ES2713556T3 - Composiciones que contienen olefinas sustituidas con flúor - Google Patents
Composiciones que contienen olefinas sustituidas con flúor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ES2713556T3 ES2713556T3 ES10011063T ES10011063T ES2713556T3 ES 2713556 T3 ES2713556 T3 ES 2713556T3 ES 10011063 T ES10011063 T ES 10011063T ES 10011063 T ES10011063 T ES 10011063T ES 2713556 T3 ES2713556 T3 ES 2713556T3
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- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- compositions
- refrigerant
- refrigeration
- composition
- present
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title description 5
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C\C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 27
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 5
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C/C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 HFCs Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 229920004449 Halon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- MEXUFEQDCXZEON-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromochlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Br MEXUFEQDCXZEON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromotrifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)Br RJCQBQGAPKAMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010696 ester oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)CC(F)(F)F MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC=CC(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YACLCMMBHTUQON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-1-fluoroethane Chemical class CC(F)Cl YACLCMMBHTUQON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C=C FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XWCDCDSDNJVCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FCCl XWCDCDSDNJVCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical class CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVQOOHYFBIDMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CN=S(C)(=O)C(C)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)N=C1 ZVQOOHYFBIDMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000926 atmospheric chemistry Substances 0.000 description 1
- YNKZSBSRKWVMEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromo-chloro-fluoromethane Chemical class FC(Cl)Br YNKZSBSRKWVMEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LHMHCLYDBQOYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromofluoromethane Chemical compound FCBr LHMHCLYDBQOYTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013844 butane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005828 hydrofluoroalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013178 mathematical model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical class CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000361 pesticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- VPAYJEUHKVESSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroiodomethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)I VPAYJEUHKVESSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N29/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
- A23L27/202—Aliphatic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
- A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
- A61K9/008—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy comprising drug dissolved or suspended in liquid propellant for inhalation via a pressurized metered dose inhaler [MDI]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
- A61L2/18—Liquid substances or solutions comprising solids or dissolved gases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
- A62D1/0028—Liquid extinguishing substances
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
- A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
- A62D1/0028—Liquid extinguishing substances
- A62D1/0057—Polyhaloalkanes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
- B01D11/0288—Applications, solvents
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0231—Halogen-containing compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
- B01J37/031—Precipitation
- B01J37/035—Precipitation on carriers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C21/00—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms
- C07C21/02—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds
- C07C21/18—Acyclic unsaturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing carbon-to-carbon double bonds containing fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
- C08J9/144—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only
- C08J9/146—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only only fluorine as halogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/20—Diluents or solvents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
- C09K21/06—Organic materials
- C09K21/08—Organic materials containing halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/30—Materials not provided for elsewhere for aerosols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
- C11B9/0007—Aliphatic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0043—For use with aerosol devices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/24—Organic compounds containing halogen
- C11D3/245—Organic compounds containing halogen containing fluorine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
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Abstract
Uso de una composición que consiste esencialmente en trans-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropeno (trans-HFO-1234ze) como refrigerante de reemplazo para HFC-134a, en un enfriador.
Description
DESCRIPCION
Composiciones que contienen olefinas sustituidas con fluor
Antecedentes de la invencion
Los fluidos a base de fluorocarburos han encontrado un uso generalizado en muchas aplicaciones comerciales e industriales. Por ejemplo, los fluidos basados en fluorocarburos se utilizan frecuentemente como un fluido de trabajo en sistemas tales como el aire acondicionado, la bomba de calor y en aplicaciones de refrigeracion. El ciclo de compresion de vapor es uno de los metodos tipo mas comunmente utilizados para lograr el enfriamiento o calentamiento en un sistema de refrigeracion. El ciclo de compresion de vapor implica habitualmente el cambio de fase del refrigerante de la fase liquida a la fase de vapor a traves de la absorcion de calor a una presion relativamente baja y luego de la fase de vapor a la liquida a traves de la eliminacion de calor a una presion y temperatura relativamente bajas, comprimiendo el vapor a una presion relativamente elevada, condensando el vapor a la fase liquida a traves de la eliminacion de calor a esta presion y temperatura relativamente elevadas, y luego reduciendo la presion para iniciar nuevamente el ciclo. Si bien el proposito principal de la refrigeracion es eliminar el calor de un objeto u otro fluido a una temperatura relativamente baja, el proposito principal de una bomba de calor es anadir calor a una temperatura mas alta en relacion con el entorno.
Determinados fluorocarburos han sido un componente preferido en muchos fluidos de intercambio de calor, tales como refrigerantes, durante muchos anos en muchas aplicaciones. Por ejemplo, los fluoroalcanos, tales como derivados de clorofluorometano y de clorofluoroetano, han adquirido un uso generalizado como refrigerantes en aplicaciones que incluyen aplicaciones de aire acondicionado y bombas de calor debido a su combinacion unica de propiedades quimicas y fisicas. Muchos de los refrigerantes comunmente utilizados en los sistemas de compresion de vapor son fluidos de un solo componente o mezclas azeotropicas.
La preocupacion ha aumentado en los ultimos anos por el dano potencial a la atmosfera y el clima de la Tierra, y determinados compuestos a base de cloro han sido identificados como particularmente problematicos a este respecto. El uso de composiciones que contienen cloro (tales como clorofluorocarburos (CFCs), hidroclorofluorocarburos (HCFCs) y similares) como refrigerantes en sistemas de aire acondicionado y de refrigeracion se ha visto desfavorecido debido a las propiedades de agotamiento del ozono asociadas con muchos de estos compuestos. Por lo tanto, ha habido una creciente necesidad de nuevos compuestos y composiciones de fluorocarburos e hidrofluorocarburos que ofrezcan alternativas para aplicaciones de refrigeracion y de bombas de calor. Por ejemplo, se ha vuelto deseable modernizar los sistemas de refrigeracion que contienen cloro reemplazando los refrigerantes que contienen cloro por compuestos refrigerantes que no contienen cloro que no agotaran la capa de ozono, tales como los hidrofluorocarburos (HFCs).
Sin embargo, generalmente se considera importante que cualquier sustituto potencial de refrigerante tambien deba poseer las propiedades presentes en muchos de los fluidos mas ampliamente utilizados, tales como excelentes propiedades de transferencia de calor, estabilidad quimica, baja o ninguna toxicidad, no inflamabilidad y compatibilidad con el lubricante, entre otros.
La solicitante ha llegado a apreciar que la compatibilidad con lubricantes es de particular importancia en muchas de las aplicaciones. Mas particularmente, es altamente deseable que los fluidos de refrigeracion sean compatibles con el lubricante utilizado en la unidad del compresor, utilizado en la mayoria de los sistemas de refrigeracion. Desgraciadamente, muchos fluidos de refrigeracion que no contienen cloro, incluidos los HFCs, son relativamente insolubles y/o inmiscibles en los tipos de lubricantes utilizados tradicionalmente con CFCs y HFCs, incluidos, por ejemplo, aceites minerales, alquilbencenos o poli(alfa-olefinas). Con el fin de que una combinacion de fluido de refrigeracion y lubricante funcione a un nivel deseable de eficiencia dentro de un sistema de refrigeracion por compresion, aire acondicionado y/o bomba de calor, el lubricante debe ser suficientemente soluble en el liquido de refrigeracion en un amplio intervalo de temperaturas de trabajo. Una solubilidad de este tipo reduce la viscosidad del lubricante y le permite fluir mas facilmente a traves del sistema. En ausencia de una solubilidad de este tipo, los lubricantes tienden a alojarse en las bobinas del evaporador del sistema de refrigeracion, aire acondicionado o bomba de calor, asi como en otras piezas del sistema y, por lo tanto, reducen la eficiencia del sistema.
Con respecto a la eficiencia en el uso, es importante senalar que una perdida en el rendimiento termodinamico del refrigerante o la eficiencia energetica puede tener impactos ambientales secundarios a traves del aumento en el uso de combustibles fosiles que surgen de una mayor demanda de energia electrica.
Ademas, generalmente se considera deseable que los sustitutos de refrigerante de CFC sean efectivos sin grandes cambios de ingenieria a la tecnologia de compresion de vapor convencional actualmente utilizada con los refrigerantes de CFC.
La inflamabilidad es otra propiedad importante para muchas aplicaciones. Es decir, se considera importante o esencial en muchas aplicaciones, incluyendo particularmente aplicaciones de transferencia de calor, el uso de composiciones que no son inflamables. Por lo tanto, con frecuencia es beneficioso utilizar en este tipo de composiciones compuestos que no sean inflamables. Tal como se utiliza en esta memoria, la expresion "no inflamable" se refiere a compuestos o composiciones que se determina que no son inflamables segun lo determinado de acuerdo con la norma ASTM E-681, de fecha de 2002. Desgraciadamente, muchos HFCs, que de otro modo podrian ser deseables para su uso en composiciones refrigerantes no son inflamables. Por ejemplo, el fluoroalcano difluoroetano (HFC-152a) y el fluoroalqueno 1,1,1-trifluoropropeno (HFO-1243zf) son cada uno inflamables y, por lo tanto, no son viables para su uso en muchas aplicaciones.
Fluoroalquenos superiores, es decir, alquenos sustituidos con fluor que tienen al menos cinco atomos de carbono, se han sugerido para su uso como refrigerantes. La Patente de Ee .UU. N° 4.788.352 - Smutny se dirige a la produccion de compuestos fluorados C5 a C8 que tienen al menos algun grado de insaturacion. La patente de Smutny identifica que las olefinas superiores son conocidas por su utilidad como refrigerantes, plaguicidas, fluidos dielectricos, fluidos de transferencia de calor, disolventes y productos intermedios en diversas reacciones quimicas. (Vease la columna 1, lineas 11 - 22).
Si bien las olefinas fluoradas descritas en Smutny pueden tener un cierto nivel de efectividad en aplicaciones de transferencia de calor, se cree que dichos compuestos tambien pueden tener determinadas desventajas. Por ejemplo, algunos de estos compuestos pueden tender a atacar los sustratos, en particular los plasticos de uso general, tales como las resinas acrilicas y las resinas ABS. Ademas, los compuestos olefinicos superiores descritos en Smutny tambien pueden ser indeseables en determinadas aplicaciones debido al nivel potencial de toxicidad de este tipo de compuestos que puede surgir como resultado de la actividad plaguicida observada en Smutny. Ademas, dichos compuestos pueden tener un punto de ebullicion que es demasiado alto como para que sean utiles como refrigerantes en determinadas aplicaciones.
Los derivados de bromofluorometano y bromoclorofluorometano, particularmente bromotrifluorometano (Halon 1301) y bromoclorodifluorometano (Halon 1211) han adquirido un uso generalizado como agentes de extincion de incendios en areas cerradas, tales como cabinas de aviones y salas de ordenadores. Sin embargo, el uso de diversos halones se esta eliminando gradualmente debido a su alto agotamiento de ozono. Ademas de ello, dado que los halones se utilizan con frecuencia en areas en donde estan presentes los seres humanos, los reemplazos adecuados tambien deben ser seguros para los seres humanos en las concentraciones necesarias para suprimir o extinguir el fuego.
El documento JP 04 110 388 A se dirige a un medio de transferencia de calor que comprende un compuesto organico que puede representarse por la formula molecular CaHmFn (en que m es de 1 a 5, n es de 1 a 5 y m n = 6) y que tiene un doble enlace en la estructura molecular.
La solicitante ha llegado a apreciar la necesidad de composiciones que sean potencialmente utiles en numerosas aplicaciones, incluidos los sistemas y metodos de calentamiento y enfriamiento por compresion de vapor, al tiempo que evitan una o mas de las desventajas mencionadas anteriormente.
Sumario
La presente invencion proporciona el uso de una composicion que consiste esencialmente en trans-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropeno (trans-HFO-1234ze) como un refrigerante de reemplazo para HFC-134a, en un enfriador.
Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion consisten esencialmente en trans-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropeno. El termino HFO-1234ze se utiliza en esta memoria de un modo generico para referirse a 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno, independientemente de si es la forma cis o trans. Los terminos "cisHFO-1234ze" y "transHFO-1234ze" se utilizan en esta memoria para describir las formas cis y trans de 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, el termino "HFO-1234ze" incluye dentro de su alcance cisHFO-1234ze, transHFO-1234ze, y todas las combinaciones y mezclas de estos.
Aunque las propiedades de cisHFO-1234ze y transHFO-1234ze difieren en al menos algunos aspectos, se contempla que cada uno de estos compuestos sea adaptable para su uso, ya sea solo o junto con otros compuestos, incluyendo su estereoisomero, en relacion con cada una de las aplicaciones, metodos y sistemas descritos en esta memoria. Por ejemplo, mientras que transHFO-1234ze puede ser preferido para uso en determinados sistemas de refrigeracion debido a su punto de ebullicion relativamente bajo (-19°C), sin embargo, se contempla que cisHFO-1234ze, con un punto de ebullicion de 9°C, tambien tenga utilidad en determinados sistemas de refrigeracion. Por consiguiente, debe entenderse que los terminos "HFO-1234ze" y 1,3,3,3
tetrafluoropropeno se refieren a ambos estereoisomeros, y el uso de este termino pretende indicar que cada una de las formas cis y trans se aplican y/o son utiles para el proposito establecido, a menos que se indique lo contrario. Los compuestos HFO-1234 son materiales conocidos y se enumeran en las bases de datos de Chemical Abstracts. La produccion de fluoropropenos, tales como CF3CH=CH2 por fluoracion en fase de vapor catalitica de diversos compuestos C3 que contienen halogenos saturados e insaturados se describe en las Patentes de EE.UU. N°s 2.889.379; 4.798.818 y 4.465.786.
El documento EP 974.571 describe la preparacion de 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropeno al poner en contacto 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropano (HFC-245fa) en la fase de vapor con un catalizador a base de cromo a temperatura elevada, o en la fase liquida con una solucion alcoholica de KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2 o Mg(OH)2. Ademas, los metodos para producir compuestos de acuerdo con la presente invencion se describen en general en relacion con la Solicitud de Patente de los Estados Unidos en tramitacion titulada "Process for Producing Fluoropropenes" con el numero de expediente del agente (H0003789 (26267)).
Se cree que las composiciones que consisten esencialmente en trans-HFO-1234ze para uso en la presente invencion poseen propiedades que son ventajosas por varias razones importantes. Por ejemplo, la solicitante cree, basandose al menos en parte en el modelo matematico, que trans-HFO-1234ze no tendra un efecto negativo importante sobre la quimica atmosferica, siendo un contribuyente despreciable en el agotamiento del ozono en comparacion con algunas otras especies halogenadas. Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion tienen, por lo tanto, la ventaja de no contribuir sustancialmente al agotamiento del ozono. Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion tampoco contribuyen sustancialmente al calentamiento global en comparacion con muchos de los hidrofluoroalcanos actualmente en uso.
En determinadas formas preferidas, las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion tienen un potencial de calentamiento global (GWP, por sus siglas en ingles) no mayor que aproximadamente 1000, mas preferiblemente no mayor que aproximadamente 500, e incluso mas preferiblemente no mayor que aproximadamente 150. En determinadas composiciones para uso en la presente invencion, el GWP de las composiciones no es mayor que aproximadamente 100 e incluso mas preferiblemente no mayor que aproximadamente 75. Tal como se utiliza en esta memoria, "GWP" se mide con relacion al del dioxido de carbono y en un horizonte de tiempo de 100 anos, tal como se define en "The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association’s Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project".
Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion tambien tienen preferiblemente un Potencial de Agotamiento de Ozono (ODP, por sus siglas en ingles) no mayor que 0,05, mas preferiblemente no mayor que 0,02 e incluso mas preferiblemente aproximadamente cero. Tal como se utiliza en esta memoria, "ODP" es como se define en "The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association’s Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project".
Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion pueden ser azeotropicas, de tipo azeotropico o no azeotropicas. Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion consisten esencialmente en trans-HFO-1234ze. Composiciones de transferencia de calor
Las composiciones refrigerantes para uso en la presente invencion consisten esencialmente en trans-HFO-1234ze. Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion pueden incluir otros componentes con el fin de potenciar o proporcionar cierta funcionalidad a la composicion, o en algunos casos para reducir el coste de la composicion. Por ejemplo, las composiciones refrigerantes descritas en esta memoria, especialmente las utilizadas en sistemas de compresion de vapor, pueden incluir un lubricante, generalmente en cantidades de aproximadamente 30 a aproximadamente 50 por ciento en peso de la composicion. Ademas, las composiciones descritas en esta memoria tambien pueden incluir un compatibilizador, tal como propano, con el fin de ayudar a la compatibilidad y/o solubilidad del lubricante. Compatibilizadores de este tipo, incluidos propano, butanos y pentanos, estan presentes preferiblemente en cantidades de aproximadamente 0,5 a aproximadamente 5 por ciento en peso de la composicion. Combinaciones de tensioactivos y agentes solubilizantes tambien se pueden anadir a las presentes composiciones para ayudar a la solubilidad en aceite, tal como se describe en la Patente de EE.UU. N° 6.516.837. Lubricantes de refrigeracion utilizados comunmente, tales como Poliol Esteres (POEs) y Poli Alquilen Glicoles (PAGs), aceite de silicona, aceite mineral, alquilbencenos (ABs) y poli(alfa-olefina) (PAO) que se utilizan en maquinaria de refrigeracion con refrigerantes de hidrofluorocarburos (HFC) pueden utilizarse con las composiciones descritas en esta memoria. Muchos sistemas de refrigeracion existentes estan actualmente adaptados para su uso en relacion con los refrigerantes existentes, y se cree que las composiciones descritas en esta memoria son adaptables para su uso en
muchos de estos sistemas, ya sea con o sin modificacion del sistema. En muchas aplicaciones, las composiciones descritas en esta memoria pueden proporcionar una ventaja como reemplazo en sistemas, que actualmente se basan en refrigerantes que tienen una capacidad relativamente alta. Ademas, en situaciones en las que se desea utilizar una composicion de refrigerante de menor capacidad, por razones de costo, por ejemplo, para reemplazar un refrigerante de mayor capacidad, la composicion descrita en esta memoria puede proporcionar una ventaja potencial. Por lo tanto, la presente invencion se refiere a composiciones que consisten esencialmente en transHFO-1234ze, como un reemplazo para el refrigerante existente HFC-134a. En determinadas aplicaciones, los refrigerantes para uso en la presente invencion permiten potencialmente el uso beneficioso de compresores de mayor desplazamiento, lo que resulta en una mejor eficiencia energetica que el HFC-134a. Por lo tanto, las composiciones refrigerantes para uso en la presente invencion, es decir, composiciones que consisten esencialmente en trans -HFO-1234ze, proporcionan la posibilidad de lograr una ventaja competitiva sobre una base energetica para aplicaciones de reemplazo de refrigerante.
Se contempla que las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion tengan tambien tienen ventaja (ya sea en sistemas originales o cuando se utilizan como reemplazo de refrigerantes) en enfriadores utilizados tipicamente en relacion con sistemas de aire acondicionado comerciales. En determinadas realizaciones de este tipo, se prefiere incluir en las presentes composiciones de trans-HFO-1234ze, de aproximadamente 0,5 a aproximadamente 5% de un supresor de inflamabilidad, tal como CF3I.
Las composiciones para uso en la presente invencion son, por lo tanto, adaptables para uso en relacion con enfriadores.
Metodos y sistemas
Las composiciones descritas en esta memoria son utiles en relacion con numerosos metodos y sistemas, incluyendo como fluidos de transferencia de calor en metodos y sistemas para transferir calor, tales como refrigerantes utilizados en sistemas de refrigeracion, aire acondicionado y bombas de calor.
Metodos de transferencia de calor
Los metodos de transferencia de calor preferidos comprenden generalmente proporcionar una composicion descrita en esta memoria, y hacer que el calor se transfiera a o desde la composicion que cambia la fase de la composicion. Por ejemplo, los metodos descritos en esta memoria proporcionan un enfriamiento al absorber calor de un fluido o articulo, preferiblemente evaporando la composicion refrigerante descrita en esta memoria en la vecindad del cuerpo o fluido a enfriar para producir vapor que comprende la presente composicion descrita en esta memoria. Preferiblemente, los metodos incluyen la etapa adicional de comprimir el vapor del refrigerante, generalmente con un compresor o equipo similar para producir vapor de la composicion descrita en esta memoria a una presion relativamente elevada. En general, la etapa de comprimir el vapor resulta en la adicion de calor al vapor, provocando asi un aumento en la temperatura del vapor de presion relativamente alta. Preferiblemente, los metodos incluyen eliminar de esta temperatura relativamente alta, vapor de alta presion al menos una parte del calor anadido por las etapas de evaporacion y compresion. La etapa de eliminacion de calor incluye preferiblemente condensar el vapor de alta presion a alta temperatura mientras que el vapor esta en una condicion de presion relativamente alta para producir un liquido de presion relativamente alta que comprende una composicion tal como se describe en esta memoria. Este liquido de presion relativamente alta experimenta preferiblemente una reduccion de presion nominalmente isoentalpica para producir un liquido de temperatura relativamente baja y baja presion. Es este liquido refrigerante de temperatura reducida el que luego se vaporiza por el calor transferido desde el cuerpo o el fluido a enfriar.
Las composiciones descritas en esta memoria pueden utilizarse en un metodo para producir calentamiento, que comprende condensar un refrigerante descrito en esta memoria en la vecindad de un liquido o cuerpo a calentar. Frecuentemente, metodos de este tipo, tal como se menciono anteriormente, son ciclos inversos al ciclo de refrigeracion arriba descrito.
EJEMPLOS
Ejemplo de referencia 1
El coeficiente de rendimiento (COP) es una medida aceptada universalmente del rendimiento del refrigerante, especialmente util para representar la eficiencia termodinamica relativa de un refrigerante en un ciclo especifico de calentamiento o enfriamiento que implica la evaporacion o condensacion del refrigerante. En ingenieria de refrigeracion, esta expresion expresa la relacion entre la refrigeracion util y la energia aplicada por el compresor al comprimir el vapor. La capacidad de un refrigerante representa la cantidad de enfriamiento o calentamiento que
proporciona, y proporciona una cierta medida de la capacidad de un compresor para bombear cantidades de calor para un caudal volumetrico dado de refrigerante. En otras palabras, dado un compresor especifico, un refrigerante con una capacidad mas alta entregara mas potencia de enfriamiento o calentamiento. Un medio para estimar el COP de un refrigerante en condiciones operativas especificas es a partir de las propiedades termodinamicas del refrigerante utilizando tecnicas estandares de analisis del ciclo de refrigeracion (vease, por ejemplo, R.C. Downing, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK, Capitulo 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988).
Se proporciona un sistema de ciclo de refrigeracion/aire acondicionado en donde la temperatura del condensador es aproximadamente 150°F (66°C) y la temperatura del evaporador es aproximadamente -35°F (-37°C) bajo una compresion nominalmente isentropica con una temperatura de entrada del compresor de aproximadamente 50°F (10°C). La COP se determina para varias composiciones de la presente invencion en un intervalo de temperaturas del condensador y evaporador y se presenta en la Tabla I que figura a continuacion, basada en HFC-134a que tiene un valor de COP de 1,00, un valor de capacidad de 1,00 y una temperatura de descarga de 175°F (79°C).
TABLA I
Este ejemplo demuestra que algunos de los compuestos preferidos para uso con las presentes composiciones tienen cada uno una mejor eficiencia energetica que HFC-134a (1,02, 1,04 y 1,13 en comparacion con 1,00) y el compresor que utiliza las presentes composiciones refrigerantes producira temperaturas de descarga (158 (70°C), 165 (74°C) y 155 (68°C) en comparacion con 175 (79°C), lo cual es ventajoso, ya que un resultado de este tipo probablemente conlleve una reduccion de los problemas de mantenimiento.
Ejemplo de referencia 2
Se somete a ensayo la miscibilidad de HFO-1225ye y HFO-1234ze con diversos lubricantes de refrigeracion. Los lubricantes sometidos a ensayo son aceite mineral (C3), alquilbenceno (Zerol 150), aceite de ester (Mobil EAL 22 cc y Solest 120), aceite de polialquilenglicol (PAG) (Aceite de Refrigeracion Goodwrench para sistemas 134a) y un aceite de poli(alfa-olefina) (CP-6005-100). Para cada una de las combinaciones de refrigerante y aceite, se someten a ensayo tres composiciones, a saber, 5, 20 y 50 por ciento en peso de lubricante, siendo el resto de cada uno el compuesto de la presente invencion que se esta ensayando.
Las composiciones lubricantes se colocan en tubos de vidrio de paredes gruesas. En los tubos se hace el vacio, se anade el compuesto refrigerante de acuerdo con la presente invencion y luego se sellan los tubos. Luego, los tubos se colocan en una camara ambiental de bano de aire, cuya temperatura varia de aproximadamente -50°C a 70°C. A intervalos de aproximadamente 10°C se realizan observaciones visuales del contenido de los tubos en cuanto a la existencia de una o mas fases liquidas. En un caso en donde se observa mas de una fase liquida, se informa que la mezcla es inmiscible. En un caso en donde solo se observe una fase liquida, se informa que la mezcla es miscible. En aquellos casos en donde se observaron dos fases liquidas, pero una de las fases liquidas ocupa solo un volumen muy pequeno, se informa que la mezcla es parcialmente miscible.
Los lubricantes de polialquilenglicol y aceite de ester se consideraron miscibles en todas las proporciones ensayadas a lo largo de todo el intervalo de temperaturas, excepto que para las mezclas de HF0-1225ye con polialquilenglicol, se encontro que la mezcla de refrigerante era inmiscible a lo largo del intervalo de temperaturas de -50°C a -30°C y que era parcialmente miscible entre -20 y 50°C. A una concentracion del 50 por ciento en peso del PAG en refrigerante y a 60°, la mezcla de refrigerante/PAG era miscible. A 70°C, era miscible desde 5 por ciento en peso de lubricante en refrigerante a 50 por ciento en peso de lubricante en refrigerante.
Ejemplo de referencia 3
La compatibilidad de los compuestos refrigerantes y las composiciones de la presente invencion con aceites lubricantes de PAG mientras estan en contacto con los metales utilizados en los sistemas de refrigeracion y aire
acondicionado se somete a ensayo a 350°C, lo que representa condiciones mucho mas severas que las que se encuentran en muchas aplicaciones de refrigeracion y aire acondicionado.
Se anaden muestras de aluminio, cobre y acero a los tubos de vidrio de paredes gruesas. Se anaden dos gramos de aceite a los tubos. Luego se hace el vacio en los tubos y se anade un gramo de refrigerante. Los tubos se colocan en un horno a 350°F durante una semana y se realizan observaciones visuales. Al final del periodo de exposicion, se retiran los tubos.
Este procedimiento se realizo para las siguientes combinaciones de aceite y el compuesto de la presente invencion: a) HFO-1234ze y aceite PAG GM Goodwrench
b) HF01243 zf y aceite PAG aceite GM Goodwrench
c) HFO-1234ze y aceite PAG MOPAR-56
d) HFO-1243 zf y aceite PAG MOPAR-56
e) HFO-1225 ye y aceite PAG MOPAR-56.
En todos los casos, hay un cambio minimo en la apariencia del contenido del tubo. Esto indica que los compuestos refrigerantes y las composiciones de la presente invencion son estables en contacto con el aluminio, el acero y el cobre que se encuentran en los sistemas de refrigeracion y de aire acondicionado, y los tipos de aceites lubricantes que probablemente se incluiran en dichas composiciones o se utilizaran con dichas composiciones en estos tipos de sistemas.
Ejemplo comparative
Se anaden muestras de aluminio, cobre y acero a un tubo de vidrio de paredes gruesas con aceite mineral y CFC-12 y se calientan durante una semana a 350°C como en el Ejemplo 3. Al final del periodo de exposicion, el tubo se retira y se realizan observaciones visuales. Se observa que los contenidos liquidos se vuelven negros, lo que indica que hay una descomposicion severa de los contenidos del tubo.
El CFC-12 y el aceite mineral han sido hasta ahora la combinacion elegida en muchos sistemas y metodos de refrigerantes. Por lo tanto, los compuestos refrigerantes y las composiciones de la presente invencion poseen una estabilidad significativamente mejor con muchos aceites lubricantes utilizados comunmente que la combinacion ampliamente utilizada de refrigerante-aceite lubricante de la tecnica anterior.
Claims (7)
1. Uso de una composicion que consiste esencialmente en trans-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropeno (trans-HFO-1234ze) como refrigerante de reemplazo para HFC-134a, en un enfriador.
2. Uso de acuerdo con la reivindicacion 1, en donde la composicion tiene un Potencial de Calentamiento Global (GWP) no superior a 1000.
3. Uso de acuerdo con una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 2, en donde la composicion tiene un GWP no superior a 500.
4. Uso de acuerdo con una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 3, en donde la composicion tiene un GWP no superior a 150.
5. Uso de acuerdo con una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 4, en donde dicha composicion tiene un Potencial de Agotamiento de Ozono (ODP) no superior a 0,05.
6. Uso de acuerdo con una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 5, en donde dicha composicion tiene un ODP no superior a 0,02.
7. Uso de acuerdo con una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 6, en donde la composicion tiene un ODP de aproximadamente cero.
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- 2005-04-29 BR BRPI0508245-5A patent/BRPI0508245A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2005-04-29 EP EP18210883.7A patent/EP3498801B1/en active Active
- 2005-04-29 TW TW104132733A patent/TWI603945B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-04-29 DK DK10011063.4T patent/DK2258802T3/en active
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- 2005-04-29 FI FIEP18210883.7T patent/FI3498801T3/fi active
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