に接続された電気負荷を含めて変圧器232の特性を評価できる。コントローラ242により評価できる特性の例として、限定するものではないが、電圧、電流、電力、力率、高調波、タップ切換動作の回数、最大及び最小記録値、タップ切換器コンタクト部の摩耗、並びに電気負荷の抵抗が挙げられる。
特定の態様では、コントローラ242が電気負荷に接続され、電気負荷の特性を評価する。例えば、光ファイバーを用いてコントローラ242を電気負荷に接続してもよい。光ファイバーにより、限定するものでないが、電気抵抗、インピーダンス、キャパシタンス、及び/又は温度などの電気負荷の特性を測定できる。特定の態様では、コントローラ242が計器用変圧器224及び/又は変流器230に接続され、変圧器232の電圧及び/又は電流出力を評価する。特定の態様では、1以上の選択された期間にわたり、電圧と電流を用いて電気負荷の抵抗を評価する。特定の態様では、電圧と電流を用いて電気負荷の他の特性(例えば温度)を評価又は診断する。
特定の態様では、コントローラ242が、変圧器に接続された電気負荷の変化又は電力分配システムにおける他の変化(限定するものではないが、一次巻線への入力電圧又は他の電源変化)に応じて変圧器232の電圧出力を調整する。例えば、コントローラ242は、電気負荷の電気抵抗の変化に応じて変圧器232の電圧出力を調整してもよい。コントローラ242は、タップ218間での制御タップ切換器220の動きを制御して変圧器232の電圧出力を調整することにより、出力電圧を調整できる。特定の態様では、電気負荷(例えば地下ヒーター)が相対的に一定の電流にて作動するように、コントローラ242が変圧器232の電圧出力を調整する。特定の態様では、コントローラ242は、タップ切換器220を新たなタップに移動させることにより変圧器232の電圧出力を調整し、新たなタップでの抵抗及び/又は電力を評価し、必要ならタップ切換器を別の新たなタップに移動させることができる。
特定の態様では、コントローラ242が、(例えば計器用変圧器及び変流器を用いて電圧と電流を測定する、又は光ファイバーを用いて電気負荷の抵抗を測定することにより)負荷の電気抵抗を評価し、評価した電気抵抗を理論抵抗と比較する。コントローラ242は、評価した抵抗と理論抵抗との差に応じて変圧器232の電圧出力を調整できる。特定の態様では、理論抵抗は電気負荷の作動のための理想的な抵抗である。特定の態様では、電気負荷における他の変化(例えば電気負荷の温度)に起因して理論抵抗が時間変化する。
特定の態様では、2個以上のタップ218の間でタップ切換器220を循環させて中間の電圧出力(例えば2つのタップ電圧出力の間の電圧出力)を実現するようにコントローラ242をプログラミングできる。コントローラ242は、所望の中間電圧出力の又はその近くの平均電圧を得るために循環させる各タップにタップ切換器220がある時間を調整できる。例えば、コントローラ242はタップ切換器220を2つのタップに各々約50%の時間維持し、2つのタップでの電圧のほぼ中間にて平均電圧を維持できる。
特定の態様では、一定期間における電圧変化(タップ218間でのタップ切換器220の移動又はタップ変化の循環)の回数を制限するように、コントローラ242をプログラミングできる。例えば、コントローラ242は、30分毎に1回のタップ切換え、又は1時間当たり2回のタップ切換えのみを許容してもよい。一定期間におけるタップ切換えの回数を制限することにより、電気負荷(例えばヒーター)への電圧の変化から受ける該負荷へのストレスが低減される。電気負荷にかかるストレスを低減することにより、電気負荷の寿命を延ばすことができる。また、タップ切換えの回数制限することにより、タップ切換装置の寿命を延ばすこともできる。特定の態様では、一定期間におけるタップ切換えの回数は、コントローラを用いて調整できる。例えば、変圧器232のタップ切換えについての循環制限は、ユーザーが調整できる。
特定の態様では、電気負荷を始動順序にて電力供給するようにコントローラ242をプログラミングできる。例えば、地下ヒーターは一定の始動手順を必要とするかもしれない(例えば加熱の初期には高電流で、ヒーターの温度が設定点に達すると低電流で)。ヒーターへの電力を所望の手順にて増加することにより、異なる速度で膨張する材料からヒーターが受ける機械的ストレスを低減できる。特定の態様では、コントローラ242が、電圧間隔の時間増加を制御しつつ、電気負荷への電力を増大させる。特定の態様では、コントローラ242が、時間当たりのワットの増加を制御しつつ、電気負荷への電力を増大させる。ユーザー入力された始動手順又は予めプログラミングされた始動手順に従って電気負荷を自動的に始動するように、コントローラ242をプログラミングできる。
特定の態様では、電気負荷への電力を停止順序にて止めるように、コントローラ242をプログラミングできる。例えば、地下ヒーターは、ヒーターが急速に冷却するのを抑制する一定の停止手順を必要とし得る。ユーザー入力された停止手順又は予めプログラミングされた停止手順に従って電気負荷を自動的に停止するように、コントローラ242をプログラミングできる。
特定の態様では、湿気除去順序にて電気負荷に電力供給するようにコントローラ242をプログラミングできる。例えば、地下ヒーター又はモーターは、より高い電圧を印加する前に湿気を当該システムから除去するために第2電圧での始動を必要とし得る。特定の態様では、コントローラ242は、要求される電気負荷の抵抗値に達するまで、電圧の増加を抑制する。電圧の増加を制限することにより、システムにおける湿気による短絡を生じさせる電圧を変圧器232が印加することが抑制できる。ユーザー入力された湿気除去順序又は予めプログラミングされた湿気除去手順に従って電気負荷を自動的に始動するように、コントローラ242をプログラミングできる。
特定の態様では、一次巻線214に入力される電圧の変化に基づいて電気負荷への電力を低減するように、コントローラ242をプログラミングできる。例えば、電圧低下又は他の供給電力不足の間、電気負荷への電力を低減できる。電気負荷への電力を低減することにより、供給電力の低下を補うことができる。
特定の態様では、電気負荷の過負荷を防止するようにコントローラ242をプログラミングできる。電気負荷への電流が選択された値を越えて増えると電圧出力を自動的に即座に低減するように、コントローラ242をプログラミングできる。電圧出力は、電流を検知しつつ出来るだけ迅速に下げてもよい。電流の検知は、電圧の降下よりも早い時間スケールで行われるので、電流が選択されたレベルより下がるまで出来るだけ迅速に電圧を下げることができる。特定の態様では、高電流レベルではタップ切換え(電圧間隔)を禁じてもよい。高電流レベルでは、電流を制限するために補助ヒューズを使用してもよい。高電流レベルに応じてタップ設定を抑制することにより、ヒーターなどの電気負荷の部分的な故障又はクエンチングの後でさえ、変圧器の運転を続けることができる。
特定の態様では、コントローラ242が、電気負荷及び/又は変圧器232の動作からのデータを記録又は追跡する。例えば、コントローラ242は、電気負荷又は変圧器232の抵抗又は他の特性の変化を記録できる。特定の態様では、コントローラ242は、変圧器232の動作の故障(例えば誤った間隔切換え)を記録する。
特定の態様では、コントローラ242が通信モジュールを含む。通信モジュールは、電気負荷又は変圧器232などコントローラに接続されたデバイス又はシステムについてのステータス、データ及び/又は診断を与えるようにプログラミングできる。通信モジュールは、RS485シリアル通信、イーサネット、ファイバー、無線、及び/又は当該技術において公知の他の通信技術を用いて通信できる。通信モジュールを用いて遠く離れた別の現場に情報を送信できるので、コントローラ242及び変圧器232は独立又は自動式にて動作するが、別の場所(例えば中央監視場所)に報告できる。中央監視場所は複数のコントローラ及び変圧器(例えば炭化水素処理現場に配置されたコントローラ及び変圧器)を監視できる。特定の態様では、中央監視場所にてユーザー又は装置が、通信モジュールを用いて1個以上のコントローラを遠隔操作できる。
図4は変圧器232とコントローラ242の1態様を図示する。特定の態様では、変圧器232は密閉容器244に入れられる。密閉容器244は円筒形の缶でもよい。密閉容器244は当該技術において公知の他の適当な密閉容器でもよい(例えば、変電所様式の長方形の密閉容器)。コントローラ242は密閉容器244の外側に取り付けてもよい。ブッシング234、236、238及び240は、変圧器232を電源と電気負荷に接続するために密閉容器244の外側に配置された野外高電圧ブッシングでもよい。
特定の態様では、密閉容器244を柱に取り付けるか、又はその他の方法で地面から離して支持する。特定の態様では、1個以上の密閉容器244が柱又は高架取付け支持材により支持された高架台に取り付けられる。密閉容器244を柱又は取付け支持材に取り付けることにより、密閉容器及び変圧器232の周り及びその中での空気の循環が促進される。空気の循環が促進されることにより、動作温度が下がり、変圧器の効率が上がる。特定の態様では、密閉容器244の蓋を取り外すことによって変圧器232の構成要素が1つのユニットとして密閉容器から取り出されるように、これらの構成要素が密閉容器244の蓋に連結される。
特定の態様では、3つの電気負荷又はそのうちの複数を三相構成にて作動させるために、3つの変圧器232を用いる。各変圧器におけるタップ位置が同期している(同じタップ位置にある)か否かを評価するために、当該3つの変圧器を監視してもよい。特定の態様では、当該3つの変圧器を制御するために1つのコントローラ242を用いる。変圧器が確実に同期するようにコントローラが変圧器を監視してもよい。
本発明はここに記載の特定のシステムに限定されるものではなく、もちろん変え得ることが分かる。また、本明細書で用いられている用語は特定の態様を説明することのみを目的としており、限定を意図していないことに留意すべきである。本明細書で用いられているように、明らかに他のことを示すのでない限り単数形も複数形の対象を含む。よって、例えば「ボルト」というときは2個以上のボルトの組合わせを含み、「流体」というときは流体の混合物を含む。
本発明の種々の態様の更なる変更及び代替態様については、この明細書を参照すれば当業者には明らかである。したがって、この明細書は単なる例示として解釈されるべきであり、本発明を実行する一般的な方法を当業者に教示するためのものである。ここに記載の本発明の形式は現在のところ好ましい態様として考えられているものであると理解されたい。要素及び材料はここに記載のものと置換してもよく、部分及びプロセスは逆にしてもよく、本発明の特定の特徴は独立に使用してもよく、これらすべては本発明についての明細書の記載から当業者には明らかとなろう。ここに記載の要素については、特許請求の範囲に記載の本発明の思想及び範囲を逸脱することなく変更できる。
200…バリア井戸
202…熱源
204…供給管路
206…産出井
208…収集管
210…処理施設
212…タップ切換え電圧調整器
214…一次巻線
218…タップ
220…タップ切換器
222…スイッチ
224…計器用変圧器
228…制御電力変圧器
230…変流器
232…変圧器
234、236、238、240…ブッシング
242…コントローラ
244…密閉容器

Claims (20)

  1. 一次巻線に第1電圧を供給する電圧電源に接続される一次巻線;
    一次巻線から電気的に分離されると共に、第1電圧を第1電圧の設定割合である第2電圧まで下げるよう構成された二次巻線;
    二次巻線に接続されると共に、第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の選択された最大割合まで増していく選択数の電圧間隔に第2電圧を分割する多位置負荷タップ切換器;
    を備えた可変電圧変圧器であって、電気負荷が多位置負荷タップ切換器に接続されて電力を選択電圧で前記負荷に供給し、多位置負荷タップ切換器が、前記選択電圧を前記電気負荷に供給するために選択電圧間隔にタップ接続するよう構成される可変電圧変圧器。
  2. 多位置負荷タップ切換器が選択電圧間隔を切り換え、電気負荷に供給される選択電圧を変える、請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  3. 電気負荷に相対的に一定の電流を供給すべく電気負荷の変化に応じて電気負荷に供給される選択電圧を変えるように多位置負荷タップ切換器が選択電圧間隔を切り換える請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  4. 変圧器に接続された制御システムを更に備え、前記制御システムが、電気負荷の変化に応じて多位置負荷タップ切換器が選択電圧間隔を切り換えるように、多位置負荷タップ切換器を制御する請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  5. 二次巻線に接続されると共に、電気負荷に供給される選択電圧を測定する電圧測定変圧器を更に備える請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  6. 二次巻線に接続されると共に、電気負荷を変圧器から電気的に分離するスイッチを更に備える請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  7. 二次巻線に接続されると共に、変圧器を作動させるよう構成された1以上のコントローラに電力を供給するために用いられる制御電力変圧器を更に備える請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  8. 二次巻線に接続されると共に、二次巻線を通過する電流を測定する変流器を更に備える請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  9. 前記電圧間隔が等しく分割された電圧間隔からなる請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  10. 前記電圧間隔が不均一に分割された電圧間隔からなる請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  11. 電気負荷が1個以上の地下ヒーターからなる請求項1に記載の変圧器。
  12. 1個以上の電気ヒーターに供給される電圧を制御する方法であって、
    一次巻線に第1電圧を供給する電圧電源に接続される一次巻線;
    一次巻線から電気的に分離されると共に、第1電圧を第1電圧の設定割合である第2電圧まで下げるよう構成された二次巻線;
    二次巻線に接続されると共に、第2電圧の選択された最小割合から第2電圧の選択された最大割合まで増していく選択数の電圧間隔に第2電圧を分割し、且つ前記選択電圧を第1ヒーターに供給するために選択電圧間隔にタップ接続する多位置負荷タップ切換器;
    を備えた可変電圧変圧器を用いて第1ヒーターに選択電圧にて電力を供給する段階;
    選択された期間における第1ヒーターの電気抵抗の変化を測定する段階;及び
    多位置負荷タップ切換器によりタップ接続された選択電圧間隔を変えることにより、第1ヒーターに供給される選択電圧を調整する段階であって、第1ヒーターの電気抵抗の変化に応じて選択電圧を変える前記段階;
    を含む方法。
  13. 第1ヒーターに供給される電流が相対的に一定になるように第1ヒーターの電気抵抗の変化に応じて第2電圧を変える請求項12に記載の方法。
  14. 二次巻線に接続された変流器と二次巻線に接続された計器用変圧器を用いて第1ヒーターの電気抵抗の変化を測定し、計器用変圧器により測定された電圧を変流器により測定された電流で割ることによって電気抵抗を計算する請求項12に記載の方法。
  15. 前記電圧間隔が等しく分割された電圧間隔からなる請求項12に記載の方法。
  16. 前記電圧間隔が不均一に分割された電圧間隔からなる請求項12に記載の方法。
  17. 第1ヒーターが地下ヒーターからなる請求項12に記載の方法。
  18. 測定された電気抵抗を第1ヒーターの理論的電気抵抗と比較することにより、第1ヒーターの電気抵抗を測定する段階;及び測定された電気抵抗と理論的電気抵抗との実質的な差が存在する場合に第1ヒーターに供給される選択電圧を変更する段階を更に含む請求項12に記載の方法。
  19. 設定した期間の間の選択電圧の変更回数を制限する段階を更に含む請求項12に記載の方法。
  20. 第1ヒーターに供給される電流が相対的に一定のまま維持されるように第1ヒーターに供給される選択電圧を循環させる段階を更に含む請求項12に記載の方法。
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