WO2014093622A2 - Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications - Google Patents

Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014093622A2
WO2014093622A2 PCT/US2013/074667 US2013074667W WO2014093622A2 WO 2014093622 A2 WO2014093622 A2 WO 2014093622A2 US 2013074667 W US2013074667 W US 2013074667W WO 2014093622 A2 WO2014093622 A2 WO 2014093622A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sequence
crispr
tracr
target
guide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2013/074667
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
WO2014093622A8 (en
WO2014093622A3 (en
WO2014093622A9 (en
Inventor
Feng Zhang
Matthias Heidenreich
Fei RAN
Lukasz SWIECH
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Broad Institute Inc
Original Assignee
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Broad Institute Inc
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Publication date
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Application filed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad Institute Inc filed Critical Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Priority to KR1020157018653A priority Critical patent/KR20150105956A/ko
Priority to ES13814362.3T priority patent/ES2658401T3/es
Priority to EP17199166.4A priority patent/EP3327127B1/en
Priority to IL239317A priority patent/IL239317B/en
Priority to EP15179123.3A priority patent/EP3031921B1/en
Priority to BR112015013784A priority patent/BR112015013784A2/pt
Priority to CA2894681A priority patent/CA2894681A1/en
Priority to EP23192255.0A priority patent/EP4299741A3/en
Priority to IL293526A priority patent/IL293526A/en
Priority to HK16102950.6A priority patent/HK1215048B/en
Priority to JP2015547543A priority patent/JP2016501531A/ja
Priority to DK13814362.3T priority patent/DK2931897T3/en
Priority to EP13814362.3A priority patent/EP2931897B1/en
Priority to RU2015128057A priority patent/RU2721275C2/ru
Priority to CN201380072752.2A priority patent/CN105164264B/zh
Priority to EP25158109.6A priority patent/EP4549566A3/en
Priority to MX2015007550A priority patent/MX389793B/es
Priority to AU2013359199A priority patent/AU2013359199C1/en
Priority to SG11201504523UA priority patent/SG11201504523UA/en
Priority to EP14734709.0A priority patent/EP3011030B1/en
Priority to PCT/US2014/041804 priority patent/WO2014204726A1/en
Priority to JP2016521450A priority patent/JP6665088B2/ja
Priority to JP2016521451A priority patent/JP6738728B2/ja
Priority to MX2015017312A priority patent/MX2015017312A/es
Priority to PCT/US2014/041803 priority patent/WO2014204725A1/en
Priority to KR1020247039028A priority patent/KR20240172759A/ko
Priority to EP23166208.1A priority patent/EP4245853A3/en
Priority to KR1020167001295A priority patent/KR20160030187A/ko
Priority to DK14734710.8T priority patent/DK3011031T3/da
Priority to CN201480045703.4A priority patent/CN105492611A/zh
Priority to BR112015031608A priority patent/BR112015031608A2/pt
Priority to SG11201510284XA priority patent/SG11201510284XA/en
Priority to CA2915842A priority patent/CA2915842C/en
Priority to RU2016101200A priority patent/RU2716420C2/ru
Priority to EP14734710.8A priority patent/EP3011031B1/en
Priority to HK16111707.3A priority patent/HK1223645B/en
Priority to AU2014281027A priority patent/AU2014281027A1/en
Priority to CA2915837A priority patent/CA2915837A1/en
Priority to KR1020167001293A priority patent/KR20160034901A/ko
Priority to AU2014281028A priority patent/AU2014281028B2/en
Priority to EP20195409.6A priority patent/EP3825406A1/en
Priority to SG10201710486XA priority patent/SG10201710486XA/en
Priority to CN201480045707.2A priority patent/CN107995927B/zh
Priority to CN202110793075.XA priority patent/CN113425857B/zh
Priority to MX2015017313A priority patent/MX374532B/es
Priority to CN201480045709.1A priority patent/CN105793425B/zh
Priority to AU2014281031A priority patent/AU2014281031B2/en
Priority to SG11201510327TA priority patent/SG11201510327TA/en
Priority to JP2016521452A priority patent/JP6738729B2/ja
Priority to EP19171576.2A priority patent/EP3620524A1/en
Priority to BR112015031610-7A priority patent/BR112015031610B1/pt
Priority to PCT/US2014/041808 priority patent/WO2014204728A1/en
Priority to CN202111206158.0A priority patent/CN114015726B/zh
Priority to MX2015017311A priority patent/MX374531B/es
Priority to SG11201510286QA priority patent/SG11201510286QA/en
Priority to CA2915795A priority patent/CA2915795C/en
Priority to EP19171567.1A priority patent/EP3597755A1/en
Priority to ES14735795T priority patent/ES2767318T3/es
Priority to AU2014281030A priority patent/AU2014281030B2/en
Priority to DK14735795.8T priority patent/DK3011032T3/da
Priority to CN201480045708.7A priority patent/CN105683379A/zh
Priority to EP14736206.5A priority patent/EP3011034B1/en
Priority to KR1020167001296A priority patent/KR20160056869A/ko
Priority to SG10201710487VA priority patent/SG10201710487VA/en
Priority to PCT/US2014/041809 priority patent/WO2014204729A1/en
Priority to KR1020167001039A priority patent/KR20160019553A/ko
Priority to JP2016521453A priority patent/JP6702858B2/ja
Priority to EP14735795.8A priority patent/EP3011032B1/en
Priority to RU2016101198A priority patent/RU2716421C2/ru
Priority to BR122021009076-9A priority patent/BR122021009076B1/pt
Priority to SG10201710488TA priority patent/SG10201710488TA/en
Priority to CA2915845A priority patent/CA2915845A1/en
Priority to BR112015031611A priority patent/BR112015031611A2/pt
Priority to RU2016101178A priority patent/RU2725502C2/ru
Priority to KR1020257000942A priority patent/KR20250012194A/ko
Publication of WO2014093622A2 publication Critical patent/WO2014093622A2/en
Publication of WO2014093622A3 publication Critical patent/WO2014093622A3/en
Priority to US14/481,339 priority patent/US20150020223A1/en
Publication of WO2014093622A9 publication Critical patent/WO2014093622A9/en
Publication of WO2014093622A8 publication Critical patent/WO2014093622A8/en
Priority to ZA2015/04132A priority patent/ZA201504132B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to ZA2015/08961A priority patent/ZA201508961B/en
Priority to MX2021001308A priority patent/MX2021001308A/es
Priority to US14/971,169 priority patent/US20160153004A1/en
Priority to US14/970,967 priority patent/US10946108B2/en
Priority to US14/971,356 priority patent/US10577630B2/en
Priority to IL243195A priority patent/IL243195B/en
Priority to IL243197A priority patent/IL243197B/en
Priority to US14/972,523 priority patent/US10711285B2/en
Priority to IL243196A priority patent/IL243196B/en
Priority to US15/349,603 priority patent/US11041173B2/en
Priority to JP2019172819A priority patent/JP2020026438A/ja
Priority to JP2019172824A priority patent/JP2020063238A/ja
Priority to AU2019283878A priority patent/AU2019283878B2/en
Priority to JP2020025947A priority patent/JP7083364B2/ja
Priority to US16/844,548 priority patent/US11597949B2/en
Priority to AU2020286222A priority patent/AU2020286222B2/en
Priority to US17/245,952 priority patent/US12252707B2/en
Priority to JP2021186813A priority patent/JP2022028812A/ja
Priority to JP2022031416A priority patent/JP7383062B2/ja
Priority to AU2022203759A priority patent/AU2022203759B2/en
Priority to AU2022218558A priority patent/AU2022218558A1/en
Priority to JP2023184342A priority patent/JP2024023194A/ja
Priority to JP2023189768A priority patent/JP7682975B2/ja
Priority to AU2025202331A priority patent/AU2025202331A1/en
Priority to AU2025203782A priority patent/AU2025203782A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the present inventio generally relates to the delivery, engineering, optimization and therapeutic applications of systems, methods, and compositions used for the control of gene expressio involving sequence targeting, such as genome perturbatio or gene-editing, that relate to Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and components thereof.
  • sequence targeting such as genome perturbatio or gene-editing
  • CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • the CRISPR-Cas system does not require the generation of customized proteins to target specific sequences but rather a single Cas enzyme can be programmed by a short. NA molecule to recognize a specific DNA target.
  • Adding the CRISPR-Cas system to the repertoire of genome sequencing techniques and analysis methods may significa tly simplify the methodology and accelerate the ability to catalog and map genetic factors associated with a diverse ra ge of biological functiono s a d diseases.
  • To utilize the CRISPR-Cas system effectively for genome editing without deleterious effects it is critical to understand aspects of engineering, optimization and cell-type/tissue/organ specific deliver ⁇ ' of these genome engineering tools, which are aspects of the claimed invention.
  • An exemplar ⁇ ' CRISPR comple comprises a CRISP R enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within the target polynucleotide.
  • the guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence, which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides methods for using one or more elements of a CRISPR-Cas system.
  • the CR ISPR comple of the invention provides an effective means for modifying a target polynucleotide.
  • the CRISPR complex of the invention has a wide variety of utilities including modifying (e.g., deleting, inserting, translocating, inactivating, activating) a target polynucleotide in a multiplicity of cell types in various tissues and organs.
  • the CRISPR complex of the invention has a broad spectrum of applications in, e.g., gene or genome editing, gene therapy, dr g discovery, drug screening, disease diagnosis, and prognosis.
  • aspects of the invention relate to Cas9 enzymes having improved targeting specificity in a CR1SPR-Cas9 system having guide RNAs having optimal activity, smal ler in length than wild-type Cas9 enzymes and nucleic acid molecules coding therefor, and chimeric Cas9 enzymes, as well as methods of improving the target specificity of a Cas9 enzyme or of designing a CRISPR-Cas9 system comprising designing or preparing guide RNAs having optimal activity and/or selecting or preparing a Cas9 enzyme having a smaller size or length than wild-type Cas9 whereby packaging a nucleic acid coding therefor into a deliver ⁇ ' vector is more advanced as there is less coding therefor in the delivery vector than for wild-type Cas9, and/or generating chimeric Cas9 enzymes.
  • a Cas9 enzyme may comprise one or more mutations and may be used as a generic DNA binding protein with or without fusion to a functional domain.
  • the mutations may be artificially introduced mutations or gain- or loss-of- function mutations.
  • the mutations may include but are not limited to mutations in one of the catalytic domains (D I O and H840) in the RuvC and HNH catalytic domains, respectively. Further mutations have been characterized.
  • the transcriptional activation domain may be VP64.
  • the transcriptional repressor domain may be KRAB or SID4X
  • Other aspects of the invention relate to the mutated Cas 9 enzyme being fused to domains which include but are not limited to a transcriptional activator, repressor, a recombinase, a transposase, a histone remodeler, a demethylase, a DNA methyltransferase, a cryptochrome, a light inducible/controllable domain or a chemically induci b 1 e/contro liable domain .
  • the invention provides for methods to generate mutant tracrl A and direct repeat sequences or mutant chimeric guide sequences that allow for enhancing performance of these RNAs in cells. Aspects of the invention also provide for selection of said sequences.
  • aspects of the invention also provide for methods of simplifying the cloning and delivery of components of the CRISPR. complex.
  • a suitable promoter such as the U6 promoter
  • a DNA oiigo is amplified with a DNA oiigo and added onto the guide RNA.
  • the resulting PGR product can then be transfected into cells to drive expression of the guide RNA.
  • aspects of the invention also relate to the guide RNA being transcribed in vitro or ordered from a synthesis company and directly transfected.
  • the invention provides for methods to improve activity by using a more active polymerase.
  • the expression of guide RNAs under the control of the T7 promoter is driven by the expression of the T7 polymerase in the cell.
  • the cell is a eukaryotic ceil.
  • the eukaryotic cell is a human cell, hi a more preferred embodiment the human cell is a patient specific cell.
  • the invention provides for methods of reducing the toxicity of Cas enzymes.
  • the Cas enzyme is any Cas9 as described herein, for instance any naturally-occurring bacterial Cas9 as well as a y chimaeras, mutants, homo logs or orthologs.
  • the Cas9 is delivered into the ceil in the form of mRNA. This allows for the transient expression of the enzyme thereby reducing toxicity.
  • the invention also provides for methods of expressing Cas9 under the control of an inducible promoter, and the constructs used therein.
  • the invention provides for methods of improving the in vivo applications of the CRISPR-Cas system.
  • the Cas enzyme is wildtype Cas9 or any of the modified versions described herein, including any naturally- occurring bacterial Cas9 as well as any chimaeras, mutants, homologs or orthologs.
  • An advantageous aspect of the invention provides for the selection of Cas9 homologs that are easily packaged into viral vectors for delivery.
  • Cas9 orthologs typically share the general organization of 3-4 RuvC domains and a HNH domain. The 5' most RuvC domain cleaves the non- complementary strand, and the HNH domain cleaves the complementary strand. All notations are in reference to the guide sequence.
  • the catalytic residue in the 5' RuvC' domain is identified through homology comparison of the Cas9 of interest with other Cas9 orthologs (from S. pyogenes type II CRISPR locus, S. tbermopmTus CRISPR locus 1, S. thermoph ius CRISPR locus 3, and Franciscilla novicida type 11 CRISPR locus), and the conserved Asp residue (D10) is mutated to alanine to convert Cas9 into a complementary-strand nicking enzyme. Similarly, the conserved His and Asn residues in the HNH domains are mutated to Alanine to convert Cas9 into a non- complementary-strand nicking enzyme. In some embodiments, both sets of mutations may be made, to convert Cas9 into a non-cutting enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type I or III CRISPR enzyme, preferably a type ⁇ CRI SPR enzyme.
  • This type II CRISPR enzyme may be any Cas enzyme.
  • a preferred Cas enzyme may be identified as Cas9 as this can refer to the general class of enzymes thai share homology to the biggest nuclease with multiple nuclease domains from the type II CRISPR system.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is from, or is derived from, spCas9 or saCas9.
  • Applicants mean that the derived enzyme is largely based, in the sense of having a high degree of sequence homology with, a wildtype enzyme, but that it has been mutated (modified) in some way as described herein
  • Cas and CRISPR enzyme are generally used herein interchangeably, unless otherwise apparent.
  • residue numberings used herein refer to the Cas9 enzyme from the type II CRISPR locus in Streptococcus pyogenes .
  • this invention includes many more Cas9s from other species of microbes, such as SpCas9, SaCas9, StlCas9 and so forth. Further examples are provided herein. The skilled person will be able to determine appropriate corresponding residues in Cas9 enzymes other than SpCas9 by comparison of the relevant amino acid sequences.
  • the invention provides for methods of enhancing the function of Cas9 by generating chimeric Cas9 protems.
  • Chimeric Cas9 proteins chimeric Cas9s may be new Cas9 containing fragments from more than one naturally occurring Cas9. These methods may comprise fusing N-teraiinal fragments of one Cas9 homolog with C-terminal fragments of another Cas9 homolog. These methods also allow for the selection of new properties displayed by the chimeric Cas9 proteins.
  • the modification may occur ex vivo or in vitro, for instance in a cell culture and in some instances not in vivo. In other embodiments, it may occur in vivo,
  • the invention provides a method of modifying an organism or a non- human organism by manipulation of a target sequence in a genomic locus of interest comprising: delivering a non-naturally occurring or engineered composition comprising :
  • RNA sequence comprises:
  • IL a polynucleotide sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme comprising at least one or more nuclear localization sequences
  • the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence
  • the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1 ) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence and the polynucleotide sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme is DNA or RNA
  • the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence
  • the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1 ) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, and the polynucleotide sequence encoding a CRISPR. enzyme is DNA or RNA.
  • any or ail of the polynucleotide sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, guide sequence, tracr mate sequence or tracr sequence may be RNA.
  • the polynucleotides encoding the sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence, tracr mate sequence or tracr sequence may be RNA and may be delivered via liposomes, nanoparticies, exosomes, micro vesicles, or a gene-gun.
  • the RNA sequence includes the feature.
  • the DNA sequence is or can be transcribed into the RN A including the feature at issue.
  • the feature is a protein, such as the CRISPR enzyme
  • the DNA or RNA sequence referred to is, or can be, translated (and in the case of DNA transcribed first).
  • the invention provides a method of modifying an organism, e.g., mammal including human or a non-human mammal or organism by manipulation of a target sequence in a genomic locus of interest comprising delivering a non- naturally occurring or engineered composition comprising a viral or plasmid vector system comprising one or more viral or plasmid vectors operably encoding a composition for expression thereof wherein the composition comprises: (A) a non-naturally occurring or engineered composition comprising a vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising I.
  • a first regulatory element operably linked to a CRISPR-Cas system chimeric RNA (chiRNA) polynucleotide sequence wherein the polynucleotide sequence comprises (a) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, (b) a tracr mate sequence, and (c) a tracr sequence, and II.
  • chiRNA CRISPR-Cas system chimeric RNA
  • a first regulatory element operably linked to (a) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, a d (b) at least o e or more tracr mate sequences, II. a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, and III.
  • a third regulatory element operably linked to a tracr sequence wherein components I, II and III are located on the same or different vectors of the system, wherein when transcribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, and wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (I) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate seque ce that is hybridized to the tracr sequence.
  • components 1, II and III are located on the same vector.
  • components I and II are located on the same vector, while component III is located on another vector.
  • components I and III are located on the same vector, while component II is located on another vector. In other embodiments, components II and III are located on the same vector, while component I is located on another vector. In other embodiments, each of components I, 11 and III is located on different vectors.
  • the invention also provides a viral or plasmid vector system as described herein.
  • the vector is a viral vector, such as a lenti- or baculo- or preferably adeno- viral/adeno-associated viral vectors, but other means of delivery are know (such as yeast systems, microvesic!es, gene guns/means of attaching vectors to gold nanoparticies) and are provided.
  • a viral vector such as a lenti- or baculo- or preferably adeno- viral/adeno-associated viral vectors, but other means of delivery are know (such as yeast systems, microvesic!es, gene guns/means of attaching vectors to gold nanoparticies) and are provided.
  • one or .more of the viral or plasmid vectors may be delivered via liposomes, nanoparticles, exosomes, microvesicles, or a gene-gun.
  • Applicants By manipulation of a target sequence, Applicants also mean the epigenetic manipulation of a target sequence. This may be of the chromatin state of a target sequence, such as by modification of the metliylation state of the target sequence (i.e. addition or removal of methylation or methylation patterns or CpG islands), histone modification, increasing or reducing accessibility to the target sequence, or by promoting 3D folding.
  • the invention provides a method of treating or inhibiting a condition caused by a defect in a target sequence in a genomic locus of interest in a subject (e.g., mammal or human) or a non-human subject (e.g., mammal) in need thereof comprising modifying the subject or a non-human subject by manipulation of the target sequence and wherein the condition is susceptible to treatment or inhibition by manipulation of the target, sequence comprising providing treatment comprising: delivering a non-naturally occurring or engineered composition comprising an AAA'' or lentivirus vector system comprising one or more AAV or lentivirus vectors operably encoding a composition for expression thereof, wherein the target sequence is manipulated by the composition when expressed, wherein the composition comprises: (A) a non-naturally occurring or engineered composition comprising a vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising I.
  • chiRNA CRISPR-Cas system chimeric RNA
  • a first regulatory element operably linked to (a) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell , and (b) at least one or more tracr mate sequences, II, a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, and III.
  • a third regulatory element operably linked to a tracr sequence wherein components I, II and ( If are located on the same or different vectors of the system, wherein when transcribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, and wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence.
  • components I, II and III are located on the same vector. In other embodiments, components I and II are located on the same vector, while component III is located on another " vector.
  • components I and IK are located on the same vector, while component II is located on another vector.
  • components I I and III are located on the same vector, while component I is located on another vector.
  • each of components I, II and 111 is located on different vectors.
  • the invention also provides a viral (e.g. AAV or lentivirus) vector system as described herein. , and can be part of a vector system as described herein.
  • Some methods of the invention can include inducing expression.
  • the organism or subject is a eukaryote (including mammal including human) or a non-human eukaryote or a non-human animal or a non-human mammal.
  • the organism or subject is a non-human animal, and may be an arthropod, for example, an insect, or may be a nematode.
  • the organism or subject is a plant.
  • the organism or subject is a mammal or a non-human mammal.
  • a non-human mammal may be for example a rodent (preferably a mouse or a rat), an ungulate, or a primate.
  • the organism or subject is algae, including microaigae, or is a fungus.
  • the viral vector is an AAV or a lentivirus, and can be part, of a vector system as described herein.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9.
  • the expression of the guide sequence is under the control of the T7 promoter and is driven by the expression of T7 polymerase.
  • the invention in some embodiments comprehends a method of delivering a CRISPR enzyme comprising delivering to a ceil mRNA encoding the CRISPR enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9.
  • the invention also provides methods of preparing the vector systems of the invention, in particular the viral vector systems as described herein.
  • the invention in some embodiments comprehends a method of preparing the AAV of the invention comprising transfecting plasmid(s) containing or consisting essentially of nucleic acid molecule(s) coding for the AAV into AAV-mfected cells, and supplying AAV rep and/or cap obligatory for replication and packaging of the AAV.
  • the AAV rep and/or cap obligator ⁇ 7 for replication and packaging of the AA V are supplied by transfecting the cells with helper plasmid(s) or helper virus(es).
  • the helper virus is a poxvirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus or baculovirus.
  • the poxvirus is a vaccinia virus.
  • the cells are mammalian cel ls. And in some embodiments the cells are insect ceils and the helper virus is baculovirus. In other embodiments, the virus is a lentivirus.
  • pathogens are often host-specific.
  • Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causes tomato wilt but attacks only tomato
  • Plants have existing and induced defenses to resist most pathogens. Mutations and recombination events across plant generations lead to genetic variability thai gives rise to susceptibility, especially as pathogens reproduce with more frequency than plants.
  • there can be non-host resistance e.g., the host and pathogen are incompatible.
  • Horizontal Resistance e.g., partial resistance against all races of a pathogen
  • Vertical Resistance e.g., complete resistance to some races of a pathogen but not to other races, typically controlled by a few genes.
  • Plant and pathogens evolve together, and the genetic changes in one balance changes in other. Accordingly, using Natural Variability, breeders combine most useful genes for Yield, Quality, Uniformity, Hardiness, Resistance.
  • the sources of resistance genes include native or foreig Varieties, Heirloom Varieties, Wild Plant Relatives, and Induced Mutations, e.g., treating plant material with mutagenic agents.
  • plant breeders are provided with a new tool to induce mutations. Accordingly, one skilled in the art can analyze the genome of sources of resistance genes, and in Varieties having desired characteristics or traits employ the present invention to induce the rise of resistance genes, with more precision than previous mutagenic agents and hence accelerate and improve plant breeding programs.
  • the invention further comprehends a composition of the invention or a CRISPR. enzyme thereof (including or alternatively mRNA encoding the CRISPR enzyme) for use in medicine or in therapy.
  • the invention comprehends a composition according to the invention or a CRISPR enzyme thereof (including or alternatively mRNA encoding the CRISPR enzyme) for use in a method according to the invention.
  • the invention provides for the use of a composition of the invention or a CRISPR enzyme thereof (including or alternatively mRNA encoding the CRISPR enzyme) in ex vivo gene or genome editing.
  • the invention comprehends use of a composition of the invention or a CRISPR enzyme thereof (including or alternatively mRNA encoding the CRISPR enzyme) in the manufacture of a medicament for ex vivo gene or genome editing or for use in a method according of the invention.
  • the invention comprehends in some embodiments a composition of the Invention or a CRISPR enzyme thereof (including or alternatively mRN A encoding the CRISPR enzyme), wherein the target sequence is flanked at its 3 ' end by a PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequence comprising 5 '-motif, especially where the Cas9 is (or is derived from) S. pyogenes or S. aureus Cas9.
  • a suitable PAM is 5 -NRG or 5 -NNGRR (where N is any Nucleotide) for SpCas9 or SaCas9 enzymes (or derived enzymes), respectively, as mentioned below.
  • SpCas9 or SaCas9 are those from or derived from 5. pyogenes or S. aureus Cas9.
  • Apects of the invention comprehend improving the specificity of a CRISPR enzyme, e.g. Cas9, mediated gene targeting and reducing the likelihood of off-target modification by the CRISPR enzyme, e.g. Cas9.
  • the invention in some embodiments comprehends a method of modifying an organism or a non-human organism by minimizing off-target modifications by manipulation of a first and a second target sequence on opposite strands of a DNA duplex in a genomic locus of interest in a cell comprising delivering a noii-naturaily occurring or engineered composition comprising :
  • a first CRISPR-Cas system chimeric RNA (chiRNA) polynucleotide sequence wherein the first polynucleotide sequence comprises:
  • a second CRISPR-Cas system chiRNA polynucleotide sequence wherein the second polynucleotide sequence comprises:
  • a polynucleotide sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme comprising at least one or more nuclear localization sequences and comprising one or more mutations wherein (a), (b) and (c) are arranged in a 5' to 3' orientation, wherein when transcribed, the first and the second tracr mate sequence hybridize to the first and second tracr sequence respectively and the first and the second guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a first and a second CRISPR complex to the first and second target sequences respectively
  • the first CRISPR comple comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the first guide sequence that is hybridized to the first target sequence, and (2) the first tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the first tracr sequence
  • the second CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the second guide sequence that is hybridized to the second target sequence, and (2) the second tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the second tracr sequence, wherein the polynucle
  • any or all of the polynucleotide sequence encoding the CRISPR enzyme, the first and the second guide sequence, the first and the second tracr mate sequence or the first and the second tracr sequence is/are RNA
  • the polynucleotides encoding the sequence encoding the CR ISPR enzyme, the first and the second guide sequence, the first and the second tracr mate sequence or the first and the second tracr sequence is/are RNA and are delivered via liposomes, nanoparticles, exosomes, micro vesicles, or a gene-gun.
  • the first and second tracr mate sequence share 100% identity and/or the first and second tracr sequence share 100% identity.
  • the polynucleotides may be comprised within a vector system comprising one or more vectors.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme, e.g. SpCas9.
  • the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more mutations in a catalytic domain, wherein the one or more mutations are selected from the group consisting of D10A, E762A, H840A, N854A, N863A and D986A.
  • the CRISPR enzyme has the DI0A mutation.
  • the first CRISPR enzyme has one or more mutations such thai the enzyme is a complementary strand nicking enzyme
  • the second CRISPR enzyme has one or more mutations such that the enzyme is a non-complementary strand nicking enzyme.
  • the first enzyme may be a non-complementary strand nicking enzyme
  • the second enzyme may be a complementary strand nicking enzyme.
  • the first guide sequence directing cleavage of one strand of the DNA duplex near the first target sequence and the second guide sequence directing cleavage of the other strand near the second target sequence results in a 5' overhang.
  • the 5' overhang is at most 200 base pairs, preferably at most 100 base pairs, or more preferably at most 50 base pairs.
  • the 5' overhang is at least 26 base pairs, preferably at least 30 base pairs or more preferably 34-50 base pairs.
  • the invention in some embodiments comprehends a method of modifying an organism or a non-human organism by minimizing off-target modifications by manipulation of a first and a second target sequence on opposite strands of a DNA duplex in a genomic locus of interest in a cell comprising delivering a non-naturaily occurring or engineered composition comprising a vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising [0045] I. a first regulatory element operabiy linked to
  • the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the first a d the second guide sequence direct sequence-specific binding of a first and a seco d CRISPR complex to the first and second target sequences respectively, wherein the first CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the first guide seque ce that is hybridized to the first target sequence, and (2) the tracr .mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, wherein the second CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the second guide sequence that is hybridized to the second target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme is DNA or RNA, and wherein the first guide sequence directs cleavage of one strand of the DNA duplex near the first target sequence and the second guide sequence
  • the invention also provides a vector system as described herein.
  • the system may comprise one, two, three or four different vectors.
  • Components I, II, III and IV may thus be located on one, two, three or four different vectors, and all combinations for possible locations of the components are herein envisaged, for example: components I, I I, I II and IV can be located on the same vector; components I, II, III and IV can each be located on different vectors; components I, ( 1, II I and I V may be located on a total of two or three different vectors, with al l combinations of locations envisaged, etc.
  • any or all of the polynucleotide sequence encoding the CRISPR enzyme, the first and the second guide sequence, the first and the second tracr mate sequence or the first and the second tracr sequence is/are RNA,
  • the first and second tracr mate sequence share 100% identity and/or the first and second tracr sequence share 100% identity.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme, e.g. SpCas9.
  • the CRJSPR enzyme comprises one or more mutations in a catalytic domain, wherein the one or more mutations are selected from the group consisting of DIOA, E762A, H840A, N854A, N863A and D986A.
  • the CRISPR enzyme has the DIOA mutation.
  • the first CRISPR enzyme has one or more mutations such that the enzyme is a complementary strand nicking enzyme
  • the second CRISPR enzyme has one or more mutations such that the enzyme is a non-complementary strand nicking enzyme.
  • the first enzyme may be a non-complementary strand nicking enzyme
  • the second enzyme may be a complementary strand nicking enzyme.
  • one or .more of the viral vectors are delivered via liposomes, nanoparticles, exosomes, micro vesicles, or a gene-gun.
  • the first guide sequence directing cleavage of one strand of the DNA duplex near the first target sequence and the second guide sequence directing cleavage of other strand near the second target sequence results in a 5' overhang.
  • the 5 " overhang is at most 200 base pairs, preferably at most 100 base pairs, or more preferably at most 50 base pairs.
  • the 5' overhang is at least 26 base pairs, preferably at least 30 base pairs or more preferably 34-50 base pairs.
  • the invention in some embodiments comprehends a method of .modifying a genomic locus of interest by minimizing off-target modifications by introducing into a cell containing and expressing a double stranded DNA molecule encoding a gene product of interest an engineered, non-naturally occurring CR ISPR-Cas system comprising a Cas protein having one or more mutations and two guide RNAs that target a first strand and a second strand of the DNA molecule respectively, whereby the guide RNAs target the DNA molecule encoding the gene product and the Cas protein nicks each of the first strand and the second strand of the DNA molecule encoding the gene product, whereby expression of the gene product is altered; and, wherein the Cas protein and the two guide RNAs do not naturally occur together.
  • the Cas protein nicking each of the first stra d and the second strand of the DM A molecule encoding the gene product results in a 5' overhang.
  • the 5' overhang is at most 200 base pairs, preferably at most 100 base pairs, or more preferably at most 50 base pairs.
  • the 5 ' overhang is at least 26 base pairs, preferably at least 30 base pairs or more preferably 34-50 base pairs.
  • Embodiments of the invention also comprehend the guide RNAs comprising a guide sequence fused to a tracr mate sequence and a tract" sequence.
  • the Cas protein is codon optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cel l, preferably a mammalian cell or a human ceil.
  • the Cas protein is a type II CRISPR- Cas protein, e.g. a Cas 9 protein.
  • the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein, e.g. SpCas9.
  • the Cas protein has one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of D10A, E762A, H840A, N854A, N863A and D986A.
  • the Cas protein has the D10A mutation.
  • aspects of the in vention relate to the expression of the gene product being decreased or a template polynucleotide being further introduced into the DNA molecule encoding the gene product or an intervening sequence being excised precisely by allowing the two 5' overhangs to reanneal and ligate or the activity or function of the gene product being altered or the expression of the gene product being increased.
  • the gene product is a protein.
  • the invention also comprehends an engineered, non-naturally occurring CRISPR-Cas system comprising a Cas protein having one or more mutations and two guide RNAs that target a first strand and a second strand respectively of a double stranded DNA molecule encoding a gene product in a cell, whereby the guide RNAs target the DNA molecule encoding the gene product and the Cas protein nicks each of the first strand and the second strand of the DNA molecule encoding the gene product, whereby expression of the gene product is altered; and, wherein the Cas protein and the two guide RNAs do not naturally occur together,
  • the guide RNAs may comprise a guide sequence fused to a tracr mate sequence and a tracr sequence.
  • the Cas protein is a type II CRISPR-Cas protein.
  • the Cas protein is eodon optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell, preferably a mammalian cell or a human cell.
  • the Cas protein is a type II CRISPR-Cas protein, e.g. a Cas 9 protein.
  • the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein, e.g. SpCas9.
  • the Cas protein has one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of D10A, E762A, H840A, N854A, N863A and D986A.
  • the Cas protein has the D10A mutation.
  • aspects of the in vention relate to the expression of the gene product being decreased or a template polynucleotide being further introduced into the DNA molecule encoding the gene product or an intervening sequence being excised precisely by allowing the two 5' overhangs to reanneal and ligate or the activity or function of the gene product being altered or the expression of the gene product being increased.
  • the gene product is a protein.
  • the invention also comprehends a engineered, noii-naturaily occurring vector system comprising one or more vectors com rising:
  • components (a) and (b) are located on same or different vectors of the system, whereby the guide RNAs target the DNA molecule encoding the gene product a d the Cas protein icks each of the first strand and the second strand of the DNA molecule encoding the gene product, whereby expression of the gene product is altered; and, wherein the Cas protein and the two guide RNAs do not naturally occur together.
  • the guide RNAs may comprise a guide sequence fused to a tracr mate sequence and a tracr sequence.
  • the Cas protein is a type II CRISPR-Cas protein.
  • the Cas protein is codon optimized for expression in a eukaryotic ceil, preferably a mammalian cell or a human cell.
  • the Cas protein is a t pe I I I CR ISPR-Cas protein, e.g. a Cas 9 protein.
  • the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein, e.g. SpCas9.
  • the Cas protein has one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of D10A, E762A, H840A, N854A, N863A and D986A.
  • the Cas protein has the D10A mutation.
  • aspects of the invention relate to the expression of the gene product being decreased or a template polynucleotide being further introduced into the DNA molecule encoding the gene product or an intervening sequence being excised precisely by allowing the two 5' overhangs to reanneal and ligate or the activity or function of the gene product being altered or the expression of the gene product being increased.
  • the gene product is a protein.
  • the vectors of the system are viral vectors.
  • the vectors of the system are delivered via liposomes, nanoparticies, exosomes, microvesicl.es, or a gene-gun.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme compiexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • said cleavage comprises cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expressed from a gene comprising the target sequence.
  • the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotic cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the tracr mate sequence, and the tracr sequence.
  • said vectors are delivered to the eukaryotic cell in a subject.
  • said modifying takes place in said eukaryotic cell in a cell culture.
  • the method further comprises isolating said eukaryotic cell from a subject prior to said modifying.
  • the method further comprises returning said eukaryotie cell and/or cells derived therefrom to said subject.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a eukaryotie cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the polynucleotide such that said binding results in i creased or decreased expression of said polynucleotide; wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotie cells, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the tracr mate sequence, and the tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides a method of generating a model eukaryotie cell comprising a mutated disease gene.
  • a disease gene is any gene associated with an increase in the risk of having or developing a disease.
  • the method comprises (a) introducing one or more vectors into a eukaryotie cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: a CRISPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr mate sequence, and a tracr sequence; and (b) allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to a target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of the target poly ucleotide within said disease ge e, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (I) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence within the target poly ucleotide, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, thereby generating a model eukaryotie cell comprising a mutated disease gene.
  • said cleavage comprises cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expression from a gene comprising the target sequence.
  • the invention provides for a method of selecting one or more prokaryotie cell(s) by introducing one or more mutations in a gene in the one or more prokaryotie cell (s), the method comprising: introducing one or more vectors into the prokaryotie cel l (s), wherein the one or more vectors drive expressio of one or more of: a CRISPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr mate sequence, a tracr sequence, and an editing template; wherein the editing template comprises the one or more mutations that abolish CRISPR enzyme cleavage; allowing homologous recombination of the editing template with the target polynucleotide in the cell(s) to be selected; allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to a target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of the target polynucleotide within said gene, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the
  • the CRISPR enzyme is Cas9
  • the cell to be selected may be a eukaryotic cell. Aspects of the invention allow for selection of specific ceils without requiring a selection marker or a two-step process thai may include a counter-selection system,
  • the invention provides for methods of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • this invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises increasing or decreasing expression of a target polynucleotide by using a CRJSPR complex that binds to the polynucleotide.
  • one or more vectors comprising a tracr sequence, a guide sequence linked to the tracr mate sequence, a sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme is delivered to a cell.
  • the one or more vectors comprises a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence; and a regulatory element operably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the tracr mate sequence.
  • the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a cell.
  • the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence.
  • a target polynucleotide can be inactivated to effect the modification of the expression in a cell. For example, upon the binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a cell, the target polynucleotide is inactivated such that the sequence is not transcribed, the coded protein is not produced, or the sequence does not function as the wild-type sequence does. For example, a protein or microRNA coding sequence may be inactivated such that the protein is not produced.
  • the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more mutations selected from the group consisting of D10A, E762A, H840A, N854A, N863A or D986A and/or the one or more mutations is in a RuvCl or HNH domain of the CRISPR enzyme or is a mutatio as otherwise as discussed herein.
  • the CRISPR. enzyme has one or more mutations in a catalytic domain, wherein when transcribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, and wherein the enzyme further comprises a functional domain.
  • the functional domain is a transcriptional activation domain, preferably VP64. In some embodiments, the functional domain is a transcription repression domain, preferably KRAB. In some embodiments, the transcription repression domain is SID, or concatemers of SID (eg SID4X). In some embodiments, the functional domain is an epigenetic modifying domain, such that an epigenetic modifying enzyme is provided. In some embodiments, the functional domain is an activation domain, which may be the P65 activation domain.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type I or III CRISPR enzyme, but is preferably a type II CRISPR enzyme.
  • This type I I CRISPR enzyme may be any Cas enzyme.
  • a Cas enzyme may be identified as Cas9 as this can refer to the general class of enzymes that share homology to the biggest nuclease with multiple nuclease domains from the type II CRISPR
  • the Cas9 enzyme is from, or is derived from, spCas9 or saCas9, By derived.
  • Cas and CRISPR enzyme are generally used herein interchangeably, unless otherwise apparent.
  • residue numberings used herein refer to the Cas9 enzyme from the type II CRISPR locus in Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • this invention includes many more Cas9s from other species of microbes, such as SpCas9, SaCa9, Stl Cas9 and so forth.
  • deliver ⁇ .' is in the form of a vector which may be a viral vector, such as a lenti- or baculo- or preferably adeno-viral/adeno-associated viral vectors, but other means of delivery are known (such as yeast systems, microvesicles, gene guns/means of attaching vectors to gold nanopartic!es) and are provided.
  • a vector may mean not only a viral or yeast system (for instance, where the nucleic acids of interest may be operably linked to and under the control of (in terms of expression, such as to ultimately provide a processed RNA) a promoter), but also direct deliver ⁇ ' of nucleic acids into a host cell.
  • the vector may be a viral vector and this is advantageously an AAV
  • viral vectors as herein discussed can be employed, such as lentivirus.
  • baculoviruses may be used for expression in insect cells. These insect cells may, in turn be useful for producing large quantities of further vectors, such as AAV or lentivirus vectors adapted for delivery of the present invention.
  • a method of delivering the present CRISPR enzyme comprising delivering to a ceil niR A encoding the CRISPR enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is truncated, and/or comprised of less than one thousand amino acids or less than four thousand amino acids, and/or is a nuclease or nickase, and/or is codon-optimized, and/or comprises one or more mutations, and/or comprises a chimeric CR ISPR enzyme, and/or the other options as herein discussed.
  • AAV and lentiviral vectors are preferred.
  • the target sequence is flanked or followed, at its 3' end, by a PAM suitable for the CRISPR enzyme, typically a Cas and in particular a Cas9.
  • a suitable PAM is 5'-NRG or 5'-NNGRR for SpCas9 or SaCas9 enzymes (or derived enzymes), respectively.
  • SpCas9 or SaCas9 are those from or derived from S. pyogenes or S. aureus Cas9.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic model of the CRISPR system.
  • the Cas9 nuclease from Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow) is targeted to genomic DNA by a synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA) consisting of a 20-nt guide seque ce (blue) and a scaffold (red).
  • sgRNA synthetic guide RNA
  • the guide sequence base-pairs with the DNA target (blue), directly upstream of a requisite 5'-NGG protospacer adjacent motif (PAM; magenta), and Cas9 mediates a double-stranded break (DSB) ⁇ 3 bp upstream of the P AM (red triangle).
  • PAM magenta
  • DSB double-stranded break
  • Figure 2A-F shows an exemplary CRISPR system, a possible mechanism of action, an example adaptation for expression in eukaryotic cells, and results of tests assessing nuclear localization and CRISPR activity.
  • Figure 3A-D shows results of an evaluation of SpCas9 specificity for an example target.
  • Figure 4A-G show an exemplary vector system and results for its use in directing homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells.
  • Figure 5 provides a table of protospacer sequences and summarizes modification efficiency results for protospacer targets designed based on exemplary S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus CRISPR systems with corresponding PAMs against loci in human and mouse genomes.
  • Figure 6A-C shows a comparison of different tracrRNA transcripts for Cas9-mediated gene targeting.
  • Figure 7 shows a schematic of a surveyor nuclease assay for detection of double strand break-induced micro-insertions and -deletions.
  • Figure 8A-B shows exemplary bicistronic expression vectors for expression of CRISPR system elements in eukaryotic cel ls.
  • Figure 9A-C shows histograms of distances between adjacent S. pyogenes SF370 locus 1 PAM (NGG) ( Figure 9A) and S. thermophilus LMD9 locus 2 PAM (NNAGAAW) ( Figure 9B) in the human genome; and distances for each PAM by chromosome (Chr) ( Figure 9C).
  • Figure 10A-D shows an exemplary CRISPR. system, an example adaptation for expression in eukaryotic cells, and results of tests assessing CRISPR activity.
  • Figure 11 A-C shows exemplary manipulations of a CRISPR system for targeting of genomic loci in mammalian cells.
  • Figure 12A-B shows the results of a Northern blot analysis of crRNA processing in mammalian cells.
  • Figure 13A-B shows an exemplary selection of protospacers in the human PVALB and mouse Th loci.
  • Figure 14 shows example protospacer and corresponding PAM sequence targets of the S. thermophilus CRISPR. system in the human EMXl locus.
  • Figure 15 provides a table of sequences for primers and probes used for Surveyor, RFLP, genomic sequencing, and Northern blot assays.
  • Figure 16 A-C shows exemplary manipulation of a CRISPR system with chimeric RNAs and results of SURVEYOR assays for system activity in eukaryotic cells.
  • Figure 17A-B shows a graphical representation of the resul ts of SURVEYOR, assays for CRISPR system activity in eukaryotic cells.
  • Figure 18 shows an exemplary visualization of some S. pyogenes Cas9 target sites in the human genome using the UCSC genome browser.
  • Figure 19A-D shows a circular depiction of the phylo genetic analysis revealing five families of Cas9s, including three groups of large Cas9s (- 1400 amino acids) and two of small Cas9s ( ⁇ 1100 amino acids),
  • Figure 20A-F shows the linear depiction of the phylogenetic analysis revealing five families of Cas9s, including three groups of large Cas9s (-1400 amino acids) and two of small Cas9s ( ⁇ .l .100 amino acids).
  • Figure 21A-D shows genome editing via homologous recombination
  • (a) Schematic of SpCas9 nickase, with D10A mutation in the RuvC I catalytic domain (b) Schematic representing homologous recombination (FIR.) at the human EMXl locus using either sense or amisense single stranded oligonucleotides as repair templates.
  • Red arrow above indicates sgRNA cleavage site; PCR primers for genotyping (Tables J and ) are indicated as arrows in right panel
  • d SURVEYOR assay for wildtype (wt) and nickase (D10A) SpCas9-mediated indels at the EM XI target 1 locus (n ⁇ 3). Arrows indicate positions of expected fragment sizes.
  • Figure 22A-B shows single vector designs for SpCas9.
  • Figure 23 shows a graph representing the length distribution of Cas9 ortho!ogs.
  • Figure 24A-M shows sequences where the mutation points are located within the SpCas9 gene.
  • Figure 25A shows the Conditional Cas9, Rosa26 targeting vector map.
  • Figure 25B shows the Constitutive Cas9, Rosa26 targeting vector map.
  • Figure 26 shows a schematic of the important elements in the Constitutive
  • Figure 27 shows delivery and in vivo mouse brain Cas9 expression data.
  • Figure 28 shows RNA delivery of Cas9 and chimeric RNA into cells
  • A Delivery of a GFP reporter as either DNA or mRNA into Neuro-2A. cel ls.
  • B Delivery of Cas9 and chimeric RNA against the Ieam2 gene as RNA results in cutting for one of two spacers tested.
  • C Delivery of Cas9 and chimeric RNA against the F7 gene as RNA results in cutting for one of two spacers tested.
  • Figure 29 shows how DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair promotes gene editing.
  • NHEJ error-prone non-homologous end joining
  • the ends of a DSB are processed by endogenous DNA repair machineries and rejoined together, which can result in random insertion/deletion (indel ) mutations at the site of junction, hide! mutations occurring within the coding region of a gene can result in frame-shift and a premature stop codoii, leading to gene knockout.
  • indel random insertion/deletion
  • a repair template in the form of a plasmid or single-stranded oligodcoxynuelcotides can be suppli ed to leverage the homo logy-directed repair (HDR) pathway, which allows high fidelity and precise editing.
  • HDR homo logy-directed repair
  • Figure 30A-C shows anticipated results for HDR in HEK and HUES9 cells
  • Either a targeting plasmid or an ssODN (sense or antisense) with homology arms can be used to edit the sequence at a target genomic locus cleaved by Cas9 (red triangle).
  • a targeting plasmid or an ssODN (sense or antisense) with homology arms can be used to edit the sequence at a target genomic locus cleaved by Cas9 (red triangle).
  • a Hindlll site red bar
  • Digestion of the PGR. product wit Hindlll reveals the occurrence of HDR events
  • ssODNs oriented in either the sense or the antisense (s or a) direction relative to the locus of interest, can be used in combination with Cas9
  • Figure 31 A-C shows the repair strategy for Cystic Fibrosis delta F508 mutation.
  • Figure 32A-B (a) shows a schematic of the GAA repeat expansion in FXN intron 1 and (b) shows a schematic of the strategy adopted to excise the GAA expansion region using the CRISPR/Cas system.
  • Figure 33 shows a screen for efficient SpCas9 mediated targeting of Tetl-3 and Drsmtl , 3a and 3b gene loci.
  • Surveyor assay on DMA from transfected N2A ceils demonstrates efficient DNA cleavage by using different gRNAs.
  • Figure 34 shows a strategy of multiplex genome targeting using a 2 -vector system in an AAV 1/2 delivery system. Tetl-3 and Dnmtl, 3a and 3b gRNA under the control of the U6 promoter. GFP-KASH under the control of the human synapsin promoter. Restriction sides shows simple gRNA replacement strategy by subcloning. HA-tagged SpCas9 flanked by two nuclear localization signals (NLS) is shown. Both vectors are delivered into the brain by AAV 1/2 virus in a 1 :1 ratio.
  • NLS nuclear localization signals
  • Figure 35 shows verification of multiplex DNMT targeting vector #1 functionality using Surveyor assay.
  • N2A ceils were co-transfected with the DNMT targeting vector #1 (+) and the SpCas9 encoding vector for testing SpCas9 mediated cleavage of DNMTs genes family loci.
  • gRNA only (-) is negative control.
  • Cells were harvested for DNA purification and downstream processing 48 h after transfection.
  • Figure 36 shows verification of multiplex DNMT targeting vector #2 functionality using Surveyor assay.
  • N2A cells were co-transfected with the DNMT targeting vector #1 (+) and the SpCas9 encoding vector for testing SpCas9 mediated cleavage of DNMTs genes family loci.
  • gRNA only (-) is negative control. Cells were harvested for DNA purification and downstream processing 48 h after transfection.
  • Figure 37 shows schematic overview of short promoters and short polyA versions used for HA-SpCas9 expression in vivo. Sizes of the encoding region from L-ITR to R-ITR are shown on the right.
  • Figure 38 shows schematic overview of short promoters and short poiyA versions used for HA-SaCas9 expression in vivo. Sizes of the encoding region from L-ITR to R-ITR are shown on the right.
  • Figure 39 shows expression of SpCas9 and SaCas9 in N2A ceils. Representative Western blot of HA-tagged SpCas9 and SaCas9 versions under the control of different short promoters and with or short polyA (spA) sequences. Tubulin is loading control. mCherry (mCh) is a transfection control. Cells were harvested and further processed for Western blotting 48 h after transfection.
  • spA short polyA
  • Figure 40 shows screen for efficient SaCas9 mediated targeting of Tet.3 gene locus.
  • Surveyor assay on DNA from transfecte N2A cells demonstrates efficient DNA cleavage by using different gRNAs wit NNGGGT PUM sequence.
  • GFP transfected cells and ceils expressing only SaCas9 are controls.
  • Figure 41 shows expression of A-SaCas9 in the mouse brain. Animals were injected into dentate gyri with vims driving expression of HA-SaCas9 under the control of human Synapsin promoter. Animals were sacrificed 2 weeks after surgery. HA tag was detected using rabbit monoclonal antibody C29F4 (Cell Signaling). Cell nuclei stained in blue with DAPI stain.
  • Figure 42 shows expression of SpCas9 and SaCas9 in cortical primary neurons in culture 7 days after transduction. Representative Western blot of HA-tagged SpCas9 and SaCas9 versions under the control of different promoters and with bgh or short polyA (spA) sequences. Tubulin is loading control.
  • Figure 43 shows LIVE DEAD stain of primary cortical neurons 7 days after transduction with AAV 1 particles carrying SpCas9 with different promoters and multiplex gRNAs constructs (example shown on the last panel for DNMTs). Neurons after AAV transduction were compared with control untransduced neurons. Red nuclei indicate permeabilized, dead cells (second line of panels). Live ceils are marked in green color (third line of panels).
  • Figure 44 shows LIVE/DEAD stain of primary cortical neurons 7 days after transduction with AAVl particles carrying SaCas9 with different promoters. Red nuclei indicate permeabilized, dead ceils (second line of panels). Live cells are marked in green color (third line of panels).
  • Figure 45 shows comparison of morphology of neurons after transduction with AAV1 virus carrying SpCas9 and gRNA multiplexes for TETs and DNMTs genes loci. Neurons without transduction are shown as a control.
  • Figure 46 shows verification of multiplex DNMT targeting vector #1 functionality using Surveyor assay in primary cortical neurons.
  • Cells were co -transduced with the DNMT targeting vector #1 and the SpCas9 viruses with different promoters for testing SpCas9 mediated cleavage of DNMTs genes family loci.
  • Figure 47 shows in vivo efficiency of SpCas9 cleavage in the brain.
  • Mice were injected with AAV 1 /2 virus carrying gRNA multiplex targeting DNMT family genes loci together with SpCas9 viruses under control of 2 different promoters: mouse Mecp2 and rat- Map lb.
  • Figure 48 shows purification of GFP-KASH labeled cell nuclei from hippocampal neurons.
  • the outer nuclear membrane (ONM) of the cell nuclear membrane is tagged with, a fusion of GFP and the ASH protein transmembrane domain. Strong GFP expression in the brain after one week of stereotactic surgery and AAV 1/2 injection. Density gradient eentrifugation step to purify cell nuclei from intact brain. Purified nuclei are shown. Chromatin stain by Vybrant® DyeCycleTM Ruby Stain is shown in red, GFP labeled nuclei are green. Representative FACS profile of GFP+ and GFP- cell nuclei (Magenta: Vybrant® DyeCycleTM Ruby Stain, Green: GFP).
  • Figure 49 shows efficiency of SpCas9 cleavage in the mouse brain.
  • Mice were injected with AAV 1/2 virus carrying gRNA multiplex targeting TET family genes loci together with SpCas9 viruses under control of 2 different promoters: mouse Mecp2 and rat Map lb.
  • Figure 50 shows GFP-KASH expression in cortical neurons in culture. Neurons were transduced with AAV1 virus carrying gRNA multiplex constructs targeting TET genes loci. The strongest signal localize around cells nuclei due to KASH domain localization.
  • Figure 51 shows (top) a list of spacing (as indicated by the pattern of arrangement for two PAM sequences) between pairs of guide RNAs. Only guide RNA pairs satisfying patterns 1, 2, 3, 4 exhibited indels when used with SpCas9(D10A) nickase. (bottom) GeS images showing that combination of SpCas9(Dl OA) with pairs of guide RNA satisfying patterns 1, 2, 3, 4 led to the formation of indels in the target site.
  • Figure 52 shows a list of U6 reverse primer sequences used to generate U6-guide RNA expression casssett.es. Each primer needs to be paired with the U6 forward primer "gcactgagggcctatttcccatgattc" to generate amplicons containing U6 and the desired guide RN A.
  • Figure 53 shows a Genomic sequence map from the human Emxl locus showmg the locations of the 24 patterns listed in Figure 33.
  • Figure 54 shows on (right) a gel image indicating the formation of indels at the target site when variable 5' overhangs are present after cleavage by the Cas9 nickase targeted by different pairs of guide RNAs. on (left) a table indicating the lane numbers of the gel on the right and various parameters including identifying the guide RNA pairs used and the length of the 5' overhang present following cleavage by the Cas9 nickase.
  • Figure 55 shows a Genomic sequence map from the human Emxl locus showing the locations of the different pairs of guide RNAs that result in the gel patterns of Fig. 54 (right) and which are further described in Example 35.
  • Figure 56 shows staining of HA-SpCas9 in dorsal and ventral hippocampus 8 weeks after injection of viruses encoding M ecp2-HA-SpCas9 and 3xgRNA-TETS with Syn-KASH- GFP.
  • Figure 57 shows Syn_GFP- ASH expression 8 weeks after 3xgRNA virus injection is specific for neurons (NeuN positive cells) and not for glia cells (GFAP positive).
  • Figure 58 shows behavior tests conducted 5 weeks after CRISPR-mediated KD of TETs and DNMTs in dentate gyrus (ventral and dorsal part) showed increased level of anxiety and learning deficits.
  • E Barnes maze results.
  • F Freezing behavior during contextual fear conditioning.
  • H Trace fear conditioning results for TETs KD and DNMTs KD (1).
  • Figure 59 shows cutting efficiency of Tet loci in the brain, 8 weeks after Mecp_SpCas9 vims injection in compare to control animals mjected with Mecp2_SpCas9 virus only.
  • Figure 61 shows Dnmt3a staining in the brain, 8 weeks after stereotaxic injection of virus encoding Mecp2 SpCas9 and gRNAs targeting Dnmt loci. Bottom panel shows magnification of ROl indicated on the upper panel.
  • Figure 62 shows staining of Syn HA-SaCas9 in the dorsal hippocampus, 4 weeks after injection of virus.
  • First column shows animal injected with Sa-Cas9 only, middle column animal injected with both SaCas9 and gRNAs against TETs loci and the right column represents animal injected with only gRNAs encoding virus.
  • SaCas9 nuclear localization depends on the presence of gRNA.
  • Figure 63 shows SpCas9 in 2a cells.
  • A) Targeting- and SpCas9 expression vector B) Western Blot analysis of N2a cells expressing HA-tagged SpCas9 under the control of different promoters.
  • Figure 64 shows SpCas9 in primary neurons.
  • Figure 65 shows knock down of Dnmt3a in primary neurons.
  • Figure 66 shows knock down of Dnmt3a in vivo.
  • Figure 67 shows expression of SaCas9 in primary neurons.
  • D Nuclear localization of SaCas9 in presence of gRNA .
  • Figure 68 shows gRNA dependent nuclear localization of SaCas9.
  • Figure 69 shows an AAV-Sa-Cas9 vector, a liver-specific AAV-Sa-Cas9 vector and an alternate AAV-Sa-Cas9 vector,
  • Figure 70 shows data on optimized CMV-SaCas9-NLS-U6-sgRNA vector (submitted vector design last time); new data compares N'-term vs C'-term tagged SaCas9 and shows enhanced cleavage efficiency using C'-term NLS tagging.
  • Figure 71 shows SURVEYOR image showing indels generated by new Pcsk9 targets.
  • FIG 72 shows SaCas9 specificity: genome -wide off target sites (GWOTs) are predicted based on 2 criteria: they contain 4 or fewer mismatched bases to intended SaCas9 target and bear the least restrictive PAM for SaCas9, W ' GRR.
  • H i-. 293FT cells are transfected with either SpCas9 or SaCas9 with their corresponding sgRNAs at a target site (EMX1 : T AGGGTT A GG GG CC C C AGGC) that has CGGGGT as a PAM so that it can be cut by either SpCas9 (CGG) or SaCas9 (CGGGGT).
  • DNAs from ceils are harvested and analyzed for indels by Illumina sequencing at on-target and 41 predicted off-target loci (following protocols from Hsu et al. Nature Biotech 2013 and data analysis pipeline developed by David Scott and Josh Wei stein).
  • Figure 73 shows that that SaCas9 may have a higher level of off-target activity than SpCas9 at certain loci
  • the invention relates to the engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions used for the control of gene expression involving sequence targeting, such as genome perturbation or gene-editing, that relate to the CRISPR -C as system and components thereof.
  • sequence targeting such as genome perturbation or gene-editing
  • the Cas enzyme is Cas9.
  • An advantage of the present methods is that the CRISPR system avoids off-target binding and its resulting side effects. This is achieved using systems arranged to have a high degree of sequence specificity for the target DNA.
  • Cas9 optimization may be used to enhance function or to develop new functions, one can generate chimeric Cas9 proteins. Examples that the Applicants have generated are provided in Example 6.
  • Chimeric Cas9 proteins can be made by combining fragments from different Cas9 homoSogs. For example, two example chimeric Cas9 proteins from the Cas9s described herein. For example. Applicants fused the N-term of StlCas9 (fragment from this protein is in bold) with C-term of SpCas9.
  • chimeric Cas9s include any or all of: reduced toxicity; improved expression in eukaryotic cells; enhanced specificity; reduced molecular weight of protein, for example, making the protein smaller by combining the smallest domains from different Cas9 homologs; and/or altering the PAM sequence requirement.
  • the Cas9 may be used as a generic DNA binding protein .
  • Cas9 as a generic DNA binding protein by mutating the two catalytic domains (DIG and H840) responsible for cleaving both strands of the DNA target.
  • DIG and H840 catalytic domains
  • VP64 transcriptional activation domain
  • Other transcriptional activation domains are known.
  • transcriptional activation is possible.
  • gene repression in this case of the beta-eatenm gene
  • Cas9 repressor DNA- binding domain
  • Cas9 and one or more guide RNA can be delivered using adeno associated vims (AAV), ientivirus, adenovirus or other plasmid or viral vector types, in particular, using formulations and doses from, for example, US Patents Nos. 8,454,972 (formulations, doses for adenovirus), 8,404,658 (formulations, doses for AAV) and 5,846,946 (formulations, doses for DNA plasmids) and from clinical trials and publications regarding the clinical trials involving Ientivirus, AAV and adenovirus.
  • AAV the route of administration, formulation and dose can be as in US Patent No. 8,454,972 and as in clinical trials involving AAV.
  • the route of administration, formulation and dose can be as in US Patent No. 8,404,658 and as in clinical trials involving adenovirus.
  • the route of administration, formulation and dose can be as in US Patent No 5,846,946 and as in clinical studies involving plasmids.
  • Doses may be based on or extrapolated to an average 70 kg individual, and can be adjusted for patients, subjects, mammals of different weight and species. Frequency of administration is within the ambit of the medical or veterinary practitioner (e.g.. physician, veterinarian), depending on usual factors including the age, sex, general health, other conditions of the patient or subject and the particular condition or symptoms being addressed.
  • the viral vectors can be injected into the tissue of interest.
  • the expression of Cas9 can be driven by a cell-type specific promoter.
  • liver-specific expression might use the Albumin promoter and neuron-specific expression might use the Synapsin I promoter.
  • Transgenic animals are also provided.
  • Preferred examples include animals comprising Cas9, in terms of polynucleotides encoding Cas9 or the protein itself. Mice, rats and rabbits are preferred.
  • To generate transgenic mice with the constructs as exemplified herein one may inject pure, linear DNA into the pronucleus of a zygote from a pseudo pregnant female, e.g. a CB56 female. Founders may then be identified, genotyped, and backcrossed to CB57 mice. The constructs may then be cloned and optionally verified, for instance by Sanger sequencing. Knock outs are envisaged where for instance one or more genes are knocked out in a model.
  • transgenic animals are also provided, as are transgenic plants, especially crops and algae.
  • the transgenic plants may be useful in applications outside of providing a disease model. These may include food or feed production through expression of, for instance, higher protein, carbohydrate, nutrient or vitamin levels than would normally be seen in the wildtypc.
  • transgenic plants especially pulses and tubers, and animals, especially mammals such as livestock (cows, sheep, goats and pigs), but also poultry and edible insects, are preferred.
  • Transgenic algae or other plants such as rape may be particularly useful in the production of vegetable oils or biofuels such as alcohols (especially methanol and ethanol), for instance. These may be engineered to express or overexpress high levels of oil or alcohols for use in the oil or biofuel industries.
  • alcohols especially methanol and ethanol
  • AAV Adeno associated vims
  • AAV In terms of in vivo delivery, AAV is advantageous over other viral vectors for a couple of reasons:
  • AAV has a packaging limit of 4.5 or 4.75 Kb. This means that Cas9 as well as a promoter and transcription terminator have to be all fit into the same viral vector. Constructs larger than 4.5 or 4.75 Kb will lead to significantly reduced vims production. SpCas9 is quite large, the gene itself is over 4.1 Kb, which makes it difficult for packing into AAV. Therefore embodiments of the invention include utilizing homologs of Cas9 that are shorter. For example:
  • Promoter- gl ⁇ NA( N) -terminator (up to size limit of vector)
  • Double virus vector [00176] Double virus vector
  • Vector 1 containing one expression cassette for driving the expression of Cas9 Promoter ⁇ Cas9 coding nucleic acid molecule-temiinator
  • Vector 2 containing one more expression cassettes for driving the expression of one or more guideRNAs
  • Promoter-gRNA(N)-terminator up to size limit of vector
  • Promoter used to drive Cas9 coding nucleic acid molecule expression can include:
  • AAV ITR can serve as a promoter: this is advantageous for eliminating the need for an additional promoter element (which can take up space in the vector). The additional space freed up can be used to drive the expression of additional elements (gRNA, etc.). Also, ITR activity is relatively weaker, so can be used to reduce toxicity due to over expression of Cas9.
  • promoters CMV, CAG, CBh, PGK, SV40, Ferritin heavy or light chains, etc.
  • ICAM ICAM
  • hematopoietic cells can use IFNbeta or CD45.
  • Promoter used to drive guide RNA can include:
  • Pol 10 promoters such as U6 or HI
  • the AAV can be AAV1, AAV2, AAV5 or any combination thereof.
  • AAA'S is useful for delivery to the liver. The above promoters and vectors are preferred individually.
  • RN A delivery is also a useful method of in vivo delivery.
  • Fig, 27 shows delivery and in vivo mouse brain Cas9 expression data. It is possible to deliver Cas9 and gRNA (and, for instance, HR repair template) into cells using liposomes or nanoparticles.
  • delivery of the CRISPR enzyme, such as a Cas9 and/or delivery of the RNAs of the invention may be in RNA form and via microvesicles, liposomes or nanoparticles.
  • Cas9 mRNA and gRNA can be packaged into liposomal particles for delivery in vivo.
  • Liposomal transfection reagents such as lipofectamine from Life Technologies and other reagents on the market can effectively deliver RNA molecules into the liver.
  • Enhancing NHEJ or HR efficiency is also helpful for delivery. It is preferred that NHEJ efficiency is enhanced by co-expressing end-processing enzymes such as Trex2 (Dumitrache et al. Genetics. 2011 August; 188(4): 787-797). It is preferred that HR efficiency is increased by transiently inhibiting NHEJ machineries such as Ku70 and u86. HR efficiency can also be increased by co-expressing prokaryotic or eukaryotic homologous recombination enzymes such as RecBCD, RecA.
  • the CRISPR enzyme for instance a Cas9, and/or any of the present RNAs, for instance a guide RNA, can be delivered using adeno associated virus (AAV), lentivirus, adenovirus or other viral vector types, or combinations thereof.
  • Cas9 and one or more guide RNAs can be packaged into one or more viral vectors.
  • the viral vector is delivered to the tissue of interest by, for example, an intramuscular injection, while other times the viral delivery is via intravenous, transdermal, intranasal, oral, mucosal, or other delivery methods.
  • Such deliver ⁇ ' may be either via a single dose, or multiple doses.
  • the actual dosage to be delivered herein may vary greatly depending upon a variety of factors, such as the vector chose, the target cell, organism, or tissue, the general condition of the subject to be treated, the degree of transformation ⁇ nodification sought, the administration route, the administration mode, the type of transformation/modification sought, etc,
  • Such a dosage may further contain, for example, a carrier (water, saline, ethanol, glycerol, lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, gelatin, dextran, agar, pectin, peanut oil, sesame oil, etc.), a diluent, a pharmaceuticaily-acceptable carrier (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline), a pharmaceuticaily-acceptabie excipient, an adjuvant to enhance antigenicity, an immunostimulatory compound or molecule, and/or other compounds known in the art.
  • a carrier water, saline, ethanol, glycerol, lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, gelatin, dextran, agar, pectin, peanut oil, sesame oil, etc.
  • a pharmaceuticaily-acceptable carrier e.g., phosphate-buffered saline
  • the adjuvant herein may contain a suspension of minerals (alum, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate) on which antigen is adsorbed; or water-in-oil emulsion in which antigen solution is emulsified in oil (MF-59, Freund's incomplete adjuvant), sometimes with the inclusion of killed mycobacteria (Freund's complete adjuvant) to further enhance antigenicity (inhibits degradation of antigen and/or causes influx of macrophages).
  • Adjuvants also include immunostimulatory molecules, such as cyiokincs. costimulatory molecules, and for example, immunostimulatory DNA or RNA molecules, such as CpG oligonucleotides.
  • the dosage may further contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts such as, for example, a mineral acid salt such as a hydrochloride, a hydrobromide, a phosphate, a sulfate, etc.; and the salts of organic acids such as acetates, propionates, malonates, benzoates, etc.
  • auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering substances, gels or gelling materials, flavorings, colorants, microspheres, polymers, suspension agents, etc. may also be present herein.
  • one or more other conventional pharmaceutical ingredients such as preservatives, humectants, suspending agents, surfactants, antioxidants, antieaking agents, fillers, chelatmg agents, coating agents, chemical stabilizers, etc. may also be present, especially if the dosage form is a reeonstitutable form.
  • Suitable exemplary ingredients include macrocrystalline cellulose, earboxymethyicelhilose sodium, polysorbate 80, phenylethyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sulfur dioxide, propyl gallate, the parabens, ethyl vanillin, glycerin, phenol, parachlorophenoL gelatin, albumin and a combination thereof.
  • macrocrystalline cellulose earboxymethyicelhilose sodium
  • polysorbate 80 phenylethyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sulfur dioxide, propyl gallate, the parabens, ethyl vanillin, glycerin, phenol, parachlorophenoL gelatin, albumin and a combination thereof.
  • the delivery is via an adenovirus, which may be at a single booster dose containing at least 1 x 10 5 particles (also referred to as particle units, pu) of adenoviral vector.
  • the dose preferably is at least about 1 x I0 6 particles (for example, about 1 x 10°- 1 x 10 12 particles), more preferably at least about 1 x 10 ' ' particles, more preferably at least about 1 x 10 8 particles (e.g., about 1 x 10 ⁇ -1 x 10 n particles or about 1 x ⁇ ⁇ ' - ⁇ x 10" particles), and most preferably at least about 1 10' particles (e.g., about 1 * x 10 9 -1 x 10 10 particles or about 1 x 10 9 -1 x l Q l/ ⁇ particles), or even at least about 1 x 10 f 0 particles (e.g., about 1 x IQ lU -l x 10 particles)
  • the dose comprises no more than about 1 x 10 f 4 particles, preferably no more than about 1 x lO 1 ' particles, even more preferably no more than about 1 x 10 1 particles, even more preferably no more than about 1 x 10 H particles, and most preferably no more than about 1 x 10'° particles (e.g., no more than about 1 x 10 9 articles).
  • the dose may contain a single dose of adenoviral vector with, for example, about 1 x 10° particle units (pu), about 2 x 10 6 pu, about 4 x 10 6 pu, about 1 x 10 ' pu, about 2 x 10 ' pu, about 4 x 10' pu, about 1 x 10 B pu, about 2 x 10 8 pu, about 4 x 10 8 pu, about 1 x 10 9 pu, about 2 x 1Q 9 pu, about 4 x 10 9 pu, about 1 x 10 10 pu, about 2 X 1() ⁇ ⁇ pu, about 4 x 10 1 pu, about 1 x 10 f 1 pu, about 2 x !
  • adenoviral vector with, for example, about 1 x 10° particle units (pu), about 2 x 10 6 pu, about 4 x 10 6 pu, about 1 x 10 ' pu, about 2 x 10 ' pu, about 4 x 10' pu, about 1 x 10 B pu, about 2 x 10 8 pu, about 4 x 10 8
  • the adenovirus is delivered via multiple doses. [00195] In an embodiment herein, the delivery is via an AAV.
  • a therapeutically effective dosage for in vivo delivery of the AAV to a human is believed to be in the range of from about 20 to about 50 ml of saline solution containing from about I x IQ 1J to about I x I0 1J functional AAV/ml solution.
  • the dosage may be adjusted to balance the therapeutic benefit against any side effects.
  • the AAV dose is generally In the range of concentrations of from about 1 x 10 5 to 1 x 10 50 genomes AAV, from about 1 x 10 8 to 1 x 10"° genomes AAV, from about 1 x 10 i0 to about 1 x 10 i6 genomes, or about 1 x 10 f 1 to about 1 x 10 f 6 genomes AAV.
  • a human dosage may be about 1 x 10 lj genomes AAV. Such concentrations may be delivered in from about 0.001 ml to about 100 ml, about 0.05 to about 50 ml, or about 10 to about 25 ml of a carrier solution. Other effective dosages can be readily established by one of ordinary skill in the art through routine trials establishing dose response curves. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 8,404,658 B2 to Hajjar, et al, granted on March 26, 2013, at col. 27, lines 45-60.
  • the delivery is via a plasmid.
  • the dosage should be a sufficient amount of plasmid to elicit a response.
  • suitable quantities of plasmid DNA in plasmid compositions can be from about 0. 1 to about 2 mg, or from about I ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4 to about 10 ug.
  • the doses herein are based on an average 70 kg individual.
  • the frequency of administration is within the ambit of the medical or veterinary practitioner (e.g., physician, veterinarian), or scientist skilled in the art.
  • Lentiviruses are complex retroviruses that have the ability to infect and express their genes in both mitotic and post-mitotic cells.
  • the most commonly known lcntivirus is the human immunodeficiency virus (H IV), which uses the envelope glycoproteins of other viruses to target a broad range of cell types.
  • H IV human immunodeficiency virus
  • Lentiviruses may be prepared as follows. After cloning pCasES!O (which contains a lenti viral transfer plasmid backbone), HEK293FT at low passage (p-5) were seeded in a T- 75 flask to 50% confluence the day before transfection in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum and without antibiotics. After 20 hours, media was changed to OptiMEM (serum-free) media and transfection was done 4 hours later.
  • Ceils were transfected with 10 iig of lentiviral transfer plasmid (pCasESlO) and the following packaging plasmids: 5 iig of pMD2.G (VSV-g pseudotype), and 7,5ug of psPAX2 (gag/pol/rev/tat). Transfeetion was done in 4mL OptiMEM with a eationie lipid delivery agent (50uL Lipofectamine 2000 and lOOui Plus reagent). After 6 hours, the media was changed to antibiotic-free DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum.
  • Lenti virus may be purified as follows. Viral supematants were harvested after 48 hours. Supematants were first cleared of debris and filtered through a 0.45um low protein binding (PVDF) filter. They were then spun in a ultracentrifuge for 2 hours at 24,000 rpm. Viraf pellets were resuspended in 50ul of DMEM overnight at 4C. They were then aliquotted and immediately frozen at -80C.
  • PVDF 0.45um low protein binding
  • minimal non-primate lentiviral vectors based on the equine infectious anemia virus are also contemplated, especially for ocular gene therapy (see, e.g., Balagaan, J Gene Med 2006; 8: 275 - 285, Published online 21 November 2005 in Wiley InterScieiice (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jgm.845).
  • EIAV equine infectious anemia virus
  • RetinoStat® an equine infectious anemia virus-based lentiviral gene therapy vector that expresses angiostatic proteins endostain and angiostatin that is delivered via a subretinal injection for the treatment of the web form of age-related macular degeneration
  • RetinoStat® an equine infectious anemia virus-based lentiviral gene therapy vector that expresses angiostatic proteins endostain and angiostatin that is delivered via a subretinal injection for the treatment of the web form of age-related macular degeneration
  • self-inactivating lentiviral vectors with an siRNA targeting a common exon shared by HIV tat/rev, a nucleolar-localizing TAR decoy, and an anti-CCR5- specific hammerhead ribozyme may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR-Cas system of the present invention.
  • a minimum of 2.5 x 10 6 CD34+ cells per kilogram patient weight may be collected and prestimulated for 16 to 20 hours in X- VIVO 15 medium (Lonza) containing 2mML-glutamine, stem cell factor ( 100 ng/ml), Fit- 3 ligand (Flt-3L) (100 ng/ml), and thrombopoietin (10 ng/ml) (CellGemx) at a density of 2 x 10 6 cells/ml.
  • Prestimulated cells may be transduced with lentiviral at a multiplicity of infection of 5 for 16 to 24 hours in 75-cnr tissue culture flasks coated with fibronectin (25 mg/cm") (Retro Neetm,Takara Bio Inc.).
  • Lentiviral vectors have been disclosed as in the treatment for Parkinson's Disease, see, e.g., US Patent Publication No. 20120295960 and US Patent Nos. 7303910 and 7351585. Lentiviral vectors have also been disclosed for the treatment of ocular diseases, see e.g., US Patent Publication Nos. 20060281 180, 20090007284, US201101 17189; US20090017543; US2G07005496J , US20100317J 09. Lenti viral vectors have also been disclosed for deliveiy to the train, see, e.g., US Patent Publication Nos. US201 10293571; US201 10293571 , US20040013648, US2007G025970, US20090111106 and US Patent No. US7259015.
  • RNA delivery The CRISPR e zyme, for instance a Cas9, a d/or any of the present RNAs, for instance a guide RNA, can also be delivered in the form of RNA.
  • Cas9 mRNA can be generated using in vitro transcription.
  • Cas9 mRNA can be synthesized using a PGR cassette containing the following elements: T7 promoter-kozak sequence (GCCACC)-Cas9-3 ' UTR from beta globin-polyA tail (a string of 120 or more adenines).
  • the cassette can be used for transcription by T7 polymerase.
  • Guide RNAs can also be transcribed using in vitro tra scription from a cassette containing T7_promoter-GG-guide RNA sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme and/or guide RNA can be modified using pseudo-U or 5-Methyl-C.
  • mRNA deliveiy methods are especially promising for liver delivery currently.
  • AA.V8 is particularly preferred for delivery to the liver.
  • CRISPR enzyme mRNA and guide RNA may be delivered simultaneously using nanoparticles or lipid envelopes.
  • nanoparticles based on self assembling bioadhesive polymers are contemplated, which may be applied to oral deliveiy of peptides, intravenous deliver ⁇ .' of peptides and nasal delivery of peptides, all to the brain.
  • Other embodiments, such as oral absorption and ocular deliver of hydrophobic drags are also contemplated.
  • the molecular envelope technology involves an engineered polymer envelope which is protected and delivered to the site of the disease (see, e.g., Mazza, M. et al. ACSNano, 2013. 7(2): 1016-1026; Siew, A., et al. Moi Pharm, 2012.
  • nanoparticles that can deliver RNA to a cancer ceil to stop tumor growth developed by Dan Anderson's lab at MIT may be used/and or adapted to the CR1SPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • the Anderson lab developed fully automated, combinatorial systems for the synthesis, purification, characterization, and formulation of new biomaterials and nanoformulations. See, e.g., Alahi et ah, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Aug 6; 110(32) : 12881 -6; Zhang et al, Adv Mater. 2013 Sep 6;25(33):4641-5; Jiang et al, Na o Lett.
  • US patent application 201 10293703 relates to lipidoid compounds are also particularly useful in the administration of polynucleotides, which may be applied to deliver the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention, in one aspect, the aminoalcohoi lipidoid compounds are combined with an agent to be delivered to a cell or a subject to form microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, or micelles.
  • the agent to be delivered by the particles, liposomes, or micelles may be in the form of a gas, liquid, or solid, and the agent may be a polynucleotide, protein, peptide, or small molecule.
  • the minoalcohol lipidoid compounds may be combined with other aminoalcohoi lipidoid compounds, polymers (synthetic or natural), surfactants, cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, etc, to form the particles. These particles may then optionally be combined with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a pharmaceutical composition.
  • US Patent Publication No. 01 10293703 also provides methods of preparing the aminoalcohoi lipidoid compounds.
  • One or more equivalents of an amine are allowed to react with one or more equivalents of an epoxide-termmated compound under suitable conditions to form an aminoalcohol lipidoid compoimd of the present invention, in certain embodiments, all the amino groups of the amine are fully reacted with the epoxide-terminated compound to form tertiary amines.
  • the amino groups of the amine are not fully reacted with the epoxide-terminated compound to form tertiary amines thereby resulting in primary or secondary amines in the aminoalcohol lipidoid compound.
  • These primary or secondary amines are left as is or may be reacted with another electrophile such as a different epoxide-terminated compound.
  • reacting an amine with less than excess of epoxide-terminated compound will result in a plurality of different aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds with various numbers of tails.
  • Certain amines may be fully funetionalizcd with two epoxide-derived compound tails while other .molecules will not be completely functionalized with epoxide-derived compound tails.
  • a diamine or polyamine may include one, two, three, or four epoxide-derived compound tails off the various amino moieties of the molecule resulting in primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. In certain embodiments, all the amino groups are not fully functionalized.
  • two of the same types of epoxide-terminated compounds are used. In other embodiments, two or more different epoxide- terminated compounds are used.
  • the synthesis of the aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds is performed with or without solvent, and the synthesis may be performed at higher temperatures ranging from 30.-100 C, preferably at approximately 50.-90 C.
  • the prepared aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds may be optionally purified.
  • the mixture of aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds may be purified to yield an aminoalcohol lipidoid compound with a particular number of epoxide-derived compound tails. Or the mixture may be purified to yield a particular stereo- or regioisomer.
  • the aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds may also be alkylated using an alky! halide (e.g., methyl iodide) or other alkylating agent, and/or they may be acylated.
  • US Patent Publication No. 0110293703 also provides libraries of aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds prepared by the inventive methods. These aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds may be prepared and/or screened using high-throughput techniques involving liquid handlers, robots, microliter plates, computers, etc. In certain embodiments, the aminoalcohol lipidoid compounds are screened for their ability to transfect polynucleotides or other agents (e.g., proteins, peptides, small molecules) into the cell.
  • agents e.g., proteins, peptides, small molecules
  • US Patent Publication No. 20130302401 relates to a class of poly(beta-amino alcohols) (PBAAs) has been prepared using combinatorial polymerization.
  • PBAAs poly(beta-amino alcohols)
  • the inventive PBAAs may be used in biotechnology and biomedical applications as coatings (such as coatings of films or multilayer films for medical devices or implants), additives, materials, excipients, non- biofouling agents, micropatteming age ts, and cellular encapsulation agents.
  • these PES A As elicited different levels of inflammation, both in vitro and in vivo, depending on their chemical structures.
  • the large chemical diversity of this class of materials allowed us to identify polymer coatings that inhibit macrophage activation in vitro.
  • these coatings reduce the recruitment of inflammatory cells, and reduce fibrosis, foi lowing the subcutaneous implantation, of carboxylated polystyrene microparticles.
  • These polymers may be used to form polyelectrolyte complex capsules for cell encapsulation.
  • the invention may also have many other biological applications such as antimicrobial coatings, DNA or siRNA. delivery, and stem cel l tissue engineering.
  • US Patent Publication No. 20130302401 may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • lipid nanoparticles are contemplated.
  • an antitransthyretin small interfering RNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • Doses of about 0.01 to about 1 mg per kg of body weight administered intravenously are contemplated.
  • Medications to reduce the risk of infusion-related reactions are contemplated, such as dexamethasone, acetampinophen, diphenhydramine or cetirizine, and ranitidine are contemplated.
  • Multiple doses of about 0.3 mg per kilogram every 4 weeks for five doses are also contemplated.
  • LNPs have been shown to be highly effective in delivering siRNAs to the liver (see, e.g., Tabemero et a!,, Cancer Discovery, April 2013, Vol. 3, No. 4, pages 363-470) and are therefore contemplated for delivering CRISPR Cas to the liver.
  • a dosage of about four doses of 6 mg/kg of the LNP every two weeks may be contemplated.
  • Tabemero et al. demonstrated that tumor regression was observed after the first 2 cycles of LNPs dosed at 0.7 mg kg, and by the end of 6 cycles the patient had achieved a partial response with complete regression of the lymph node metastasis and substantial shrinkage of the liver tumors.
  • the charge of the LNP must be taken into consideration.
  • cationic lipids combined wit negatively charged lipids to induce rsonbi Saver structures that facilitate intracellular delivery.
  • ionizable cationic lipids with pKa values below 7 were developed (see, e.g., Rosin et ai, Molecular Therapy, vol. 19, no. 12, pages 1286-2200, Dec. 201 1).
  • Negatively charged polymers such as siRNA oligonucleotides may be loaded into LNPs at low pH values (e.g., pH 4) where the ionizable lipids display a positive charge.
  • the LNPs exhibit a low surface charge compatible with longer circulation times.
  • ionizable cationic lipids have been focused upon, namely 1 ,2-dilineoyl ⁇ 3- dimethylammonium-propane (DLinDAP), l,2-dilinoleyloxy-3-N,N-dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA), 1 ,2-diliiioleyloxy ceto-N,N-dimethyi-3-aminopropaiie (DLinKDMA), and 1 ,2- dilinoleyl-4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-[l ,3]-dioxolane (DLinKC2-DMA).
  • DLinDAP ,2-dilineoyl ⁇ 3- dimethylammonium-propane
  • DLinDMA l,2-dilinoleyloxy-3-N,N-dimethylaminopropane
  • LNP siRNA systems containing these lipids exhibit remarkably different gene silencing properties in iiepatocytes in vivo, with potencies varying according to the series DLinKC2- DMA>DLm DMA>DLinDMA>>DLinDAP employing a Factor VI] gene silencing model (see, e.g., Rosin et ai, Molecular Therapy, vol. 19, no. 12, pages 1286-2200, Dec. 201 1).
  • a dosage of 1 ⁇ ' ⁇ ! levels may be contemplated, especially for a formulation containing DLin C2-DMA.
  • Preparation of LN Ps and CRISPR Cas encapsulation may be used/and or adapted from Rosin et al, Molecular Therapy, vol. 19, no. 12, pages 1286-2200, Dec. 201 1).
  • the cationic lipids 1 ,2-di lineoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propaiie (DLinDAP), 1 ,2-dilinoley]oxy ⁇ 3 ⁇ N,N ⁇ dimethylaminopropane (DLinDMA), 1 ,2-dilinoleyioxyketo-N,N-dimethyi-3-aminopropane (DLinK-DMA), l ,2-dilinoleyl-4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-[l ,3]-dioxolane (DLinKC2-DMA), (3- o-[2 " -(methoxypolyethyleneglycol 2000) succinoyl]-] ,2-dimyristoyl
  • Cholesterol may be purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO).
  • the specific CRISPR Cas RNA may be encapsulated in LNPs containing DLinDAP, DLinDMA, DLinK-DMA, and DLin .C2-DMA (cationic lipid:DSPC:CHOL: PEGS-DMG or PEG-C-DOMG at 40: 10:40: 10 molar ratios).
  • 0.2% SP-DiOC1 8 Invitrogen, Burlington, Canada
  • Encapsulation may be performed by dissolving lipid mixtures comprised of cationic lipid:DSPC:cholesterol:PEG-c-DOMG (40: 10:40: 10 molar ratio) in ethanol to a final lipid concentratioii of 10 mmol/l.
  • This ethanol solution of lipid may be added drop-wise to 50 mmol/l citrate, pH 4.0 to form multilamellar vesicles to produce a final concentration of 30% ethanol vol/vol.
  • Large unilamellar vesicles may be formed following extrusion of multilamellar vesicles through two stacked 80 nm Nuclepore polycarbonate filters using the Extruder (Northern Lipids, Vancouver, Canada).
  • Encapsulation may be achieved by adding RNA dissolved at 2 mg ml in 50 mmol/l citrate, pH 4.0 containing 30% ethanol vol/vol drop-wise to extruded preformed large unilamellar vesicles and incubation at 31 °C for 30 minutes with constant mixing to a final RNA/lipid weight ratio of 0.06/1 wt/wt. Removal of ethanol and neutralization of formulation buffer were performed by dialysis agai st phosphate -buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4 for 16 hours using Spectra/Por 2 regenerated cellulose dialysis membranes.
  • PBS dialysis agai st phosphate -buffered saline
  • Nanoparticle size distribution may be determined by dynamic light scatteri g usi g a NICOMP 370 particle sizer, the vesicle/intensity modes, and Gaussian fitting (Nicomp Particle Sizing, Santa Barbara, CA).
  • the particle size for all three LNP systems may be ⁇ 70 nm in diameter.
  • siRNA encapsulation efficiency may be determined by removal of free siRNA using VivaPureD iniH columns (Sartorius Stedim Biotech) from samples collected before and after dialysis. The encapsulated RNA may be extracted from the eluted nanoparticles and quantified at 260 nm.
  • siRNA to lipid ratio was determined by measurement of cholesterol content in vesicles using the Cholesterol E enzymatic assay from Wako Chemicals LISA (Richmond, VA).
  • Preparation of large LNPs may be used/and or adapted from Rosin et al, Molecular Therapy, vol. 19, no. 12, pages 1286-2200, Dec. 201 1.
  • a lipid prcmix solution (20.4 mg/ml total lipid concentration) may be prepared in ethanol containing DLinKC2 ⁇ DMA, DSPC, and cholesterol at 50: 10:38.5 molar ratios.
  • Sodium acetate may be added to the lipid premix at a molar ratio of 0.75:1 (sodium acetate:DLinKC2-DMA).
  • the lipids may be subsequently hydrated by combining the mixture with 1.85 volumes of citrate buffer (10 mmol/l, pH 3.0) with vigorous stirring, resulting in spontaneous liposome formation in aqueous buffer containing 35% ethanol.
  • the liposome solution may be incubated at 37 °C to al low for time-dependent increase in particle size, Aliquots may be removed at various times during incubation to investigate changes in liposome size by dynamic light scattering (Zeiasizer Nano ZS, Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK).
  • RNA may then be added to the empty liposomes at an siRNA to total lipid ratio of approximately 1 :10 (wt:wt), followed by incubation for 30 minutes at 37 °C to form loaded LNPs.
  • the mixture may be subsequently dialyzed overnight in PBS and filtered with a 0.45- ⁇ syringe filter.
  • Spherical Nucleic Acid (SNATM) constructs and other nanoparticles (particularly gold nanoparticles) are also contemplate as a means to delivery CRJSPR/Cas system to intended targets.
  • Significant data show that AuraSense Therapeutics' Spherical Nucleic Acid (SNATM) constructs, based upon nucleic acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles, are superior to alternative platforms based on multiple key success factors, such as:
  • the constructs can enter a variety of cultured cells, primary cells, and tissues with no apparent toxicity.
  • nucleic acid-based therapeutics may be applicable to numerous disease states, including inflammation and infectious disease, cancer, skin disorders and cardiovascular disease.
  • Citable literature includes: Cutler et al.,. J. Am. Chem, Soc, 2011 133:9254-9257, Hao et al, Small. 2011 7:3158-3162, Zhang et al, ACS Nano. 2011 5:6962-6970, Cutler et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012 134: 1376-1391, Young et al.,. Nano Lett. 2012 12:3867-71, Zheng et al,, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012 109:11975-80, Mirkin, Nanomedicine 2012 7:635-638 Zhang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  • Self-assembling nanoparticles with siRNA may be constructed with polyethyieneimine (PEI) that is PEGvlated with an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide ligand attached at the distal end of the polyethylene glycol (PEG), for example, as a means to target tumor iieovasculature expressing integrins and used to deliver siRNA inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF 2) expression and thereby tumor angiogenesis (see, e.g., Schiffelers et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2004, Vol. 32, No. 19).
  • PEI polyethyieneimine
  • RGD Arg-Gly-Asp
  • VEGF 2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2
  • Nanoplexes may be prepared by mixing equal volumes of aqueous solutions of cationic polymer and nucleic acid to give a net molar excess of ionizable nitrogen (polymer) to phosphate (nucleic acid) over the range of 2 to 6.
  • the electrostatic interactions between cationic polymers and nucleic acid resulted in the formation of polyp lex es with average particle size distribution of about 100 nm, hence referred to here as nanoplexes.
  • a dosage of about 100 to 200 mg of CRISPR Cas is envisioned for deliver)? in the self-assembling nanoparticles of Schiffelers et al.
  • the nanoplexes of Bartlett et al. may also be applied to the present invention.
  • the nanoplexes of Bartlett et al. are prepared by mixing equal volumes of aqueous solutions of cationic polymer and nucleic acid to give a net molar excess of ionizable nitrogen (polymer) to phosphate (nucleic acid) over the range of 2 to 6.
  • the electrostatic interactions between cationic polymers and nucleic acid resulted in the formation of poly lexes with average particle size distribution of about 100 nm, hence referred to here as nanoplexes.
  • the DOTA-siRNA of Bartlett et al was synthesized as follows: 1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane- 1 ,4,7, 10-tetraacetic acid mono(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (DOTA- NHSester) was ordered from Macrocyclics (Dallas, TX). The amine modified RNA sense strand with a 100-fold molar excess of DOTA-NHS-ester in carbonate buffer (pH 9) was added to a microcentrifuge tube. The contents were reacted by stirring for 4 h at room temperature.
  • the DOTA-RNAsense conjugate was ethanoi-preeipitated, resuspended in water, and annealed to the unmodified antisense strand to yield DGTA -siRNA. All liquids were pretreated with Chelex-100 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) to remove trace metal contaminants. Tf-targeted and nontargeted siRNA nanoparticles may be formed by using cydodextrin-containing polycations. Typically, nanoparticles were formed in water at a charge ratio of 3 (+/-) and an siRNA concentration of 0.5 g/liter.
  • adamantane-PEG molecules on the surface of the targeted nanoparticles were modified with Tf (adamantane-PEG-Tf).
  • the nanoparticles were suspended in a 5% (wt/vol) glucose carrier solution for injection.
  • the nanoparticles consist of a synthetic delivery system containing: (1) a linear, cyciodextrin- based polymer (CDP), (2) a human transferrin protein (TF) targeting ligand displayed on the exterior of the nanoparticle to engage TF receptors (TFR) on the surface of the cancer cells, (3) a hydrophilic polymer (polyethylene glycol (PEG) used to promote nanoparticle stability in biological fluids), and (4) siRNA designed to reduce the expression of the RRM2 (sequence used in the clinic was previously denoted sl R.2B ⁇ 5 ).
  • the TFR has long been known to be upregulated in malignant ceils, and RRM2 is an established anti-cancer target.
  • nanoparticles (clinical version denoted as CALAA-01 ) have been shown to be well tolerated in multi-dosing studies in non-human primates.
  • Davis et al .'s clinical trial is the initial human trial to systemically deliver siRNA with a targeted delivery system and to treat patients with solid cancer.
  • Davis et al. investigated biopsies from three patients from three different dosing cohorts; patients A, B and C, all of whom had metastatic melanoma and received CALAA-01 doses of 18, 24 and 30 mg m " siRNA, respectively.
  • CRISPR Cas system of the present invention Similar doses may also be contemplated for the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • the delivery of the invention may be achieved with nanoparticles containing a linear, cyclodextrin -based polymer (CDP), a human transferrin protein (TF) targeting ligand displayed on the exterior of the nanoparticle to engage TF receptors (TFR) on the surface of the cancer cells and/or a hydrophilic polymer (for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) used to promote nanoparticle stability in biological fluids).
  • CDP linear, cyclodextrin -based polymer
  • TF human transferrin protein
  • TFR TF receptors
  • hydrophilic polymer for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) used to promote nanoparticle stability in biological fluids
  • Exosomes are endogenous nano-vesicles that transport R ' NAs and proteins which can deliver short interfering (si)RNA to the brain in mice.
  • siRNA short interfering
  • RVG-targeted exosomes delivered GAPDH siRNA specifically to neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes in the brain, resulting in a specific gene knockdown. Pre-exposure to RVG exosomes did not attenuate knockdown, and non-specific uptake in other tissues was not observed. The therapeutic potential of exosome-mediated siRNA delivery was demonstrated by the strong mRNA (60%) and protein (62%) knockdown of BACE l, a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease.
  • exosomes produced were physically homogenous, with a size distribution peaking at 80 nm in diameter as determined by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and electron microscopy.
  • NTA nanoparticle tracking analysis
  • Alvarez-Erviti et al. obtained 6-12 iig of exosomes (measured based on protein concentration) per 10 6 cel ls.
  • siRNA- RVG exosomes induced immune responses in vivo by assessing IL-6, IP- 10, TNFa and IFN-a serum concentrations.
  • siNA-RVG exosome treatment nonsignificant changes in all cytokines were registered similar to siRNA-transfection reagent treatment in contrast to siRNA-RVG-9R, which potentl stimulated I L-6 secretion, confirming the immunologically inert profile of the exosome treatment.
  • exosomes encapsulate only 20% of siRNA
  • delivery with RVG-exosome appears to be more efficient than RVG-9R deliver ⁇ ' as comparable mRNA knockdown and greater protein knockdown was achieved with fivefold less siRNA without the corresponding level of immune stimulation.
  • This experiment demonstrated the therapeutic potential of RVG- exosome technology, which is potentially suited for long-term silencing of genes related to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • the exosome delivery system of Alvarez-Erviti et al. may be applied to deliver the CRISPR-Cas system of the present invention to therapeutic targets, especially neurodegenerative diseases.
  • a dosage of about 100 to 1000 mg of CRISPR Cas encapsulated in about 100 to 1000 mg of RVG exosomes may be contemplated for the present invention.
  • El-Andaloussi et al. discloses how exosomes derived from cultured cells can be harnessed for delivery of siRNA in vitro and in vivo. This protocol first describes the generation of targeted exosomes through transfection of an expressio vector, comprising an exosomal protein fused with a peptide ligand. Next, El-Andaloussi et al, explain how to purify and characterize exosomes from traiisfected ceil supernata t. Next, El- Andaloussi et al, detail crucial steps for loading siRNA into exosomes. Finally, El-Andaloussi et al.
  • exosome-mediated siRNA delivery is evaluated by functional assays and imaging.
  • the entire protocol takes ⁇ 3 weeks. Delivery or administration according to the invention may be performed using exosomes produced from self- derived dendritic cells.
  • the plasma exosomes of Wahlgren et al. are contemplated.
  • Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles (30- 90nm in size) produced by many cell types, including dendritic cells (DC), B cells, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells and tumor cells. These vesicles are formed by inward budding of late endosomes and are then released to the extracellular environment upon fusion with the plasma membrane. Because exosomes naturally cany RNA between cells, this property might be useful in gene therapy.
  • Exosomes from plasma are prepared by centrifugation of buffy coat at 900g for 20 min to isolate the plasma followed by harvesting ceil supernata ts, centrifuging at 300g for 10 min to eliminate cells and at 16 500g for 30 min followed by filtration through a 0.22 mm filter. Exosomes are pelleted by ultracentrifugation at 120 OOOg for70 min. Chemical transfection of siRNA into exosomes is carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions in RNAi Human Mouse Starter Kit (Quiagen, Hilden, Germany). siRNA is added to 100 ml PBS at a final concentration of 2 mmol/ml.
  • exosomes are re- isolated using aldehyde/ sulfate latex beads.
  • the chemical transfection of CRISPR Cas into exosomes may be conducted similarly to siRNA.
  • the exosomes may be co-cultured with monocytes and lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Therefore, it may be contemplated that exosomes containing CRISPR Cas may be introduced to monocytes and lymphocytes of and autologously reintroduced into a human. Accordingly, delivery or administration according to the invention may beperformed using plasma exosomes.
  • Liposomes are spherical vesicle structures composed of a uni- or multilamellar lipid bi!ayer surrounding internal aqueous compartments and a relatively impermeable outer lipophilic phospholipid bilayer. Liposomes have gained considerable attention as drug delivery carriers because they are biocompatible, nontoxic, can deliver both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug molecules, protect their cargo from degradation by plasma enzymes, and transport their load across biological membranes and the blood brain barrier (BBB) (see, e.g., Spuch and Navarro, journal of Drug Delivery, vol. 201 1 , Article ID 469679, 12 pages, 2011. doi: 10.1155/2011/469679 for review).
  • BBB blood brain barrier
  • Liposomes can be made from several different types of lipids; however, phospholipids are most commonly used to generate liposomes as drug carriers. Although liposome formation is spontaneous when a lipid film is mixed with an aqueous solution, it can also be expedited by applying force in the form of shaking by using a homogenizer, sonicator, or an extrusion apparatus (see, e.g., Spuch and Navarro, Journal of Drug Deliver ⁇ ', vol. 2011. Article ID 469679, 12 pages, 2011. doi: 10.1155/201 1/469679 for review).
  • liposomes may be added to liposomes in order to modify their structure and properties.
  • either cholesterol or sphingomyelin may be added to the liposomal mixture in order to help stabilize the liposomal structure and to prevent the leakage of the liposomal inner cargo.
  • liposomes are prepared from hydrogenated egg phosphatidylcholine or egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate, and their mean vesicle sizes were adjusted to about 50 and 100 nm. (see, e.g., Spuch and Navarro, Journal of Drag Delivery, vol. 201 1 , Article ID 469679, 12 pages, 2011. doi: 10.1 155/2011/469679 for review).
  • Addition of cholesterol to conventional formulations reduces rapid release of the encapsulated bioactive compound into the plasma or l,2-dioleoyl-sn-giyeero-3- phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) increases the stability (see, e.g., Spuch and Navarro, Journal, of Drug Delivery, vol. 2011, Article ID 469679, 12 pages, 2011. doL IG. l 155/2011/469679 for review).
  • DOPE l,2-dioleoyl-sn-giyeero-3- phosphoethanolamine
  • Trojan Horse liposomes also known as Molecular Trojan Horses
  • These particles allow delivery of a transgene to the entire brain after an intravascular injection. Without, being bound by limitation, it is believed that neutral lipid particles with specific antibodies conjugated to surface allow crossing of the blood brain barrier via endocytosis.
  • Applicant postulates utilizing Trojan Horse Liposomes to deliver the C ISPR family of nucleases to the brain via an intravascular injection, which would allow whole brain transgenic animals without the need for embryonic manipulation. About 1 -5 g of DNA may be contemplated for in vivo administration in liposomes.
  • the CRISPR Cas system may be administered in liposomes, such as a stable nucleic-acid-lipid particle (SNALP) (see, e.g., Morrissey et al., Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 23, No. 8, August 2005).
  • SNALP stable nucleic-acid-lipid particle
  • Daily intravenous injections of about 1, 3 or 5 mg/kg/day of a specific CRISPR Cas targeted in a SNALP are contemplated.
  • the daily treatment may be over about, three days and then weekly for about five weeks.
  • a specific CRISPR Cas encapsulated SNALP administered by intravenous injection to at doses of abpit 1 or 2.5 rng/ ' kg are also contemplated (see, e.g., Zimmerman et al., Nature Letters, Vol. 441, 4 May 2006).
  • the SNALP formulation may contain the lipids 3-N- [(wmethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) 2000) carbamoyl] -1 ,2-dimyristyloxy-propyiamine (PEG-CDMA), 1 ,2-dilinoIeyloxy-N,N-dimethyI-3-aminopropane (DLinDMA), 1 ,2-distearoy -sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and cholesterol, in a 2:40:10:48 molar per cent ratio (see, e.g., Zimmerman et al., Nature Letters, Vol. 44.1 , 4 May 2006).
  • SNALPs stable nucleic-acid-lipid particles
  • the SNALP liposomes may be prepared by formulating D-Lin-DMA and PEG-C-DMA with distearoylphosphatidylcholme (DSPC), Cholesterol and siRNA using a 25: 1 lipid/siRNA ratio and a 48/40/10/2 molar ratio of Cholestero!/D-Lin-DMA DSPC/PEG-C-DMA.
  • the resulted SNALP liposomes are about 80-100 nm in size.
  • a SNALP may comprise synthetic cholesterol (Sigma- Aldric , St Louis, MO, USA), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster, AL, USA), 3-N-[(w-methoxy polyethylene glycol )2000)carbamo l]- 1 ,2- dimyrestyloxypropylamine, and cationic l,2-dilinoleyioxy-3-N,Ndimethylammopropane (see, e.g., Geisbert et al, Lancet 2010; 375: 1896-905).
  • a dosage of about 2 mg kg total CRISPR Cas per dose administered as, for example, a bolus intravenous infusion may be contemplated.
  • a SN ALP may comprise synthetic cholesterol (Sigma- Aidrich), l,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC; Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.), PEG- cDMA, and l,2-dilmoleyloxy-3-(N;N-dimethyl)aminopropane (DLinDMA) (see, e.g., Judge, J. Clin. Invest. 1 19:661-673 (2009)).
  • Formulations used for in vivo studies may comprise a final lipid/RNA mass ratio of about 9: 1.
  • the stable nucleic acid lipid particle is comprised of four different lipids— an ionizable lipid (DLinDMA) that is cationic at low H, a neutral helper lipid, cholesterol, and a diffusible polyethylene glycol (PEG)-iipid.
  • DLinDMA ionizable lipid
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • the particle is approximately 80 nm in diameter and is charge-neutral at physiologic pH.
  • the ionizable lipid serves to condense lipid with the anionic siRNA during particle formation.
  • the ionizable lipid When positively charged under increasingly acidic endosomal conditions, the ionizable lipid also mediates the fusion of SNALP with the endosomal membrane enabling release of siRNA into the cytoplasm.
  • the PEG-lipid stabilizes the particle and reduces aggregation during formulation, and subsequently provides a neutral hydrophiiic exterior that improves pharmacokinetic properties.
  • ALN-TTR01 which employs the SNALP technology described above and targets hepatocyte production of both mutant and wild- type TTR to treat TTR amyloidosis (ATTR).
  • TTR amyloidosis TTR amyloidosis
  • FAP familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
  • I AC familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy
  • SSA senile systemic amyloidosis
  • ALN-TTROl was administered as a 15- minute IV infusion to 31 patients (23 with study drag and 8 with placebo) within a dose range of 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg (based on siRNA). Treatmentwaswel! tolerated with no significant increases in liver function tests. Infusion-related reactions were noted in 3 of 23 patients at>0.4 mg kg; all responded to slowing of the infusion rate and all continued on study. Minimal and transient elevations of serum cytokines IL-6, IP- 10 and IL-lra were noted in two patients at the highest dose of 1 mg/kg (as anticipated from preclinical and NHP studies). Lowering of serum TTR, the expected pharmacodynamics effect of ALN-TTROl, was observed at 1 mg/kg.
  • a SNALP may be made by solubilizing a cationic lipid, DSPC, cholesterol and PEG-iipid were solubilized in ethanol at a molar ratio of 40: 10:40: 10, respectively (see, Semple et al., Nature Niotechnology, Volume 28 Number 2 February 2010, pp. 172-177).
  • the lipid mixture was added to an aqueous buffer (50 raM citrate, pH 4) with mixing to a final ethanol and lipid concentration of 30% (vol/vol) and 6.1 mg/ml, respectively, and allowed to equilibrate at 22 °C for 2 min before extrusion.
  • the hydrated lipids were extruded through two stacked 80 nm pore-sized filters (Nuclepore) at 22 °C using a Lipex Extruder (Northern Lipids) until a vesicle diameter of 70-90 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering analysis, was obtained. This generally required 1-3 passes.
  • the siRNA (solubilized in a 50 mM citrate, pH 4 aqueous solution containing 30% ethanol) was added to the pre- equilibrated (35 °C) vesicles at a rate of ⁇ 5 ml/min with mixing.
  • siRNA/lipid ratio 0.06 (wt/wt) was reached, the mixture was incubated for a further 30 min at 35 °C to allo w vesicle reorganization and encapsulation of the siRNA .
  • the ethanol was then removed and the external buffer replaced with PBS (155 mM NaCl, 3 mM Na2HP04, 1 mM KH2P04, pH 7.5) by either dialysis or tangential flow diafiltration.
  • siRNA were encapsulated in SNALP using a controlled step-wise dilution method process.
  • the lipid constituents of KC2-SNALP were DLm-KC2-DMA (eatiome lipid), dipalmitoylphosphatidyleholine (DPPC; Avanti Polar Lipids), synthetic cholesterol (Sigma) and PEG-C-DMA used at a molar ratio of 57,1 :7.1 :34,3: 1.4.
  • SNALP were dialyzed agamst PBS and filter steri lized through a 0.2 ⁇ filter before use.
  • Mean particle sizes were 75-85 nm and 90-95% of the siRNA was encapsulated within the lipid particles.
  • the final siRNA/lipid ratio in formulations used for in vivo testing was—0.15 (wt wt).
  • LNP-siRNA systems containing Factor VII siRNA were diluted to the appropriate concentrations in sterile PBS immediately before use and the formulations were administered intravenously through the lateral tail vein in a total volume of 10 ml/kg. This method may be extrapolated to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • cationic lipids such as amino lipid 2,2-dilinoleyl-4 ⁇ dimethylaminoethyI-[l,3]- dioxolane (DLin- C2-DMA) may be utilized to encapsulate CRISPR Cas similar to SiRNA (see, e.g., Jayaraman, Angew. Chem, Int. Ed, 2012, 51, 8529 -8533).
  • a preformed vesicle with the following lipid composition may be contemplated: amino lipid, distearoylphosphatidyl ioline (DSPC), cholesterol and (R)-2,3-bis(octadecyloxy) propyl- 1- (methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)2000)propylcarbamate (PEG-lipid) in the molar ratio 40/10/40/10, respectively, and a FVII siRNA'total lipid ratio of approximately 0.05 (w/w).
  • DSPC distearoylphosphatidyl ioline
  • R -2,3-bis(octadecyloxy) propyl- 1- (methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)2000)propylcarbamate (PEG-lipid) in the molar ratio 40/10/40/10, respectively, and a FVII siRNA'total lipid ratio of approximately 0.05 (w/w).
  • the particles may be extruded up to three times through 80 nm membranes prior to adding the CRISPR Cas RNA.
  • Particles containing the highly potent amino lipid 16 may be used, in which the molar ratio of the four lipid components 16, DSPC, cholesterol and PEG-lipid (50/10/38.5/1.5) which may be further optimized to enhance in vivo activity,
  • lipids may e formulated with the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention to form lipid nanoparticles (LNPs).
  • Lipids include, but are not limited to, DLin- C2 ⁇ DMA4, C12-200 and colipids disteroylphosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, and PEG- DMG may be formulated with CRISPR Cas instead of siRNA (see, e.g., Novobrantseva, Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2012) 1, c4; doi: 10.1038/mtna.201 1.3) using a spontaneous vesicle formation procedure.
  • the component molar ratio may be about 50/10/38.5/1.5 (DLin- KC2-DMA or C 12-200/disteroyf phosphatidyl cholme/cholesterol PEG-DMG).
  • the final lipid :siRNA weight ratio may be -12: 1 and 9: 1 in the case of DLin-KC2-DMA and C 12-200 lipid nanopartieles (LNPs), respectively.
  • the formulations may have mean particle diameters of ⁇ 80 urn with >90% entrapment efficiency. A 3 mg/kg dose may be contemplated.
  • Tekmira has a portfolio of approximately 95 patent families, in the U.S. and abroad, that are directed to various aspects of LNPs and LNP formulations (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,982,027; 7,799,565; 8,058,069; 8,283,333; 7,901,708; 7,745,651 ; 7,803,397; 8,101,741 ; 8,188,263; 7,915,399; 8,236,943 and 7,838,658 and European Pat. Nos .1766035; 1519714; 1781593 and 1664316), all of which may be used/and or adapted to the present invention.
  • the CRISPR Cas system may be delivered encapsulated in PLGA Microspheres such as that further described in US published applications 20130252281 and 20130245107 and 20130244279 (assigned to Modema Therapeutics) which relate to aspects of formulation of compositions comprising modified nucleic acid molecules which may encode a protein, a protein precursor, or a partially or fully processed form of the protein or a protein precursor.
  • the formulation may have a molar ratio 50: 10:38.5: 1.5-3.0 (cationic !ipid:fusogemc iipidxholesterobPEG lipid).
  • the PEG lipid may be selected from, but is not limited to PEG-c- DOMG, PEG-DMG.
  • the fusogenic lipid may be DSPC. See also, Schrum et a!., Delivery and Formulation of Engineered Nucleic Acids, US published application 20120251618.
  • Nanomerics' technology addresses bioavailability challenges for a broad range of therapeutics, including low molecular weight hydrophobic drags, peptides, and nucleic acid based therapeutics (piasmid, siRNA, miRNA).
  • Specific administration routes for which the technology has demonstrated clear advantages include the oral route, transport across the blood- brain-barrier, delivery to solid tumours, as well as to the eye. See, e.g., Mazza et al., 2013, ACS Nano. 2013 Feb 26:7(2 ): 101 -26; Uchegbu and Slew, 2013, J Pharm Sci. 102(2):305-10 and Lalatsa et al, 2012, J Control Release. 2012 Jul 20;161(2):523-36.
  • 00260J US Patent Publication No. 20050019923 describes cationic dendrimers for delivering bioactive molecules, such as polynucleotide molecules, peptides and polypeptides and/or pharmaceutical agents, to a mammalian body.
  • the dendrimers are suitable for targeting the delivery of the bioactive molecules to, for example, the liver, spleen, lung, kidney or heart.
  • Dendrimers are synthetic 3-dimensional maeromolecules that are prepared in a step-wise fashion from simple branched monomer units, the nature and functionality of which can be easily controlled and varied.
  • Dendrimers are synthesised from the repeated addition of building blocks to a multifunctional core (divergent approach to synthesis), or towards a multifunctional core (convergent approach to synthesis) and each addition of a 3-dimensional shell of building blocks leads to the formation of a higher generation of the dendrimers.
  • Polypropylenimine dendrimers start from a diaminobutane core to which is added twice the number of amino groups by a double Michael addition of aerylonitrile to the primary amines followed by the hydrogenation of the nitriies. This results in a doubling of the amino groups.
  • Polypropylenimine dendrimers contai 100% protonable nitrogens and up to 64 terminal amino groups (generation 5, DAB 64).
  • Protoiiable groups are usually amine groups which are able to accept protons at neutral pH.
  • the use of dendrimers as gene deli very agents has l argely focused on the use of the polyamidoamine. and phosphorous containing compounds with a mixture of amine/amide or N--P(0 2 )S as the conjugating units respectively with no work being reported on the use of the lower generation polypropylenimine dendrimers for gene delivery.
  • Polypropylenimine dendrimers have also been studied as pH sensitive controlled release systems for drug delivery and for their encapsulation of guest molecules when chemically modified by peripheral amino acid groups. The cytotoxicity and interaction of polypropylenimine dendrimers with DNA as well as the transfection efficacy of DAB 64 has also been studied.
  • US Patent Publication No. 20050019923 is based upon the observation that, contrary to earlier reports, cationic dendrimers, such as polypropylenimine dendrimers, display suitable properties, such as specific targeting and low toxicity, for use in the targeted delivery of bioactive molecules, such as genetic material. In addition, derivatives of the cationic dendrimer also display suitable properties for the targeted delivery of bioactive molecules.
  • Supercharged proteins are a class of engineered or naturally occurring proteins with unusually high positive or negative net theoretical charge. Both supe negatively and superpositiveiy charged proteins exhibit a remarkable ability to withstand thermally or chemically induced aggregation. Superpositiveiy charged proteins are also able to penetrate mammalian cells. Associating cargo with these proteins, such as plasmid DNA, siRNA, or other proteins, can enable the functional delivery of these macromoiecules into mammalian cells both in vitro and in vivo. David Liu's lab reported the creation and characterization of supercharged proteins in 2007 (Lawrence et ah, 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society 129, 101 10- 10112).
  • +36 GFP is an effective plasmid delivery reagent in a range of cells.
  • plasmid DNA is a larger cargo than siRNA, proportionately more +36 GFP protein is required to effectively complex p!asmids.
  • Applicants have developed a variant of +36 GFP bearing a C-terminal HA2 peptide tag, a known endosome-disrupting peptide derived from the influenza virus hemagglutinin protein. The following protocol has been effective in a variety of cells, but as above it is advised that plasmid DNA and supercharged protein doses be optimized for specific cell lines and delivery applications.
  • implantable devices are also contemplated for delivery of the CRISPR Cas system.
  • US Patent Publication 201 10195123 discloses an implantable medical device which elutes a drug locally and in prolonged period is provided, including several types of such a device, the treatment modes of implementation and methods of implantation.
  • the device comprising of polymeri c substrate, such as a matrix for exampl e, that is used as the device body, and dmgs, and in some cases additional scaffolding materials, such as metals or additional polymers, and materials to enhance visibility and imaging.
  • RNA interference RNA interference
  • si RJN A si RJN A
  • sh RNA sh RNA
  • antisense RNA/DNA ribozyme and nucleoside analogs. Therefore, this system may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • the modes of implantation i some embodiments are existing implantation procedures that are developed and used today for other treatments, including brachytherapy and needle biopsy. In such cases the dimensions of the new implant described in this invention are similar to the original implant. Typical ly a few devices are implanted during the same treatment procedure.
  • a drug delivery implantable or insertable system including systems applicable to a cavity such as the abdominal cavity and/or any other type of administration in which the drug delivery system is not anchored or attached, comprising a biostable and/or degradable and/or bioabsorbable polymeric substrate, which may for example optionally be a matrix. It should be noted that the term "insertion” also includes implantation.
  • the drug delivery system is preferably implemented as a " Loder" as described in US Patent Publication 201 10195 123.
  • the polymer or plurality of polymers are biocompatible, incorporating an agent and/or plurality of agents, enabling the release of agent at a controlled rate, wherein the total volume of the polymeric substrate, such as a matrix for example, in some embodiments Is optionally and preferably no greater than a maximum volume that permits a therapeutic level of the agent to be reached. As a non-limiting example, such a volume is preferably within the range of 0.1 nr to 1000 mm " , as required by the volume for the agent load.
  • the Loder may optionally be larger, for example when incorporated with a device whose size is determined by functionality, for example and without limitation, a knee joint, an infra-uterine or cervical ring and the like,
  • the drug delivery system (for delivering the composition) is designed in some embodiments to preferably employ degradable polymers, wherei the main release mechanism is bulk erosion; or in some embodiments, non degradable, or slowly degraded polymers are used, wherein the main release mechanism is diffusion rather than bulk erosion, so that the outer part functions as membrane, and its internal part functions as a drug reservoir, which practically is not affected by the surroundings for an extended period (for example from about a week to about a few months). Combinations of different polymers with different release mechanisms may also optionally be used.
  • the concentration gradient at the surface is preferably maintained effectively constant during a significant period of the total drug releasing period, a d therefore the diffusion rate is effectively constant (termed "zero mode" diffusion).
  • constant it is meant a diffusion rate that is preferably maintained above the lower threshold of therapeutic effectiveness, but which may still optionally feature an initial burst and/or fluctuate, for example increasing and decreasing to a certain degree.
  • the diffusion rate is preferably so maintained for a prolonged period, and it can be considered constant to a certain level to optimize the therapeutically effective period, for example the effective silencing period.
  • the drug delivery system optionally and preferably is designed to shield the nucleotide based therapeutic agent from degradation, whether chemical in nature or due to attack from enzymes and other factors in the body of the subject,
  • the drug delivery system as described in US Patent Publication 201 10195123 is optionally associated with sensing and/or activation appliances that are operated at and/or after implantation of the device, by non and/or minimally invasive methods of activation and/or acceleration/deceleration, for example optionally including but not limited to thermal heating and cooling, laser beams, and ultrasonic, including focused ultrasound and/or RF (radiofrequency) methods or devices.
  • sensing and/or activation appliances that are operated at and/or after implantation of the device, by non and/or minimally invasive methods of activation and/or acceleration/deceleration, for example optionally including but not limited to thermal heating and cooling, laser beams, and ultrasonic, including focused ultrasound and/or RF (radiofrequency) methods or devices.
  • the site for local deliver ⁇ ' may optionally include target sites characterized by high abnormal proliferation of cells, and suppressed apoptosis, including tumors, active and or chronic inflammation and infectio including autoimmune diseases states, degenerating tissue including muscle and nervous tissue, chronic pain, degenerative sites, and location of bone fractures and other wound locations for enhancement of regeneration of tissue, and injured cardiac, smooth and striated muscle.
  • the site for local deliver ⁇ .' also may optionally include sites enabling performing preventive activities including pregnancy, prevention of infection and aging.
  • the site for implantatio of the composition, or target site preferably features a radius, area and/or volume that is sufficiently small for targeted local delivery.
  • the target site optionally has a diameter in a range of from about 0.1 mm to about 5 cm.
  • the location of the target site is preferably selected for maximum therapeutic efficacy.
  • the composition of the drug delivery system (optionally with a device for implantation as described above) is optionally and preferably implanted within or in the proximity of a tumor environment, or the blood supply associated thereof.
  • composition (optionally with the device) is optionally implanted within or in the proximity to pancreas, prostate, breast, liver, " via the nipple, within the vascular system and so forth.
  • the target location is optionally selected from the group consisting of (as non- limiting examples only, as optionally any site within the body may be suitable for implanting a Loder): 1. brain at degenerative sites like in Parkinson or Alzheimer disease at the basal ganglia, white and gray matter; 2. spine as in the case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); 3. uterine cervix to prevent HPV infection; 4. active and chronic inflammatory joints; 5. dermis as i the case of psoriasis; 6. sympathetic and sensoric nervous sites for analgesic effect; 7. Intra osseous implantation; 8. acute and chronic infection sites; 9. Intra vagi al; 10.
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • uterine cervix to prevent HPV infection
  • active and chronic inflammatory joints 5. dermis as i the case of psoriasis; 6. sympathetic and sensoric nervous sites for analgesic effect; 7. Intra osseous implantation; 8. acute and chronic infection sites; 9. Intr
  • Inner ear auditory system, labyrinth of the inner ear, vestibular system; 11. Intra tracheal; 12. Intra-cardiac; coronary, epicardiac; 13. réellery bladder; 14. biliary system; 15. parenchymal tissue including and not limited to the kidney, liver, spleen; 16. lymph nodes; 17. salivary glands; 18. dental gums; 19. Intra-articular (into joints); 20. !ntra-ocuiar; 21. Brain tissue; 22. Brain ventricles; 23. Cavities, including abdominal cavity (for example but without limitation, for ovary cancer); 24. Intra esophageal and 25. Intra rectal.
  • insertion of the system is associated with injection of material to the ECM at the target site and the vicinity of that site to affect local pH and/or temperature and/or other biological factors affecting the diffusion of the drug and/or drug kinetics in the ECM, of the target site and the vicinity of such a site.
  • the release of said agent could be associated with sensing and/or activation appliances that are operated prior and/or at and/or after insertion, by non and/or minimally invasive and/or else methods of activation and/or acceleration/deceleration, including laser beam, radiation, thermal heating and cooling, and ultrasonic, including focused ultrasound and/or RF (radiofrequency) methods or devices, and chemical activators.
  • sensing and/or activation appliances that are operated prior and/or at and/or after insertion, by non and/or minimally invasive and/or else methods of activation and/or acceleration/deceleration, including laser beam, radiation, thermal heating and cooling, and ultrasonic, including focused ultrasound and/or RF (radiofrequency) methods or devices, and chemical activators.
  • the drug preferably comprises a gene silencing biological RNAi drug, for example for localized cancer cases in breast, pancreas, brain, kidney, bladder, lung, and prostate as described below.
  • RNAi drug for example for localized cancer cases in breast, pancreas, brain, kidney, bladder, lung, and prostate as described below.
  • many drugs other than siRNA are applicable to be encapsulated in Loder, and can be used in association with this invention, as long as such drugs can be encapsulated with the Loder substrate, such as a matrix for example.
  • Such drugs include approved drugs that are delivered today by methods other than of this invention, including Amphotericin B for fungal infection; antibiotics such as in osteomyelitis; pain killers such as narcotics; anti degenerative such as in Alzheimer or Parkinson diseases in a Loder implanted in the vicinity of the spine in the case of back pain.
  • Such a system may be used and/or adapted to deliver the CRI SPR Cas system of the present invention .
  • the drug may optionally be siRNA that silence smooth muscle cells, including HI 9 silencing, or a drug selected from the group consisting of taxoi, rapamycin and rapamyein- analogs.
  • the Loder is preferably either a Drug Eluting Stent (DES), with prolonged release at constant rate, or a dedicated device that is implanted separately, in association to the stent. Al l of this may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • DES Drug Eluting Stent
  • psychiatric and cognitive disorders are treated with gene modifiers.
  • Gene knockdown with silencing R A is a treatment option.
  • Loders locally delivering nucleotide based agents to central nervous system sites are therapeutic options for psychiatric and cognitive disorders including but not limited to psychosis, bi -polar diseases, neurotic disorders and behavioral maladies.
  • the Loders could also deliver locally drags including small drugs and macromolecules upon implantation at specific brain sites. All of this may be used and/or adapted to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • silencing of innate and/or adaptive immune mediators at local sites enables the prevention of organ transplant rejection.
  • Local delivery of silencing R As and immunomodulating reagents with the Loder implanted into the transplanted organ and/or the implanted site renders local immune suppression by repelling immune ceils such as CDS activated against the transplanted organ.
  • Ail of this may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • vascular growth factors including VEGFs and angiogenin and others are essential for neovascularization .
  • Local delivery of the factors, peptides, peptidomimetics, or suppressing their repressors is an important therapeutic modality; silencing the repressors and local delivery of the factors, peptides, macromolecules and small drugs stimulating angiogenesis with the Loder is therapeutic for peripheral, systemic and cardiac vascular disease.
  • the method of insertion may optionally already be used for other types of tissue implantation and/or for insertions and/or for sampling tissues, optionally without modifications, or alternatively optionally only with non-major modifications in such methods.
  • Such methods optionally include but are not limited to hrachymerapy methods, biopsy, endoscopy with and/or without ultrasound, such as ERCP, stereotactic methods into the brain tissue, Laparoscopy, including implantation with a laparoscope into joints, abdominal organs, the bladder wall and body cavities.
  • CRISPR enzyme rnRNA and guide RNA might also be delivered separately.
  • CRISPR enzyme mRNA can be delivered prior to the guide RNA.
  • CRISPR enzyme mRNA might be administered 1 -12 hours (preferably around 2-6 hours) prior to the administration of guide RNA.
  • CRISPR enzyme mRNA and guide RNA can be administered together.
  • a second booster dose of guide RNA can be administered 1 -12 hours (preferably around 2-6 hours) after the initial administration of CRISPR enzyme mRNA + guide RNA.
  • CRISPR enzyme mRNA and/or guide RNA might be useful to achieve the most efficient levels of genome modification.
  • CRISPR enzyme mRNA and guide RNA delivered For minimization of toxicity and off-target effect, it will be important to control the concentration of CRISPR. enzyme mRNA and guide RNA delivered.
  • Optimal concentrations of CRISPR enzyme mRNA and guide RNA can be determined by testing different concentrations in a cellular or animal model and using deep sequencing the analyze the extent of modification at potential off-target genomic loci. For example, for the guide sequence targeting 5'- GAGTCCGAGCAGAAGAAGAA-3' in the EMX1 gene of the human genome, deep sequencing can be used to assess the level of modification at the following two off-target loci, 1 : 5 ' -GAGTCCTAGCAGGAGAAGAA-3 ' and 2: 5' -GAGTCTAAGCAGAAGAAGAA-3 ' . The concentration that gives the highest level of on-target modification while minimizing the level of off-target modification should be chosen for in vivo delivery.
  • CRISPR enzyme niekase mRN A for example S. pyogenes Cas9 with the DIOA mutation
  • the two guide RNAs need to be spaced as follows. Guide sequences in red (single underline) and blue (double underline) respectively (these examples are based on the PAM requirement for Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9).
  • the 5' overhang is at most 200 base pairs, preferably at most 100 base pairs, or more preferably at most 50 base pairs.
  • the 5' overhang is at least 26 base pairs, preferably at least 30 base pairs or more preferably 34-50 base pairs or 1 -34 base pairs.
  • the first guide sequence directing cleavage of one strand of the DNA duplex near the first target sequence and the second guide sequence directing cleavage of other strand near the second target sequence results in a blunt cut or a 3' overhang.
  • the 3' overhang is at most 150, 100 or 25 base pairs or at least 15, 10 or 1 base pairs. In preferred embodiments the 3' overhang is 1- 100 basepairs.
  • aspects of the invention relate to the expression of the gene product being decreased or a template polynucleotide being further introduced into the DNA molecule encoding the gene product or an intervening sequence being excised precisely by allowing the two 5' overhangs to reannea! and ligate or the activity or function of the gene product being al tered or the expression of the gene product being increased.
  • the gene product is a protein.
  • PCSK9 Liver, proprotein convertase subtiiisin kexin 9
  • PCSK9 Proprotein convertase subtiiisin kexin 9
  • PCSK9 is a member of the subtiiisin serine protease family.
  • PCSK9 is primarily expressed by the liver and is critical for the down regulation of hepatocyte LDL receptor expression. LDL-C levels in plasma are highly elevated in humans with gain of function mutations in PCSK9, classifying them as having severe hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, PCSK9 is an attractive target for CRISPR.
  • PCS9K-targeted CRISPR may be formulated in a lipid particle and for example administered at about 15, 45, 90, 150, 250 and 400 .ug/kg intraveneously (see, e.g., http://www.ataylam.com/capella/wp ⁇ coriteot mioad / ' iO 13/08/ AI . " N ⁇ PCS0?. ⁇ 001 -Proto ol-l .ancet odf)
  • Ex-vivo somatic cell gene therapy requires an accessible and robust cell type that is amenable to multiple transfections and subject to controlled proliferation.
  • Special problems associated with the use of non-B-cell somatic cells include the processing of proinsulin to insulin, and the conferment of sensitivity to glucose-stimulated proinsulin biosynthesis and regulated insulin release.
  • Preliminary studies using fibroblasts, pituitary cells, kidney (COS) cells and ovarian (CHO) cells suggest that these challenges could be met, and that ex-vivo somatic cell gene therapy offers a feasible approach to insulin replacement therapy.
  • the system of Bailey et al. may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention for delivery to the liver.
  • Cationic liposomes (Li otrust) containing 0,0'-ditetradecanoyl-N-(a rimethylammonioacetyl) diethanoianiine chloride (DC-6-14) as a cationic lipid, cholesterol and dioleoylphosphatidyiethanolamine at a molar ratio of 4:3:3 (which has shown high transfection efficiency under semmcontaining conditions for in vitro and in vivo gene delivery) were purchased from Hokkaido System Science.
  • the liposomes were manufactured using a freeze- dried empty liposomes method and prepared at a concentration of 1 ratvi (DC -16-4) by addition of double-distilled, water (DDW) to the lyophilized lipid mixture under vortexing before use.
  • V A-coupled liposomes 200 nmoi of vitamin A (retinoi, Sigma) dissolved in DMSO was mixed with the liposome suspensions (100 nmol as DC- 16-4) by vortexing in a 1.5 ml tube at 25 1 C.
  • V A-coupled liposomes carrying siRNAgp46 VA-lip ⁇ siRNAgp46
  • a solution of siRNAgp46 580 pmol/ml in DDW
  • the ratio of siRNA to DC- 16-4 was .1 : 1 .1.5 (mol/mol) and the siRNA to liposome ratio (w ⁇ / t) was 1 :1.
  • any free vitamin A or siRNA that was not taken up by liposomes were separated from liposomal preparations using a mieropartition system (VIVASPIN 2 concentrator 30,000 MWCO PES, VIVASCIENCE).
  • the liposomal suspension was added to the filters and centrifuged at 1 ,500g for 5 mm 3 times at 25 1 C. Fractions were collected and the material trapped in the filter was reconstituted with PBS to achieve the desired dose for in vitro or in -vivo use. Three injections of 0.75 mg/kg si RNA were given every other day to rats.
  • the system of Sato et al. may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention for delivery to the liver by delivering about 0.5 to 1 mg/kg of CRISPR Cas RNA in the liposomes as described by Sato et al. to humans.
  • SATA-modified siRNAs are synthesized by reaction of 5' ammemodified siRNA with 1 weight equivalents (wt eq) of Nsuccmiinidyi-S-acctylthioacetate (SAT A) reagent (Pierce) and 0.36 wt eq of NaHC0 3 in water at 4°C for 16 h.
  • SAT A Nsuccmiinidyi-S-acctylthioacetate
  • NaHC0 3 NaHC0 3
  • the modified siRNAs are then precipitated by the addition of 9 vol of ethanol and incubation at 80°C for 2 h.
  • the precipitate is resuspended in IX siRNA buffer (Dharmacon) and quantified by measuring absorbanee at the 260-nm wavelength.
  • PBAVE (30 mg/ml in 5mMTAPS, pH 9) is modified by addition of 1.5 wt % SMPT (Pierce). After a 1 -h incubation, 0.8 mg of SMPT-PBAVE was added to 400 ⁇ of isotonic glucose solution containing 5 mM TAPS (pH 9). To this solution was added 50 ug of SATA-modified siRNA. For the dose-response experiments where [PBAVE] was constant, different amounts of siRNA are added. The mixture is then incubated for 16 h. To the solution is then added 5.6 mg of Hepes free base followed by a mixture of 3.7 mg ofCDM-NAGand L9mg of CDM-PEG.
  • CDM-PEG and CDM- NAG are synthesized from the acid chloride generated by using oxalyl chloride.
  • To the acid chloride is added 1.1 molar equivalents polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (molecular weight average of 450) to generate CDM-PEG or (aminoethoxy)ethoxy-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-P-D- glucopyranoside to generate CDM-NAG.
  • the final product is purified by using reverse-phase HPLC with a 0.1% TFA water/acetonitrile gradient. About 25 to 50 ⁇ of siRNA was delivered to mice.
  • the system of Rozema et al. may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention for deiiver to the liver, for example by envisioning a dosage of about 50 to about 200 mg of CRISPR Cas for delivery to a human.
  • Delivery options for the brain include encapsulation of CRISPR enzyme and guide RNA in the form of either D ' NA or RNA into liposomes and conjugating to molecular Trojan horses for trans-blood brain barrier (BBB) deliver ⁇ 7 .
  • Molecular Trojan horses have been shown to be effective for delivery of B-gal expression vectors into the brain of non-human primates.
  • the same approach can be used to delivery vectors containing CRISPR enzyme and guide RNA.
  • Xia CF and Boado RJ, Pardridge WM Antibody-mediated targeting of siRNA. via the human insulin receptor using avidin-biotin technology. Mol Pharm, 2009 May- Jun;6(3):747-51.
  • siRNA short interfering RNA
  • mAb monoclonal antibody
  • avidin-biotin a receptor-specific monoclonal antibody
  • the authors also report that because the bond between the targeting mAb and the siRNA is stable with avidin-biotin technology, and RNAi effects at distant sites such as brain are observed in vivo following an intravenous administration of the targeted siRNA.
  • Zhang et al. (Mol Ther. 2003 Jan;7(l):l l-8.)) describe how expression piasmids encoding reporters such as luciferase were encapsulated in the interior of an "artificial virus" comprised of an 85 ran pegylated immunoiiposome, which was targeted to the rhesus monkey brain in vivo with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the human insulin receptor (HIR).
  • MAb monoclonal antibody
  • HIR human insulin receptor
  • the HIRMAb enables the liposome carrying the exogenous gene to undergo transeytosis across the blood-brain barrier and endocyiosis across the neuronal plasma membrane following intravenous injection.
  • the level of luciferase gene expression in the brain was 50-fold higher in the rhesus monkey as compared to the rat.
  • Widespread neuronal expression of the beta-galactosidase gene in primate brain was demonstrated by both histochemistiy and confocal microscopy. The authors indicate that this approach makes feasible reversible adult transgenics in 24 hours. Accordingly, the use of immunoiiposome is preferred. These may be used in conjunction with antibodies to target specific tissues or cell surface proteins.
  • RNA Ribonucleic acid
  • nanoparticles Cho, S., Goldberg, M., Son, S., Xu, Q., Yang, F., Mei, Y., Bogatyrev, S., Langer, R. and Anderson, D., Lipid-! ike nanoparticles for small interfering RNA delivery to endothelial cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 19: 3112-3118, 2010
  • exosomes Schroeder, A., Levins, C, Cortez, C, Langer, R., and Anderson, D., Lipid-based nanotherapeutics for siRNA delivery, Journal of Internal Medicine, 267: 9-21, 2010, PM1D: 20059641).
  • exosomes have been shown to be particularly useful in delivery siRNA, a system with some parallels to the CRISPR system.
  • Ei-Andaloussi S, et al. (“Exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA in vitro and in vivo.” Nat Protoc. 2012 Dec;7(12):2112- 26. doi: 10.1()38/nprot.2012.131. Epub 2012 Nov 15.) describe how exosomes are promising tools for drug delivery across different biological barriers and can be harnessed for delivery of siRNA in vitro and in vivo.
  • Their approach is to generate targeted exosomes through transfection of an expression vector, comprising an exosomal protein fused with a peptide ligand.
  • the exosomes are then purify and characterized from transfected ceil supernatant, then siRNA is loaded into the exosomes. Delivery or administration according to the invention can be performed with exosomes, in particular but not limited to the brain.
  • Vitamin E may be conjugated with CRISPR Cas and delivered to the brain alo g with high density lipoprotein (HDL), for example in a similar ma ner as was do e by Uno et al. (HUMAN GENE THERAPY 22:71 1-719 (June 201 1 )) for delivering short-interfering RNA (siRNA) to the brain.
  • Mice were infused via Osmotic minipumps (model 1007D; Alzet, Cupertino, CA) filled with phosphate -buffered saline (PBS) or free TocsiBACE or Toe- siBA.CE/HDl ⁇ , and connected with Brain Infusion Kit 3 (Alzet).
  • A. brain-infusion cannula was placed about 0.5mm posterior to the bregma at midline for infusion into the dorsal third ventricle. Uno et al. found that as little as 3 nmol of Toc-siRNA with HDL could induce a target reduction in comparable degree by the same ICV infusion method.
  • a similar dosage of CRISPR Cas conjugated to a-tocopheroi and co-administered with HDL targeted to the brain may be contemplated for humans in the present invention, for example, about 3 nmol to about 3 ⁇ of CRISPR Cas targeted to the brain may becontempiated.
  • Zou et al. ( ⁇ HUMAN GENE THERAPY 22:465-475 (April 2011 ⁇ ) describes a method of lentiviral-mediated delivery of short-hairpin RNAs targeting PKCy for in vivo gene silencing in the spinal cord of rats.
  • Zou et al. administered about 10 ⁇ of a recombinant lentivirus having a titer of 1 x 10 9 transducing units (TU)/ml by an intrathecal catheter.
  • a similar dosage of CRISPR Cas expressed in a lenti iral vector targeted to the brain may be contemplated for humans in the present invention, for example, about 10-50 ml of CRISPR Cas targeted to the brain in a lentivirus having a titer of 1 x 10 9 transducing units (TU)/ml may becontempiated.
  • TU transducing units
  • Targeted deletion of genes is preferred. Examples are exemplified in Example 18. Preferred are, therefore, genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and other metabolic disorders, genes encoding mis-folded proteins involved in amyloid and other diseases, oncogenes leading to cellular transformation, latent viral genes, and genes leading to dominant-negative disorders, amongst other disorders.
  • Applicants prefer gene delivery of a CRISPR-Cas system to the liver, brain, ocular, epithelial, hematopoetic, or another tissue of a subject or a patient in need thereof, suffering from metabolic disorders, amyloidosis and protein-aggregation related diseases, cellular transformation arising from genetic mutations and translocations, dominant negative effects of gene mutations, latent viral infections, and other related symptoms, using either viral or nanoparticle delivery system.
  • Therapeutic applications of the CRISPR-Cas system include Glaucoma, Amyloidosis, and Huntington's disease. These are exemplified in Example 20 and the features described therein are preferred alone or in combination.
  • AAV spinocerebellar ataxia type 1
  • SCAl spinocerebellar ataxia type 1
  • AAV1 and AAV5 vectors are preferred a d AAV titers of about 1 x 10" vector genomes/ml are desirable.
  • CRISPR-Cas guide R ' NAs that target the vast majority of the HIV-1 genome while taking into account HIV- 1 strain variants for maximal coverage and effectiveness.
  • host immune cells could be a) isolated, transduced with CRISPR-Cas, selected, and reintroduced in to the host or b) transduced in vivo by systemic delivery of the CRISPR-Cas system.
  • the first approach allows for generation of a resistant immune population whereas the second is more likely to target latent viral reservoirs within the host. This is discussed in more detail in the Examples section.
  • US Patent Publication No. 20130171732 assigned to Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. relates to insertion of an anti-HJV transgene into the genome, methods of which may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • the CXCR4 gene may be targeted and the TALE system of US Patent Publication No. 20100291048 assig ed to Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. may be modified to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • the method of US Patent Publication Nos. 20130137104 and 20130122591 assigned to Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. and US Patent Publication No. 20100146651 assigned to Cel Sectis may be more generally applicable for transgene expression as it involves modifying a hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus for increasing the frequency of gene modification.
  • HPRT hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
  • the present invention generates a gene knockout cell library.
  • Each cel l may have a single gene knocked out. This is exemplified in Example 23.
  • This library is useful for the screening of gene function in cellular processes as well as diseases.
  • To make this cell library one may integrate Cas9 driven by an inducible promoter (e.g. doxycycline inducible promoter) into the ES cell.
  • an inducible promoter e.g. doxycycline inducible promoter
  • one may integrate a single guide RNA targeting a specific gene in the ES cell.
  • To make the ES cell library one may simply mix ES cells with a library of genes encoding guide NAs targeting each gene in the human genome.
  • each guide RNA gene may be contained on a plasmid that carries of a single attP site. This way BxBl will recombine the attB site in the genome with the attP site on the guide RN A containing plasmid.
  • To generate the ceil library one may take the library of cells thai have single guide RNAs integrated and induce Cas9 expression. After induction, Cas9 mediates double strand break at sites specified by the guide RNA.
  • the immunogenic! ty of protein drugs can be ascribed to a few immunodominant helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes. Reducing the MHC binding affinity of these HTL epitopes contained within these proteins can generate drugs with lower immunogenicity (Tangri S, et al. ("Rationally engineered therapeutic proteins with reduced immunogenicity" J Immunol, 2005 Mar i 5; 174(6):3187-96.)
  • the immunogenicity of the CRISPR enzyme in particular may be reduced following the approach first set out in Tangri et al with respect to erythropoietin and subsequently developed. Accordingly, directed evolution or rational design may be used to reduce the immunogenicity of the CRISPR enzyme (for instance a Cas9) in the host species (human or other species).
  • Example 28 Applicants used 3 guideR As of interest and able to visualize efficient DNA cleavage in vivo occurring only in a small subset of cells. Essentially, what Applicants have shown here is targeted in vivo cleavage. In particular, this provides proof of concept that specific targeting in higher organisms such as mammals can also be achieved. It also highlights multiple aspect in that multiple guide sequences (i.e. separate targets) can be used simultaneously (in the sense of co-delivery). In other words, Applicants used a multiple approach, with several different sequences targeted at the same time, but independently.
  • Example 34 A suitable example of a protocol for producing AAV, a preferred vector of the invention is provided in Example 34.
  • Trinucleotide repeat disorders are preferred conditions to be treated. These are also exemplified herein.
  • US Patent Publication No. 20110016540 describes use of zinc finger nucleases to genetically modify ceils, animals and proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders. Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are complex, progressive disorders that involve developmental neurobiology and often affect cognition as well as sensori-motor functions.
  • Trinucleotide repeat expansion proteins are a diverse set of proteins associated with susceptibility for developing a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder, the presence of a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder, the severity of a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder or any combination thereof. Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are divided into two categories determined by the type of repeat. The most common repeat is the triplet CAG, which, when present in the coding region of a gene, codes for the amino acid gfutamine (Q).
  • polyglutamine disorders comprise the following diseases: Huntington Disease (HD); Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy (SBMA); Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 17); and Dentatorubro-Pallidoluysian Atrophy (DRPLA).
  • the remaining trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders either do not involve the CAG triplet or the CAG triplet is not in the coding region of the gene and are, therefore, referred to as the non-polyglutamine disorders.
  • the non-polyglutarmne disorders comprise Fragile X Syndrome (FRAXA); Fragile XE Mental Retardation (FRAXE); Friedreich Ataxia (FRDA); Myotonic Dystrophy (DM); and Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCA types 8, and 12).
  • FAAXA Fragile X Syndrome
  • FAAXE Fragile XE Mental Retardation
  • FRDA Friedreich Ataxia
  • DM Myotonic Dystrophy
  • SCA types 8, and 12 Spinocerebellar Ataxias
  • the proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders are typical ly selected based on an experimental association of the protein associated with a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder to a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder.
  • the production rate or circulating concentration of a protein associated with a trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder may be elevated or depressed in a population having a trinucleotide repeat- expansion disorder relative to a population lacking the trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder.
  • Differences in protein levels may be assessed using proteomic techniques including but not limited to Western blot, immunohistochemicaf staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mass spectrometry.
  • the proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders may be identified by obtaining gene expression profiles of the genes encoding the proteins using genomic techniques including but not limited to DNA microarray analysis, serial analysis of gene expression (S AGE), and quantitative real-time polymerase chai reaction (Q-PCR).
  • genomic techniques including but not limited to DNA microarray analysis, serial analysis of gene expression (S AGE), and quantitative real-time polymerase chai reaction (Q-PCR).
  • Non-limiti g examples of proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders include AR (androgen receptor), FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1), HTT (huntmgtin).
  • DMPK distrophia myotonica-protein kinase
  • FXN frataxin
  • ATXN2 ataxin 2
  • ATN1 atrophin 1
  • FEN1 overlap structure-specific endonuc lease 1
  • TNRC6A trinucleotide repeat containing 6 A
  • PABPN 1 poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1), JPH3 (junctophilin 3), MED 15 (mediator complex subunit 15), ATXNl (ataxin 1), ATXN3 (ataxin 3), TBP (TATA box binding protein), CACNA 1A (calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit), ATXN8QS (ATXN8 opposite strand (non-protein coding)
  • G protein guanine nucleotide binding protein
  • beta polypeptide 2 ribosomal protein L14
  • ATXN8 ataxin 8
  • INSR insulin receptor
  • TTR transthyretin
  • EP400 El A binding protein p400
  • GIGYF2 GYF protein 2
  • NCOA3 nuclear receptor coactivator 3
  • ERDA1 expanded repeat domain, CAG/CTG 1
  • TSC1 tuberous sclerosis 1
  • COMP carboxyribonucleic acid
  • GCLC glycosyrene-maleic acid copolymer
  • RRAD Ras-related associated with diabetes
  • SH3 mutant S homolog 3
  • DRD2 dopamine receptor D2
  • CD44 CD44 molecule (Indian blood group)
  • CTCF CCCTC-binding factor (zinc finger protein)
  • CCND1 eye fin Dl
  • CLSPN claspin homolog (Xenopus laevis)
  • MEF2A myocyte enhancer factor 2A
  • PTPRU protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, U
  • GAPDH glycosyrosine phosphatase
  • TRXM22 tripartite motif-containing 22
  • WT1 Wang tumor 1).
  • AHR aryl hydrocarbon receptor
  • GPX1 glutathione peroxidase 1
  • TPMT thiopurine S- methyltransferase
  • NDP Nonrie disease (pseudogiioma)
  • ARX aristaless related homeobox
  • M l S I MUS81 endonuclease homolog
  • GLA galactosidase, alpha
  • CBL Cas-Br- M (murine) ecotropic retroviral transforming sequence
  • FT H I ferritin, heavy polypeptide 1
  • IL12RB2 interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2
  • OTX2 orthodenticle homeobox 2
  • HOXA5 homeobox A5
  • POLG2 polymerase (D A directed), gamma 2, accessory subunit
  • DLX2 distal-less homeobox 2
  • SIRPA signal-regulatory protem alpha
  • OTXI orthodenticle homeobox 1
  • AHRR aryl -hydrocarbon receptor repressor
  • MANF mesencephalic astrocyte- derived neurotrophic factor
  • TMEM 158 transmembrane protein 158 (gene/pseudogene)
  • ENSG00000078687 ENSG00000078687.
  • Preferred proteins associated with trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders include HTT (Huntingtin), AR (androgen receptor), FXN (frataxin), Atxn3 (ataxin), Atxnl (ataxin), Atxn2 (ataxin), Atxn7 (ataxin), AtxnlO (ataxin), DM (dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase), Atnl (atrophin 1), CBP (creb binding protein), VLDLR (very low density lipoprotein receptor), and any combination thereof.
  • a method of gene therapy for the treatment of a subject having a mutation in the CFTR gene comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a CRISPR-Cas gene therapy particle, optionally via a biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier, to the cells of a subject.
  • the target DNA comprises the mutation cIeltaF5G8.
  • the mutation is repaired to the wildtype.
  • the mutation is a deletion of the three nucleotides that comprise the codon for phenylalanine (F) at position 508. Accordi gly, repair in this instance requires reiiitroduction of the missing codon into the mutant.
  • an adenovirus/AAV vector system is introduced into the host cell, cells or patient.
  • the system comprises a Cas9 (or Cas9 nickase) and the guide RNA along with a adenovirus/AAV vector system comprising the homology repair template containing the F5Q8 residue.
  • This may be introduced into the subject via one of the methods of deliver ⁇ ' discussed earlier.
  • the CRISPR-Cas system may be guided by the CFTRdelta 508 chimeric guide RNA. It targets a specific site of the CFTR genomic locus to be nicked or cleaved.
  • the repair template is inserted into the cleavage site via homologous recombination correcting the deletion that results in cystic fibrosis or causes cystic fibrosis related symptoms.
  • This strategy to direct delivery and provide systemic introduction of CRISPR systems with appropriate guide RNAs can be employed to target genetic mutations to edit or otherwise manipulate genes that cause metabolic, liver, kidney and protein diseases and disorders such as those in 1 able B.
  • the CR ISPR/Cas9 sy.si.cnr ⁇ > of the present invention can be used to correct genetic mutations that were previously attempted with limited success using TALEN and ZFN,
  • TALEN and ZFN For example, WQ2013163628 A2
  • Genetic Correction of Mutated Genes published application of Duke University describes efforts to correct, for example, a frameshift mutation which causes a premature stop codon and a truncated gene product that can be corrected via nuclease .mediated non-homologous end joining such as those responsible for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, ("DMD”) a recessive, fatal, X-linked disorder that results in .muscle degeneration due to mutations in the dystrophin gene.
  • DMD Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
  • Dystrophin is a cytoplasmic protein that provides structural stability to the dystroglycan complex of the cell membrane that is responsible for regulating muscle cell integrity and function.
  • the dystrophin gene or "DMD gene” as used interchangeably herein is 2.2 megabases at locus Xp21.
  • the primary transcription measures about 2,400 kb with the mature mR ' NA being about 14 kb. 79 exons code for the protein which is over 3500 amino acids.
  • Exon 51 is frequently adjacent to frame-disrupting deletions in DMD patients and has been targeted in clinical trials for oligonucSeotide-based exon skipping.
  • a clinical trial for the exon 51 skipping compound eteplirsen recently reported a significa t functional benefit across 48 weeks, with an average of 47% dystrophin positive fibers compared to baseline. Mutations in exon 51 are ideal ly suited for permanent correction by NHEJ-based genome editing.
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR-Cas system to the blood.
  • the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention is also contemplated to treat hemoglobinopathies, such as thalassemias and sickle cell disease. See, e.g., International Patent Publication No. WO 2013/126794 for potential targets that may be targeted by the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • US Patent Publication Nos. 20110225664, 20110091441, 20100229252, 20090271881 and 20090222937 assigned to Ceilectis relates to CREI variants , wherein at least one of the two I-Crel monomers has at least two substitutions, one in each of the two functional subdomains of the LAGLIDADG core domain situated respectively from positions 26 to 40 and 44 to 77 of I-Crel, said variant being able to cleave a DNA target sequence from the human interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain (IL2RG) gene also named common cytokine receptor gamma chain gene or gamma C gene.
  • IL2RG human interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain
  • the target sequences identified in US Patent Publication Nos. 20110225664, 20110091441, 20100229252, 20090271881 and 20090222937 may be utilized for the CRJSPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • SCID Severe Combined Immune Deficiency
  • IL2RG encodes the gamma C protein (Noguchi, et al., Cell, 1993, 73, 147-157), a common component of at least five interleukiii receptor complexes. These receptors activate several targets through the J AO kinase (Macchi et al., Nature, 1995, 377, 65-68), which inactivation results in the same syndrome as gamma C inactivation; (ii) mutation in the ADA gene results in a defect in purine metabolism that is lethal for lymphocyte precursors, which in turn results in the quasi absence of B, T and NK cells; (iii) V(D)J recombination is an essential step in the maturation of immunoglobulins and T lymphocytes receptors (TCl s).
  • HSCs Hematopoietic Stem Ceils
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR-Cas system to one or both ears.
  • cochlear implants are looking into whether gene therapy could be used to aid current deafness treatments—namely, cochlear implants. Deafness is often caused by lost or damaged hair cells that cannot relay signals to auditor ⁇ ' neurons. In such cases, cochlear implants may be used to respond to sound and transmit electrical signals to the nerve cells. But these neurons often degenerate and retract from the cochlea as fewer growth factors are released by impaired hair cells.
  • US patent application 20120328580 describes injection of a pharmaceutical composition into the ear (e.g., auricular administration), such as into the luminae of the cochlea (e.g., the Scala media, Sc vestibulae, and Sc tympani), e.g., using a syringe, e.g., a single-dose syringe.
  • a pharmaceutical composition into the ear (e.g., auricular administration), such as into the luminae of the cochlea (e.g., the Scala media, Sc vestibulae, and Sc tympani), e.g., using a syringe, e.g., a single-dose syringe.
  • a syringe e.g., a single-dose syringe.
  • intratympanic injection e.g., into the middle ear
  • injections into the outer, middle, and/or inner ear e
  • Injection can be, for example, through the round window of the ear or through the cochlear capsule.
  • Other inner ear administration methods are known in the art (see, e.g., Salt and Plontke, Drug Discovery Today, 10: 1299-1306, 2005).
  • the pharmaceutical composition in another mode of administratio , can be administered in situ, " via a catheter or pump.
  • a catheter or pump can, for example, direct a pharmaceutical composition into the cochlear luminae or the round window of the ear and/or the lumen of the colon.
  • Exemplary drug delivery apparatus and methods suitable for administering one or more of the compounds described herein into an ear, e.g., a human ear, are described by McKenna et al., (U.S. Publication No. 2006/0030837) and Jacobsen et al., (U.S. Pat. No. 7,206,639).
  • a catheter or pump can be positioned, e.g., in the ear (e.g., the outer, middle, and/or i ner ear) of a patient during a surgical procedure.
  • a catheter or pump can be positioned, e.g., in the ear (e.g., the outer, middle, and/or inner ear) of a patient without the need for a surgical procedure.
  • one or more of the compounds described herein can be administered in combination with a mechanical device such as a cochlear implant or a hearing aid, which is worn in the outer ear.
  • a mechanical device such as a cochlear implant or a hearing aid, which is worn in the outer ear.
  • An exemplary cochlear implant that is suitable for use with the present invention is described by Edge et al., (U.S. Publication No. 2007/0093878).
  • the modes of administration described above may be combined in any order and can be simultaneous or interspersed.
  • the present invention may be administered according to any of the Food and Drug Administration approved methods, for example, as described in CDER Data Standards Manual, version number 004 (which is available at fda.give/cder/dsm DRG/drg00301.htm).
  • the cell therapy methods described in US patent application 20120328580 can be used to promote complete or partial d fferentiation of a cell to or towards a mature cell type of the inner ear (e.g., a hair cell) in vitro. Cells resulting from such methods can then be transplanted or implanted into a patient in need of such treatment.
  • the cell culture methods required to practice these methods including methods for identifying and selecting suitable cell types, methods for promoting complete or partial differentiation of selected cel ls, methods for identifying complete or partially differentiated cell types, and methods for implanting complete or partially differentiated cells are described below.
  • Cells suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, cells that are capable of differentiating completely or partially into a mature cell of the inner ear, e.g., a hair cel l (e.g., an inner and/or outer hair cel l), when contacted, e.g., in vitro, with one or more of the compounds described herein.
  • a hair cel l e.g., an inner and/or outer hair cel l
  • Exemplary cells that are capable of differentiating into a hair cel l include, but are not limited to stem cells (e.g., inner ear stem cells, adult stem cells, bone marrow derived stem cells, embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, skin stem cells, iPS cells, and fat derived stem cells), progenitor cells (e.g., inner ear progenitor cells), support cells (e.g., Deiters' cells, pillar ceils, inner phalangeal cells, tectal cells and Hansen's cells), and/or germ cells.
  • stem cells e.g., inner ear stem cells, adult stem cells, bone marrow derived stem cells, embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, skin stem cells, iPS cells, and fat derived stem cells
  • progenitor cells e.g., inner ear progenitor cells
  • support cells e.g., Deiters' cells, pillar ceils, inner phalangeal cells, tectal cells and
  • Such suitable cells can be identified by analyzing (e.g., qualitatively or quantitatively) the presence of one or more tissue specific genes.
  • gene expression can be detected by detecting the protein product of one or more tissue-specific genes.
  • Protein detection techniques involve staining proteins (e.g., using cell extracts or whole cells) using antibodies against the appropriate antigen.
  • the appropriate antigen is the protein product of the tissue-specific gene expression.
  • a first antibody i.e., the antibody that binds the antigen
  • a second antibody directed against the first e.g., an anti-IgG
  • This second antibody is conjugated either with fluorochromes, or appropriate enzymes for coiorimetric reactions, or gold beads (for electron microscopy), or with the biotin-avidin system, so that the location of the primary antibody, and thus the antigen, can be recognized.
  • the CR1SPR Cas molecules of the present invention may be delivered to the ear by direct application of pharmaceutical composition to the outer ear, with compositions modified from US Published application, 201 10142917.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is applied to the ear canal. Delivery to the ear may also be refered to as aural or otic delivery.
  • RNA molecules of the invention are delivered in liposome or !ipofectirs formulations and the like and can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Such methods are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,972, 5,589,466, and 5,580,859, which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • siRNA has recently been successfully used for inhibition of gene expression in primates (see for example. Tolentino et al,, Retina 24(4) :660 which may also be applied to the present invention.
  • Qi et al. discloses methods for efficient siRNA transfeetion to the inner ear through the intact round window by a novel proteidic delivery technology which may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention (see, e.g., Qi et al, Gene Therapy (2013), 1-9).
  • a novel proteidic delivery technology which may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention (see, e.g., Qi et al, Gene Therapy (2013), 1-9).
  • TAT-DRBDs TAT double stranded RNA-binding domains
  • cochlear implant function can be improved by good preservation of the spiral ganglion neurons, which are the target of electrical stimulation by the implant and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has previously been shown to enhance spiral ganglion survival in experimentally deafened ears.
  • BDNF brain derived neurotrophic factor
  • Rejaii et al. tested a modified design of the cochlear implant electrode that includes a coating of " fi broblast cel ls transduced by a viral vector with a BDNF gene insert. To accomplish this type of ex vivo gene transfer, Rejaii et al.
  • transduced guinea pig fibroblasts with an adenovirus with a BDNF gene cassette insert and determined that these cells secreted BDNF and then attached BDNF-secreting cells to the cochlear implant electrode via an agarose gel, and implanted the electrode in the scala tympani.
  • Rejaii et al. determined that the BDNF expressing electrodes were able to preserve significantl more spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turns of the cochlea after 48 days of implantation when compared to control electrodes and demonstrated the feasibility of combining cochlear implant therapy with ex vivo gene transfer for enhancing spiral ganglion neuron survival.
  • Such a system may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention for delivery to the ear.
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR-Cas system to one or both eyes.
  • the CRISPR-Cas system may be used to correct ocular defects that arise from several genetic mutations further described in Genetic Diseases of the Eye, Second Edition, edited by Elias I. Traboulsi, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • lentiviral vectors for administration to the eye, lentiviral vectors, in particular equine infectious anemia viruses ( EJAV) are particularly preferred.
  • EJAV equine infectious anemia viruses
  • minimal non-primate lentiviral vectors based on the equine infectious anemia virus are also contemplated, especially for ocular gene therapy (see, e.g., Balagaan, J Gene Med 2006; 8: 275 - 285, Published online 21 November 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jgm.845).
  • the vectors are contemplated to have cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter driving expression of the target gene.
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • Intraocular injections may be performed with the aid of an operating microscope.
  • eyes may be prolapsed by gentle digital pressure and fundi visualised using a contact lens system consisting of a drop of a coupling medium solution on the cornea covered with a glass microscope slide coverslip.
  • the tip of a I Q-mm 34-gauge needle, mounted on a 5- ⁇ 1 Hamilton syringe may be advanced under direct visualisation through the superior equatorial sclera tangential ly towards the posterior pole until the aperture of the needle was visible in the subretinal space. Then, 2 ⁇ of vector suspension may be injected to produce a superior bullous retinal detachment, thus confirming subretinal vector admin stration.
  • This approach creates a self-sealing sclerotomy allowing the vector suspension to be retained in the subretinal space until it is absorbed by the RPE, usually within 48 h of the procedure.
  • the needle tip may be advanced through the sclera 1 mm posterior to the corneoscleral limbus and 2 ⁇ of vector suspension injected into the vitreous cavity.
  • the needle tip may be advanced through a corneoscleral limbal paracentesis, directed towards the central cornea, and 2 ⁇ of vector suspension may be injected.
  • the needle tip may be advanced through a corneoscleral limbal paracentesis, directed towards the central cornea, and 2 ⁇ of vector suspension may be injected. These vectors may be injected at titres of either 1.0-1.4 x 10'° or 1.0-1.4 x 10 9 transducing units (TU)/ml.
  • RetinoStat® an equine infectious anemia virus-based lentiviral gene therapy vector that expresses angiostatic proteins endostain and angiostatin that is delivered via a subretinal injection for the treatment of the web form of age-related macular degeneration is also contemplated (see, e.g., Binley et al, HUMAN GENE THERAPY 23:980- 991 (September 2012)).
  • a vector may be modified for the C ISPR-Cas system of the present invention.
  • Each eye may be treated with either RctinoStat® at a dose of 1.1 x 10 3 transducing units per eye (TU/eye) in a total volume of 100 ⁇ .
  • an E 1 -, partial E3-, E4-deIeted adenoviral vector may be contemplated for delivery to the eye.
  • Twenty-eight patients with advanced neovaseular age- related macular degeneration (AMD) were given a single intravitreous injection of an E1 -, partial E3-, E4-deleted adenoviral vector expressing human pigment ep- itheiium-derived factor (AdPEDF.ll) (see, e.g., Campochiaro et al,, Human Gene Therapy 17: 167-176 (Februan' 2006)).
  • AdPEDF.ll human pigment ep- itheiium-derived factor
  • Adenoviral vector- mediated ocular gene transfer appears to be a viable approach for the treatment of ocular disorders and could be applied to the CRISPR Cas system.
  • the sd-rxRNA® system of RXi Pharmaceuticals may be used/and or adapted for delivering CRISPR Cas to the eye.
  • a single intravitreal administration of 3 ⁇ g of sd-rxRNA results in sequence-specific reduction of PPIB mRNA levels for 14 days.
  • the the sd-rxRNA® system may be applied to the CRISPR.
  • Cas system of the present invention contemplating a dose of about 3 to 20 mg of CRISPR administered to a human.
  • Miilington-Ward et al. (Molecular Therapy, vol. 19 no. 4, 642-649 apr. 2011) describes adeno-associated vims (AAV) vectors to deliver an RNA interference (RNAi)-based riiodopsin suppressor a d a codon-modified rhodopsin replacement gene resista t to suppression due to nucleotide alterations at degenerate positions over the RNAi target site.
  • RNAi RNA interference
  • An injection of either 6.0 x 10 6 vp or 1.8 x 10'° vp AAV were subretinaliy injected into the eyes by Millington- Ward et al.
  • the AAV vectors of Miilington-Ward et al. may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention, contemplating a dose of about 2 x 10 f 1 to about 6 x 10 L ' vp administered to a human.
  • Dalkara et al. also relates to in vivo directed evolutio to fashion an AAV vector that delivers wild-type versio s of defective genes throughout the retina after noninjurious injection into the eyes' vitreous humor.
  • Dalkara describes a a 7mer peptide display library and an AAV library constmcted by DNA shuffling of cap genes from AAVl, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9.
  • the rcAAV libraries and r.AAV vectors expressing GFP under a CAG or Rho promoter were packaged and and deoxyribomiclease-resistant genomic titers were obtained through quantitative PGR.
  • the libraries were pooled, and two rounds of evolution were performed, each consisting of initial library diversification followed by three in vivo selection steps.
  • P30 rho-GFP mice were intravitrealiy injected with 2 ml of iodixanol-purified, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-dialyzed library with a genomic titer of about 1 x 10 1" vg/ml.
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • the AAV vectors of Dalkara et al. may be applied to the CRI SPR Cas system of the present invention, contemplating a dose of about 1 x 10° to about 1 x 10 i6 vg/ml administered to a human.
  • the rhodopsin gene may be targeted for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), wherein the system of US Patent Publication No. 20120204282 assigned to Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. may be modified in accordance of the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • RP retinitis pigmentosa
  • US Patent Publication No. 20130183282 assigned to Cellectis which is directed to methods of cleaving a target sequence from the human rhodopsin gene, may also be modified to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • US Patent Publication No. 20130202678 assigned to Academia Sinica relates to methods for treating retinopathies and sight-threatening ophthalmologic disorders relating to delivering of the Puf-A gene (which is expressed in retinal ganglion and pigmented cells of eye tissues and displays a unique anti-apoptotic activity) to the sub-retinal or intravitreal space in the eye.
  • desirable targets are zgc: 193933, prdmla, spata2, texlO, rbb4, ddx3, zp2.2, Blimp- 1 and HtrA2, all of which may be targeted by the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • Wu Cell Stem Cell, 13 :659-62, 2013
  • Wu designed a guide RNA that led Cas9 to a single base pair mutation that causes cataracts in mice, where it induced DNA cleavage. Then using either the other wild-type allele or oligos given to the zygotes repair mechanisms corrected the sequence of the broken al lele and corrected the cataract-causing genetic defect in mutant mouse.
  • US Patent Publication No. 20120159653 describes use of zinc finger nucleases to genetically modify cel ls, animals and proteins associated with macular degeration (MD).
  • Macular degeneration is the primary cause of visual impairment in the elderly, but is also a hallmark symptom of childhood diseases such as Stargardt disease, Sorsby fundus, and fatal childhood neurodegenerative diseases, with an age of onset as young as infancy. Macular degeneration results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula) because of damage to the retina.
  • Currently existing animal models do not recapitulate major hallmarks of the disease as it is observed in humans.
  • the available animal models comprising mutant genes encoding proteins associated with MD also produce highly variable phenotypes, making translations to human disease and therapy development problematic.
  • US Patent Publication No. 20120159653 relates to editing of any chromosomal sequences that encode proteins associated with MD which may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • the proteins associated with MD are typically selected based on an experimental association of the protein associated with MD to an MD disorder. For example, the production rate or circulating concentration of a protein associated with D may be elevated or depressed in a population having an MD disorder relative to a population lacking the MD disorder. Differences in protein levels may be assessed using proteomic techniques including but not limited to Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mass spectrometry.
  • the proteins associated with MD may be identified by obtaining gene expression profiles of the genes encoding the proteins using genomic techniques including but not limited to DNA microarray analysis, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR).
  • proteins associated with MD include but are not limited to the following proteins: (ABCA4) ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 4 ACH 1 achromatopsia (rod monochromacy) 1 ApoE Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) C1 QTNF5 (CTRP5) Clq and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5 (C 1QTNF5) C2 Complement component 2 (C2) C3 Complement components (C3) CCL2 Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 (CCL2) CCR2 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) CD36 Cluster of Differentiation 36 CFB Complement factor B CFH Complement factor CFH H CFHR1 complement factor H-related 1 CFHR3 complement factor H -related 3 C GB3 cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3 CP cemioplasmin (CP) CRP C reactive protein (CRP) CST3 cystatin C or
  • PRPH2 Peripheri.n-2 RPGR retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator SERPINOl serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G, member 1 (CI- inhibitor) TCOF1 Treacle TIMP3 Metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 (TTMP3) TLR3 Toil-like receptor 3
  • the proteins associated with MD whose chromosomal sequence is edited can and will vary.
  • the proteins associated with MD whose chromosomal sequence is edited may be the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1) member 4 protein (ABCA4) encoded by the ABCR gene, the apolipoprotein E protein (APOE) encoded by the APOE gene, the chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 protei (CCL2) encoded by the CCL2 gene, the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 protein (CCR2) encoded by the CCR2 gene, the cemioplasmin protein (CP) encoded by the CP gene, the cathepsin D protein (CTSD) encoded by the CTSD gene, or the metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 protein (TIMP3) encoded by the T MP3 gene.
  • ABSC1 sub-family A
  • APOE apolipoprotein E protein
  • CCR2 chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 protei
  • the genetically modified animal is a rat
  • the edited chromosomal sequence encoding the protein associated with MD may be: (ABCA4) ATP- binding cassette, NM_000350 sub-family A (ABCl ), member 4 APOE abaipoprotein E NM 138828 (APOE) CCL2 Chemokine (C-C NM 031530 motif) Ligand 2 (CCL2) CCR2 Chemokine (C-C NM_021 S66 motif ⁇ receptor 2 (CCR2) CP ceruiopiasmin (CP) NMJ312532 CTSD Cathepsin D (CTSD) NM 134334 TIMP3 Metalloprotemase NM 012886 inhibitor 3 (TIMP3)
  • the animal or cell may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more disrupted chromosomal sequences encoding a protein associated with MD and zero, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or more chromosomally integrated sequences encoding the disrupted protein associated with MD
  • the edited or integrated chromosomal sequence may be modified to encode an altered protein associated with MD.
  • Several mutations in MD-related chromosomal sequences have been associated with MD.
  • Non-limiting examples of mutations in chromosomal sequences associated with MD include those that may cause MD i cluding in the ABCR protein, E471 (i.e. glutamate at position 471 is changed to lysine), Rl 129L (i.e. arginine at position 1129 is changed to leucine), T1428M (i.e. threonine at position 1428 is changed to methionine), R1517S (i.e. arginine at position 1517 is changed to serine), I1562T (i.e.
  • isoleucine at position 1562 is changed to threonine
  • G1578R i.e. glycine at position 1578 is changed to arginine
  • V64I i.e. valine at position 192 is changed to isoleucine
  • G969B i.e. glycine at position 969 is changed to asparagine or aspartate
  • S156C i.e. serine at position 156 is changed to cysteine
  • G166C i.e. glycine at position 166 is changed to cysteine
  • G167C i.e. glycine at position 167 is changed to cysteine
  • Y168C i.e.
  • tyrosine at position 168 is cha ged to cysteine
  • S170C i.e. serine at position 170 is changed to cysteine
  • YT72C i.e. tyrosine at position 172 is changed to cysteine
  • S1 81C i.e. serine at position 181 is changed to cysteine
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR-Cas system to the heart.
  • a myocardium tropic adena-assoeiated vims (AAVM) is preferred, in particular AAVM41 which showed preferential gene transfer in the heart (see, e.g., Lin-Yanga et ai., PNAS, March 10, 2009, vol. 106, no. 10).
  • Administration may be systemic or local.
  • a dosage of about 1-10 x 10 ' ' vector genomes are contemplated for systemic administration. See also, e.g., Eulalio et al. (2012) Nature 492: 376 and Somasuntharam et al.
  • Cardiovascular diseases generally include high blood pressure, heart attacks, heart failure, and stroke and TLA.
  • Any chromosomal sequence involved in cardiovascular disease or the protein encoded by any chromosomal sequence involved in cardiovascular disease may be utilized in the methods described in this disclosure.
  • the cardiovascular-re Sated proteins are typically selected based on an experimental association of the cardiovascular-related protein to the development of cardiovascular disease. For example, the production rate or circulating concentration of a cardiovascular-related protein may be elevated or depressed in a population having a cardiovascular disorder relative to a population lacking the cardiovascular disorder.
  • Differences in protein levels may be assessed using proteomic techniques including but not limited to Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mass spectrometry.
  • the cardiovascular-related proteins may be identified by obtaining gene expression profiles of the genes encoding the proteins using genomic techniques including but not limited to DNA microarray analysis, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR).
  • the chromosomal sequence may comprise, but is not limited to, IL1B (interieukin 1, beta), XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase), TP53 (tumor protein p53), PTG1S (prostaglandin 12 (prostacyclin) synthase), MB (myoglobin), IL4 (interieukin 4), ANGPT1 (angiopoietin 1 ), ABCG8 (ATP-bindmg cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 8), CTSK (cathepsiii K), PTGIR (prostaglandin 12 (prostacyclin) receptor (IP)), CNJ11 (potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 1 1), INS (insulin), CRP (C -reactive protein, pentraxm-related), PDGFRB (platelet-derived growth factor receptor, beta polypeptide), CCNA2 (cyclin A2), PDGFB (IL1B (interieukin 1,
  • ACE angiotensin I converting enzyme peptidyl-dipeptidase A) I
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • IL6 interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)
  • STN statin
  • SERPINEl seroton peptidase inhibitor
  • clade E nonin, plasminogen activator mhibitor type 1
  • ALB albumin
  • ADIPOQ adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing
  • APOB apolipoprotein B (including Ag(x) antigen)
  • APOE apo lipoprotein E
  • LEP laeptin
  • MTHFR 5,10-methy!enetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH)
  • APOAl apolipoprotein A-I
  • EDN1 endothelin 1
  • NPPB natriuretic peptide precursor B
  • NOS3 nitric oxide
  • IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C)
  • SELE selectivein E
  • REN renin
  • PPARA peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
  • PON1 paraoxoiiase 1
  • KNG1 kininogen 1
  • CCL2 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
  • LPL lipoprotein lipase
  • VWF von Willebrand factor
  • F2 coagulation factor II (thrombin)
  • ICAM1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1
  • TGFB1 transforming growth factor, beta 1
  • NPPA natriuretic peptide precursor A
  • ILIO interleukin 10
  • EPO erythropoietin
  • SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1, soluble
  • VCAM 1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
  • IFNG interferon, gamma
  • LPA lipoprotein, Lp(a)
  • MPO mye
  • ABCA l ATP -binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC!), member 1), AGT (angiotensinogen (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 8)), LDLR (low density lipoprotein receptor), GPT (glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase)), VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A), R3C2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2), IL1 8 (inter!eukirs 18 (interferon-gamma-inducing factor)), NOS1 (nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal)), NR3C1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (glucocorticoid receptor)), FGB (fibrinogen beta chain), GF (hepatocyte growth factor (hepapoietin A; scatter factor)), ILIA (interleukin 1, alpha), RETN (resistin
  • TTR transthyretin
  • FABP4 fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte
  • PON3 paraoxonase 3
  • APOC1 apolipoprotein C-I
  • INSR insulin receptor
  • TNFRSF1B tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member IB
  • HTR2A 5-hydroxyrxyptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A
  • CSF3 colony stimulating factor 3 (granulocyte)
  • CYP2C9 cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily C, polypeptide 9
  • TXN thiorcdo in
  • CYP11 B2 cytochrome P450, family 1 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 2
  • PTH parathyroid hormone
  • CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
  • KDR kinase insert domain receptor (a type If f receptor tyrosine kinase)
  • PLA2G2A phospholipase A
  • Notch homoiog 1 transiocation-associated (Drosophila)
  • UGTIA I UDP giucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide Al
  • IFNAl interferon, alpha 1
  • PPARD peroxisome pro iiferator-activated receptor delta
  • SIRTl sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homoiog) 1 (S.
  • GNRH1 gonadotrop in-releasing hormone 1 (luteinizing-reieasing hormone)
  • PAPPA pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1
  • ARR3 arrestin 3, retinal (X-arrestin)
  • NPPC natriuretic peptide precursor C
  • AHSP alpha hemoglobin stabilizing protein
  • PTK2 PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2
  • IL13 interleukin 13
  • MTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
  • ITGB2 integratedin, beta 2 (complement component 3 receptor 3 and 4 subunit)
  • GSTTl glutthione S-transferase theta 1
  • IL6ST interleukin 6 signal transducer (gpl30, oncostatin M receptor)
  • CPB2 eyeboxypeptidase B2 (plasma)
  • CYP1A2 cytochromethreonine
  • COLIAI collagen, type I, alpha 1
  • COL1A2 collagen, type I, alpha 2
  • IL2RB interleukin 2 receptor, beta
  • PLA2G10 phospholipase A2, group X
  • ANGPT2 angiopoietin 2
  • PROCR protein C receptor, endothelial (EPCR)
  • NOX4 NADPH oxidase 4
  • HAMP hepcidin antimicrobial peptide
  • PTP 11 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 1
  • SLC2A1 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1)
  • IL2RA interleuki 2 receptor, alpha
  • CCL5 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5
  • IRF1 interferon regulatory factor 1
  • CFLAR CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator
  • CALCA caicitonin-reiated polypeptide alpha
  • EIF ex
  • CAMP cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide
  • ZC3H 12A zinc finger CCCH-type containing 12 A
  • a R1B3 a do-keto reductase family 1 , member Bl (aldose reductase)
  • DBS desmin
  • MMP7 matrix metal lopeptidasc 7 (matrilysin, uterine) ⁇
  • AFJR aryl hydrocarbon receptor
  • CSF3 colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage)
  • HDAC9 histone deacetylase 9
  • CTGF connective tissue growth factor
  • KCNMA1 potassium large conductance calcium- activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1)
  • UGT1A UDP glucuronosyltransferase I family, polypeptide A complex locus
  • PRKCA protein kinase C, alpha
  • COMT catechol- .beta.-methyltransferase
  • coagulation factor XI coagulation factor XI
  • ATP7A AT ase, Cu++ transporting, alpha polypeptide
  • CR1 complement component (3b/4b) receptor 1 (Kiiops blood group)
  • GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein
  • ROCK1 Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1
  • MECP2 methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Rett syndrome)
  • MYLK myosin light chain kinase
  • BCHE butyrylcholinesterase
  • LIPE lipase, hormone-sensitive
  • PRDX5 peroxiredoxin 5
  • ADORA1 adenosine Al receptor
  • WRN Werner syndrome, RecQ helicase- iike
  • CXCR3 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3
  • CD81 CD81 molecule
  • SMAD7 SMAD family member 7
  • LAMC2 laminin, gamma 2
  • the chromosomal sequences and proteins encoded by chromosomal sequences involved in cardiovascular disease may be chosen from CacnalC, Sodl, Pten, Ppar(alpha), Apo E, Leptin, and combinations thereof.
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR-Cas system to the kidney.
  • Delivery strategies to induce cellular uptake of the therapeutic nucleic acid include physical force or vector systems such as viral-, lipid- or complex- based delivery, or nanocarriers. From the initial applications with less possible clinical relevance, when nucleic acids were addressed to renal ceils with hydrodynamic high pressure injection systemicaily, a wide range of gene therapeutic " viral, and non-viral carriers have been applied already to target posttraiiscriptional events in different animal kidney disease models in vivo (Csaba Revesz and Peter Hamar (201 1). Delivery Methods to Target RNAs in the Kidney, Gene Therapy Applications, Prof. Chtinsheng Kang (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-541 -9, InTech, Available from: p:// .nHecbope ⁇
  • DOTAP/DOPE 231 breast Mikhaylova el al., DOTAP/DO Breast adenocancer Cell viability, dancer Gene Therapy
  • nanofiber 144 No. 2, pp.
  • Yuan et al. (Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295: F605--F617, 2008) investigated whether in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the 12/ 15 -lipoxygenase (12/15- LO) pathway of arachidonate acid metabolism can ameliorate renal injury and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in a streptozotocininjecied mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
  • siRNAs small interfering RNAs
  • DN diabetic nephropathy
  • Yuan et al. used double-stranded 12/15-LO siRNA oligonucleotides conjugated with cholesterol. About 400 ⁇ g of siRNA was injected subcutaneouslv into mice.
  • the method of Yuang et. al. may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention contemplating a 1-2 g subcutaneous injection of CRISPR Cas conjugated with cholesterol to a human for delivery to the kidneys.
  • Molitoris et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 1754-1764, 2009
  • the 12 and 20 mg kg cumulative doses provided the best protective effect.
  • the method of Molitoris et al. may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention contemplating 12 a d 20 mg kg cumulative doses to a human for deliver ⁇ ' to the kidneys.
  • RNA interference pathway to temporarily inhibit expression of the pro-apoptotic protein p53 and is being developed to protect cells from acute ischemia/reperfusion injuries such as acute kid ey injury that can occur during major cardiac surgery and delayed graft function that can occur fol lowing renal transplantation.
  • siRNA'naiio carrier complexes After intraperitoneal injection of fluorescence-labeled siRNA'naiio carrier complexes, Shimizu et al. detected siRNAs in the blood circulation for a prolonged time.
  • a mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPKl) siRNA/nanocarrier complex suppressed glomerular MAPKl mRNA and protein expression in a mouse model of glomerulonephritis.
  • MAPKl mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
  • Cy5 -labeled siRNAs complexed with PIC nanocarriers 0.5 ml, 5 nmol of siRNA content
  • naked Cy5-labeled siRNAs 0.5 ml, 5 nmol
  • Cy5-labeled siRN As encapsulated in HVJ-E 0.5 ml, 5 nmol of siRN A content
  • the method of Shimizu et al. may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention contemplating a dose of about of 10-20 ⁇ /mo! CRISPR Cas complexed with nanocarriers in about 1-2 liters to a human for intraperitoneal administration and delivery to the kidneys.
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR -Cas system to oneor both lungs.
  • AAV-2-based vectors were originally proposed for CFTR delivery to CF airways, other serotypes such as AAV-1 , AAV -5, AAV-6, and AAV-9 exhibit improved gene transfer efficiency in a variety of models of the lung epithelium (see, e.g., Li et al., Molecular Therapy, vol. 17 no. 12, 2067-2077 Dec 2009).
  • AAV-1 was demonstrated to be -100-fold more efficient than AAV -2 and AAV-5 at transducing human airway epithelial cells in vitro, 5 although AAV- 3 transduced murine tracheal airway epithelia in vivo with an efficiency equal to that of AAV-5.
  • AAV-5 is 50-fold more efficient than AAV-2 at gene delivery to human airway epithelium (HAE) in vitro and significantly more efficient in the mouse lung airway epithelium in vivo.
  • AAV-6 has also been shown to be more efficient than AAV-2 in human airway epithelial cells in vitro and murine airways in vivo.8
  • AAV-9 was shown to display greater gene transfer efficiency than AAV-5 in murine nasal and alveolar epithelia in vivo with gene expression detected for over 9 months suggesting AAV may enable long-term gene expression in vivo, a desirable property for a CFTR gene delivery vector.
  • CF and non- CF HAE cultures may be inoculated on the apical surface with 100 ⁇ of AAV vectors for hours (see, e.g., Li et al., Molecular Therapy, vol. 17 no. 12, 2067-2077 Dec 2009).
  • the MOI may vary from 1 x 10 3 to 4 x 10 5 vector genomes/cell, depending on virus concentration and purposes of the experiments.
  • the above cited vectors are contemplated for the deliver ⁇ ' and/or admin stration of the invention .
  • Zamora et ai (Am J Respir Grit Care Med Vol 183. pp 531-538, 201 1) reported an example of the application of an RNA interference therapeutic to the treatment of human infectious disease and also a randomized trial of an antiviral drug in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected lung transplant recipients.
  • RSV respiratory syncytial virus
  • Zamora et al performed a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial in LTX recipients with RSV respiratory tract infection. Patients were permitted to receive standard of care for RSV. Aerosolized ALN-RS V01 (0.6 mg kg) or placebo was administered daily for 3 days. This study demonstrates that an RNAi therapeutic targeting RSV can be safely administered to LTX recipients with RSV infection.
  • ALN-RSVG 1 Three daily doses of ALN-RSVG 1 did not result in any exacerbation of respiratory tract symptoms or impairment of lung function and did not exhibit any systemic proinflammatory effects, such as induction of cytokines or GRP. Pharmacokinetics showed only low, transient systemic exposure after inhalation, consistent with preclinical animal data showing that ALN-RSV01, administered intravenous])' or by inhalation, is rapidly cleared from the circulation through exonucleasemediated digestion a d renal excretion.
  • the method of Zamora et al. may be applied to the CR ISPR Cas system of the present invention and an aerosolized CRISPR Cas, for example with a dosage of 0.6 mg/kg, may be contemplated for the present invention.
  • Example 22 demonstrates gene transfer or gene delivery of a CRISPR-Cas system in airways of subject or a patient in need thereof, suffering from cystic fibrosis or from cystic fibrosis (CF) related symptoms, using adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles.
  • AAV adeno-associated virus
  • CF cystic fibrosis
  • suitable patients may include: Human, non-primate human, canine, feline, bovine, equine and other domestic animals.
  • Applica ts utilized a CRISPR-Cas system comprising a Cas9 enzyme to target deltaF508 or other CFTR- inducing mutations.
  • aerosolized AAV vector system per lung endobronchial ⁇ delivered while spontaneously breathing.
  • aerosolized delivery is preferred for AAV delivery in general.
  • An adenovirus or an AAV particle may be used for delivery.
  • Suitable gene constructs, each operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences, may be cloned into the delivery vector.
  • Cbh or EFla promoter for Cas9, U6 or HI promoter for chimeric guide RNA A preferred arrangement is to use a CFTRdelta508 targeting chimeric guide, a repair template for deltaF508 mutation and a codon optimized Cas9 enzyme (preferred Cas9s are those with nuclease or nickase activity) with optionally one or more nuclear localization signal or sequence(s) (NLS(s)), e.g., two (2) NLSs. Constructs without NLS are also envisaged.
  • the PAM may contain a GG or a NNAGAAW motif.
  • the present method comprises manipulation of a target sequence in a genomic locus of interest comprising
  • composition comprising a viral vector system comprising one or more viral vectors operably encoding a composition for expression thereof, wherein the composition comprises:
  • composition comprising a vector system comprising one or more vectors comprising
  • a first regulator ⁇ ' element operably linked to a CRISPR-Cas system chimeric RNA (chiRNA) polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence comprises
  • a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme comprising at least one or more nuclear localization sequences, wherein (a), (b) and (c) are arranged in a 5' to 3' orientation,
  • components I and II are located on the same or different vectors of the system, wherein when tra scribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, and wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence.
  • preferred target DNA sequences comprise the CFTRdelta508 mutation.
  • a preferred PAM is described above.
  • a preferred CRISPR enzyme is any Cas (described herein, but particularly that described in Example 22).
  • Alternatives to CF include any genetic disorder and examples of these are well kno wn.
  • Another preferred method or use of the in vention is for correcting defects in the E P2A and EMP2B genes that have been identified to be associated with Lafora disease.
  • a "guide sequence” may be distinct from “guide RNA”.
  • a guide sequence may refer to an approx. 20bp sequence, within the guide RNA, that specifies the target site.
  • the Cas9 is (or is derived from) SpCas9.
  • preferred mutations are at any or all or positions 10, 762, 840, 854, 863 and/or 986 of SpCas9 or corresponding positions in other Cas9s (which may be ascertained for instance by standard sequence comparison tools.
  • any or ail of the following mutations are preferred in SpCas9: D10A, E762A, H840A, N854A, N863A and/or D986A; as well as conservative substitution for any of the replacement amino acids is also envisaged.
  • the same (or conservative substitutions of these mutations) at corresponding positions in other Cas9s are also preferred.
  • residues corresponding to SpCas9 D10 and H840 are also preferred. These are advantageous as they provide nickase activity.
  • Such mutations may be applied to all aspects of the present invention, not only treat ment of CF.
  • Schwank et al. (Ceil Stem Cell, 13:653-58, 2013) used CRISPR/Cas9 to correct a defect associated with cystic fibrosis in human stem ceils.
  • the team's target was the gene for an ion channel, cystic " fibrosis transmembrane conductor receptor (CFTR).
  • CFTR fibrosis transmembrane conductor receptor
  • a deletion in CFTR causes the protein to misfold in cystic fibrosis patients.
  • CFTR fibrosis transmembrane conductor receptor
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR-Cas system to muscle(s).
  • Bortolanza et al found that a single intravenous injection of 5 x 10 " vg of rAAV6-shlFRGl rescues muscle histopathology and muscle function of FRG1 mice, hi detail, 200 ⁇ containing 2 x 10 1 " or 5 x 10 f vg of vector in physiological solution were injected into the tail vein using a 25 -gauge Terumo syringe.
  • the method of Bortolanza et al. may be applied to an AAV expressing CRJSPR Cas and injected into humans at a dosage of about 2 ⁇ lO 13 or 2 x 10 i 6 vg of vector.
  • Dumonceaux et al. inhibit the myostatin pathway using the technique of RNA interference directed against the myostatin receptor AcvRIIb mRNA (sh-AcvRIIb).
  • the restoration of a quasi-dystrophin was mediated by the vectorized U7 exon-skippirsg technique (U7-DYS).
  • Adeno-associated vectors carrying either the sh-Acvrllb construct alone, the U7-DYS construct alone, or a combination of both constructs were injected in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of dystrophic mdx mice. The injections were performed with 10 n AAV viral genomes.
  • the method of Dumonceaux et al. may be applied to an AAV expressing CRJSPR Cas and injected into humans, for example, at a dosage of about 10 l" to about 10 f 5 vg of vector.
  • inouchi et al. reports the effectiveness of in vivo siRNA deliver)? into skeletal muscles of normal or diseased mice through nanoparticfe formation of chemically unmodified siRNAs with atelocoUagen (ATCOL), ATCOL-mediated local application of siRNA targeting myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, in mouse skeletal muscles or intravenously, caused a marked increase in the muscle mass within a few weeks after application.
  • ATCOL-mediated application of siRNAs is a powerful tool for future therapeutic use for diseases including muscular atrophy.
  • Mst- siRNAs (final concentration, 10 niM) were mixed with ATCOL (final concentration for local administration, 0.5%) (AteioGene, Kohken, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After anesthesia of mice (20-week-old male C57BL/6) by Nembutal (25 mg/kg, i.p.), the Mst-siRNA/ATCOL complex was injected into the masseter and biceps femoris muscles.
  • the method of Kinouchi et ai. may be applied to CRISPR Cas and injected into a human, for example, at a dosage of about 500 to 1000 ml of a 40 ⁇ solution into the muscle.
  • Hagstrom et al. (Molecular Therapy Vol. 10, No. 2, August 2004) describe an intravascular, nonviral methodology that enables efficient and repeatabie delivery of nucleic acids to muscle cells (myofibers) throughout the limb muscles of mammals.
  • the procedure involves the injection of naked plasmid DNA or siRNA into a distal vein of a limb that is transiently isolated by a tourniquet or blood pressure cuff.
  • Nucleic acid deliver ⁇ .' to myofibers is facilitated by its rapid injection in sufficient volume to enable extravasation of the nucleic acid solution into muscle tissue.
  • High levels of transgene expression in skeletal muscle were achieved in both small and large animals with minimal toxicity.
  • Evidence of siRNA delivery to limb muscle was also obtained.
  • plasmid DNA intravenous injection into a rhesus monkey a threeway stopcock was connected to two syringe pumps (Model PHD 2000; Harvard Instruments), each loaded with a single swinge.
  • pDNA (15.5 to 25.7 mg in 40 -100 ml saline) was injected at a rate of 1.7 or 2.0 mi/s.
  • This could be scaled up for plasmid DNA expressing CRISPR Cas of the present invention with an injection of about 300 to 500 mg in 800 to 2000 ml saline for a human.
  • adenoviral vector injections into a rat 2 x 10 9 infectious particles were injected in 3 ml of normal saline solution (NSS).
  • siRNA a rat was injected into the great saphenous vein with 12.5 ⁇ of a siRNA and a primate was injected injected into the great saphenous vein with 750 ug of a siRNA.
  • the present invention also contemplates delivering the CRISPR-Cas system to the skin.
  • Hickerso et al. Molecular Therapy— Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, el 29
  • sd self-delivery
  • the primary challenge to translating siRNA-based skin therapeutics to the clinic is the development of effective delivery systems. Substantial effort has been invested in a variety of skin delivery technologies with limited success.
  • Microneedles represent an efficient way to deliver large charged cargos including siRNAs across the primary barrier, the stratum corneum, and are generally regarded as less painful than conventional hypodermic needles.
  • MMNA motorized microneedle array
  • Hickerson et al. Motorized "stamp type" microneedle devices, including the motorized microneedle array (MMNA) device used by Hickerson et al., have been shown to be safe in hairless mice studies and cause little or no pain as evidenced by (i) widespread use in the cosmetic industry and (ii) limited testing in which nearly all volunteers found use of the device to be much less painful than a flushot, suggesting siRNA delivery using this device will result in .much less pain than was experienced in the previous clinical trial using hypodermic needle injections.
  • the MMNA device (marketed as Triple-M or Tri-M by Bomtech Electronic Co, Seoul, South Korea) was adapted for delivery of siRNA to mouse and human skin. sd-siRNA solution (up to 300 ⁇ !
  • RNA 0.1 mg ml RNA
  • Tri-M needle cartridge Bomtech
  • deidentified skin obtained immediately following surgical procedures
  • Al l intradermal injections were performed using an insulin syringe with a 28-gauge 0.5-inch needle.
  • the MMNA device and method of Hickerson et al. could be used and/or adapted to deliver the CRISPR Cas of the present invention, for example, a a dosage of up to 300 ⁇ of 0.1 mg/ml CRISPR Cas to the skin.
  • Leachman et al. (Molecular Therapy, vol. 18 no. 2, 442-446 Feb. 2010) relates to a phase lb clinical trial for treatment of a rare skin disorder pachyonychia congenita (PC), an autosomal dominant syndrome that includes a disabling plantar keratoderma, utilizing the first short-interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutic for skin.
  • This siRNA called TD101 , specifically and potently targets the keratin 6a (K6a) N171K mutant mRNA without affecting wild-type K6a mRNA.
  • the dose-escalation schedule is presented below: Week EH5iii fs3 ⁇ 4 Days VoSsiros TD!isi iifstf..3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 TD18 (sag)
  • Zheng et al. show that spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates (SNA-NCs), gold cores surrounded by a dense shell of highly oriented, covalently immobilized siRNA, freely penetrate almost 100% of keratinocytes in vitro, mouse skin, and human epidermis within hours after application.
  • SNA-NCs spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle conjugates
  • Zheng et al. demonstrated that a single application of 25 nM epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) SNA-NCs for 60 h demonstrate effective gene knockdown in human skin.
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • a similar dosage may be contemplated for CRISPR Cas immobilized in SNA-NCs for administration to the skin.
  • the present invention may also be applied to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV).
  • HBV hepatitis B virus
  • the CRISPR Cas system must be adapted to avoid the shortcomings of NAi, such as the risk of oversaving endogenous small RNA pathways, by for example, optimizing dose and sequence (see, e.g., Grimm et al., Nature vol. 441, 26 May 2006).
  • low doses such as about 1 -10 x 10 14 particles per humane are contemplated.
  • the CRISPR Cas system directed against HBV may be administered in liposomes, such as a stable nucleic-acid-lipid particle (SNALP) (see, e.g., Morrissey et al.. Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 23, No. 8, August 2005).
  • SNALP stable nucleic-acid-lipid particle
  • Daily intravenous injections of about 1 , 3 or 5 rag/kg/day of CRISPR Cas targeted to HBV RNA in a SNALP are contemplated.
  • the daily treatment may be over about three days and then weekly for about five weeks.
  • the system of Chen et al. may be used/and or adapted for the CR ISPR.
  • Chen et al. use a double-stranded adenoassociated virus 8-pseudotyped vector (dsAAV2/8) to deliver shRNA.
  • dsAAV2/8 double-stranded adenoassociated virus 8-pseudotyped vector
  • a CRISPR Cas system directed to HBV may be cloned into an AAA' " vector, such as a dsAAV2/8 vector and administered to a human, for example, at a dosage of about I x 10 1 s vector genomes to about 1 x 10 i6 vector genomes per human.
  • Wooddeil et al. (Molecular Therapy vol. 21 no. 5, 973-985 May 2013) may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR Cas system of the present invention.
  • Woodell et al. show r that simple coinjection of a hepatocyte-targeted, N- acetylgaiactosamine-conj ugated melittin-like peptide (NAG-MLP) with a liver-tropic cholesterol-conjugated siRNA (choi-siR A) targeting coagulation factor VII (F7) results in efficient F7 knockdown i mice and nonhuman primates without changes in clinical chemistry or induction of cytokines.
  • NAG-MLP N- acetylgaiactosamine-conj ugated melittin-like peptide
  • choi-siR A liver-tropic cholesterol-conjugated siRNA
  • F7 coagulation factor VII
  • the present invention may also be applied to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV).
  • HCV hepatitis C virus
  • the methods of Roelvinki et al. may be applied to the CRISPR Cas system.
  • an AAV vector such as AAV8 may be a contemplated vector and for example a dosage of about 1.25 x 10 n to 1.25 lG fJ vector genomes per kilogram body weight (vg/kg) may be contemplated.
  • RNA interference offers therapeutic potential for this disorder by reducing the expression of HTT, the disease-causing gene of Huntington's disease (see, e.g., McBride et al., Molecular Therapy vol. 19 no. 12 Dec. 201 1, pp. 2152-2162), therefore Applicant postulates that it may be used/and or adapted to the CRISPR-Cas system.
  • the CRISPR-Cas system may be generated using an algorithm to reduce the off-targeting potential of antisense sequences.
  • the CRISPR-Cas sequences may target either a sequence in exon 52 of mouse, rhesus or human huntingtin and expressed in a viral vector, such as AAV.
  • Animals, including humans, may be injected with about three microinjections per hemisphere (six injections total): the first 1 mm rostral to the anterior commissure (12 ⁇ ) and the two remaining injections (12 ⁇ and 10 ⁇ , respectively) spaced 3 and 6 mm caudal to the first injection with le!2 vg ml of AAV at a rate of about 1 ⁇ /minute, and the needle was left in place for an additional 5 minutes to allow the injectate to diffuse from the needle tip.
  • DiFiglia et al. (PNAS, October 23, 2007, vol. 104, no. 43, 17204-17209) observed that single administration into the adult striatum of an siRNA targeting Hit can silence nun an! Htt, attenuate neuronal pathology, and delay the abnormal behavioral phenotype observed in a rapid-onset, viral transgenic mouse model of HD.
  • DiFiglia injected mice intrastriatally with 2 ⁇ of Cy3-labeled cc-siRNA-Htt or unconjugated siRNA-Htt at 10 ⁇ .
  • CRISPR Cas targeted to Htt may be contemplated for humans in the present invention, for example, about 5-10 ml of 10 ⁇ CRISPR Cas targeted to Htt may be injected intrastriatally.
  • Boudreau et al. (Molecular Therapy vol, 17 no. 6 June 2009) injects 5 ⁇ of recombinant AAV serotype 2/ 1 vectors expressing htt-specific R Ai virus (at 4 x ⁇ 1" viral genomes/ml) into the straiatum.
  • CRISPR Cas targeted to Htt may be contemplated for humans in the present invention, for example, about 10-20 ml of 4 x 10 f viral genomes/ml) CRISPR Cas targeted to Htt may be injected intrastriatally.
  • a CRISPR Cas targetd to HTT may be administered continuously (see, e.g., Yu et al., Cell 150, 895-908, August 31, 2012). Yu et al. utilizes osmotic pumps delivering 0.25 ml hr (Model 2004) to deliver 300 mg/day of ss-siRNA or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Sigma Aldrich) for 28 days, and pumps designed to deliver 0.5 ⁇ /hr (Model 2002) were used to deliver 75 rng/day of the positive control MOE ASQ for 14 days.
  • CRISPR Cas targeted to Htt were filled with ss-siRNA or MOE diluted in sterile PBS and then incubated at 37 C for 24 or 48 (Model 2004) hours prior to implantatio .
  • Mice were a esthetized with 2.5% isofluorane, and a midline incision was made at the base of the skull.
  • a cannula was implanted into the right lateral ventricle and secured with Loctite adhesive, A catheter attached to an Alzet osmotic mini, pump was attached to the cannula, and the pump was placed subcutaneously in the midscapular area. The incision was closed with 5.0 nylon sutures.
  • a similar dosage of CRISPR Cas targeted to Htt may be contemplated for humans in the present invention, for example, about 500 to 1000 g/day CRISPR Cas targeted to Htt may be administered.
  • the invention uses nucleic acids to bind target DNA sequences. This is advantageous as nucleic acids are much easier and cheaper to produce than proteins, and the specificity can be varied according to the length of the stretch where homology is sought. Complex 3-D positioning of multiple fingers, for example is not required.
  • polynucleotide refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonueleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof.
  • Polynucleotides may have any three dimensional structure, and may perform any function, known or unknown.
  • polynucleotides coding or non-coding regions of a gene or gene fragment, loc (locus) defined from linkage analysis, exons, nitrons, messenger RNA (niRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), short-hairpin RNA (sh A), micro-RNA (miRNA), ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers.
  • loc loc defined from linkage analysis, exons, nitrons, messenger RNA (niRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), short-hairpin RNA (sh A), micro-RNA (miRNA), ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched
  • a polynucleotide may comprise one or more modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer.
  • the sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non-nucleotide components.
  • a polynucleotide may be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component,
  • wild type is a term of the art understood by skilled persons and means the typical form of an organism, strain, gene or characteristic as it occurs in nature as distinguished from mutant or variant forms.
  • variable should be taken to mean the exhibition of qualities that have a pattern that deviates from what occurs in nature.
  • nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides mean that the nucleic acid molecule or the polypeptide is at least substantially free from at least one other component with which they are naturally associated in nature and as found in nature.
  • Complementarity refers to the ability of a nucleic acid to form hydrogen bond(s) with another nucleic acid sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick base pairing or other non- traditional types.
  • a percent complementarity indicates the percentage of residues in a nucleic acid molecule which can form hydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10 being 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% complementary).
  • Perfectly complementary'' means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence will hydrogen bond with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence.
  • Substantially complementary refers to a degree of complementarity that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%, over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more nucleotides, or refers to two nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent conditions.
  • stringent conditions for hybridization refer to conditions under which a nucleic acid having complementarity to a target sequence predominantly hybridizes with the target sequence, and substantially does not hybridize to non-target sequences. Stringent conditions are generally sequence-dependent, and vary depending on a number of factors. In general, the longer the sequence, the higher the temperature at which the sequence specifically hybridizes to its target sequence. Non-limiting examples of stringent conditions are described in detail in Tijssen (1993), Laboratory Techniques In Biochemistry And Molecular Biology- Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes Part I, Second Chapter “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assay", Elsevier, N.Y.
  • complementary or partially complementary sequences are also envisaged. These are preferably capable of hybridising to the reference sequence under highly stringent conditions.
  • relatively low-stringency hybridization conditions are selected: about 20 to 25° C lower than the thermal melting point (T m ).
  • T m is the temperature at which 50% of specific target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly complementary probe in solution at a defined ionic strength and pH.
  • highly stringent washing conditions are selected to be about 5 to 15° C lower than the T m .
  • moderately-stringent washing conditions are selected to be about 15 to 30° C lower than the T m .
  • Highly permissive (very low stringency) washing co ditions may be as low as 50° C below the T m , allowing a high level of mis-matching between hybridized sequences.
  • Preferred highly stringent conditions comprise incubation in 50% formamide, 5 - SSC, and 1% SDS at 42° C, or incubation in 5xSSC and 1% SDS at 65° C, with wash in 0.2xSSC and 0.1% SDS at 65° C.
  • Hybridization refers to a reaction in which one or more polynucleotides react to form a complex that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues.
  • the hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson Crick base pairing, Hoogstehi binding, or in any other sequence specific manner.
  • the comple may comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more strands forming a multi stranded complex, a single self- hybridizing strand, or any combination of these.
  • a hybridization reaction may constitute a step in a more extensive process, such as the initiation of PGR, or the cleavage of a polynucleotide by an enzyme.
  • a sequence capable of hybridizing with a given sequence is referred to as the "complement" of the given sequence.
  • genomic locus or “locus” (plural loci) is the specific location of a gene or D A sequence on a chromosome.
  • a “gene” refers to stretches of DNA or RNA that encode a polypeptide or an RNA chain that has functional role to play in an organism and hence is the molecular unit of heredity in living organisms.
  • genes include regions which regulate the production of the gene product, whether or not such regulatory sequences are adjacent to coding and/or transcribed sequences.
  • a gene includes, but is not necessarily limited to, promoter sequences, terminators, translational regulatory sequences such as ribosome binding sites and internal ribosome entry sites, enhancers, silencers, insulators, boundary elements, replication origins, matrix attachment sites and locus control regions.
  • expression of a genomic locus or “gene expression” is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
  • the products of gene expression are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as rRNA genes or tRNA genes, the product is functional RNA.
  • the process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and viruses to generate functional products to survive.
  • expression of a gene or nucleic acid encompasses not only cellular gene expression, but also the transcription and translation of nucleic acid(s) in cloning systems and in any other context.
  • expression also refers to the process by which a polynucleotide is transcribed from a DNA template (such as into and mRNA or other RNA transcript) and/or the process by which a transcribed mRNA is subsequently translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.
  • Transcripts and encoded polypeptides may be collectively referred to as "gene product.” If the polynucleotide is derived from genomic DN A, expression may include splicing of the mRNA. in a eukaryotie cell.
  • polypeptide refers to polymers of amino acids of any length.
  • the polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non amino acids.
  • the terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation, such as conjugation with a labeling component.
  • amino acid includes natural and/or unnatural or synthetic amino acids, including glycine and both the D or L optical isomers, and amino acid analogs and peptidomimetics.
  • domain refers to a part of a protein sequence that may exist and function independently of the rest of the protein chain.
  • sequence identity is related to sequence homology. Homology comparisons may be conducted by eye, or more usually, with the aid of readily available sequence comparison programs. These commercially available computer programs may calculate percent (%) homology between two or more sequences and may also calculate the sequence identity shared by two or more amino acid or nucleic acid sequences.
  • the capping region of the dTALEs described herein have sequences that are at least 95% identical or share identity to the capping region amino acid sequences provided herein.
  • Sequence homologies may be generated by any of a number of computer programs known in the art, for example BLAST or FASTA, etc.
  • a suitable computer program for carrying out such an alignment is the GCG Wisconsin Bestfit package (University of Wisconsin, U.S.A; Devereux et ah, 1984, Nucleic Acids Research 12:387).
  • Examples of other software than may perform sequence comparisons include, but are not limited to, the BLAST package (see Ausubei et a!., 1999 ibid - Chapter 18), FASTA (Atschui et ai., 1990, J. Mol. Biol., 403-410) and the GENEWORKS suite of comparison tools. Both BLAST and FASTA are available for offline and online searching (see Ausubei et a!.., 1999 ibid, pages 7-58 to 7-60). However it is preferred to use the GCG Bestfit program.
  • Percentage (%) sequence homology may be calculated over contiguous sequences, i.e., one sequence is aligned with the other sequence and each amino acid or nucleotide in one sequence is directly compared with the corresponding amino acid or nucleotide in the other sequence, one residue at a time. This is called an "ungapped" alignment. Typically, such ungapped alignments are performed only over a relatively short number of residues.
  • BLAST and FASTA are available for offline and online searching (see Ausubel et al., 1999, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, pages 7-58 to 7-60). However, for some applications, it is preferred to use the GCG Bestfit program.
  • a new tool, called BLAST 2 Sequences is also available for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences (see FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 174(2): 247-50; FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1999 177(1): 187-8 and the website of the National Center for Biotechnology information at the website of the National Institutes for Health).
  • the final % homology may be measured in terms of identity, the alignment process itself is typically not based on an all-or-nothing pair comparison. Instead, a scaled similarity score matrix is generally used that assigns scores to each pair-wise comparison based on chemical similarity or evolutionary distance.
  • An example of such a matrix commonly used is the BLOSUM62 matrix - the default matrix for the BLAST suite of programs.
  • GCG Wisconsin programs generally use either the public default values or a custom symbol comparison table, if supplied (see user manual for further details). For some applications, it is preferred to use the public default values for the GCG package, or in the case of other software, the default matrix, such as BLOSUM62.
  • percentage homologies may be calculated using the multiple alignment feature in DNASlS l (Hitachi Software), based on an algorithm, analogous to CLUSTAL (Higgins DG & Sharp PM (1988), Gene 73(1), 237-244). Once the software has produced an optimal alignment, it is possible to calculate % homology, preferably % sequence identity. The software typically does this as part of the sequence comparison and generates a numerical result.
  • sequences may also have deletions, insertions or substitutions of amino acid residues which produce a silent change and result in a functionally equivalent substance.
  • Deliberate amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in amino acid properties (such as polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues) and it is therefore useful to group amino acids together in functional groups.
  • Amino acids may be grouped together based on the properties of their side chains alone. However, it is more useful to include mutation data as well.
  • the sets of amino acids thus derived are likely to be conserved for structural reasons. These sets may be described in the form of a Venn diagram (Livingstone CD. and Barton G.J.
  • Embodiments of the invention include sequences (both polynucleotide or polypeptide) which may comprise homologous substitution (substitution and replacement are both used herein to mean the interchange of an existing amino acid residue or nucleotide, with an alternative residue or nucleotide) that may occur i.e., like-for-like substitution in the case of amino acids such as basic for basic, acidic for acidic, polar for polar, etc.
  • Non-homologous substitution may also occur i.e., from one class of residue to another or alternatively involving the inclusion of unnatural amino acids such as ornithine (hereinafter referred to as Z), diaminobutyric acid ornithine (hereinafter referred to as B), norleucine ornithine (hereinafter referred to as O), pyriylalanine, thienylalanine, naphthyl alanine and phenyl-glycine.
  • Z ornithine
  • B diaminobutyric acid ornithine
  • O norleucine ornithine
  • pyriylalanine pyriylalanine
  • thienylalanine naphthyl alanine
  • phenyl-glycine unnatural amino acids
  • Variant amino acid sequences may include suitable spacer groups that .may be inserted between any two amino acid residues of the sequence including alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl groups in addition to amino acid spacers such as glycine or ⁇ -alanine residues.
  • alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl groups
  • amino acid spacers such as glycine or ⁇ -alanine residues.
  • a further form of variation which involves the presence of one or more amino acid residues in peptoid form, may be well understood by those skilled in the art.
  • the peptoid form is used to refer to variant amino acid residues wherein the a-carbon substituent group is on the residue's nitrogen atom rather than the a-carbon.
  • the invention provides for vectors that are used in the engineering and optimization of CRISPR-Cas systems.
  • a ''vector is a tool that allows or facilitates the transfer of an entity from one environment to another. It is a repiicon, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment.
  • a vector is capable of replication when associated with the proper control elements.
  • the term "vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • Vectors include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules that are single-stranded, double-stranded, or partially double-stranded; nucleic acid molecules that comprise one or more free ends, no free ends (e.g. circular); nucleic acid molecules that comprise DNA, RNA, or both; and other varieties of polynucleotides known in the art.
  • a ''plasmid refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be inserted, such as by standard molecular cloning techniques.
  • viral vector wherein viral ly-derived DNA or RNA sequences are present in the vector for packaging into a virus (e.g.
  • Viral vectors also include polynucleotides carried by a vims for transfection into a host cell.
  • Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g. bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
  • Other vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors are integrated into the genome of a host ceil upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome.
  • vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively-1 inked. Such vectors are refen'ed to herein as "expression vectors.”
  • expression vectors Common expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.
  • Recombinant expression vectors can comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory elements, which may be selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, that is operatively-linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
  • "operably linked" is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory elements) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g. in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host ceil when the vector is introduced into the host ceil).
  • aspects of the invention relate to bicistronic vectors for chimeric RNA and Cas9.
  • Bicistronic expression vectors for chimeric RNA and Cas9 are preferred.
  • Cas9 is preferably driven by the CBh promoter.
  • the chimeric RNA may preferably be driven by a U6 promoter. Ideally the two are combined.
  • the chimeric guide RNA typically consists of a 20bp guide sequence (Ns) and this may be joined to the tracr sequence (running from the first "U" of the lower strand to the end of the transcript). The tracr sequence may be truncated at various positions as indicated.
  • the guide and tracr sequences are separated by the tracr-mate sequence, which may be GUUUUAGAGCUA, This may be followed by the loop sequence GAAA as shown. Both of these are preferred examples.
  • Applicants have demonstrated Cas9-mediated indeis at the human EMXl and PVALB loci by SURVEYOR assays.
  • ChiRNAs are indicated by their "+n" designation, and crRNA refers to a hybrid RNA where guide and tracr sequences are expressed as separate transcripts.
  • chimeric RNA may also be called single guide, or synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA).
  • the loop is preferably GAAA, but it is not limited to this sequence or indeed to being only 4bp in length.
  • preferred loop forming sequences for use in hairpin structures are four nucleotides in length, and most preferably have the sequence GAAA. However, longer or shorter loop sequences may be used, as may alternative sequences.
  • the sequences preferably include a nucleotide triplet (for example, AAA), and an additional nucleotide (for example C or G). Examples of loop forming sequences include CAAA and AAAG.
  • the terrn " ' regulatory element” is intended to include promoters, enhancers, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES), and other expression control elements (e.g. transcription termination signals, such as polyadenylation signals and poiy-U sequences).
  • regulatory- elements are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY : METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Caiif. (1990).
  • Regulatory elements include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host ceil and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host ceils (e.g., tissue-specific regulator ⁇ ' sequences).
  • a tissue-specific promoter may direct expression primarily in a desired tissue of interest, such as muscle, neuron, bone, skin, blood, specific organs (e.g. liver, pancreas), or particular cell types (e.g. lymphocytes). Regulatory elements may also direct expression in a temporal-dependent manner, such as in a cell-cycle dependent or developmental stage-dependent manner, which may or may not also be tissue or cell-type specific.
  • a vector comprises one or more pol III promoter (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol III promoters), one or more pol II promoters (e.g. 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol II promoters), one or more pol I promoters (e.g.
  • pol III promoters include, but are not limited to, U6 and HI promoters.
  • pol II promoters include, but are not limited to, the retroviral Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR promoter (optionally with the RSV enhancer), the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (optionally with the CMV enhancer) [see, e.g., Boshart et al, Cell, 41 :521 -530 (1985)], the SV40 promoter, the dihydrofolate reductase promoter, the ⁇ -aethi promoter, the phosphoglycerol kinase (PGK) promoter, and the EE l a promoter.
  • RSV Rous sarcoma virus
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • PGK phosphoglycerol kinase
  • enhancer elements such as WPRE; CMV enhancers; the R-U5' segment in LTR of HTLV-I (Moi. Cell. Biol, Vol. 8(1 ), p. 466-472, 1988); SV40 enhancer; and the intron sequence between exons 2 and 3 of rabbit ⁇ -globin (Proe. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., Vol. 78(3), p. 1527-31 , 1981 ). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host ceil to be transformed, the level of expression desired, etc.
  • a vector can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce transcripts, proteins, or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) transcripts, proteins, enzymes, mutant forms thereof, fusion proteins thereof, etc.).
  • CRISPR clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats
  • Vectors can be designed for expression of CRISPR transcripts (e.g. nucleic acid transcripts, proteins, or enzymes) in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
  • CRISPR transcripts e.g. nucleic acid transcripts, proteins, or enzymes
  • CRISPR transcripts can be expressed in bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast cells, or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY : METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).
  • the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
  • Vectors may be introduced and propagated in a prokaryote or prokaryotic cell
  • a prokaryote is used to amplify copies of a vector to be introduced into a eukaryotic cell or as an intermediate vector in the production of a vector to be introduced into a eukaryotic cell (e.g. amplifying a piasmid as part of a viral vector packaging system).
  • a prokaryote is used to amplify copies of a vector and express one or more nucleic acids, such as to provide a source of one or more proteins for deliver ⁇ ' to a host cell or host organism.
  • Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, such as to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein.
  • Such fusion vectors may serve one or more purposes, such as: (i) to increase expression of recombinant protein; (ii) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and (iii) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification.
  • a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protem.
  • Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase.
  • Example fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Phannacia Biotech Ine; Smith and Johnson, 1988.
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coii expression vectors include pTrc (Amrann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301 -315) and pET l i d (Studier et al, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89).
  • a vector is a yeast expression vector.
  • yeast Saceharomyces cerivisae examples include pYepSecl (Baldari, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 229-234), pMFa (Kuijan and Herskowitz, 1982, Cell 30: 933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., 1987. Gene 54: 113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and picZ (InVitrogen Corp, San Diego, Calif.),
  • a vector drives protein expression in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors.
  • Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells include the pAc series (Smith, et al., 1983. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers, 1989. Virology 170: 31-39).
  • a vector is capable of driving expression of one or more sequences in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector.
  • mammalian expression vectors include pCDMS (Seed, 1987. Nature 329: 840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 187-195).
  • the expression vector's control functions are typically provided by one or more regulatory elements.
  • commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus, simian virus 40, and others disclosed herein and known in the art.
  • the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid).
  • tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art.
  • suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert, et al, 1987. Genes Dev. 1 : 268-277), lymphoid-speci ic promoters (Calame and Eaton, 1988. Adv. Immunol. 43: 235-275), in. particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore, 1989. EMBO J.
  • a regulatory element is operably linked to one or more elements of a CRISPR system so as to drive expression of the one or more elements of the CRISPR system.
  • CRISPRs Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • SPBDRs SPacer Interspersed Direct Repeats
  • SSRs interspersed short sequence repeats
  • the CRISPR loci typically differ from other SSRs by the structure of the repeats, which have been termed short regularly spaced repeats (SRSRs) (Janssen et al., OMICS J. lnteg. Biol., 6:23-33 [2002]; and Mojica et al., Mol. Microbiol, 36:244-246 [2000]).
  • SRSRs short regularly spaced repeats
  • the repeats are short elements that occur in clusters that are regular!)? spaced by unique intervening sequences with a substantially constant length (Mojica et al., [2000], supra).
  • CRISPR loci have been identified in more than 40 prokaryotes (See e.g., Jansen et al, Mol.
  • CRISPR system refers collectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CR1 SPR-associated (“Cas") genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene, a tracr (trans-activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g. tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA), a tracr-mate sequence (encompassing a "direct repeat” and a tracrRNA -processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), a guide sequence (also referred to as a "spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus.
  • a tracr trans-activating CRISPR
  • tracr-mate sequence encompassing a "direct repeat” and a tracrRNA -processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system
  • guide sequence also referred to as a "spacer” in the context of an endogenous C
  • one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a type I, type II, or type III CRISPR system.
  • one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a particular organism comprising an endogenous CRISPR system, such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
  • a CRISPR system is characterized by elements that promote the formation of a CRISPR complex at the site of a target sequence (also referred to as a protospacer in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system).
  • target sequence refers to a sequence to which a guide sequence is designed to have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a guide sequence promotes the formation of a CRISPR complex.
  • a target sequence may comprise any polynucleotide, such as DNA or RNA polynucleotides.
  • a target sequence is located in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell.
  • direct repeats may be identified in silico by searching for repetitive motifs that fulfill any or all of the following criteria:
  • 2 of these criteria may be used, for instance 1 and 2, 2 and 3, or 1 and 3.
  • ail 3 criteria may be used.
  • candidate tracrRNA may be subsequently predicted b - sequences that fulfill any or all of the following criteria:
  • 2 of these criteria may be used, for instance I and 2, 2 and 3, or 1 and 3.
  • ail 3 criteria may be used.
  • chimeric synthetic guide RNAs designs may incorporate at least 12 bp of duplex structure between the direct repeat a d tracrRNA.
  • the CRISPR system is a type II CRISPR system and the Cas enzyme is Cas9, which catalyzes DNA cleavage.
  • Enzymatic action by Cas9 derived from Streptococcus pyogenes or any closely related Cas9 generates double stranded breaks at target site sequences which hybridize to 20 nucleotides of the guide sequence and that have a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequence (examples include NGG NRG or a PAM that can be determined as described herein) following the 20 nucleotides of the target sequence.
  • PAM protospacer-adjacent motif
  • CRISPR activity through Cas9 for site-specific DNA recognition and cleavage is defined by the guide sequence, the traer sequence thai hybridizes in part to the guide sequence and the PAM sequence. More aspects of the CRISPR system are described in arginov and Hannon, The CRISPR system: small RNA-guided defence in bacteria and archaea, Mole Cell 2010, January 15; 37(1): 7.
  • the type II CRISPR locus from Streptococcus pyogenes SF370 which contains a cluster of four genes Cas9, Casl , Cas2, and Csnl, as well as two non-coding RNA elements, tracrRNA and a characteristic array of repetitive sequences (direct repeats) interspaced by short stretches of non-repetitive sequences (spacers, about 30bp each).
  • DSB targeted DNA double-strand break
  • tracrRNA hybridizes to the direct repeats of pre-crRNA, which is then processed into mature crRNAs containing individual spacer sequences.
  • the mature crRNA:tracrRNA complex directs Cas9 to the DNA target consisting of the protospacer and the corresponding PAM via heteroduplex formation between the spacer region of the crRNA and the protospacer DNA.
  • Cas9 mediates cleavage of target DNA upstream of PAM to create a DSB within the protospacer (Fig. 2 A).
  • Fig. 2B demonstrates the nuclear localization of the codon optimized Cas9.
  • the RNA polymerase Il l-based U6 promoter was selected to drive the expression of tracrRNA (Fig. 2C).
  • a U6 promoter-based construct was developed to express a pre-crRNA array consisting of a single spacer flanked by two direct repeats (DRs, also encompassed by the term "tracr-mate sequences"; Fig, 2C).
  • the initial spacer was designed to target a 33 -base-pair (bp) target site (30-bp protospacer plus a 3 -bp CRISPR motif (PA M) sequence satisfying the NGG recognition motif of Cas9) in the human EMX1 locus (Fig. 2C), a key gene in the d evelopment of the cerebral cortex.
  • a CRISPR complex comprising a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence and complexed with one or more Cas proteins
  • formation of a CRISPR complex results in cleavage of one or both strands in or near (e.g. within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or more base pairs from) the target sequence.
  • the traer sequence which may comprise or consist of all or a portion of a wild- type tracr sequence (e.g.
  • one or more vectors driving expression of one or more elements of a CRISPR system are introduced into a host cell such that expression of the elements of the CRISPR system direct formation of a CRISPR complex at one or more target sites.
  • a Cas enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr-mate sequence, and a tracr sequence could each be operably linked to separate regulatory elements on separate vectors.
  • two or more of the elements expressed from the same or different regulatory elements may be combined in a single vector, with one or more additional vectors providing any components of the CRISPR system not included in the first vector.
  • CRISPR system elements that are combined in a single vector may be arranged in any suitable orientation, such as one element located 5 ' with respect to ("upstream" of) or 3' with respect to ("downstream" of) a second element.
  • the coding sequence of one element may ⁇ be located on the same or opposite strand of the coding sequence of a second element, and oriented in the same or opposite direction.

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KR1020157018653A KR20150105956A (ko) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 서열 조작 및 치료적 적용을 위한 시스템, 방법 및 조성물의 전달, 유전자 조작 및 최적화
ES13814362.3T ES2658401T3 (es) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Suministro, modificación y optimización de sistemas, métodos y composiciones para la manipulación de secuencias y aplicaciones terapéuticas
EP17199166.4A EP3327127B1 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
IL239317A IL239317B (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
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BR112015013784A BR112015013784A2 (pt) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 aplicação, manipulação e otimização de sistemas, métodos e composições para manipulação de sequência e aplicações terapêuticas
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IL293526A IL293526A (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Providing, engineering and optimizing systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
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JP2015547543A JP2016501531A (ja) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 配列操作および治療適用のための系、方法および組成物の送達、エンジニアリングおよび最適化
DK13814362.3T DK2931897T3 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 CONSTRUCTION, MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF SYSTEMS, PROCEDURES AND COMPOSITIONS FOR SEQUENCE MANIPULATION AND THERAPEUTICAL APPLICATIONS
EP13814362.3A EP2931897B1 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
RU2015128057A RU2721275C2 (ru) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Доставка, конструирование и оптимизация систем, способов и композиций для манипуляции с последовательностями и применения в терапии
CN201380072752.2A CN105164264B (zh) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 用于序列操纵和治疗应用的系统、方法和组合物的递送、工程化和优化
EP25158109.6A EP4549566A3 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
MX2015007550A MX389793B (es) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Suministro, modificación y optimización de sistemas, métodos y composiciones para la manipulación de secuencias y aplicaciones terapéuticas.
AU2013359199A AU2013359199C1 (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
SG11201504523UA SG11201504523UA (en) 2012-12-12 2013-12-12 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
EP14734709.0A EP3011030B1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Optimized crispr-cas double nickase systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation
PCT/US2014/041804 WO2014204726A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Delivery and use of the crispr-cas systems, vectors and compositions for hepatic targeting and therapy
JP2016521450A JP6665088B2 (ja) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 配列操作のための最適化されたＣＲＩＳＰＲ−Ｃａｓ二重ニッカーゼ系、方法および組成物
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MX2015017312A MX2015017312A (es) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Suministro y uso de composiciones, vectores y sistemas crispr-cas para la modificación dirigida y terapia hepáticas.
PCT/US2014/041803 WO2014204725A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Optimized crispr-cas double nickase systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation
KR1020247039028A KR20240172759A (ko) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 간의 표적화 및 치료를 위한 ＣＲＩＳＰＲ­Ｃａｓ 시스템, 벡터 및 조성물의 전달 및 용도
EP23166208.1A EP4245853A3 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Optimized crispr-cas double nickase systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation
KR1020167001295A KR20160030187A (ko) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 간의 표적화 및 치료를 위한 ＣＲＩＳＰＲ­Ｃａｓ 시스템, 벡터 및 조성물의 전달 및 용도
DK14734710.8T DK3011031T3 (da) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Fremføring og anvendelse af crispr-cas-systemerne, vektorer og sammensætninger til levermålretning og -terapi
CN201480045703.4A CN105492611A (zh) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 用于序列操纵的优化的crispr-cas双切口酶系统、方法以及组合物
BR112015031608A BR112015031608A2 (pt) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Aplicação e uso dos sistemas crispr-cas, vetores e composições para direcionamento e terapia hepáticos
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EP14734710.8A EP3011031B1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Delivery and use of the crispr-cas systems, vectors and compositions for hepatic targeting and therapy
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AU2014281027A AU2014281027A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Optimized CRISPR-Cas double nickase systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation
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KR1020167001293A KR20160034901A (ko) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 서열 조작에 최적화된 ｃｒｉｓｐｒ-ｃａｓ 이중 닉카아제 시스템, 방법 및 조성물
AU2014281028A AU2014281028B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 Delivery and use of the CRISPR-Cas systems, vectors and compositions for hepatic targeting and therapy
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CN201480045707.2A CN107995927B (zh) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 用于肝靶向和治疗的crispr-cas系统、载体和组合物的递送与用途
CN202110793075.XA CN113425857B (zh) 2013-06-17 2014-06-10 用于肝靶向和治疗的crispr-cas系统、载体和组合物的递送与用途
CN202111206158.0A CN114015726B (zh) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 用病毒组分靶向障碍和疾病的crispr-cas系统和组合物的递送、用途和治疗应用
CN201480045709.1A CN105793425B (zh) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 使用病毒组分靶向障碍和疾病的crispr-cas系统和组合物的递送、用途和治疗应用
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JP2016521452A JP6738729B2 (ja) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 分裂終了細胞の疾患および障害をターゲティングおよびモデリングするための系、方法および組成物の送達、エンジニアリングおよび最適化
EP19171576.2A EP3620524A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for targeting and modeling diseases and disorders of post mitotic cells
BR112015031610-7A BR112015031610B1 (pt) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 Composição para modificação de uma célula cerebral ou neuronal in vivo em um organismo eucariótico e uso de um vetor viral no tratamento de uma doença ou distúrbio cerebral ou neurológico
PCT/US2014/041808 WO2014204728A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for targeting and modeling diseases and disorders of post mitotic cells
MX2015017313A MX374532B (es) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 Suministro, uso y aplicaciones terapéuticas de los sistemas y composiciones crispr-cas, para actuar sobre trastornos y enfermedades utilizando componentes víricos.
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KR1020167001296A KR20160056869A (ko) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 바이러스 구성성분을 사용하여 장애 및 질환을 표적화하기 위한 crispr-cas 시스템 및 조성물의 전달, 용도 및 치료 적용
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JP2016521453A JP6702858B2 (ja) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 ウイルス成分を使用して障害および疾患をターゲティングするためのＣＲＩＳＰＲ−Ｃａｓ系および組成物の送達、使用および治療上の適用
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BR122021009076-9A BR122021009076B1 (pt) 2013-06-17 2014-06-11 Vetor viral contendo molécula(s) de ácido nucleico heterólogo, composição, uso e métodos do mesmo
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US14/481,339 US20150020223A1 (en) 2012-12-12 2014-09-09 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
ZA2015/04132A ZA201504132B (en) 2012-12-12 2015-06-08 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
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MX2021001308A MX2021001308A (es) 2013-06-17 2015-12-15 Suministro y uso de composiciones, vectores y sistemas crispr-cas para la modificacion dirigida y terapia hepaticas.
US14/971,356 US10577630B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2015-12-16 Delivery and use of the CRISPR-Cas systems, vectors and compositions for hepatic targeting and therapy
US14/971,169 US20160153004A1 (en) 2013-06-17 2015-12-16 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for targeting and modeling diseases and disorders of post mitotic cells
US14/970,967 US10946108B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2015-12-16 Delivery, use and therapeutic applications of the CRISPR-Cas systems and compositions for targeting disorders and diseases using viral components
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IL243197A IL243197B (en) 2013-06-17 2015-12-17 Providing, engineering and optimizing systems, methods and preparations for targeting and demonstrating diseases and disorders of post-mitotic cells
US14/972,523 US10711285B2 (en) 2013-06-17 2015-12-17 Optimized CRISPR-Cas double nickase systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation
IL243196A IL243196B (en) 2013-06-17 2015-12-17 Delivery and use of the crispr-cas systems, vectors and compositions for hepatic targeting and therapy
US15/349,603 US11041173B2 (en) 2012-12-12 2016-11-11 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
JP2019172824A JP2020063238A (ja) 2013-06-17 2019-09-24 分裂終了細胞の疾患および障害をターゲティングおよびモデリングするための系、方法および組成物の送達、エンジニアリングおよび最適化
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AU2019283878A AU2019283878B2 (en) 2012-12-12 2019-12-18 Delivery, engineering and optimization of systems, methods and compositions for sequence manipulation and therapeutic applications
JP2020025947A JP7083364B2 (ja) 2013-06-17 2020-02-19 配列操作のための最適化されたＣＲＩＳＰＲ－Ｃａｓ二重ニッカーゼ系、方法および組成物
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WO2014093622A3 (en) 2014-08-07
US20250250589A1 (en) 2025-08-07
WO2014093622A9 (en) 2014-11-06
MX2022001378A (es) 2022-06-23
US12252707B2 (en) 2025-03-18
IL239317B (en) 2022-07-01
EP3031921B1 (en) 2025-03-12
SG10201707569YA (en) 2017-10-30
US20170152528A1 (en) 2017-06-01
JP2023073245A (ja) 2023-05-25
ES2883590T3 (es) 2021-12-09
IL293526A (en) 2022-08-01
HK1215048A1 (en) 2016-08-12
ZA201504132B (en) 2022-03-30

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