CN1148843A - 用氘代方法增强药物效果 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种增强药物(例如二氢吡啶)效果和延长药物作用时间的方法,更具体是硝苯地平中的一个或多个氢原子被氘取代,当使用氘代的硝苯地平浓度比硝苯地平低时,氘代硝苯地平的降压作用有一个意想不到的效果。同时公开了测定新药的特征和生物等价的方法,它采用气相层析—同位素比质谱法测定新药的分子和同位素结构并与已知药物的分子和同位素结构相比较。
Description
本申请是依赖和合并申请号为08/217897申请日为1994年3月25日的我们的美国专利作为一个整体继续申请。
发明背景
本发明涉及用于增强已知药用化合物或药物效果的方法及通过改变已知药物分子结构中的同位素形式而生成的增强效果的药物。特别是,本发明涉及用一个或一个以上的氘原子取代已知药物所含的一个或一个以上的氢原子,使其改变原药物的分子结构,所得药物产生显著变化,它的活性比原药物有较大改进。更具体地说本发明涉及氘代二氢吡啶的方法(例硝苯地平),氘代后的硝苯地平有增加降血压作用并且浓度在比硝苯地平低的情况下,可延长对哺乳类动物的作用持续时间。
合成的药物,其碳骨架是由各种取代基团其中包括碳、氢、氧、氮等集合而成。人们采用多种方法进行药物设计和合成,包括诸如:随机和分子修饰,采用这些和其他一些方法导致大量药物问世。这种变化能使个别的公司在市场中维持竞争优势,公司化费大量时间和财富在某些药理领域例如抗高血压剂寻找新药。这种新药剂往往与原型化合物有不同的生物活性,使其在开发中的投资得到应有回报。
发明概要
目前市场上销售的所有药物基本上都含有许多个分子质量为1的氢原子的药物。业已发现药物的一个或一个以上的氢原子的质量已被改变为2,该药的活性产生显著变化,甚至有很大改善。例如,硝苯地平的二氢吡啶部分经同位素改变后与硝苯地平自身比较,其对哺乳动物降压作用有一个意想不到的变化,这种效果也应适用于人体。
当硝苯地平甲基上的一个或更多的氢被氘置换或由CD3取代一个或更多的甲基时,其治疗性质可被改变甚至改进很多。例如:硝苯地平环上的2-位和6-位上的二个甲基由二个氘代的基团(CD3)取代,即6个氘原子取代6个氢原子,氘代的硝苯地平结构如下:
上面二个分子结构均为硝苯地平,而后一结构为前者的同位素形式。
附图简单说明
本发明可由参考附图进一步理解:
图1表示不同浓度的氘代硝苯地平与硝苯地平对试验大鼠降压效果的比较;
图2和图3表示对照硝苯地平(硝苯地平B)和氘代的硝苯地平(硝苯地平D)对T型钙通道的使用—依赖性抑制;
图4显示对照硝苯地平和氘代硝苯地平对钙流抑制作用作为脉冲频率函数的影响;
图5表示对照硝苯地平与氘代硝苯地平对使用一依赖性的影响;
图6(a)和(b)显示对照硝苯地平和氘代硝苯地平对平均动脉压的作用;
图7(a)和(b)显示应用非对称性乙状模型拟合的对照硝苯地平图7(a)和氘代硝苯地平图7(b)的浓度-效果关系;
图8(a)和(b)显示用对数剂量应答模型拟合的对照硝苯地平图8(a)和氘代硝苯地平图8(b)的浓度-效果关系;
图9(a)和(b)显示尼卡地平和氘代尼卡地平的剂量—反应关系;
图10显示氘代尼卡地平比对照尼卡地平的作用持续时间更长;
图11表示不同浓度的氘代维拉帕米与对照维拉帕米对试验大鼠的降压作用比较;
图12表示氘代维拉帕米比对照维拉帕米的作用持续时间更长;
图13显示七种硝苯地平产品的三维指纹图;
图14表示九种硝苯地平产品二维指纹图;
图15表示索他洛尔(Sotalol)粗品片剂的二维(氧对碳)指纹图;
图16表示三个不同人的头发样品的指纹图;
图17表示三种酒的二维碳氧指纹图。
发明详细描述
硝苯地平(和其他二氢吡啶例如尼卡地平、尼莫地平、尼鲁地平、尼索地平、尼群地平、非罗地平、意弗拉地平(ifradipine)和氨氯地平等)的这种改变是采用硝苯地平溶于氘化管中的氘代氯仿和重水的混合物中,然后加入少量的三氟醋酐和氘代丙酮混和,混和后管内的溶液被冷冻,最好将管子浸入液氮中然后封口,封管被加热,加热温度范围大约从50℃至65℃,最合适范围大约55℃至60℃,在此温度下维持足够时间使硝苯地平上的2-位和6-位上的甲基被CD3取代,大约150至180小时反应完全,更合适反应时间为大约160至170小时。
氘代硝苯地平用下列方法合成:
例1放置80毫克粉状硝苯地平于特制氘化管内,将其溶于2毫升氘代氯仿和0.5毫升重水的混合物中,然后加入0.2毫升三氟醋酐和2毫升氘代丙酮,加毕混和均匀,溶液用液氮冷冻,在氮气下由火焰封口,封口的管子在57℃加热168小时,反应毕后冷却,打开封管。管内反应物转入园底烧瓶中,溶剂在减压下旋转蒸发除去,全部操作在避光下进行,应用常规的′H核磁共振(NMR)测定上述C-2和C-6甲基已有95%被氘取代。
氘代硝苯地平对大鼠血压的影响测定如下:
例2
自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)用苯巴比妥(65mg/kg腹腔注射)麻醉,颈动脉和静脉分别插管。通过颈动脉导管连续监测血压。氘代和非氘代的硝苯地平样品溶解于二甲基亚砜中,并用生理盐水稀释,使注射时二甲基亚砜溶液的体积百分浓度小于0.025%。自发性高血压大鼠通过静注给药,对血压的影响在注射后至少观察2小时。在对照组和试验组中,每个大鼠的剂量为0.00001、0.00002、0.000025和0.00005毫摩尔。所有大鼠相互间体重的差异在25g以内。
结果如图1所示,在三个低浓度中,氘代硝苯地平的降压作用大于普通硝苯地平(P=0.08,wilcoxon秩和检验),根据上述剂量的实验结果计算大鼠的半数有效剂量(ED50)如下:(1).氘代硝苯地平的Log ED50为:-4.48(95%的可信限为-4.53至-4.43);(2).普通硝苯地平的Log ED50为-4.36(95%的可信限为-4.40至-4.31)。由于可信限区间不重叠,两种硝苯地平产品的效能存在统计学上的差异,氘代的硝苯地平出乎意料地具有更强的效能。
采用全细胞斑片钳方法研究氘代硝苯地平对钙通道阻断活性详述如下:
例3
采用NIE-115细胞(成神经细胞瘤细胞株)及常规组织培养技术培养。细胞经胰蛋白酶消化和传代后6-8小时用于实验,在这种情况下,表达的主要钙通道为T型,并用于本实验研究。运用下列电极内、外液进行斑片钳实验:外液组成(mM):BaCl2 20,Tris105,KCl 5,CsCl 5,HEPES 20,葡萄糖20和河豚毒0.0005。内液组成(mM):CsCl 130,ATP-Na2 2,HEPES 20,葡萄糖5,MgCl2 5,CAMP 0.25,和EGTA10。所有溶液的渗透压调节至310-320毫渗克分子,按需要采用盐酸、氢氧化钠、氢氧化铯或氢氧化钡调节pH至7.4。将含有细胞的平板碟置于倒置式相差显微镜平台上。电极用薄壁硼化硅玻璃制备,用微操纵器将含内液的电极移置于选定的细胞表面,用负压吸引使膜片形成20-30GΩ的阻抗。试验脉冲波宽200ms,增幅为10mv,为使通道恢复两次脉冲间隔至少5秒。根据内向峰电流测定基础通道活性,加入硝苯地平溶液使之达到确定的浓度,经3分钟使药物达到平衡浓度。然后再次测定电流-电压关系,实验结果用对照电流值的百分比表示(例:100%表示对通道没有阻断活性)。
初步结果显示在1×10-6和1×10-5两个浓度氘化和非氘化硝苯地平对通道传导性的作用没有统计学差异(分别为70%比77%和35%比43%,P值不显著)。但是,两种硝苯地平化合物对通道激活的依赖性确实存在着差别。通常情况下,普通硝苯地平的阻断活性依赖于通道的激活状态(一般情况下,在通道更为激活时,阻断作用增强)。在氘代硝苯地平则观察不到这种作用;而显示出持续性最大作用,与通道的状态无关。这一结果提示,即使效能没有差异,氘代硝苯地平与钙通道的结合是被增强的。在临床上,这意味着氘代硝苯地平具有更长的受体半衰期,或者说它可能在很大的血压范围内均有稳定的效果。(一般情况下,血压越高,钙通道阻断剂的降压作用越强)。可以预见,氘代硝苯地平对患有高血压的病人将以相似的方式产生作用。
人们已经注意到氘代一个或多个已知药物化合物中的氢原子可以增强或改变这些化合物的活性。相信用不同的同位素取代化合物中一个或多个其它原子同样改变这些化合物的活性。众周所知,其它原子,如:碳、氮、氧、锡等也存在不同原子质量的种属,这些原子的不同种属即为同位素,它们之间的差别仅为原子核中中子数量不同。
例4钙通道抑制-再激活的作用依赖性可使钙通道的内向峰电流逐渐降低。这种作用在通道刺激频率较大的情况下更为明显。在一种“使用依赖性”拮抗剂存在时,重复刺激可使电流降低作用增强。使用依赖性是指在连续通道激活过程中,拮抗剂累积结合逐渐少量地增加,例如钙通道在2或3个通道激活后,抑制作用可以达到稳态,使用依赖性现行的概念为一种已知的拮抗剂(药物)对激活通道具有更强的结合力。一个药物表现出较强的使用依赖性通道抑制作用,则对激活的钙通道具有较强的亲和力。
在下列一组例子中,采用一定间隔的多重电流脉冲使钙通道去极化。这一实验研究用全细胞斑片钳进行,在没有任何药物的情况下作为对照值,以内向电流的减少作为脉冲间隔时间的函数。对照(例如:非氘代)和氘代硝苯地平5μM加入细胞液中,从内向电流的降低作为刺激频率的函数(例如,使用依赖性),然后对两种硝苯地平样品进行比较。
图2显示对照硝苯地平(B)和氘代硝苯地平(D)对NIE 115细胞T型钙通道的使用依赖性抑制作用。该图表明了内向电流及其硝苯地平对它的抑制作用。随着刺激频率的增加,内向电流依照重复刺激而降低(使用依赖性)。硝苯地平对内向电流有降低作用,但是,在增加刺激频率时,氘代硝苯地平较对照硝苯地平具有更强的作用(C)。这些区别在图3-5中得到了进一步的显示。
图3显示了两种硝苯地平对重复间隔1秒的脉冲(去极化)引起内向电流的抑制作用。在这种脉冲频率下,氘代硝苯地平对钙电流的阻断作用较对照电流更强(P<0.05通过重复测定方差分析)。两组的硝苯地平浓度均为5μM。
图4显示两种硝苯地平对以钙电流抑制作用作为脉冲频率函数的影响。在1和0.3秒间隔时,氘代硝苯地平对钙通道的阻断作用较对照硝苯地平更强。
图5显示两种硝苯地平对使用依赖性的影响。在所有的频率中,氘代硝苯地平均表现出更强的使用依赖性钙通道抑制作用。随着刺激频率的增加,这种抑制作用更为明显。根据上述结果,氘代硝苯地平显示出更强的钙通道使用依赖性抑制作用。这表明随着刺激频率的增加,氘代硝苯地平对钙通道的阻断作用较普通硝苯地平更强。由于在病理状态下,钙通道的激活更多如高血压或心绞痛,所以预期氘代硝苯地平比普通硝苯地平对这些疾病更为有效。在非病理状况下,通道的激活不多,因此,氘代硝地平的活性与普通硝苯地平相近。这种特征极具吸引力,因为它意味着药物(如氘代硝苯地平)的相对效能将直接按照病情严重性变化。在这种情况下,药物似乎“知道”需要降低血压多少程度以达到特定血压水平的目标。目前,随着病情(如高血压、心绞痛)严重性的增加,所需用于治疗这些疾病的硝苯地平剂量也随之增加。对于氘代的硝苯地平,则情况将不同。
例5
氘代和对照硝苯地平对正常SD大鼠血压的影响。对照和氘代硝苯地平溶解于最小体积的乙醇中,稀释后使乙醇的浓度小于0.04%,SD大鼠用苯巴比妥麻醉,体重为300~350g,两种硝苯地平按规定剂量1毫升剂量注射给药,通过动脉导管直接测定平均动脉压的最大变化和降压作用的延续时间。每个大鼠给予一个药物剂量,且至少用60分钟使血压恢复到基础水平。图中显示的结果讨论如下:在每个时期中,氘代硝苯地平的作用持续时间较对照硝苯地平更长。但是,由于反应的时间依赖于降压幅度,所以对两种样品等效剂量进行比较。比较结果,对照硝苯地平浓度为2×10-3摩尔,氘代硝苯地平浓度为1×10-3摩尔(相对效能-45.8比-40.3mmHg,对照与氘代比较P值不显著)。在这些剂量中,尽管降压作用相同,但对照硝苯地平作用的持续时间为46.5分钟,而氘代硝苯地平的作用时间为62.2分(P=0.02)。这表明氘代硝苯地平作用时间大于对照硝苯地平,而与降压效应无关(即效能和作用的持续时间二者不同)。
图6显示对照和氘代硝苯地平对平均血压的影响:图6(a)示实测结果,图6(b)示对数剂量-效应回归数据的拟合曲线。每个试验剂量共6个大鼠。如图所示,所有剂量的氘代硝苯地平的效能均强于对照硝苯地平(P<0.05通过重复测定方差分析)。MAP=平均动脉压。
图7显示用不对称模型拟合的对照和氘代硝苯地平浓度-效应关系。所示为拟合值加95%的可信限。从这两图看,由于可信限不重合,所以很明显,两种硝苯地平的浓度—效应关系是不同的。为了精确起见,运用下列方程式同曲线拟合:
y=a+b(1-(1+实验值((x+dln(2l/e-1)-c)/d))-e)。
在此基础上,参数a、b和c均具有统计学差别(在P<0.05水平上)。图8显示用对数剂量反应模型拟合的对照硝苯地平和氘代硝苯地平的浓度-效应关系。所示为拟合值加95%可信限。从这两图可知,由于可信限不重合,两种硝苯地平的浓度-效应关系是明显不同的。为了精确,用方程式:
y=a+b/(1+(x/c)d)进行曲线拟合。结果表明参数a和b均有统计学差异,(在P<0.05水平上)。
例6
氘代和对照尼卡地平的正常SD大鼠血压的影响。对照和氘代尼卡地平(制法和氘代硝苯地平相似,下面将有描述)溶解于最小体积的乙醇中,稀释后使乙醇的终浓度小于0.04%。SD大鼠苯巴比妥麻醉,体重为300~350g,两种尼卡地平的下述剂量经注射给药。通过动脉导管直接测定平均动脉压的最大变化和降压作用的持续时间,每个大鼠仅给予一个药物剂量,且至少用60分钟使血压恢复到基础水平。
效能—图9a和9b显示对照和氘代尼卡地平的剂量—反应关系。尽管曲线的可信限区间相互重叠,但ED16;ED50和ED84的统计学比较有以下的差别:
ED16对照氘代 | 6.11×10-6mM46.2×10-6mM | 95%CI:2.2~16.8×10-637.3~57.2×10-6 |
ED50对照氘代 | 2.54×10-3mM2.11×10-3mM | 95%CI:1.53~4.20×10-31.48~3.00×10-3 |
ED84对照氘代 | 1.06mM0.09mM | 95%CI:0.38~2.910.077~0.119 |
95%CI=95%可信限区间
从上表可见,两个药物的ED16和ED84可信限区间互不相交。这表明剂量反应关系的性质是不同的,不同的斜率函数也证明了这一点,对照尼卡地平为416而氘代尼卡地平为46(用Litchfield-wilcoson法计算),这说明两个药物的效能是不同的。
以剂量和药物作为自变量,平均动脉压的降低作为应变量进行二维变异分析,结果如下列方差分析表:
因素 自由度 方差和 平均方差 F值 P值
药物 1 323 323 3.11 0.082
剂量 17 5531 3255 30.8 0.0001
药物×剂量 17 6464 380 3.6 0.0001尽管药物间的差异在P<0.05水平无显著性(但在0.1水平有显著性),这可能是由于许多剂量均接近ED50,ED50处的曲线没有差别。在药物与剂量间存在着明显相互作用,这表明剂量—反应曲线的性质是不同的。
作用持续时间—在大部分的时间内,氘代尼卡地平较对照尼卡地平的作用持续时间更长(图10)。由于效应的持续时间依赖于降压的幅度,所以对两种药物的等效剂量进行比较。在这一比较中,对照尼卡地平剂量为1×10-9摩尔,氘代尼卡地平剂量为3×10-9摩尔(相对效能-13.8比-13.8mmHg,对照与氘代比较P值不显著)。在这些剂量中,尽管降压作用相同,但对照尼卡地平作用的持续时间为5.4+3.8(标准差)分钟,而氘代尼卡地平作用持续时间为15.0+6.4(标准差)分钟,(P=0.049)。这表明氘代尼卡地平作用时间大于对照尼卡地平,而与降压效应无关。
以剂量和药物作为自变量,作用时间作为应变量进行二维变异分析,比较作用持续时间,结果如下列方差分析表:
因素 自由度 方差和 平均方差 F值 P值
药物 1 5697 5697 24.0 0.0001
剂 14 68292 4878 20.6 0.0001
药物×剂量 14 10678 237 3.2 0.0002
这些结果表明两种药物的作用持续时间存在显著差异。同样,剂量—作用时间关系曲线的性质也是不同的。
根据以上的数据,在降压的剂量—效应关系和剂量—作用时间关系方面,氘代尼卡地平有别于对照尼卡地平。
例7制备氘代尼卡地平:尼卡地平(和其他二氢吡啶)的此种变化可由尼卡地平溶于氘化管中的氘代氯仿和重水混合物中,然后加入等量的三氟醋酐和氘代丙酮混和,混和后管内的溶液被冷冻,最好将管子浸入液氮中然后封口,封管被加热,加热温度范围从大约50°至65℃,最合适范围大约55°至60℃,在此温度下维特足够时间使尼卡地平上2-位和6-位甲基氘代为CD3,大约150至180小时反应完全,更合适的反应时间大约为160至170小时。
用下述方法合成氘代尼卡地平:
放置80毫克粉状尼卡地平于特殊氘化管中并溶于2毫升氘代氯仿和0.5毫升重水混合物中,加毕后,将0.2毫升三氟醋酐和2毫升的氘代丙酮加入到上述溶液中。溶液用液氮冷冻,在氮气流下用火将管口封住。然后封管在57℃反应168小时,反应毕将管子冷却并打开封管。反应物转入到园底烧瓶中,溶剂在减压下,旋转蒸发除去。所有操作在减压和避光下进行。使用常规的1H核磁共振(NMR)测定出上述C-2和C-6甲基95%被氘取代。
二氢吡啶环上与2-位和6位连接的甲基上的氢被氘取代导致极大的效果,已知所有二氢吡啶类钙通道阻断剂,至少在这些位置上有一个甲基(事实上,除氨氯地平则只有一个6-位甲基外,所有二氢吡啶都有2个甲基,有趣的是2-位甲基由CH2OCH2CH2NH2取代,大大地增加了这—二氢吡啶的作用持续时间。)
任何其他二氢吡啶的这些基团被氘取代,预计将产生与硝苯地平同样结果。
例8
氘代和对照维拉帕米对正常SD大鼠血压的影响。
氘代维拉帕米—将维拉帕米加入到体积百分浓度为25%的氘代硫酸/重水和氘代甲醇溶液中,在90℃搅拌140小时。pH值调节到12.0后,以乙酸乙酯提取混合物。合并的提取液经水洗、干燥(硫酸镁)和浓缩后得粘性油状物。此油状物溶于乙醚后再加入盐酸乙醚以析出产物的盐酸盐沉淀,经滤集和以乙酸乙酯重结晶获氘代维拉帕米盐酸盐白色固体。
对照和氘代维拉帕米(在维拉帕米的苯环上氘代)溶解于最小体积的乙醇中,稀释后使其最终浓度小于0.04%。SD大鼠体重在300~350g之间,用苯巴比妥麻醉,两种维拉帕米经注射给药。通过动脉导管直接测定平均动脉压的最大变化和降压作用的持续时间。每个大鼠仅给予一个药物剂量,且至少观察60分钟使血压恢复到基础水平。
在每个剂量中,氘代维拉帕米的作用(效能)小于对照维拉帕米(见图11)。按照剂量反应,以大约-90mmHg作为最大效应,对照维拉帕米的ED50为2.89×10-4mM,而氘代维拉帕米ED50为2.16×10-3mM。这种差异,以及用Litchfield-wilcoxon分析整个剂量效应曲线的差异均是有显著性的。用这种技术测定的氘代与对照维拉帕米的效能比为0.133(95%可信限区间为0.07~0.25,p<0.01)。这表明氘代维拉帕米的效能较对照维拉帕米的小。
按照作用持续时间以Litchfield-Wilcoxon分析,氘代维拉帕米的作用持续时间更长(见图12)。此外,剂量-时间曲线也有显著差异,得出的氘代与对照维拉帕米的效能比为4.95(95%可信限区间2.3~10.7,P<0.01)。用另一种方法比较,在等效剂量对照维拉帕米为0.3×10-4mM,氘代为0.3×10-3M,降压幅度分别为-52.8mmHg和-57.0mmHg)时,氘代与对照维拉帕米作用持续时间为12.5比6分钟(P<0.01)。
这些结果提示,氘代可使效能和作用持续时间发生改变。与二氢吡啶类相比,氘代可使作用时间延长,但不同于二氢吡啶类是效能降低。根据氘代的位点,效能可能被增强。
综上所述,(1).氘代(对所有的试验药物来源)使作用持续时间延长;(2).氘代影响效能:在二氢吡啶类效能增强在维拉帕米(一种苯烷基胺)则减弱;(3).二氢吡啶类的使用依赖性改变(未测维拉帕米)。
用同位素延长药物的作用持续时间。引言:
药物制造商经常化费数百万美元来研究药物使其具有更长的作用时间。有这样几个原因值得人们去寻求具有较长作用时间的药物,如:延长有益的治疗效果;新药剂型得到的新专利使得享有的药品市场得到保护;增加病人对药物的接受(以每天一次的剂型替代每天三或四次的剂型使服药更为方便)。
三种试验药物(如硝苯地平、尼卡地平、维拉帕米)现均用于高血压的治疗。由于在北美心血管疾病是死亡的主要原因,而高血压是主要的危险因子,使用这些药物的病人在他们的血液保持药物浓度,以使他们在一天24小时中能抵御高血压的影响是很重要的。尽管一些厂商提供了一天中服用二、三或四次的制剂,但也有一些厂商通过改变剂型来制造具有更长作用时间的药物(半衰期较长)。这些剂型改变包括内含减缓药物释放的赋型剂,制剂的包衣、更新的制剂(如渗透泵)和包被颗粒。许多发展和制造这些制剂改变的费用是极其昂贵的。
利用这里披露的氘代药物,我们证明可以改变多种不同类型的药物(例如:1,4-二氢吡啶和苯烷基胺)并且相信这种改变适用于所有药物,因为药物虽不同但它的原理是相同的。不被理论所束缚,通过药物的氘化,我们认为很可能产生两种作用:
增加分子的亲脂性质,并使C-H键的H被氘取代后热力学更加稳定。
前一观点使药物分布到较“深”的组织内贮芷,(例如:脂细胞脂肪)并较长地滞留在体内。而后一种想法将更应值得注意。用氘原子取代氢原子得到的碳(C)氘(D)键变得更强,对H增加一个原子质量单位成D,C-D键可更强,这里用D作为氢的非放射性稳定性同位素,有意义的是C-D键热力学比C-H键更稳定,它不易在代谢(或破坏性)过程中断裂,因此,延长了药物排泄半衰期,增加了药物治疗效果。虽然我们也观察到药效改变,但药物作用的延长是最主要的,
总之,上述被研究的三个化合物通过简单的D代H,延长了作用维持时间,产生了一种新的“改进释放”药物。本方法的另一突出优点是避免了目前改进释放配方中需要加入的一些有毒的赋形剂。
例9
化合物的指纹图,由于药物的取代基通常是碳、氢、氮、氧等元素而这些元素可能以一种以上的同位素形式存在,这些同位素形式的精确性质取决于每一化学品是怎样和在哪里被制备,特别是,因为生产药物的每一场所,一般使用当地化学供应商供应的原料作为合成的原料,每一个药物分子有自己的同位素分布形式。一个生产厂生产药物与市场上的相似药物比较,可确定第二个药物由相同生产厂生产还是由另一个厂生产,这是可能的,因为每一药物有它自己的独特的同位素分布形式(指纹图):气相层析—同位素比质谱(GC-IRMS)可用于搞清药物制备过程中所用原料。虽然普药在批准上市之前必须通过某些专门试验,由病人消耗的普药产品可能和该药的创制厂商产品质量不尽相同。质量不同涉及杂质或药物的化学生产过程不同,这种不同不能用标准试验步骤测出,但可通过用GC—IRMS(上面叙述)检测来测定药物分子结构。
综上所述很显然含有相同量药物的制备不一定生物效价相同是不难理解的,这种效价不等可能完全由特定药物中所有元素的同位素混合物所致。普药和一个已知具有该药发明权的生产厂生产的药物之间这种同位素的不同如一种配方被另一配方替代可导致剂量超过可减少,这意味着,例如:一个配方换成另一个配方使以前完全控制的心绞痛或高血压变得不能控制,使得内科医生感到困惑于为什么药物不再起到预期的作用。相反,病人以前没有不良药物反应而在新配方中开始产生药物付作用。另外,二个不同配方之间临床作用的维持时间也有可能不同,按照本发明具体表现新药在市场上出现并作为在市场上销售的某厂商生产已知药物的同等物销售,可以及时测定其与已知药物的等同性。
同位素比质谱法的基本原理
同位素比质谱法是一种高精度的分析方法,它能测定少量样品(低于毫微克水平)。例如:测定单碳分子,二氧化碳气体的13C/12C的比例。因此,有机碳必须在氧化亚铜上燃烧转化为二氧化碳气体(Cu2O,在线燃烧炉或者元素分析仪)并经冷阱法或色谱法纯化,然后此CO2气体立即直接送入连续流动同位素比质谱测定(也称CF—同位素比质谱)。
二氧化碳中的碳(13C/12C)和氧的同位素(16O、17O、18O)不同组合,会形成具有不同分子量的同位素异构物,它们的质量分别是44、45、46,所以为了测定碳同位素比,根据CO2的不同同位素的质量把产生的三个离子束强度记录下来。
为了获得高精确和高准确度,应用绝对已知同位素组成的为参考气体和双路进样系统将样品和参考气体通过气体开关阀交替进入离子源。测定不同的离子束作为计算样品中13C的富集度,计算值用δ13C(‰)表示,δ13C丰度用δC(‰)表示:
δ13C(‰)=([(13C/12C)样品/(13C/12C)PDB]-1)×1000δ13C(‰)值是以标准品测定每一千个碳同位素比中的变化。对碳采用PDB作国际标准,PDB是白垩系皮狄层的美洲拟箭石(从南卡罗来纳洲白垩系皮狄层形成的化石)。此化石碳酸钙的13C/12C比例是0.011237,与PDB比较,绝大部分天然化合物为负的δ值。上面方程式中,13C/12C称作同位素体异构。
测定15N不同离子束用δ15N(‰)表示。按照下列方程式15N丰度用δ15N(‰)表示:
δ15N(‰)=[(15N/14N样品)-(15N/14N标准品)/(15N/14N)标准品]×1000
δ15N(‰)值是从标准品测定每一千个氮同位素比中的变化部分,对氮,用空气作为国际参考。
测定18O不同离子束可用δ18O表示,按照下列方程式18O丰度用δ18O(‰)表示:
δ18O(‰)=[(18O/16O样品)-(18O/16O标准品)/(18O/16O)标准品]×1000
δ18O(‰)值是从标准品测定每一千个氧同位素比中的变化部分,即氧丰度是由CO2标准品中推得的,对氧用二氧化碳作为国际参考。
同位素比质谱仪、设定
同位素比质谱仪是Finnigan MAT252(Bremen德国)该仪器装配有双路进样装置和供非气体样品引入的元素分析仪。样品称取约为10-20微克(μg)放入锡囊中,封口的锡囊置于自动进样系统中(元素分析仪型号为NA1500Nc,英国Fisons),样品用氧气和氧化催化剂(CrO+Cu2O)于1080℃下燃烧,纯化的二氧化碳用连续流动同位素比质谱仪进行分析,二氧化碳标准品13C Oztech CO2(dc(PDB)=-36.49‰;do(PDB)=-25.56‰;do(SMOW)15.06‰)由美国德州达拉斯Oztech贸易公司获得。
仪器的安装:高电压(HV),10KV;阴极,5.74A;发射,1.473mA;捕获发射,0.937mA;电子能量,75.0-V;捕获,50.1V。
同位素比质谱法在指纹图中的应用同位素比质谱法已用于调查许多药品,包括硝苯地平、环丙氟哌酸、酮基布洛芬、佐匹克隆和醋丁酰心安的产生来源,用此法产生指纹图是基于例如:从CO2气体中测定13C/12C同位素比,氧和氮的同位素比亦可用于指纹图。药物的有机碳在氧化亚铜上燃烧生成CO2气体,经冷阱法或色谱法纯化,纯化后的CO2气体经由传输线直接连续流入到同位素比质谱仪进行分析。
为了保持CO2同位素比测定的高精确度,一个已知同位素组成的参考气体可通过双路进样系统进入同位素比质谱仪,该进样系统使样品气体与参考气体交替输入同位素比质谱仪。分析的结果为13C/12C比例(δ‰)以下式表示:
δ‰=[(R样品-R标准品)/R标准品]×1000
δ‰值大小由测定标准品的一千个碳同位素比的差异确定,此值用作为药品的指纹。原料(活性成份)和最终产品(例药片)同被分析,经过处理的药物其分析结果如下:
原料和最终产品的同位素比质谱分析结果
指纹图
分子 | 名称/编号 | δ‰(平均) | 标准编差 | 原料或最终产品 |
醋丁酰心安 | ABC-191-MP | -30.67 | 0.10 | 原料 |
醋丁酰心安 | 4435910222 | -28.84 | 0.08 | 原料 |
醋丁酰心安 | J57 | -30.65 | 0.06 | 原料 |
佐匹克隆 | M-230789321500RPR | -30.42 | 0.05 | 原料 |
佐匹克隆 | M-231499332900RPR | -33.93 | 0.04 | 原料 |
佐匹克隆 | M-230179322900 | -31.43 | 0.08 | 原料 |
佐匹克隆 | 62H4023 | -3320 | 0.05 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | OEHSSASanofi | -26.67 | 0.10 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 1838H8Siegfried | -29.41 | 0.11 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 7113-Sumilca | 39.69 | 0.03 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 038-10168Seloc AG | -30.35 | 0.14 | 原料 |
接上页
硝苯地平 | NF-19010QuimichaAimar | -35.92 | 0.07 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | C.F.MMilanese | -19.61 | 0.07 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 795019 | -36.67 | 0.24 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | PT240563H拜耳AG | -30.03 | 0.15 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | PT257982A拜耳AG | -30.50 | 0.10 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | PT257981B拜耳AG | -30.59 | 0.09 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | PT249872D拜耳AG | -31.17 | 0.15 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | PT257980D拜耳AG | -30.66 | 0.09 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 898556A拜耳AG | -30.09 | 0.13 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 899612A拜耳AG | -30.51 | 0.09 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 898552S拜耳AG | -30.45 | 0.13 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 898553K拜耳AG | -30.32 | 0.10 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 898555C拜耳AG | -30.21 | 0.14 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 2704Dexxon以色列 | -29.67 | 0.08 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | NI-891101中国 | -34.33 | 0.06 | 原料 |
接上页
硝苯地平 | 50-OEHSSA山诺菲 | -28.75 | 0.08 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 0381016BSelocAG瑞士 | -30.05 | 0.20 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 150Cipla孟买 | -28.40 | 0.05 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 208143Sumika日本 | -35.67 | 0.21 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | K8192400Klinge制药有限公司德国 | -28.14 | 0.14 | 原料 |
硝苯地平 | 5486MI/01102ZambonGroup意大利 | -33.46 | 0.15 | 原料 |
环丙氟哌酸 | 43/93Union制药公司西班牙 | -34.64 | 0.09 | 原料 |
环丙氟哌酸 | 92/18Fako,伊斯坦波尔 | -35.84 | 0.07 | 原料 |
环丙氟哌酸 | 930501上海 | -30.02 | 0.17 | 原料 |
环丙氟哌酸 | F30394Cipla孟买 | -34.22 | 0.06 | 原料 |
酮基布洛芬 | BP E1344-11507191 | -27.66 | 0.29 | 原料 |
硝苯地平( Allotop L10) | 92001 | -32.3-32.1 | ** | 最终产品 |
接上页
硝苯地平(Atenerate L20) | 202 | -34.0-33.9 | ** | 最终产品 |
硝苯地平(Cardioluff L10) | 2FC | -33.9-34.6 | ** | 最终产品 |
硝苯地平(Casanmil S10) | BABP | -32.3-32.1 | ** | 最终产品 |
硝苯地平Corinael L10 | CF109D | -325-32.7 | ** | 最终产品 |
硝苯地平(Adalat L10) | B533 | -286-289 | ** | 最终产品 |
**表示只作二次测定,所以标准偏差难提。
从以上资料证实,同位素比质谱可被用作从各种不同制造来源的药物指纹鉴别,这种资料能用于识别生产来源,不论是原料(活性成份)还是最终产品。
图13表示七种硝苯地平产品的三维指纹图,这些产品相互之间具有显著区别,这种类型的三维指纹图为药品或者任何其他物质提供最灵敏的指纹特征。
图14表示九种硝苯地平产品的二维指纹图,误差范围为95%的可信限,所有产品相互之间均有显著区别,虽然三维指纹图更精确,实际上,二维指纹图一般已足够区别不同的材料。
图15显示Sotalol粗制片剂的二维指纹图(氧对碳)虽碳-氧二维指纹图精确度比碳-氮指纹图要差,但大部分药片用该技术能够相互区别开来。
图16显示三个不同人的三种不同头发样品的指纹图,就第一个病人而言(pt.1),一周后所取第二个样品与第一个样品比较,比较结果表明两个样品具有统计学上相同值,由此说明本技术重复性好,并能适用于鉴定头发样品。
图17表示三种酒的二维碳-氧指纹图,虽其中两种酒是同样牌子,但按原产地不同,指纹图还是能把它们区别开来。
对上述发明的进一步变化和改进,对于该领域的熟练技术人员是很自然的,并且这些变化和改进已包括在后附的权利要求之中。
权利要求书
按照条约第19条的修改
【由国际局于1996年1月4日收到;原来的权利要求1-17由修改的权利要求1-19替换(3页)】
1.一个化合物中至少一个氢原子被氘原子取代,所述的化合物是二氢吡啶。
3.根据权利要求2所述的氘代硝苯地平至少一个甲基是CD3。
4.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其甲基连接在二氢吡啶环的2位和6位上,其中至少一个甲基被CD3取代。
5.根据权利要求4所述的氘代二氢吡啶是具有下列分子式的氘代硝苯地平。
6.根据权利要求1所述的二氢吡啶化合物是硝苯地平,尼卡地平、尼莫地平、尼鲁地平、尼索地平、尼群地平、非罗地平、意弗拉地平(ifradipine)或氨氯地平。
7.一种制备至少一个氢原子被氘取代的氘代二氢吡啶的方法,包括下列步骤:
二氢吡啶溶于氘代氯仿和重水的混合物中形成溶液,
将三氟醋酐和氘代丙酮加入上述溶液,
冷冻并将上述溶液装入封管封闭,
上述溶液在一定温度下和足够的反应时间内使所述二氢吡啶环的2-位和6-位的全部氢原子被氘取代,并获得上述的氘代二氢吡啶。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,所述氘代二氢吡啶为氘代硝苯地平,它的制备方法包括下列步骤:
将硝苯地平溶于氘代氯仿和重水的混合物中形成溶液,
加入三氟醋酐和氘代丙酮到上述溶液中,
冷冻并将上述溶液装入封管封闭,
上述溶液在一定温度下和足够反应时间内使所述硝苯地平2-位和6-位甲基上的氢原子全部被氘取代,并获得上述的氘代硝苯地平。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法包括下列步骤:
将80毫克硝苯地平溶于大约2ml的氘代氯仿和大约0.5毫升的重水的混合物中形成溶液,
将0.2毫升三氟醋酐和2毫升氘代丙酮加入到上述溶液中并混和,
冷冻并将上述溶液装入封管封闭,
在大约50℃-65℃下加热上述溶液大约150-180小时,
冷却上述加热溶液,获得上述的氘代硝苯地平。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述反应温度大约为55℃至60℃。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述反应时间大约为160小时至170小时。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述反应温度大约为57℃和反应时间大约为168小时。
13.一种治疗动物高血压的方法,包括给予动物一个治疗有效量的氘代硝苯地平,其中至少有一个氘原子取代氢原子。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中二氢吡啶环上2-位和6-位连接的甲基,它们其中至少一个甲基被CD3所取代。
15.检测药用的化合物与已知药用化合物是否等同和/或生物等效的方法,包括下列步骤:
(a).用气相层析-同位素比质谱法测定所述已知药用化合物的分子和同位素结构,
(b).用气相层析-同位素比质谱法测定所述接受检测药用化合物的分子和同位素结构,
(c).比较上述两个测定结果,以检测上述药用化合物对已知药用化合物分子结构中的任何同位素的变化。
16.至少一个氢原子被氘取代的氘代硝苯地平用作抗高血压药物。
17.根据权利要求16所述的抗高血压药物氘代硝苯地平,其二氢吡啶环上2-位和6-位连接的甲基至少被一个CD3取代。
18.至少一个氢原子被氘取代的氘代硝苯地平用于制备抗高血压药物。
19.根据权利要求18所述的抗高血压药物氘代硝苯地平,其甲基在二氢吡啶环上的2-和6-位,其中至少有一个被CD3取代。
Claims (17)
1.一个化合物中至少一个氢原子被氘原子取代或至少一个碳原子、氮原子或氧原子被不同的同位素取代。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中所述化合物是二氢吡啶。
4.根据权利要求3所述的化合物,其中所述的氘代硝苯地平中至少有一个甲基是CD3。
5.根据权利要求2所述的化合物,其中连接在二氢吡啶环上2-位和6-位的甲基至少一个被CD3取代。
7.根据权利要求2所述的化合物,其中所述的二氢吡啶是硝苯地平;尼卡地平、尼莫地平、尼鲁地平、尼索地平、尼群地平、非罗地平、意弗拉地平(ifradipine)或氨氯地平。
8.根据权利要求2所述制备氘代二氢吡啶的方法,包括下列步骤:
二氢吡啶溶于氘代氯仿和重水的混合物中形成溶液,
将三氟醋酐和氘代丙酮加入上述溶液中,
冷冻并将上述溶液装入封管封闭,
溶液在一定温度和足够的反应时间使所述二氢吡啶的2-位和6-位的全部氢原子被氘取代,获得所述氘代二氢吡啶。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述氘代二氢吡啶是氘代硝苯地平及所述方法,包括下列步骤:
将硝苯地平溶于氘代氯仿和重水的混合物中形成溶液,
加入三氟醋酐和氘代丙酮到上述溶液中,
冷冻并将上述溶液装入封管封闭,
上述溶液在一定温度下和足够反应时间内使所述硝苯地平2-位和6-位氢原子全部被氘取代,并获得上述氘代硝苯地平。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,包括:
将80毫克硝苯地平溶于大约2毫升氘代氯仿和大约0.5毫升重水的混合物中形成溶液,
加入大约0.2毫升三氟醋酐和2毫升的氘代丙酮到上述溶液中,并摇匀混和,
冷冻并将上述溶液装入封管封闭,
在大约50℃至65℃下加热上述溶液大约150小时-180小时,冷却上述加热溶液,并获得上述氘代硝苯地平。
11.根据权利要求10所述方法,其中所述反应温度大约为55℃至60℃。
12.根据权利要求10所述方法,其中所述反应时间大约为160小时至170小时。
13.根据权利要求10所述方法,其中所述反应温度大约为57℃,反应时间大约为168小时。
14.一种治疗动物高血压的方法包括给予动物一个治疗有效量的具有权利要求2或5所述分子式的氘代硝苯地平。
15.检测药用化合物与已知药用化合物是否等同和/或生物等效的方法包括下列步骤:
(a).用气相层析-同位素比质谱法测定所述已知药用化合物的分子和同位素结构;
(b).用气相层析-同位素比质谱法测定所述接受检测药用化合物的分子和同位素结构;
(c).比较上述两个测定结果,以检测上述药用化合物对已知药用化合物分子结构中的任何同位素的变化。
16.根据权利要求2或5所述分子式的氘代硝苯地平用作抗高血压药物。
17.根据权利要求2或5所述分子式的氘代硝苯地平用于制备抗高血压药物。
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- 1995-03-27 KR KR10-2004-7010591A patent/KR20040068613A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-03-27 JP JP52488595A patent/JP3696884B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-03-27 BR BR9507200A patent/BR9507200A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-03-27 ES ES95912109T patent/ES2293638T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-27 WO PCT/CA1995/000154 patent/WO1995026325A2/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-03-27 AT AT95912109T patent/ATE372966T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-03-27 KR KR1019960705390A patent/KR100477070B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-03-27 CN CN95193186A patent/CN1087725C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-03-27 EP EP95912109A patent/EP0751926B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-27 AU AU19441/95A patent/AU707748B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-03-27 DE DE69535592T patent/DE69535592T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-27 CA CA002186371A patent/CA2186371A1/en not_active Abandoned
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1996
- 1996-10-04 US US08/725,992 patent/US5846514A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (28)
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CN102143949A (zh) * | 2008-09-03 | 2011-08-03 | 泰华制药工业有限公司 | 2-羰基-1,2-二氢喹啉免疫功能调节剂 |
CN104311486A (zh) * | 2008-09-03 | 2015-01-28 | 泰华制药工业有限公司 | 2-羰基-1,2-二氢喹啉免疫功能调节剂 |
CN102186848A (zh) * | 2008-09-18 | 2011-09-14 | 奥斯拜客斯制药有限公司 | 囊泡单胺转运体2的苯并喹啉抑制剂 |
CN102186848B (zh) * | 2008-09-18 | 2014-11-12 | 奥斯拜客斯制药有限公司 | 囊泡单胺转运体2的苯并喹啉抑制剂 |
CN104311552A (zh) * | 2008-09-18 | 2015-01-28 | 奥斯拜客斯制药有限公司 | 囊泡单胺转运体2 的苯并喹啉抑制剂 |
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US10047053B2 (en) | 2011-05-18 | 2018-08-14 | Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited | Deuterated CFTR potentiators |
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CN103702961A (zh) * | 2011-05-23 | 2014-04-02 | 赛诺菲 | 含有n-烷基的氘代化合物的制备方法 |
TWI627956B (zh) * | 2011-06-20 | 2018-07-01 | H 朗德貝克公司 | 用於治療精神分裂症之氘化1-哌-3-苯基-二氫茚 |
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CN109364075B (zh) * | 2012-11-21 | 2021-10-29 | 顶点制药(欧洲)有限公司 | 氘化cftr增效剂 |
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CN103833630A (zh) * | 2012-11-21 | 2014-06-04 | 康塞特医药品有限公司 | 氘化cftr增效剂 |
CN103833630B (zh) * | 2012-11-21 | 2018-11-13 | 顶点制药(欧洲)有限公司 | 氘化cftr增效剂 |
US10618884B2 (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2020-04-14 | Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. | Deuterated diaminopyrimidine compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds |
US9809572B2 (en) | 2013-04-22 | 2017-11-07 | Suzhou Zelgen Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. | Deuterated diaminopyrimidine compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds |
RU2632907C2 (ru) * | 2013-04-22 | 2017-10-11 | Сучжоу Зельген Биофармасьютикалс Ко., Лтд. | Дейтерированные диаминопиримидиновые соединения и фармацевтические композиции, содержащие такие соединения |
WO2014173291A1 (zh) * | 2013-04-22 | 2014-10-30 | 苏州泽璟生物制药有限公司 | 氘代的二氨基嘧啶化合物以及包含该化合物的药物组合物 |
TWI633880B (zh) * | 2015-01-22 | 2018-09-01 | 高雄醫學大學 | 用於治療代謝症候群的組合物及其製備方法 |
US10196384B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 | 2019-02-05 | Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited | Deuterated CFTR modulators |
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US12024491B2 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2024-07-02 | Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated | Processes for making modulators of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator |
CN109020875A (zh) * | 2018-08-27 | 2018-12-18 | 北京市药品检验所 | 二氢吡啶类化合物脱氢芳构化方法及在药品检测中的用途 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2293638T3 (es) | 2008-03-16 |
ATE372966T1 (de) | 2007-09-15 |
CN1087725C (zh) | 2002-07-17 |
DE69535592T2 (de) | 2008-06-12 |
WO1995026325A3 (en) | 1995-12-14 |
EP0751926A1 (en) | 1997-01-08 |
KR20040068613A (ko) | 2004-07-31 |
CA2186371A1 (en) | 1995-10-05 |
DE69535592D1 (de) | 2007-10-25 |
EP0751926B1 (en) | 2007-09-12 |
JPH09510717A (ja) | 1997-10-28 |
KR100477070B1 (ko) | 2006-04-21 |
MX9604309A (es) | 1998-05-31 |
JP3696884B2 (ja) | 2005-09-21 |
AU707748B2 (en) | 1999-07-22 |
WO1995026325A2 (en) | 1995-10-05 |
BR9507200A (pt) | 1997-09-16 |
AU1944195A (en) | 1995-10-17 |
US5846514A (en) | 1998-12-08 |
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