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Definitions

• the activity of cells can be regulated by external signals that stimulate or inhibit intracellular events.
• the process by which stimulatory or inhibitory signals are transmitted into and within a cell to elicit an intracellular response is referred to as signal transduction.
• cascades of signal transduction events have been elucidated and found to play a central role in a variety of biological responses. Defects in various components of signal transduction pathways have been found to account for a vast number of diseases, including numerous forms of cancer, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders, vascular and neuronal diseases (Gaestel et al. Current Medicinal Chemistry (2007) 14:2214-2234).
• Kinases represent a class of important signaling molecules.
• Protein kinases can generally be classified into protein kinases and lipid kinases, and certain kinases exhibit dual specificities. Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins and/or themselves (i.e., autophosphorylation). Protein kinases can be generally classified into three major groups based upon their substrate utilization: tyrosine kinases which predominantly phosphorylate substrates on tyrosine residues (e.g., erb2, PDGF receptor, EGF receptor, VEGF receptor, src, abl), serine/threonine kinases which predominantly phosphorylate substrates on serine and/or threonine residues (e.g., mTorCl, mTorC2, ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, Akt), and dual-specificity kinases which phosphorylate substrates on tyrosine, serine and/or threonine residues.
• tyrosine kinases which predominantly
• Lipid kinases are enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of lipids. These enzymes, and the resulting phosphorylated lipids and lipid-derived biologically active organic molecules, play a role in many different physiological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. Certain lipid kinases are membrane associated and they catalyze the phosphorylation of lipids contained in or associated with cell membranes. Examples of such enzymes include phosphoinositide(s) kinases (such as PI3-kinases, PI4-Kinases), diacylglycerol kinases, and sphingosine kinases.
• PDKs phosphoinositide 3-kinases
• PI3K signaling pathway is one of the most highly mutated systems in human cancers.
• PI3K signaling is also a key factor in many other diseases in humans.
• PI3K signaling is involved in many disease states including allergic contact dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, disorders related to diabetic complications, and inflammatory complications of the cardiovascular system such as acute coronary syndrome.
• PI3Ks are members of a unique and conserved family of intracellular lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3 '- OH group on phosphatidylinositols or phosphoinositides.
• the PI3K family comprises 15 kinases with distinct substrate specificities, expression patterns, and modes of regulation (Katso et al., 2001).
• the class I PDKs (pi 10a, pi lO ⁇ , pi lO ⁇ , and pi lO ⁇ ) are typically activated by tyrosine kinases or G-protein coupled receptors to generate PIP3, which engages downstream effectors such as those in the Akt/PDKl pathway, mTOR, the Tec family kinases, and the Rho family GTPases.
• the class II and III PD-Ks play a key role in intracellular trafficking through the synthesis of PI(3)P and PI(3,4)P2.
• the PIKKs are protein kinases that control cell growth (mTORCl) or monitor genomic integrity (ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, and hSmg- 1 ).
• PBK ⁇ is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells including leukocytes such as T-cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B-cells, and macrophages.
• leukocytes such as T-cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B-cells, and macrophages.
• PBK ⁇ is integrally involved in mammalian immune system functions such as T-cell function, B-cell activation, mast cell activation, dendritic cell function, and neutrophil activity.
• PBK ⁇ Due to its integral role in immune system function, PBK ⁇ is also involved in a number of diseases related to undesirable immune response such as allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, inflammation mediated angiogenesis, rheumatoid arthritis, auto-immune diseases such as lupus, asthma, emphysema and other respiratory diseases.
• Other class I PBK involved in immune system function includes PBK ⁇ , which plays a role in leukocyte signaling and has been implicated in inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and autoimmune diseases such as lupus.
• Downstream mediators of the PBK signal transduction pathway include Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
• Akt possesses a plckstrin homology (PH) domain that binds PIP3, leading to Akt kinase activation.
• PH plckstrin homology
• Akt phosphorylates many substrates and is a central downstream effector of PBK for diverse cellular responses.
• One important function of Akt is to augment the activity of mTOR, through phosphorylation of TSC2 and other mechanisms.
• mTOR is a serine-threonine kinase related to the lipid kinases of the PBK family. mTOR has been implicated in a wide range of biological processes including cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility and survival.
• mTOR is a multifunctional kinase that integrates growth factor and nutrient signals to regulate protein translation, nutrient uptake, autophagy, and mitochondrial function.
• kinases particularly PBKs are prime targets for drug development.
• PBK inhibitors suitable for drug development. The present invention addresses this need and provides related advantages as well by providing new classes of kinase inhibitors.
• the present invention provides compounds of Formula I below or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
• W d is heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• B is a moiety of Formula II;
• W c is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, and q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• X is absent or -(CH(R 9 )) Z -, and z is an integer of 1 ;
• Y is absent, or -N(R 9 )-;
• R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, or nitro;
• R 2 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amino, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro;
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, alkoxycarbonyl sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hetercycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro; and [0020] each instance of R 9 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl.
• the present invention provides compounds which are of Formula I, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
• W d is heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl;
• B is alkyl, amino, heteroalkyl, or a moiety of Formula II;
• W c is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, and q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• X is absent or is -(CH(R 9 )) z -and z is independently an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, phosphate, urea, or carbonate;
• R 2 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy,nitro, phosphate, urea, or carbonate;
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, aryl, heteroaryl, or nitro;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently hydrogen, d-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, Ci-C4heteroalkyl, CpQalkoxy, Ci-C 4 amido, amino, acyl, Ci-C 4 acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl,Ci-C 4 sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro; and
• each instance of R 9 is independently hydrogen, Ci-Ci O alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or C 2 - Cioheteroalkyl.
• X-Y is -CH 2 -N(CH 3 ), -CH 2 -N(CH 2 CH 3 ), -CH(CH 2 CH 3 )-NH- or -CH(CH 3 )-NH-.
• Wj is a pyrazolopyrimidine of Formula III:
• R 11 is H, alkyl, halo, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy
• R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• W d is a pyrazolopyrimidine of Formula III, wherein R 11 is H, alkyl, halo, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy, and R 12 is cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, or amido.
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula IV:
• R 11 is H, alkyl, halo, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy
• R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula IV wherein R 11 is H, alkyl, halo, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy, and R 12 is cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, or amido.
• R 11 is amino.
• R 12 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, aryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
• R 12 is cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, or amido.
• R 12 is a monocyclic heteroaryl.
• R 12 is a bicyclic heteroaryl.
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula V :
• X-Y is N(CH 2 CH 3 )CH 2 - or N(CH 3 )CH 2 -.
• the compound has a structure of Formula VI:
• R 3 is-H, -CH 3 , -Cl, or -F.
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are hydrogen.
• B is a moiety of Formula II;
• W 0 is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, and q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• X is absent or -(CH(R 9 )) Z -, and z is an integer of 1 ;
• Y is absent, or -N(R 9 )-;
• R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, amido, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, or nitro
• R 2 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amino, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro;
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, alkoxycarbonyl sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro;
• each instance of R 9 is independently hydrogen, Ci-Cioalkyl, cycloalkyl, or hetercyclooalkyl; and
• R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• B is alkyl, amino, heteroalkyl, or a moiety of Formula II; [0056] wherein W c is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, and q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; [0057] X is absent or -(CH(R 9 )) z -and z is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4; [0058] Y is absent, -N(R 9 )-, or -N(R 9 )-CH(R 9 )-;
• R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, phosphate, urea, or carbonate;
• R 2 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, or phosphate;
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, aryl or heteroaryl;
• each instance of R 9 is independently hydrogen, Ci-Ci O alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or C 2 -
• Cioheteroalkyl
• R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, alkoxycarbonyl or amido.
• R 3 is -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , -CF 3 , -Cl or -F. In other embodiments, R 3 is -CH 3 , -Cl, or
• B is a moiety of Formula II, wherein W c is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, and q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• W c is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl
• q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
• B is heterocycloalkyl.
• B is a monocyclic heteroaryl.
• B is substituted phenyl.
• B is substituted alkyl.
• B is-(CH 2 ) 2 -NR a R a , wherein each R° is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, or -
• R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate.
• R 1 is phosphate.
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, or nitro, and q is 1.
• R 2 is phosphate and q is 1.
• R 2 is alkyl or halo and q is 1 or 2.
• X is -CH 2 -, -CH(CH 2 CH 3 ), or -CH(CH 3 )-.
• X-Y is -CH 2 - N(CH 3 ), -CH 2 -N(CH 2 CH 3 ), -CH(CH 2 CH 3 )-NH- or -CH(CH 3 )-NH-.
• R 12 is a monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments,R 12 is a bicyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R 12 is a heterocycloalkyl.
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula IV-A:
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula V-A:
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula FV-A or Formula V-A. [0075] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula V-B:
• the compound of Formula I has the structure of Formula VI-A:
• a composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and one or more compounds of Formula I, Formula IV, IV-A, V, V-A, V-B, VI, and VI-A.
• the composition is a liquid, solid, semi-solid, gel, or an aerosol form.
• a method of inhibiting a phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase comprising: contacting the PI3 kinase with an effective amount of one or more compounds disclosed herein.
• the step of contacting involves the use of one or more compounds of Formula I, Formula IV, IV-A, V, V- A, V-B, VI, and VI-A.
• the step of contacting comprises contacting a cell that contains said PD kinase.
• the inhibition takes place in a subject suffering from a disorder associated with malfunctioning of one or more types of PD kinase.
• Some exemplary diseases involving malfunctioning of one or more types of PD kinases are selected from the group consisting of autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory disease, allergic reactions, and various types of cancers.
• the compound used in the method has the structure of Formula IV, wherein R 11 is amino and R 12 is substituted phenyl.
• the inhibition takes place in a subject suffering from rheumatoid arthritis or a respiratory disease, and wherein the compound has the structure of Formula IV, and wherein R 11 is amino and R 12 is bicyclic heteroaryl.
• the method comprises administering a second therapeutic agent to the subject.
• the present invention provides a method of treating a disease manifesting an undesired immune response.
• the method comprises the step of administering to a subject in need thereof, one or more compounds disclosed herein including compounds of Formula I, Formula IV, FV-A, V, V-A, V-B, VI, and/or VI-A, in an amount that is effective in ameliorating said undesired immune response.
• the one or more compounds inhibit T-cell independent B-cell activation as evidenced by a reduction in production of anti-TNP IgG3 by at least about five folds when administered in an amount less than about 30mg/kg BID dose to a test animal.
• the disease treated is associated with swelling or pain of a joint of a subject.
• the method can be effective in ameliorating one or more rheumatoid arthritis symptoms as evidenced by reduction in mean joint diameter by at least about 10% after 17 days and/or reduction in ankle diameter by at least 5-10% or more after several days to weeks of treatment, including for example reduction in ankle diameter by at least 5% after 7 days of treatment.
• the undesired immune response is evidenced by enhanced production of anti-type II collagen antibodies, and the use of one or more subject compounds reduces the serum anti-type II collagen level at an ED50 of less than about 10 mg/kg.
• FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary protocol for measuring T-cell independent production of TNP specific antibodies in vivo.
• FIG. 2 depicts the fold reduction in TNP specific IgG3 response to antigens provided by compounds 7 and 53 of formula IV as compared to a vehicle control, when administered orally.
• FIG. 3 depicts the dose-dependent effect of twice daily oral administration of compound 53 of formula IV in reducing the increase in ankle diameter over time in a collagen-induced developing arthritis model in rats. Also depicted are the results from non-arthritic control rats, arthritic control rats administered with a negative control vehicle, and arthritic control rats treated twice daily with methotrexate.
• FIG. 4 depicts the dose-dependent effect of compounds 7 and 53 of formula IV in improving ankle histopathology when administered in a collagen-induced developing arthritis model in rats.
• FIG. 5 depicts the dose-dependent effect of compounds 7 and 53 of formula IV in improving knee histopathology when administered in a collagen-induced developing arthritis model in rats. Also depicted are the results from arthritic control rats administered with negative control vehicle or positive control methotrexate.
• FIG. 6 depicts the dose-dependent effect of compounds 7 and 53 of formula IV in reducing the level of antitype II collagen antibodies in vivo when administered to a collagen-induced developing arthritis rat model. Also depicted are the results from arthritic rats administered with negative control vehicle or methotrexate.
• FIG. 7 depicts the dose-dependent effect of compound 7 of formula IV on improving ankle histopathology when administered in collagen-induced developing arthritis model in rats. Also depicted are the results from arthritic vehicle control rats and methotrexate-treated arthritic rats.
• FIG. 8 depicts the dose-dependent effect of compound 53 of formula IV administered daily on ankle histopathology in a collagen-induced established arthritis model in rats. Also depicted are the results from arthritic arthritic vehicle control rats and Enbrel-treated arthritic rats.
• FIG. 9 depicts the dose-dependent effect of compound 53 of formula IV administered twice daily on ankle histopathology in a collagen-induced established arthritis model in rats. Also depicted are the results from arthritic vehicle control rats and Enbrel-treated arthritic rats.
• FIG 10 depicts the dose-dependent effect of compound 53 of formula FV on the increase in average paw volume in an adjuvant induced arthritis model.
• FIG 11 depicts the effect of compound 53 of formula IV on the average weight over time of rats in an adjuvant induced arthritis model in rats.
• agent refers to a biological, pharmaceutical, or chemical compound or other moiety.
• Non-limiting examples include simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, a peptide, a protein, an oligonucleotide, an antibody, an antibody derivative, antibody fragment, a vitamin derivative, a carbohydrate, a toxin, or a chemotherapeutic compound.
• Various compounds can be synthesized, for example, small molecules and oligomers (e.g., oligopeptides and oligonucleotides), and synthetic organic compounds based on various core structures.
• various natural sources can provide compounds for screening, such as plant or animal extracts, and the like. A skilled artisan can readily recognize that there is no limit as to the structural nature of the agents of the present invention.
• agonist refers to a compound having the ability to initiate or enhance a biological function of a target protein, whether by inhibiting the activity or expression of the target protein. Accordingly, the term “agonist” is defined in the context of the biological role of the target polypeptide. While preferred agonists herein specifically interact with (e.g. bind to) the target, compounds that initiate or enhance a biological activity of the target polypeptide by interacting with other members of the signal transduction pathway of which the target polypeptide is a member are also specifically included within this definition.
• antagonists are used interchangeably, and they refer to a compound having the ability to inhibit a biological function of a target protein, whether by inhibiting the activity or expression of the target protein. Accordingly, the terms “antagonist” and “inhibitors” are defined in the context of the biological role of the target protein. While preferred antagonists herein specifically interact with (e.g. bind to) the target, compounds that inhibit a biological activity of the target protein by interacting with other members of the signal transduction pathway of which the target protein is a member are also specifically included within this definition.
• a preferred biological activity inhibited by an antagonist is associated with the development, growth, or spread of a tumor, or an undesired immune response as manifested in autoimmune disease.
• an "anti-cancer agent”, “anti-tumor agent” or “chemotherapeutic agent” refers to any agent useful in the treatment of a neoplastic condition.
• One class of anti-cancer agents comprises chemotherapeutic agents.
• “Chemotherapy” means the administration of one or more chemotherapeutic drugs and/or other agents to a cancer patient by various methods, including intravenous, oral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravesical, subcutaneous, transdermal, buccal, or inhalation or in the form of a suppository.
• the term “cell proliferation” refers to a phenomenon by which the cell number has changed as a result of division. This term also encompasses cell growth by which the cell morphology has changed (e.g., increased in size) consistent with a proliferative signal.
• co-administration encompasses administration of two or more agents to an animal so that both agents and/or their metabolites are present in the animal at the same time. Co-administration includes simultaneous administration in separate compositions, administration at different times in separate compositions, or administration in a composition in which both agents are present.
• effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of a compound described herein that is sufficient to effect the intended application including but not limited to disease treatment, as defined below.
• the therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon the intended application (in vitro or in vivo), or the subject and disease condition being treated, e.g., the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the term also applies to a dose that will induce a particular response in target cells, e.g. reduction of platelet adhesion and/or cell migration.
• the specific dose will vary depending on the particular compounds chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to which it is administered, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried.
• treatment or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refers to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
• therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated.
• a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder.
• compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.
• a "therapeutic effect,” as that term is used herein, encompasses a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit as described above.
• a prophylactic effect includes delaying or eliminating the appearance of a disease or condition, delaying or eliminating the onset of symptoms of a disease or condition, slowing, halting, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, or any combination thereof.
• salts refers to salts derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids.
• Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
• Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like.
• Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt is chosen from ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
• “Signal transduction” is a process during which stimulatory or inhibitory signals are transmitted into and within a cell to elicit an intracellular response.
• a modulator of a signal transduction pathway refers to a compound which modulates the activity of one or more cellular proteins mapped to the same specific signal transduction pathway.
• a modulator may augment (agonist) or suppress (antagonist) the activity of a signaling molecule.
• selective inhibition or “selectively inhibit” as applied to a biologically active agent refers to the agent's ability to selectively reduce the target signaling activity as compared to off-target signaling activity, via direct or interact interaction with the target.
• B-ALL refers to B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
• Subject refers to an animal, such as a mammal, for example a human. The methods described herein can be useful in both human therapeutics and veterinary applications. In some embodiments, the patient is a mammal, and in some embodiments, the patient is human.
• Radionucleotides e.g., actinium and thorium radionuclides
• LET low linear energy transfer
• beta emitters conversion electron emitters
• high-energy radiation including without limitation x-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons.
• Prodrug is meant to indicate a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to a biologically active compound described herein.
• prodrug refers to a precursor of a biologically active compound that is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• a prodrug may be inactive when administered to a subject, but is converted in vivo to an active compound, for example, by hydrolysis.
• the prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism ⁇ see, e.g., Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier, Amsterdam).
• prodrugs are also meant to include any covalently bonded carriers, which release the active compound in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject.
• Prodrugs of an active compound, as described herein may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the active compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent active compound.
• Prodrugs include compounds wherein a hydroxy, amino or mercapto group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug of the active compound is administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxy, free amino or free mercapto group, respectively.
• Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of an alcohol or acetamide, fo ⁇ namide and benzamide derivatives of an amine functional group in the active compound and the like.
• an in vitro assay encompasses any assay run outside of a subject assay.
• In vitro assays encompass cell-based assays in which cells alive or dead are employed.
• In vitro assays also encompass a cell-free assay in which no intact cells are employed.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms.
• compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by 13 C- or 14 C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.
• the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of atoms that constitute such compounds.
• the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( 3 H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• PI3-K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
• PI phosphatidylinositol
• PDK Phosphoinositide Dependent Kinase
• DNA-PK Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Dependent Protein Kinase
• PTEN Phosphatase and Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten
• PIKK Phosphoinositide Kinase Like Kinase
• AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
• HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• MeI Methyl Iodide
• POCl 3 Phosphorous Oxychloride
• KCNS Potassium IsoThiocyanate
• TLC Thin Layer Chromatography
• MeOH Methanol
• CHCl 3 Chloroform.
• Alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to ten carbon atoms (e.g., Cj-Cio alkyl).
• a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term "alkyl” where no numerical range is designated.
• Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, septyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and the like.
• the alkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (wo-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (f-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like.
• an alkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR", - SR a , -OC(O)-R 8 , -N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)R 8 , -C(O)OR 8 , -OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)N(R a ) 2 , -N(R a )C(O)OR a , -N(R a )C(O)OR a , -N(R a )C(O)R a ,
• Alkylaryl refers to an -(alkyl)aryl radical where aryl and alkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for aryl and alkyl respectively.
• Alkylhetaryl refers to an -(alkyl)hetaryl radical where hetaryl and alkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for aryl and alkyl respectively.
• Alkylheterocycloalkyl refers to an -(alkyl) heterocycyl radical where alkyl and heterocycloalkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heterocycloalkyl and alkyl respectively.
• alkene refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond
• an "alkyne” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon- carbon triple bond.
• the alkyl moiety may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.
• Alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one double bond, and having from two to ten carbon atoms (ie. C 2 -C 10 alkenyl).
• a numerical range such as “2 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "2 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkenyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms.
• an alkenyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms.
• an alkenyl comprises two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C 5 alkenyl).
• alkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), prop-1-enyl (i.e., allyl), but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-l,4-dienyl, and the like.
• ethenyl i.e., vinyl
• prop-1-enyl i.e., allyl
• but-1-enyl i.e., pent-1-enyl, penta-l,4-dienyl, and the like.
• an alkenyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR a , -
• alkenyl-cycloalkyl refers to refers to an -(alkenyl)cycloalkyl radical where alkenyl and cyclo alkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for alkenyl and cycloalkyl respectively.
• Alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond, having from two to ten carbon atoms (ie. C 2 -Ci O alkynyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "2 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkynyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms.
• an alkynyl has two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C 2 -C 5 alkynyl).
• the alkynyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like.
• an alkynyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR 8 , - SR 8 , -OC(O)-R 8 , -N(R a ) 2> -C(O)R 8 , -C(O)OR 8 , -OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)N(R 8 ) 2 , -N(R 8 )C(O)OR a , -N(R 8 )C(O)R 8 , - N(R")C(O)N(R 8
• Alkynyl-cycloalkyl refers to refers to an -(alkynyl)cycloalkyl radical where alkynyl and cyclo alkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for alkynyl and cycloalkyl respectively.
• Cyano refers to a -CN radical.
• Cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic radical that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and may be saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms (ie. C 2 -Ci 0 cycloalkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 10" refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "3 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the cycloalkyl group may consist of 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, it is a C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl radical.
• cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to the following moieties: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl,cyclohexenyl, cycloseptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, norbornyl, and the like.
• a cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR", -
• Cycloalkyl-alkenyl refers to a -(cycloalkyl) alkenyl radical where cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heterocycloalkyl and cycloalkyl respectively.
• Cycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl refers to a -(cycloalkyl) heterocycyl radical where cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heterocycloalkyl and cycloalkyl respectively.
• Cycloalkyl-heteroaryl refers to a -(cycloalkyl) heteroaryl radical where cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heterocycloalkyl and cycloalkyl respectively.
• alkoxy refers to the group -O-alkyl, including from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like.
• Lower alkoxy refers to alkoxy groups containing one to six carbons. In some embodiments, CpC 4 alkyl, is an alkyl group which encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyls of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• substituted alkoxy refers to alkoxy wherein the alkyl constituent is substituted (i.e., -O-(substituted alkyl)).
• alkyl moiety of an alkoxy group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR a ,
• a Ci-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl group is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms attached through its oxygen to a carbonyl linker.
• Lower alkoxycarbonyl refers to an alkoxycarbonyl group wherein the alkoxy group is a lower alkoxy group.
• C 1 -C 4 alkoxy is an alkoxy group which encompasses both straight and branched chain alkoxy groups of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• substituted alkoxycarbonyl refers to the group (substituted alkyl)-O-C(O)- wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality.
• the alkyl moiety of an alkoxycarbonyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifiuoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR a , SR a , -OC(O)-R 3 , -N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)R 3 , -C(O)OR", -OC(O)N(R
• Ci-Cio acyl radical refers to the total number of chain or ring atoms of the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl portion of the acyloxy group plus the carbonyl carbon of acyl, i.e three other ring or chain atoms plus carbonyl.
• R radical is heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl
• the hetero ring or chain atoms contribute to the total number of chain or ring atoms.
• the "R" of an acyloxy group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifiuoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR 3 , SR a , -OC(O)-R 8 , -N(R 3 ) 2 , -C(O)R 3 , -C(O)OR 3 , -OC(0)N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)N(R a ) 2 , -N(
• R of an acyloxy group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifiuoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR a , - SR a , -OC(O)-R 8 , -N(R 3 ) 2> -C(O)R 3 , -C(O)OR 3 , -OC(O)N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)N(R a ) 2 , -N(R 3 )C(O)OR 3 , -N(R a )C(0)R 3 , - N(R a )
• Amino refers to a -N(R a ) 2 radical group, where each R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification.
• R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification.
• a -N(R a ) 2 group has two Ra other than hydrogen they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
• -N(R a ) 2 is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.
• an amino group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR", -
• substituted amino also refers to N-oxides of the groups -NHR d , and NR d R d each as described above.
• N-oxides can be prepared by treatment of the corresponding amino group with, for example, hydrogen peroxide or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The person skilled in the art is familiar with reaction conditions for carrying out the N-oxidation.
• Amide or “amido” refers to a chemical moiety with formula -C(O)N(R) 2 or -NHC(O)R, where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon), each of which moiety may itself be optionally substituted. In some embodiments it is a C r C 4 amido or amide radical, which includes the amide carbonyl in the total number of carbons in the radical.
• the R 2 of- N(R) 2 of the amide may optionally be taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
• an amido group is optionally substituted independently by one or more of the substituents as described herein for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
• An amide may be an amino acid or a peptide molecule attached to a compound of Formula (I), thereby forming a prodrug. Any amine, hydroxy, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds described herein can be amidified.
• Aromatic or aryl refers to an aromatic radical with six to ten ring atoms (e.g., C 6 -Ci 0 aromatic or C 6 -C 10 aryl) which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system which is carbocyclic (e.g., phenyl, fluorenyl, and naphthyl).
• Bivalent radicals formed from substituted benzene derivatives and having the free valences at ring atoms are named as substituted phenylene radicals.
• Bivalent radicals derived from univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals whose names end in "-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbon atom with the free valence are named by adding "-idene" to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with two points of attachment is termed naphthylidene.
• a numerical range such as “6 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "6 to 10 ring atoms” means that the aryl group may consist of 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 10 ring atoms.
• the term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of ring atoms) groups.
• an aryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR 8 , -
• alkyl refers to an (aryl)alkyl — radical where aryl and alkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for aryl and alkyl respectively.
• Ester refers to a chemical radical of formula -COOR, where R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon). Any amine, hydroxy, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds described herein can be esterif ⁇ ed. The procedures and specific groups to make such esters are known to those of skill in the art and can readily be found in reference sources such as Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3.sup.rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N. Y.,
• an ester group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, -OR a , - SR a , -OC(O)-R 3 , -N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)R 3 , -C(O)OR 3 , -OC(O)N(R 3 ) 2 , -C(0)N(R a ) 2 , -N(R a )C(O)OR a , -N(R a )C(O)R a
• Fluoroalkyl refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more fluoro radicals, as defined above, for example, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, l-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and 5 the like.
• the alkyl part of the fluoroalkyl radical may be optionally substituted as defined above for an alkyl group.
• Halo "halide”, or, alternatively, "halogen” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
• haloalkyl include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and alkoxy structures that are substituted with one or more halo groups or with combinations thereof.
• fluoroalkyl and “fluoroalkoxy” include haloalkyl and haloalkoxy groups, respectively, in which the halo is fluorine.
• Heteroalkyl “heteroalkenyl” and “heteroalkynyl” include optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl radicals and which have one or more skeletal chain atoms selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinations thereof.
• a numerical range may be given, e.g. Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl which refers to the chain length in total, which in this example is 4 atoms long.
• a -CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 radical is referred to as a "C 4 " heteroalkyl, which includes the heteroatom center in the atom chain length description.
• a heteroalkyl group may be substituted with one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR 3 , - SR 3 , -OC(O)-R 3 , -N(R") 2 , -C(O)R 3 , -C(O)OR 3 , -C(O)N(R a ) 2 , -N(R a )C(O)OR a , -N(R a )C(0)R a , -N(R a )S(O)
• Heteroalkylaryl refers "to an -(heteroalkyl)aryl radical where heteroalkyl and aryl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heteroalkyl and aryl respectively.
• Heteroalkylheteroaryl refers "to an -(heteroalkyl)heteroaryl radical where heteroalkyl and heteroaryl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heteroalkyl and heteroaryl respectively
• Heteroalkylheterocycloalkyl refers "to an -(heteroalkyl)heterocycloalkyl radical where heteroalkyl and heteroaryl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heteroalkyl and heterocycloalkyl respectively
• Heteroalkylcycloalkyl refers "to an -(heteroalkyl) cycloalkyl radical where heteroalkyl and cycloalkyl are as disclosed herein and which are optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described as suitable substituents for heteroalkyl and cycloalkyl respectively.
• Heteroaryl or, alternatively, “heteroaromatic” refers to a 5- to 18-membered aromatic radical (e.g., C 5 -Q 3 heteroaryl) that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system.
• a numerical range such as “5 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "5 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heteroaryl group may consist of 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms.
• Bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in "-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding "-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylidene.
• An N-containing "heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl” moiety refers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a nitrogen atom.
• the polycyclic heteroaryl group may be fused or non- fused.
• the heteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical is optionally oxidized.
• heteroaryl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s).
• heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1 ,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[6] [ 1 ,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][l,4]oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranony
• a heteraryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR a , -
• R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.
• Substituted heteroaryl also includes ring systems substituted with one or more oxide (-O-) substituents, such as pyridinyl N-oxides.
• Heteroarylalkyl refers to a moiety having an aryl moiety, as described herein, connected to an alkylene moiety, as described herein, wherein the connection to the remainder of the molecule is through the alkylene group.
• Heterocycloalkyl refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring radical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
• a numerical range such as “3 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., "3 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heterocycloalkyl group may consist of 3 ring atoms, 4 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. In some embodiments, it is a C 5 -Ci 0 heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, it is a C 4 -Ci 0 heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, it is a C 3 -Ci 0 heterocycloalkyl.
• the heterocycloalkyl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems.
• the heteroatoms in the heterocycloalkyl radical may be optionally oxidized.
• One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized.
• the heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated.
• the heterocycloalkyl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s).
• heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[l,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxoxo
• a heterocycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, -OR a , - SR a , -OC(O)-R 8 , -N(R a ) 2 , -C(O)R 8 , -C(O)OR 8 , -C(O)N(R a ) 2 , -N(R a )C(O)OR a , -N(R a )C(O)OR a , -N(R a )C(O)R a , -N(R a )S(O
• Heterocycloalkyl also includes bicyclic ring systems wherein one non-aromatic ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, contains at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms; and the other ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, optionally contains 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen and is not aromatic.
• “Isomers” are different compounds that have the same molecular formula.
• Stepoisomers are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are arranged in space.
• Enantiomers are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
• a 1 : 1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a "racemic” mixture.
• the term “(. ⁇ .)” is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.
• “Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other. The absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R-S system. When a compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon can be specified by either R or S.
• Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown can be designated (+) or (-) depending on the direction (dextro- or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.
• Certain of the compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that can be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-.
• the present chemical entities, pharmaceutical compositions and methods are meant to include all such possible isomers, including racemic mixtures, optically pure forms and intermediate mixtures.
• Optically active (R)- and (S)- isomers can be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques.
• the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers.
• Tautomers are structurally distinct isomers that interconvert by tautomerization.
• Tautomerization is a form of isomerization and includes prototropic or proton-shift tautomerization, which is considered a subset of acid-base chemistry.
• Prototropic tautomerization or “proton-shift tautomerization” involves the migration of a proton accompanied by changes in bond order, often the interchange of a single bond with an adjacent double bond. Where tautomerization is possible (e.g. in solution), a chemical equilibrium of tautomers can be reached.
• An example of tautomerization is keto-enol tautomerization.
• keto-enol tautomerization is the interconversion of pentane-2,4-dione and 4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one tautomers.
• tautomerization is phenol-keto tautomerization.
• phenol-keto tautomerization is the interconversion of pyridin-4-ol and pyridin-4(lH)-one tautomers.
• the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of atoms that constitute such compounds.
• the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( 3 H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• a "leaving group or atom” is any group or atom that will, under the reaction conditions, cleave from the starting material, thus promoting reaction at a specified site. Suitable examples of such groups unless otherwise specified are halogen atoms, mesyloxy, p-nitrobenzensulphonyloxy and tosyloxy groups.
• Protecting group has the meaning conventionally associated with it in organic synthesis, i.e. a group that selectively blocks one or more reactive sites in a multifunctional compound such that a chemical reaction can be carried out selectively on another unprotected reactive site and such that the group can readily be removed after the selective reaction is complete. A variety of protecting groups are disclosed, for example, in T.H.
• Solvate refers to a compound (e.g., a compound selected from Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) in physical association with one or more molecules of a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent. It will be understood that "a compound of Formula I” encompass the compound of Formula I and solvates of the compound, as well as mixtures thereof.
• Substituted means that the referenced group may be substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from acyl, alkyl, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, carbohydrate, carbonate, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, halo, carbonyl, ester, thiocarbonyl, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, oxo, perhaloalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, phosphate, silyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonate, urea, and amino, including mono- and di-substituted amino groups, and the protected derivatives thereof.
• Di-substituted amino groups encompass those which form a ring together with the nitrogen of the amino group, such as for instance, morpholino.
• the substituents themselves may be substituted, for example, a cycloakyl substituent may have a halide substituted at one or more ring carbons, and the like.
• the protecting groups that may form the protective derivatives of the above substituents are known to those of skill in the art and may be found in references such as Greene and Wuts, above.
• “Sulfanyl” refers to the groups: -S-(optionally substituted alkyl), -S-(optionally substituted aryl), -S-(optionally substituted heteroaryl), and -S-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl).
• “Sulfinyl” refers to the groups: -S(O)-H, -S(O)-(optionally substituted alkyl), -S(O)-(optionally substituted amino), -S(0)-(optionally substituted aryl), -S(O)-(optionally substituted heteroaryl), and -S(O)-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl).
• Sulfonyl refers to the groups: -S(O 2 )-H, -S(O 2 )-(optionally substituted alkyl), -S(O 2 )-(optionally substituted amino), -S(O 2 )-(optionally substituted aryl), -S(O 2 )-(optionally substituted heteroaryl), and -S(O 2 )-(optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl).
• each R in sulfonamido contains 1 carbon, 2 carbons, 3 carbons, or 4 carbons total.
• a sulfonamido group is optionally substituted by one or more of the subsituents described for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl respectively [00178]
• Sulfoxyl refers to a -S(O) 2 OH radical.
• R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon).
• a sulfonate group is optionally substituted on R by one or more of the substituents described for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl respectively.
• substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical formulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., -CH 2 O- is equivalent to -OCH 2 -.
• Compounds of the present invention also include crystalline and amorphous forms of those compounds, including, for example, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, solvates, hydrates, unsolvated polymorphs (including anhydrates), conformational polymorphs, and amorphous forms of the compounds, as well as mixtures thereof.
• Crystal form may be used interchangeably herein, and are meant to include all crystalline and amorphous forms of the compound, including, for example, polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, solvates, hydrates, unsolvated polymorphs (including anhydrates), conformational polymo ⁇ hs, and amorphous forms, as well as mixtures thereof, unless a particular crystalline or amorphous form is referred to.
• Chemical entities include, but are not limited to, compounds of Formula I, and all pharmaceutically acceptable forms thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable forms of the compounds recited herein include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures thereof.
• the compounds described herein are in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the terms "chemical entity” and “chemical entities” also encompass pharmaceutically acceptable salts, chelates, non-covalent complexes, prodrugs, and mixtures.
• the compound of Formula I is obtained as an acid addition salt, the free base can be obtained by basifying a solution of the acid salt.
• an addition salt particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt
• a suitable organic solvent may be used to dissolve the free base in a suitable organic solvent.
• an acid may be used to prepare non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts.
• the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:
• W d is heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl
• B is alkyl, amino, heteroalkyl, or a moiety of Formula II;
• W c is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl
• q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• X is absent or is -(CH(R 9 )) z -and z is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, phosphate, urea, or carbonate;
• R 2 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamide, halo, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, phosphate, urea, or carbonate;
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, aryl, or heteroaryl;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently hydrogen, C,-C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, C 1 - C 4 heteroalkyl, C r C 4 alkoxy, Ci-C 4 amido, amino, acyl, Q-Gjacyloxy, Q ⁇ sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro; and [00196] each instance of R 9 is independently hydrogen, CpCioalkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or C 2 - Cioheteroalkyl.
• B is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, including but not limited to - ⁇ CH 2 ) 2 - NR a R a .
• each R a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, or NR a R a are combined together to form a cyclic moiety, which includes but is not limited to piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl.
• B is unsubstituted or substituted amino.
• B is unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl.
• B is a moiety of Formula II and wherein W 0 is a member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted aryl, substituted phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl including but not limited to pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, or pyrazin-2-yl, unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted bicyclic heteroaryl, a heteroaryl comprising two heteroatoms as ring atoms, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl comprising a nitrogen ring atom, heteroaryl comprising two nitrogen ring atoms, heteroaryl comprising a nitrogen and a sulfur as ring atoms, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl
• B is substituted by one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy,or sulfonamido, may itself be substituted.
• R 1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl.
• R 1 is unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylalkyl.
• R 1 is unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted amido, unsubstituted or substituted amino. In some embodiments, R 1 is unsubstituted or substituted acyl, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl, or unsubstituted or substituted sulfonamido. In some embodiments, R 1 is halo which includes -Cl, -F, -I, and -Br. In some embodiments, R 1 is selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxy, nitro, unsubstituted or substituted phosphate, unsubstituted or substituted urea, and carbonate.
• R 1 when R 1 is alkyl, R 1 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n- butyl, tert- butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl.
• R 1 when R 1 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, or hydroxy, R 1 is substituted by phosphate, or unsubstituted urea, or substituted urea, or carbonic acid, or carbonate.
• R 1 when R 1 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido, R 1 is substituted by one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido
• R 2 is a member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl.
• R 2 is unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, or unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylalkyl.
• R 2 is unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted amido, unsubstituted or substituted amino.
• R 2 is unsubstituted or substituted acyl, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl, or unsubstituted or substituted sulfonamido.
• R 2 is halo, which is -I, -F, -Cl, or -Br.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxy, nitro, a carbonic acid, and a carbonate.
• R 2 is unsubstituted or substituted phosphate. In some embodiments, R 2 is unsubstituted or substituted urea. In some embodiments, when R 2 is alkyl, R 2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n- butyl, tert- butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl.
• R 2 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, or hydroxy, it is substituted by phosphate, substituted by urea, or substituted by carbonate.
• R 2 is alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido
• it is substituted by one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido,
• q is an integer of 0. In some embodiments, q is an integer of 1. In some embodiments, q is an integer of 2. In some embodiments, q is an integer of 3. In some embodiments, q is an integer of 4.
• R 3 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, and unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl.
• R 3 is unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, or unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl.
• R 3 is unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted amido, unsubstituted or substituted amino.
• R 3 is unsubstituted or substituted acyl, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl, or unsubstituted or substituted sulfonamido.
• R 3 is halo, which is is -I, -F, -Cl, or -Br. [00210] In some embodiments, R 3 is selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxy, and nitro.
• R 3 when R 3 is alkyl, R 3 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n- butyl, tert- butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl or heptyl. In some embodiments, R 3 is -CF 3 .
• R 3 when R 3 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl,or sulfonamido, it is substituted with one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or
• R 5 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl (including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkynyl.
• R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 3 - C 5 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
• R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted amido including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 amido. In some embodiments, R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted amino. In some embodiments, R 5 is unsubstituted or substituted acyl, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted sulfonamido, or unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 sulfonamido.
• R 5 is halo, which is is -I, -F, -Cl, or -Br. In some embodiments, R 5 is selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxy, and nitro. In some other embodiments, R 5 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , or -CF 3 .
• R 5 when R 5 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido, R 5 is optionally substituted with one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido, halo,
• R 6 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl (including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted CrQalkyl). In some embodiments, R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkynyl.
• R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 3 - C 5 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
• R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted amido including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 amido. In some embodiments, R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted amino. In some embodiments, R 6 is unsubstituted or substituted acyl, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted sulfonamido, or unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 sulfonamido.
• R 6 is halo, which is is -I, -F, -Cl, or -Br. In some embodiments, R 6 is selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxy, and nitro. In some other embodiments, R 6 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , or -CF 3 .
• R 6 when R 6 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido, R 6 is optionally substituted with one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfona
• R 7 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl (including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkynyl.
• R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 3 - C 5 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C r C 4 heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
• R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted amido including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 amido. In some embodiments, R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted amino. In some embodiments, R 7 is unsubstituted or substituted acyl, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted CpQacyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted sulfonamido, or unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 sulfonamido.
• R 7 is halo, which is is -I, -F, -Cl, or -Br. In some embodiments, R 7 is selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxy, and nitro. In some other embodiments, R 7 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , or -CF 3 .
• R 7 when R 7 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido, R 7 is optionally substituted with one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfona
• R 8 is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl (including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -C 5 alkynyl.
• R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 3 - Cscycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C r C 4 heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 alkoxy.
• R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted amido including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C r C 4 amido. In some embodiments, R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted amino. In some embodiments, R 8 is unsubstituted or substituted acyl, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted Ci-C 4 acyloxy, unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted sulfonamido, or unsubstituted or substituted C r C 4 sulfonamido.
• R 8 is halo, which is is -I, -F, -Cl, or -Br. In some embodiments, R 8 is selected from the group consisting of cyano, hydroxy, and nitro. In some other embodiments, R 8 is -CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isopropyl, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , or -CF 3 .
• R 8 when R 8 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, acyl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido, R 8 is optionally substituted with one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or sulfona
• X is absent.
• X is -(CH(R 9 )) Z
• z is an integer of 1, 2, 3 or 4.
• R 9 is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted CpCioalkyl. In some embodiments, R 9 is unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 9 is methyl or hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 9 is unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -Ci 0 heteroalkyl.
• R 9 is unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C 2 -Ci 0 heteroalkyl.
• X is -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(CH 3 )-, or - CH(CH 2 CH 3 )-.
• X is -CH(CH 3 )-, -CH(CH 3 )- is in an (S)- or (R)-stereochemical configuration.
• Y is absent.
• X-Y is -CH 2 -, -CH 2 -N(CH 3 ), -CH(CH 3 )-NH-, (S) -CH(CH 3 )-NH-, or (R) -CH(CH 3 )-NH-.
• X-Y is -N(CH 3 ).CH 2 -, N(CH 2 CH 3 ) CH 2 -, -N(CH(CHj) 2 )CH 2 -, or - NHCH 2 -.
• W d is a member selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, and unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl.
• W d is unsubstituted or substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, or unsubstituted or substituted bicyclic heteroaryl.
• W d is a bicyclic heteroaryl having at least one heteroatom, e.g., a bicyclic heteroaryl having at least one nitrogen ring atom.
• W d is a bicyclic heteroaryl having at least two heteroatoms, e.g., a bicyclic heteroaryl having at least two nitrogen ring atoms. In some embodiments, W d is a bicyclic heteroaryl having two heteroatoms in the ring which is connected to XY. In some embodiments, W d is a bicyclic heteroaryl having two nitrogen ring atoms in the ring to which XY is connected. In some embodiments, W d is a bicyclic heteroaryl having four heteroatoms, e.g, a bicyclic heteroaryl having four nitrogen ring atoms.
• W d is unsubstituted or substituted 4-amino-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-l-yl, unsubstituted or substituted 7-amino-2-methyl-2i ⁇ -pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-3-yl. unsubstituted or substituted 6-methylenyl- 9H-purin-6-yl, or unsubstituted or substituted 6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl. [00227] In some embodiments W d is one of the following:
• R a is hydrogen, halo, phosphate, urea, carbonate, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;
• R 1 ' is H, alkyl, halo, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy
• R 12 is H, alkyl, cyano, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, amino, carboxylic acid, alkoxycarbonyl, or amido.
• Wd is:
• W d is:
• W d is:
• W d is:
• R a is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, phosphate, urea, a carbonate, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkeny, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl, and unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl.
• W d whenR a is alkyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, it is substituted by phosphate, urea, or carbonate.
• R 11 is a member of the group consisting of hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, and halo, which includes -I, -F, -Cl, or -Br.
• R 1 ' is unsubstituted or substituted amino, unsubstituted or substituted amido, hydroxy, or unsubstituted or substituted alkoxy.
• R 11 is phosphate, unsubstituted or substituted urea, or carbonate.
• R 11 when R 11 is alkyl, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy, it is substituted by phosphate, urea, or carbonate.
• R 12 is a member of the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, halo, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, and unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl. In some embodiments, R 12 is unsubstituted or substituted aryl.
• R 12 is unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, which includes but is not limited to heteroaryl having a 5 membered ring, heteroaryl having a six membered ring, heteroaryl with at least one nitrogen ring atom, heteroaryl with two nitrogen ring atoms, monocylic heteroaryl, and bicylic heteroaryl.
• R 12 is unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, which includes but is not limited to heterocycloalkyl with one nitrogen ring atom, heterocycloalkyl with one oxygen ring atom, R 12 is heterocycloalkyl with one sulfur ring atom, 5 membered heterocycloalkyl, 6 membered heterocycloalkyl, saturated heterocycloalkyl, unsaturated heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl having an unsaturated moiety connected to the heterocycloalkyl ring, heterocycloalkyl substituted by oxo, and heterocycloalkyl substituted by two oxo.
• R 12 is unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloalkyl substituted by one oxo, cycloalkyl having an unsaturated moiety connected to the cycloalkyl ring.
• R 12 is unsubstituted or substituted amido, carboxylic acid, unsubstituted or substituted acyloxy, or unsubstituted or substituted alkoxycarbonyl.
• R 12 when R 12 is alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, it is substituted with phosphate. In some embodiments, when R 12 is alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, it is substituted with urea. In some embodiments, when R 12 is alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, it is substituted with carbonate.
• R 12 when R 12 is alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, amido, or acyloxy, it is substituted with one or more of alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, sulfonamido, halo, cyano, hydroxy or nitro, each of which alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, amido, amino, acyl, acyloxy, aloxycarbonyl, or sulfonamido may itself be substituted.
• R 12 is alkyl, alkyn
• W d is a pyrazolopyrimidine of Formula III:
• R 11 is H, alkyl, halo, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy
• R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R 11 is amino and R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R 11 is amino and R 12 is alkyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R 11 is amino and R 12 is monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R 11 is amino and R 12 is bicyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R 11 is amino and and R 12 is cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl,or amido.
• the compound of Formula I is a compound having a structure of Formula IV:
• R 11 is H, alkyl, halo, amino, amido, hydroxy, or alkoxy
• R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R 11 is amino and R 12 is alkyl, alkenyl, heteroaryl, aryl, or heterocycloalkyl.
• R 11 is amino and and R 12 is cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, alkoxycarbonyl, or amido.
• the compound of Formula IV is a compound of Formula IV-A:
• Formula IV-A [00243] The invention also provides compounds of Formula I having a structure of any of Formulae V, V-A, V-B, VI, or VI-A:
• R 3 is H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is a moiety of Formula II;
• W 0 is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl
• R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, or nitro
• q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4
• R , R , R 7 , and R 8 are H
• X is absent or (CH 2 ) Z ;
• z is 1;
• Y is absent or -N(R 9 )-;
• R 9 is hydrogen, C r Ci O alkyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, or C 2 -C 10 heteroalkyl; and
• W d is pyrazolopyrimidine or purine.
• R 3 is H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is a moiety of Formula II which is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl,
• R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, or nitro;
• q is 0, 1 or 2;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H;
• X is absent or (CH 2 ) 2 ;
• z is 1;
• Y is absent or -N(R 9 )-;
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl
• W d is: R 11 is amino
• R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R 3 is H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is a moiety of Formula II, which is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl,
• R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, or nitro;
• q is 0, 1 or 2;
• X is (CH 2 ) Z ;
• z is 1;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H;
• Y is absent and W d is:
• R 3 is H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl,
• R 1 is H, - F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, or nitro; q is 0, 1 or 2;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H;
• X is (CH 2 ) Z ;
• z is 1 ;
• X is (CH 2 ) Z ;
• z is 1 ;
• Y is- ⁇ R 9 )-;
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; and
• W d is
• R 11 is amino; and R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl.
• R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F; B is alkyl or a moiety of Formula II;
• W 0 is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, and q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• R 1 is H, - F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or phosphate; q is 0, 1 or 2;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H;
• X is absent or (CH(R 9 )) Z ;
• z is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4;
• Y is absent, -N(R 9 )-, or - N(R 9 ) CH(R 9 )-;
• R 9 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heteroalkyl; and
• W d is pyrazolopyrimidine or pur
• R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is alkyl or a moiety of Formula II which is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl,
• R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or phosphate;
• q is 0, 1 or 2;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H;
• X is absent or (CH(R 9 )) Z ;
• z is an integer of 1, 2, 3, or 4;
• Y is absent, -N(R 9 )-, or -N(R 9 ) CH(R 9 )-;
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, or eth
• W d is: ; R u is amino; and R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, aloxycarbonyl, or amido.
• R 3 is H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is alkyl or a moiety of Formula II which is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl,
• R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or phosphate;
• q is 0, 1 or 2;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H;
• X is (CH(R 9 )) Z ;
• z is an integer of 1 ;
• Y is
• R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl
• W d is: R 11 ; R 1 ' is amino; and R 12 is H, alkyl, alkynyl, alkenyl, halo, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, cyano, amino, carboxylic acid, alkoxycarbonyl, or amido.
• R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is a moiety of Formula II which is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl, R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or phosphate; q is 0, 1 or 2; R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H; X is absent or (CH(R 9 )) Z ; z is an integer of 1 , 2, 3, or 4; Y is absent, -N(R 9 )-, or -N(R 9 ) CH(R 9 )-; R 9 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; and W d
• R 3 is aryl, heteroaryl, H, CH 3 , CF 3 , Cl, or F;
• B is a moiety of Formula II which is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, or cycloalkyl,
• R 1 is H, -F, -Cl, -CN, -CH 3 , isopropyl, -CF 3 , -OCH 3 , nitro, or phosphate;
• R 2 is halo, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, or phosphate;
• q is 0, 1 or 2;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are H;
• X is absent;
• Y is-N(R 9 )
• Some illustrative compounds of the present invention having a structure of Formula IV-A include those in which R 3 is -H, -Cl, -F, or -CH 3 in combination with any B moiety described in Table 1, and any R 12 as described in Table 2.
• a compound of Formula IV-A includes any combination of R 3 , B, and R 12 . Additional exemplary compounds of Formula IV-A are illustrated in Table 4. Table 1. Illustrative B moieties of the compounds of Formula I.
• Formula V-A [00259]
• Other illustrative compounds of the present invention have a structure of Formula V-B, in which B is a moiety described in Table 2, in combination with R 3 , which is -H, -Cl, -F, or CH 3 ,and R 9 , which is -H, -CH 3 , or -CH 2 CH 3 .
• Other illustrative compounds of the present invention have a structure of Formula VI-A, in which B is a moiety described in Table 2, in combination with R 3 , which is — H, -Cl, -F, or CH 3 ,and R 9 , which is -H, -CH 3 , or -CH 2 CH 3 .
• reaction times and conditions are intended to be approximate, e.g., taking place at about atmospheric pressure within a temperature range of about -10 0 C to about 110 0 C over a period of about 1 to about 24 hours; reactions left to run overnight average a period of about 16 hours.
• solvent each mean a solvent inert under the conditions of the reaction being described in conjunction therewith including, for example, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), dimethylformamide (“DMF”), chloroform, methylene chloride (or dichloromethane), diethyl ether, methanol, N-methylpyrrolidone (“NMP”), pyridine and the like.
• solvents used in the reactions described herein are inert organic solvents.
• one cc (or mL) of solvent constitutes a volume equivalent.
• Isolation and purification of the chemical entities and intermediates described herein can be effected, if desired, by any suitable separation or purification procedure such as, for example, filtration, extraction, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography or thick-layer chromatography, or a combination of these procedures. Specific illustrations of suitable separation and isolation procedures can be had by reference to the examples hereinbelow. However, other equivalent separation or isolation procedures can also be used.
• the (R)- and (S)-isomers of the compounds of the present invention may be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts or complexes which may be separated, for example, by crystallization; via formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives which may be separated, for example, by crystallization, gas-liquid or liquid chromatography; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer-specif ⁇ c reagent, for example enzymatic oxidation or reduction, followed by separation of the modified and unmodified enantiomers; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example on a chiral support, such as silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent.
• a specific enantiomer may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer to the other by asymmetric transformation.
• the compounds described herein can be optionally contacted with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid to form the corresponding acid addition salts.
• Many of the optionally substituted starting compounds and other reactants are commercially available, e.g., from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, WI) or can be readily prepared by those skilled in the art using commonly employed synthetic methodology.
• the compounds of the invention can generally be synthesized by an appropriate combination of generally well known synthetic methods. Techniques useful in synthesizing these chemical entities are both readily apparent and accessible to those of skill in the relevant art, based on the instant disclosure.
• the compounds of the invention can be synthesized by an appropriate combination of known synthetic methods in the art.
• the discussion below is offered to illustrate certain of the diverse methods available for use in making the compounds of the invention and is not intended to limit the scope of reactions or reaction sequences that can be used in preparing the compounds of the present invention.
• Reaction Scheme 1
• Step 1 a compound of Formula 101, wherein X is N or CR 7 , is converted to a compound of Formula 103, for example, via a two step process of Heck coupling with a compound of Formula 102, followed by acid catalyzed cyclization in methanol.
• the product, a compound of Formula 103 is isolated.
• Step 2 a compound of Formula 103 is converted to a compound of Formula 404, for example, via reaction with an appropriately substituted aniline.
• the product, a compound of Formula 104 is isolated.
• Step 3 a compound of Formula 104 is converted to a compound of Formula 105, for example, though reduction with lithium aluminum hydride.
• a compound of Formula 105 is converted to a compound of Formula 106, for example, via reaction with thionyl chloride.
• the product, a compound of Formula 106 is isolated.
• Step 5 a compound of Formula 106 is converted to a compound of Formula 107, for example, via alkylation with a pyrrazolopyrimidine using a base such as potassium carbonate.
• the product, a compound of Formula 107 is isolated.
• Step 6 a compound of Formula 107 is converted to a compound of Formula 108, for example, via a Suzuki reaction.
• the product, a compound of Formula 108 is isolated and optionally purified.
• Step 1 a compound of Formula 201, wherein X is N or CR 7 , is converted to a compound of Formula 202, for example, with a reagent suitable for introduction of an acid chloride, for example, oxalyl chloride.
• the product, a compound of Formula 202 is optionally isolated.
• Step 2 a compound of Formula 202 is converted to a compound of Formula 503 for example, reaction with, for example, an an aryl amine .
• the product, a compound of Formula 203 is isolated.
• Step 3 a compound of Formula 203 is converted to a compound of Formula 204, for example, via a Stille coupling using an appropriate vinyl-stannane.
• a compound of Formula 204 is converted to a tertiary amide, a compoundof Formula 205, via reaction with chloroethyl acetate and sodium hydride base.
• the compound of Formula 205 is isolated.
• Step 5 a compound of Formula 205 is oxidized to an aldehyde, using, for example, osmonium tetraoxide and sodium periodinate.
• the product, a compound of Formula 206 is isolated.
• Step 6 a compound of Formula 206 is converted to a compound of Formula 104, for example, though aldol reaction in ethanol with a base, such as cesium carbonate.
• the product, a compound of Formula 104 is isolated.
• Step 7 a compound of
• Formula 104 is reduced to a primary alcohol via reduction with, for example, lithium aluminum hydride, to produce a compound of Formula 105, which is isolated.
• a compound of Formula 105 is converted to a compound of Formula 207 via reaction with carbon tetrabromide and triphenylphosphine.
• the compound of Formula 207 is isolated. This compound can be a central intermediate in the synthesis of the compounds of the invention.
• Step 9 a compound of Formula 207, wherein X is N or CR 7 , is synthesized as described in Reaction Scheme 2 and is converted to a compound of Formula 107 via coupling with the compound of Formula 208 in the presence of base, for example, potassium t- butoxide.
• the compound of Formula 107 is isolated.
• Step 10 a compound of Formula 107 is converted to a compound of Formula 108 via coupling with, for example, an aryl boronic acid, in the presence of coupling catalysts and base, for example, palladium acetate, triphenylphosphine and sodium carbonate, for example.
• the compound of Formula 108 is isolated.
• Reaction Scheme 4 :
• Step 1 iodo ester 401, is reacted with an alkyne in the presence of a palladium catalyst, copper iodide and triethylamine (TEA) to couple the alkyne to the aryl core of compound 401 to produce a compound of Formula 402.
• the compound of Formula 402 is optionally isolated.
• Step 2 a compound of Formula 402 is treated with potassium hydroxide base to obtain the carboxylic acid, a compound of Formula 403, if the reaction product is acidified, or its salt.
• the compound of Formula 403 is optionally isolated.
• Step 3 a compound of Formula 403 is treated with bis
• a compound of Formula 404 is reacted with a primary amine to produce a compound of Formula 405.
• the compound of Formula 405 is optionally isolated.
• Step 5 a compound of Formula 405 is treated with hydrochoric acid, removing the protecting group on nitrogen, and to obtain a compound of Formula 406.
• the compound of Formula 406 is optionally isolated.
• Step 6 a compound of Formula 406 is reacted with a compound of Formula 407, to produce a compound of Formula 408.
• the compound of Formula 408 is isolated.
• Step 1 iodo ester 401 is reacted with alkyne 501 in the presence of palladium coupling catalyst, copper iodide, and TEA, to obtain a compound of Formula 502.
• the compound of Formula 502 is optionally isolated.
• Step 2 the compound of Formula 502 is treated with potassium hydroxide base to obtain the carboxylate or free acid of a compound of Formula 503.
• Step 3 the compound of Formula 503 is treated with bis (acetonitrile)dichoropalladium (II) and TEA to effect intramolecular ring closure to produce a compound of Formula 504.
• the compound of Formula 504 is optionally isolated.
• Step 4 the compound of Formula 504 is treated with a primary amine to produce a compound of Formula 505.
• the compound of Formula 505 is isolated.
• Reaction Scheme 6 the compound of Formula 504 is treated with a primary amine to produce a compound of Formula 505.
• iodo ester 401 is reacted with alkyne 601 in the presence of palladium coupling catalyst, copper iodide, and TEA, to obtain a compound of Formula 602.
• the compound of Formula 602 is optionally isolated.
• the compound of Formula 602 is treated with potassium hydroxide base to obtain the carboxylate or free acid of a compound of Formula 603.
• the compound of Formula 603 is treated with bis (acetonitrile)dichoropalladium (II) and TEA to effect intramolecular ring closure to produce a compound of Formula 604.
• the compound of Formula 604 is optionally isolated.
• Step 1 the compound of Formula 701 is synthesized by a variety of synthetic routes, including variations of Schemes 1 or 2 where, for example, a benzyl amine is used in the step of converting a compound of Formula 103 to a compound of Formula 104.
• the benzyl protecting group of the amine may be removed by standard deprotection chemistry to produce a compound of 701.
• Another example of a conversion of a compound of Formula 103 to a compoound of Formula 701, treatment of the compound of Formula 103 with ammonia produces the compound of Formula 701.
• the compound of Formula 701 is converted to a compound of Formula 702 by alkylation of the amide nitrogen with a number of 2-carbon containing synthons which can be deprotected, oxidized and reprotected as the respective ketal, the compound of Formula 702.
• the compound of Formula 702 is transformed by, for example, reductive amination of the ester moiety to introduce the purinyl moiety of a compound of Formula 703, or alternatively, is alkylated to so introduce a purinyl moiety and obtain a compound of Formula 703.
• the compound of Formula 703 is treated with acid to remove the ketal protecting group to produce a compound of Formula 704.
• the compound of Formula 704 is isolated. Referring to Reaction Scheme 7, Step 4-1, the compound of Formula 704 is reductively aminated with an amine to produce a compound of Formula 705. The compound of Formula 705 is isolated. Referring to Reaction Scheme 7, Step 2-2, the compound of Formula 702 is transformed by, steps 7 and 8 of Scheme 2 and step 9 of Scheme 3 to introduce the pyrazolopyrimidine moiety of a compound of Formula 706. The compound of Formula 706 is isolated. Referring to Reaction Scheme 7, Step 3-2, the compound of Formula 706 is treated with acid to remove the ketal protecting group to produce a compound of Formula 707. The compound of Formula 707 is isolated. [00278] Referring to Reaction Scheme 7, Step 4-2, the compound of Formula 707 is reductively aminated with an amine to produce a compound of Formula 708. The compound of Formula 708 is isolated. Reaction Scheme 8:
• Step 1 the compound of Formula 701 is synthesized as described in Scheme 7 or any other generally known chemistry.
• the compound of Formula 701 is tranformed by alkylation of the amide nitrogen with a number of 2-carbon containing synthons which can be deprotected, and converted to the alkoxy protected species as shown in the compond of Formula 801, which can be isolated.
• Step 2 the compound of Formula 801 is converted via chemistry described in Step 2-1 of Scheme 7 to introduce a purinyl moiety, and that resultant compound is transformed by deprotection, activation and animation with an amine to produce a compound of Formula 802, which is isolated.
• Step 3 the compound of Formula 801 is converted via chemistry described in Step 2-2 of Scheme 7 to introduce a pyrazolopyrimidine moiety, and that resultant compound is transformed by deprotection, activation and amination with an amine to produce a compound of Formula 803, which is isolated.
• Reaction Scheme 9 :
• Step 3 the compound of Formula 901 is treated with an amine to produce a compound of Formula 902.
• the compound of Formula 902 is isolated.
• Step 2 the compound of Formula 902 is treated with phosphorus oxychloride to generate a compound of Formula 903.
• the compound of Formula 903 is isolated.
• Step 3 the compound of Formula 903 is reacted with an amino purine of Formula 904 to obtain a compound of Formula 905.
• the compound of Formula 905 is isolated.
• Step 4 the compound of Formula 905 is treated with hydrochloric acid to remove the protecting group at nitrogen on the purine moiety to produce a compound of Formula 906.
• the compound of 906 is isolated.
• Step 1 the compound of Formula 1001 is treated with vinylogous ester 1002 using, for example a Heck reaction with subsequent cyclization, to produce a compound of Formula 1003.
• the compound of Formula 1003 is isolated.
• Step 2 the compound of Formula 1003 is reacted with 4- amino N-Boc piperidine to produce a compound of Formula 1004.
• the compound of Formula 1004 is isolated.
• the compound of Formula 1004 can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of the compounds of the invention.
• Reaction Scheme 11 :
• Step 1 the compound of Formula 1101 is treated with an alkynyl alcoho, for example, of Formula 1102, the presence of copper iodide and palladium on carbon catalyst, to produce a compound of Formula 1103.
• the compound of Formula 1103 is isolated.
• Step 1 the compound of Formula 1102 is reacted with 4- amino N-Boc piperidine to produce a compound of Formula 1103.
• the compound of Formula 1103 is isolated.
• the compound of Formula 1103 can be used as an intermediate in the synthesis of the compounds of the invention.
• Compounds of Formula I can be synthesized using the reaction schemes as disclosed herein or variants of these processes.
• the chemical entities can be synthesized by an appropriate combination of generally well known synthetic methods.
• the compounds of the present invention exhibits one or more functional characteristics disclosed herein.
• one or more subject compounds bind specifically to a PI3 kinase.
• the IC50 of a subject compound for pi 10a, pi lO ⁇ , pi lO ⁇ , or pi lO ⁇ is less than about 1 uM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, less than about 10 nM, less than about 1 nM, less than about 0.5nM, less than about 10OpM, or less than about 50 pM.
• one or more of the subject compound may selectively inhibit one or more members of type I or class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3-kinase) with an IC50 value of about 100 nM, 50 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 100 pM, 10 pM or 1 pM, or less as measured in an in vitro kinase assay.
• PI3-kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases
• one or more of the subject compound may selectively inhibit one or two members of type I or class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3-kinase) consisting of PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , PI3-kinase ⁇ , and PI3-kinase ⁇ .
• PI3-kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases
• some of the subject compounds selectively inhibit PI3-kinase ⁇ as compared to all other type I PI3-kinases.
• some of the subject compounds selectively inhibit PI3-kinase ⁇ and PI3- kinase ⁇ as compared to the rest of the type I PI3-kinases. In yet other aspects, some of the subject compounds selectively inhibit PI3-kinase ⁇ and PI3-kinase ⁇ as compared to the rest of the type I PI3-kinases. In still yet some other aspects, some of the subject compounds selectively inhibit PI3-kinase ⁇ and PI3-kinase ⁇ as compared to the rest of the type I PI3-kinases.
• some of the subject compounds selectively inhibit PI3-kinase ⁇ and PI3-kinase ⁇ as compared to the rest of the type I PI3-kinases, or selectively inhibit PI3-kinase ⁇ and PI3-kinase ⁇ as compared to the rest of the type I PI3-kinases, or selectively inhibit PI3-kinase oc and PI3-kinase ⁇ as compared to the rest of the type I PI3-kinases, or selectively inhibit PI3 -kinase ⁇ and PI3-kinase ⁇ as compared to the rest of the type I PI3-kinases.
• an inhibitor that selectively inhibits one or more members of type I PI3-kinases or an inhibitor that selectively inhibits one or more type I PI3-kinase mediated signaling pathways, alternatively can be understood to refer to a compound that exhibits a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) with respect to a given type I PI3-kinase, that is at least at least 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 1000-fold, at least 10,100-fold, or lower, than the inhibitor's IC50 with respect to the rest of the other type I PI3-kinases.
• IC50 50% inhibitory concentration
• compositions comprising one or more compounds of the present invention.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for treating diseases or conditions related to an undesirable, over-active, harmful or deleterious immune response in a mammal.
• Such undesirable immune response can be associated with or result in, e.g., asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, psoriasis, allergy, anaphylaxsis, auto-immune diseases, rhuematoid arthritis, graft versus host disease, and lupus erythematosus.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used to treat other respiratory diseases including but not limited to diseases affecting the lobes of lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, upper respiratory tract, or the nerves and muscle for breathing.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of disorders such as hyperproliferative disorder including but not limited to cancer such as acute myeloid leukemia, thymus, brain, lung, squamous cell, skin, eye, retinoblastoma, intraocular melanoma, oral cavity and oropharyngeal, bladder, gastric, stomach, pancreatic, bladder, breast, cervical, head, neck, renal, kidney, liver, ovarian, prostate, colorectal, esophageal, testicular, gynecological, thyroid, CNS, PNS, AIDS related AIDS-Related (e.g.
• cancer such as acute myeloid leukemia, thymus, brain, lung, squamous cell, skin, eye, retinoblastoma, intraocular melanoma, oral cavity and oropharyngeal
• bladder gastric, stomach, pancreatic, bladder, breast, cervical, head, neck, renal, kidney, liver, ovarian,
• said pharmaceutical composition is for the treatment of a non-cancerous hyperproliferative disorder such as benign hyperplasia of the skin (e. g., psoriasis), restenosis, or prostate (e. g., benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)).
• a non-cancerous hyperproliferative disorder such as benign hyperplasia of the skin (e. g., psoriasis), restenosis, or prostate (e. g., benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)).
• the invention also provides compositions for the treatment of liver diseases (including diabetes), pancreatitis or kidney disease (including proliferative glomerulonephritis and diabetes- induced renal disease) or pain in a mammal.
• the invention further provides a composition for the prevention of blastocyte implantation in a mammal.
• the invention also relates to a composition for treating a disease related to vasculogenesis or angiogenesis in a mammal which can manifest as tumor angiogenesis, chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, and scleroderma, diabetes, 5 diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, hemangioma, glioma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic, prostate, colon and epidermoid cancer.
• chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, and scleroderma
• diabetes 5 diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular
• compositions are typically formulated to provide a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention as the active ingredient, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof.
• the pharmaceutical compositions contain
• compositions can be administered alone or in combination with one or more other agents, which are also typically administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.
• the subject pharmaceutical compositions can be administered alone or in combination with one or more other agents, which are also typically administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions.
• the concentration of one or more of the compounds provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%,14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%,
• the concentration of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is greater than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 19.75%, 19.50%, 19.25% 19%, 18.75%, 18.50%, 18.25% 18%,
• the concentration of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is in the range from approximately 0.0001% to approximately 50%, approximately 0.001% to approximately 40 %, approximately 0.01% to approximately 30%, approximately 0.02% to approximately 29%, approximately 0.03% to
• the concentration of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is in the range from approximately 0.001% to approximately 10%, approximately 0.01% to approximately 5%, approximately 0.02% to approximately 4.5%, approximately 0.03% to approximately 4%, approximately 0.04% to approximately 3.5%, approximately 0.05% to approximately 3%, approximately 0.06% to approximately 2.5%, approximately 0.07% to approximately 2%, approximately 0.08% to approximately 1.5%, approximately 0.09% to approximately 1%, approximately 0.1% to approximately 0.9% w/w, w/v or v/v.
• the amount of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is equal to or less than 10 g, 9.5 g, 9.0 g, 8.5 g, 8.0 g, 7.5 g, 7.0 g, 6.5 g, 6.0 g, 5.5 g, 5.0 g, 4.5 g, 4.0 g, 3.5 g, 3.0 g, 2.5 g, 2.0 g, 1.5 g, 1.0 g, 0.95 g, 0.9 g, 0.85 g, 0.8 g, 0.75 g, 0.7 g, 0.65 g, 0.6 g, 0.55 g, 0.5 g, 0.45 g, 0.4 g, 0.35 g, 0.3 g, 0.25 g, 0.2 g, 0.15 g, 0.1 g, 0.09 g, 0.08 g, 0.07 g, 0.06 g, 0.05 g, 0.04 g, 0.03 g, 0.02 g, 0.01 g,
• the amount of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is more than 0.0001 g, 0.0002 g, 0.0003 g, 0.0004 g, 0.0005 g, 0.0006 g, 0.0007 g, 0.0008 g, 0.0009 g, 0.001 g, 0.0015 g, 0.002 g, 0.0025 g, 0.003 g, 0.0035 g, 0.004 g, 0.0045 g, 0.005 g, 0.0055 g, 0.006 g, 0.0065 g, 0.007 g, 0.0075 g, 0.008 g, 0.0085 g, 0.009 g, 0.0095 g, 0.01 g, 0.015 g, 0.02 g, 0.025 g, 0.03 g, 0.035 g, 0.04 g, 0.045 g, 0.05 g, 0.055 g, 0.06 g, 0.065 g, 0.07
• the amount of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is in the range of 0.0001-10 g, 0.0005-9 g, 0.001-8 g, 0.005-7 g, 0.01-6 g, 0.05-5 g, 0.1-4 g, 0.5-4 g, or 1-3 g.
• the compounds according to the invention are effective over a wide dosage range. For example, in the treatment of adult humans, dosages from 0.01 to 1000 mg, from 0.5 to 100 mg, from 1 to 50 mg per day, and from 5 to 40 mg per day are examples of dosages that may be used. An exemplary dosage is 10 to 30 mg per day.
• compositions for oral administration In some embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration containing a compound of the present invention, and a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for oral administration.
• the invention provides a solid pharmaceutical composition for oral administration containing: (i) an effective amount of a compound of the present invention; optionally (ii) an effective amount of a second agent; and (iii) a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for oral administration.
• the composition further contains: (iv) an effective amount of a third agent.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be a liquid pharmaceutical composition suitable for oral consumption.
• Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as capsules, cachets, or tablets, or liquids or aerosol sprays each containing a predetermined amount of an active ingredient as a powder or in granules, a solution, or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
• Such dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy, but all methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with the carrier, which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
• compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired presentation.
• a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient such as, but not limited to, a binder, a lubricant, an inert diluent, and/or a surface active or dispersing agent.
• Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• This invention further encompasses anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising an active ingredient, since water can facilitate the degradation of some compounds.
• water may be added (e.g., 5%) in the pharmaceutical arts as a means of simulating long-term storage in order to determine characteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations over time.
• Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions.
• Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention which contain lactose can be made anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.
• An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition may be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained.
• anhydrous compositions may be packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits.
• suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastic or the like, unit dose containers, blister packs, and strip packs.
• An active ingredient can be combined in an intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
• the carrier can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration.
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media can be employed as carriers, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations (such as suspensions, solutions, and elixirs) or aerosols; or carriers such as starches, sugars, micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents can be used in the case of oral solid preparations, in some embodiments without employing the use of lactose.
• suitable carriers include powders, capsules, and tablets, with the solid oral preparations.
• Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
• natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrol
• suitable fillers for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.
• Disintegrants may be used in the compositions of the invention to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. Too much of a disintegrant may produce tablets which may disintegrate in the bottle.
• Too little may be insufficient for disintegration to occur and may thus alter the rate and extent of release of the active ingredient(s) from the dosage form.
• a sufficient amount of disintegrant that is neither too little nor too much to detrimentally alter the release of the active ingredient(s) may be used to form the dosage forms of the compounds disclosed herein.
• the amount of disintegrant used may vary based upon the type of formulation and mode of administration, and may be readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. About 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant, or about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant, may be used in the pharmaceutical composition.
• Disintegrants that can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, agar-agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, crosca ⁇ nellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre- gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums or mixtures thereof.
• Lubricants which can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethylaureate, agar, or mixtures thereof.
• Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel, a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica, or mixtures thereof.
• a lubricant can optionally be added, in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition.
• the essential active ingredient therein may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter or dyes and, if so desired, emulsifying and/or suspending agents, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various combinations thereof.
• the tablets can be uncoated or coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
• Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• Surfactant which can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic surfactants, lipophilic surfactants, and mixtures thereof. That is, a mixture of hydrophilic surfactants may be employed, a mixture of lipophilic surfactants may be employed, or a mixture of at least one hydrophilic surfactant and at least one lipophilic surfactant may be employed.
• a suitable hydrophilic surfactant may generally have an HLB value of at least 10, while suitable lipophilic surfactants may generally have an HLB value of or less than about 10.
• An empirical parameter used to characterize the relative hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of non-ionic amphiphilic compounds is the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ("HLB" value).
• HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
• Surfactants with lower HLB values are more lipophilic or hydrophobic, and have greater solubility in oils, while surfactants with higher HLB values are more hydrophilic, and have greater solubility in aqueous solutions.
• Hydrophilic surfactants are generally considered to be those compounds having an HLB value greater than about 10, as well as anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic compounds for which the HLB scale is not generally applicable.
• lipophilic (i.e., hydrophobic) surfactants are compounds having an HLB value equal to or less than about 10.
• HLB value of a surfactant is merely a rough guide generally used to enable formulation of industrial, pharmaceutical and cosmetic emulsions.
• Hydrophilic surfactants may be either ionic or non-ionic. Suitable ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkylammonium salts; fusidic acid salts; fatty acid derivatives of amino acids, oligopeptides, and polypeptides; glyceride derivatives of amino acids, oligopeptides, and polypeptides; lecithins and hydrogenated lecithins; lysolecithins and hydrogenated lysolecithins; phospholipids and derivatives thereof; lysophospholipids and derivatives thereof; carnitine fatty acid ester salts; salts of alkylsulfates; fatty acid salts; sodium docusate; acylactylates; mono- and di-acetylated tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; succinylated mono- and di- glycerides; citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides
• ionic surfactants include, by way of example: lecithins, lysolecithin, phospholipids, lysophospholipids and derivatives thereof; carnitine fatty acid ester salts; salts of alkylsulfates; fatty 5 acid salts; sodium docusate; acylactylates; mono- and di-acetylated tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; succinylated mono- and di-glycerides; citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; and mixtures thereof.
• Ionic surfactants may be the ionized forms of lecithin, lysolecithin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylserine, PEG-
• Hydrophilic non-ionic surfactants may include, but not limited to, alkylglucosides; alkylmaltosides; alkylthioglucosides; lauryl macrogolglycerides; polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers such as polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers; polyoxyalkylene alkylphenols such as polyethylene glycol alkyl phenols; polyoxyalkylene alkyl phenol fatty acid esters such as polyethylene glycol fatty acids monoesters and polyethylene glycol fatty acids diesters; polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters; polyglycerol fatty acid esters; polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as
• polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters; hydrophilic transesterif ⁇ cation products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of glycerides, vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, fatty acids, and sterols; polyoxyethylene sterols, derivatives, and analogues thereof; polyoxyethylated vitamins and derivatives thereof; polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers; and mixtures thereof; polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters and hydrophilic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of
• the polyol may be glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, propylene glycol, pentaerythritol, or a saccharide.
• hydrophilic-non-ionic surfactants include, without limitation, PEG-10 laurate, PEG- 12 laurate, PEG-20 laurate, PEG-32 laurate, PEG-32 dilaurate, PEG- 12 oleate, PEG- 15 oleate, PEG-20 oleate, PEG-20 dioleate, PEG-32 oleate, PEG-200 oleate, PEG-400 oleate, PEG- 15 stearate, PEG-32 distearate, PEG-40 stearate, PEG-100 stearate,
• Suitable lipophilic surfactants include, by way of example only: fatty alcohols; glycerol fatty acid esters; acetylated glycerol fatty acid esters; lower alcohol fatty acids esters; propylene glycol fatty acid esters; sorbitan fatty acid esters; polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters; sterols and sterol derivatives; polyoxyethylated sterols and sterol derivatives; polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers; sugar esters; sugar ethers; lactic acid derivatives of mono- and di- glycerides; hydrophobic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of glycerides, vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, fatty acids and sterols; oil-soluble vitamins/vitamin derivatives; and mixtures thereof.
• preferred lipophilic surfactants include glycerol fatty acid esters, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, and mixtures thereof, or are hydrophobic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and triglycerides.
• the composition may include a solubilizer to ensure good solubilization and/or dissolution of the compound of the present invention and to minimize precipitation of the compound of the present invention. This can be especially important for compositions for non-oral use, e.g., compositions for injection.
• a solubilizer may also be added to increase the solubility of the hydrophilic drug and/or other components, such as surfactants, or to maintain the composition as a stable or homogeneous solution or dispersion.
• suitable solubilizers include, but are not limited to, the following: alcohols and polyols, such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediols and isomers thereof, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, transcutol, dimethyl isosorbide, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinylalcohol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other cellulose derivatives, cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives; ethers of polyethylene glycols having an average molecular weight of about 200 to about 6000, such as t
• solubilizers may also be used. Examples include, but not limited to, triacetin, triethylcitrate, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins, ethanol, polyethylene glycol 200-100, glycofurol, transcutol, propylene glycol, and dimethyl isosorbide.
• solubilizers include sorbitol, glycerol, triacetin, ethyl alcohol, PEG-400, glycofurol and propylene glycol.
• the amount of solubilizer that can be included is not particularly limited.
• the amount of a given solubilizer may be limited to a bioacceptable amount, which may be readily determined by one of skill in the art.
• the solubilizer can be in a weight ratio of 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, or up to about 200% by weight, based on the combined weight of the drug, and other excipients. If desired, very small amounts of solubilizer may also be used, such as 5%, 2%, 1% or even less. Typically, the solubilizer may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 100%, more typically about 5% to about 25% by weight.
• the composition can further include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives and excipients.
• additives and excipients include, without limitation, detackifiers, anti-foaming agents, buffering agents, polymers, antioxidants, preservatives, chelating agents, viscomodulators, tonicifiers, flavorants, colorants, odorants, opacifiers, suspending agents, binders, fillers, plasticizers, lubricants, and mixtures thereof.
• an acid or a base may be incorporated into the composition to facilitate processing, to enhance stability, or for other reasons.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable bases include amino acids, amino acid esters, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium aluminum silicate, synthetic aluminum silicate, synthetic hydrocalcite, magnesium aluminum hydroxide, diisopropylethylamine, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, triethanolamine, triethylamine, triisopropanolamine, trimethylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) and the like.
• bases that are salts of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, such as acetic acid, acrylic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, alkanesulfonic acid, amino acids, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, butyric acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, fatty acids, formic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, hydroquinosulfonic acid, isoascorbic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, para-bromophenylsulfonic acid, propionic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, thioglycolic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, uric acid, and the like.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as acetic acid, acrylic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, alkanesulfonic acid, amino acids
• Salts of polyprotic acids such as sodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate can also be used.
• the cation can be any convenient and pharmaceutically acceptable cation, such as ammonium, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and the like.
• Example may include, but not limited to, sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium and ammonium.
• Suitable acids are pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic acids.
• suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
• compositions for injection include acetic acid, acrylic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, alkanesulfonic acids, amino acids, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, butyric acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, fatty acids, formic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, hydroquinosulfonic acid, isoascorbic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, para-bromophenylsulfonic acid, propionic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, thioglycolic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, uric acid and the like.
• Pharmaceutical compositions for injection containing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for injection
• Aqueous solutions in saline are also conventionally used for injection. Ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like (and suitable mixtures thereof), cyclodextrin derivatives, and vegetable oils may also be employed.
• the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, for the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
• a coating such as lecithin
• the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
• Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the compound of the present invention in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients as enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
• dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
• sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions certain desirable methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
• compositions for topical (e.g. transdermal) delivery a pharmaceutical composition for transdermal delivery containing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for transdermal delivery.
• compositions of the present invention can be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, or liquid forms suitable for local or topical administration, such as gels, water soluble jellies, creams, lotions, suspensions, foams, powders, slurries, ointments, solutions, oils, pastes, suppositories, sprays, emulsions, saline solutions, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-based solutions.
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• carriers with higher densities are capable of providing an area with a prolonged exposure to the active ingredients.
• a solution formulation may provide more immediate exposure of the active ingredient to the chosen area.
• compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients, which are compounds that allow increased penetration of, or assist in the delivery of, therapeutic molecules across the stratum corneum permeability barrier of the skin.
• suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients which are compounds that allow increased penetration of, or assist in the delivery of, therapeutic molecules across the stratum corneum permeability barrier of the skin.
• penetration-enhancing molecules known to those trained in the art of topical formulation.
• humectants e.g., urea
• glycols e.g., propylene glycol
• alcohols e.g., ethanol
• fatty acids e.g., oleic acid
• surfactants e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate
• pyrrolidones e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate
• pyrrolidones e.glycerol monolaurate, sulfoxides, terpenes (e.g., menthol)
• amines amides, alkanes, alkanols, water, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
• transdermal delivery devices patches
• Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of a compound of the present invention in controlled amounts, either with or without another agent.
• compositions for inhalation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders.
• the liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra.
• the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect.
• compositions in preferably pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a face mask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered, preferably orally or nasally, from devices that deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner. [00343] Other pharmaceutical compositions. Pharmaceutical compositions may also be prepared from compositions described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients suitable for sublingual, buccal, rectal, intraosseous, intraocular, intranasal, epidural, or intraspinal administration. Preparations for such pharmaceutical compositions are well-known in the art.
• Administration of the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be effected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action. These methods include oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular, intraperitoneal or infusion), topical (e.g. transdermal application), rectal administration, via local delivery by catheter or stent or through inhalation. Compounds can also abe administered intraadiposally or intrathecally.
• the amount of the compound administered will be dependent on the mammal being treated, the severity of the disorder or condition, the rate of administration, the disposition of the compound and the discretion of the prescribing physician.
• an effective dosage is in the range of about 0.001 to about 100 mg per kg body weight per day, preferably about 1 to about 35 mg/kg/day, in single or divided doses. For a 70 kg human, this would amount to about 0.05 to 7 g/day, preferably about 0.05 to about 2.5 g/day.
• dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effect, e.g.
• a compound of the invention is administered in a single dose. Typically, such administration will be by injection, e.g., intravenous injection, in order to introduce the agent quickly. However, other routes may be used as appropriate. A single dose of a compound of the invention may also be used for treatment of an acute condition.
• a compound of the invention is administered in multiple doses. Dosing may be about once, twice, three times, four times, five times, six times, or more than six times per day. Dosing may be about once a month, once every two weeks, once a week, or once every other day.
• a compound of the invention and another agent are administered together about once per day to about 6 times per day.
• administration of a compound of the invention and an agent continues for less than about 7 days.
• administration continues for more than about 6, 10, 14, 28 days, two months, six months, or one year. In some cases, continuous dosing is achieved and maintained as long as necessary.
• Administration of the agents of the invention may continue as long as necessary.
• an agent of the invention is administered for more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, or 28 days.
• an agent of the invention is administered for less than 28, 14, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 day.
• an agent of the invention is administered chronically on an ongoing basis, e.g., for the treatment of chronic effects.
• compositions of the invention may also be delivered via an impregnated or coated device such as a stent, for example, or an artery-inserted cylindrical polymer. Such a method of administration may, for example, aid in the prevention or amelioration of restenosis following procedures such as balloon angioplasty.
• compounds of the invention may slow or inhibit the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall which contribute to restenosis.
• a compound of the invention may be administered, for example, by local delivery from the struts of a stent, from a stent graft, from grafts, or from the cover or sheath of a stent.
• a compound of the invention is admixed with a matrix.
• a matrix may be a polymeric matrix, and may serve to bond the compound to the stent.
• Polymeric matrices suitable for such use include, for eample, lactone- based polyesters or copolyesters such as polylactide, polycaprolactonglycolide, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyaminoacids, polysaccharides, polyphosphazenes, poly (ether-ester) copolymers (e.g. PEO-PLLA); polydimethylsiloxane, ⁇ oly(ethylene-vinylacetate), acrylate-based polymers or copolymers (e.g. polyhydroxyethyl methyhnethacrylate, polyvinyl pyrrolidinone), fluorinated polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene and cellulose esters.
• lactone- based polyesters or copolyesters such as polylactide, polycaprolactonglycolide, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyaminoacids, polysaccharides, polyphosphazenes,
• Suitable matrices may be nondegrading or may degrade with time, releasing the compound or compounds.
• Compounds of the invention may be applied to the surface of the stent by various methods such as dip/spin coating, spray coating, dip-coating, and/or brush-coating.
• the compounds may be applied in a solvent and the solvent may be allowed to evaporate, thus forming a layer of compound onto the stent.
• the compound may be located in the body of the stent or graft, for example in microchannels or micropores. When implanted, the compound diffuses out of the body of the stent to contact the arterial wall.
• Such stents may be prepared by dipping a stent manufactured to contain such micropores or microchannels into a solution of the compound of the invention in a suitable solvent, followed by evaporation of the solvent. Excess drug on the surface of the stent may be removed via an additional brief solvent wash.
• compounds of the invention may be covalently linked to a stent or graft.
• a covalent linker may be used which degrades in vivo, leading to the release of the compound of the invention. Any bio- labile linkage may be used for such a purpose, such as ester, amide or anhydride linkages.
• Compounds of the invention may additionally be administered intravascularly from a balloon used during angioplasty. Extravascular administration of the compounds via the pericard or via advential application of formulations of the invention may also be performed to decrease restenosis.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered in dosages. It is known in the art that due to intersubject variability in compound pharmacokinetics, individualization of dosing regimen is necessary for optimal therapy. Dosing for a compound of the invention may be found by routine experimentation in light of the instant disclosure.
• the subject pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in a form suitable for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, pill, powder, sustained release formulations, solution, suspension, for parenteral injection as a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion, for topical administration as an ointment or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages.
• the pharmaceutical composition will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compound according to the invention as an active ingredient. In addition, it may include other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc.
• Exemplary parenteral administration forms include solutions or suspensions of active compound in sterile aqueous solutions, for example, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions. Such dosage forms can be suitably buffered, if desired.
• the activity of the compounds of the present invention may be determined by the following procedure, as well as the procedure described in the examples below. The activity of the kinase is assessed by measuring the incorporation of ⁇ - 33 P-phosphate from ⁇ - 33 P-ATP onto N-terminal His tagged substrate, which is expressed in E. coli and is purified by conventional methods, in the presence of the kinase. The assay is carried out in 96-well polypropylene plate.
• the incubation mixture (100, ⁇ L) comprises of 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM ⁇ - glycerolphosphate, 100 ⁇ M Na-orthovanadate, 5 mM DTT, 5 nM kinase, and 1 ⁇ M substrate.
• Inhibitors are suspended in DMSO, and all reactions, including controls are performed at a final concentration of 1% DMSO. Reactions are initiated by the addition of 10 ⁇ M ATP (with 0.5 ⁇ Ci ⁇ - 33 P- ATP/well) and incubated at ambient temperature for 45 minutes. Equal volume of 25% TCA is added to stop the reaction and precipitate the proteins.
• kits include a compound or compounds of the present invention as described herein, in suitable packaging, and written material that can include instructions for use, discussion of clinical studies, listing of side effects, and the like.
• kits may also include information, such as scientific literature references, package insert materials, clinical trial results, and/or summaries of these and the like, which indicate or establish the activities and/or advantages of the composition, and/or which describe dosing, administration, side effects, drug interactions, or other information useful to the health care provider. Such information may be based on the results of various studies, for example, studies using experimental animals involving in vivo models and studies based on human clinical trials.
• the kit may further contain another agent.
• the compound of the present invention and the agent are provided as separate compositions in separate containers within the kit.
• the compound of the present invention and the agent are provided as a single composition within a container in the kit.
• Kits described herein can be provided, marketed and/or promoted to health providers, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, formulary officials, and the like. Kits may also, in some embodiments, be marketed directly to the consumer.
• the invention also provides methods of using the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention to treat disease conditions, including but not limited to diseases associated with malfunctioning of one or more types of PI3 kinase.
• diseases associated with malfunctioning of one or more types of PI3 kinase A detailed description of conditions and disorders mediated by pi 105 kinase activity is set forth in Sadu et al., WO 01/81346, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
• the treatment methods provided herein comprise administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention.
• the present invention provides a method of treating an inflammation disorder, including autoimmune diseases in a mammal.
• the method comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof.
• autoimmune diseases includes but is not limited to acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Addison's disease, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, Diabetes mellitus (type 1),
• GBS Guillain-Barr ⁇ syndrome
• OMS opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
• optic neuritis Ord's thyroiditis, oemphigus, polyarthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, Takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis (also known as "giant cell arteritis”), warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Wegener's granulomatosis, alopecia universalis, Chagas' disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, dysautonomia, endometriosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, interstitial cystitis, neuromyotonia, sarcoidosis, scleroderma,
• the method of treating inflammatory or autoimmune diseases comprises administering to a subject (e.g. a mammal) a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present invention 5 that selectively inhibit PI3K-6 and/or PI3K- ⁇ as compared to all other type I PI3 kinases.
• a subject e.g. a mammal
• Such selective inhibition of PBK- ⁇ and/or PI3K- ⁇ may be advantageous for treating any of the diseases or conditions described herein.
• selective inhibition of PDK- ⁇ may inhibit inflammatory responses associated with inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disease, or diseases related to an undesirable immune response including but not limited to asthma, emphysema, allergy, dermatitis, rhuematoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, or graft versus host disease.
• Selective inhibition of PDK- ⁇ may further provide for a reduction in the inflammatory or undesirable immune response without a concomittant reduction in the ability to reduce a bacterial, viral, and/or fungal infection.
• Selective inhibition of both PI3K- ⁇ and PI3K- ⁇ may be advantageous for inhibiting the inflammatory response in the subject to a greater degree than that would be provided for by inhibitors that selectively inhibit PI3K - ⁇ or PI3K- ⁇ alone.
• one or more of the subject methods are effective in reducing antigen specific antibody production in vivo by
• one or more of the subject methods are effective in reducing antigen specific IgG3 and/or IgGM production in vivo by about 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 7.5-fold, 10-fold, 25-fold, 50-fold, 100- fold, 250-fold, 500-fold, 750-fold, or about 1000-fold or more.
• one of more of the subject methods are effective in ameliorating symptoms assoicated with
• the subject methods are effective in reducing ankle inflammation by at least about 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 60%, or about 75% to 90%. In another aspect, the subject methods are effective in reducing knee inflammation by at least about 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 60%, or about
• the subject methods are effective in reducing serum anti-type II collagen levels by at least about 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 24%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 86%, 87%, or about 90% or more.
• the subject methods are effective in reducing ankle histopathology scores by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90% or more.
• the subject methods are effective in reducing knee histopathology scores by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90% or more.
• the subject methods are effective in reducing knee histopathology scores by about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%,
• the present invention provides methods of using the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions to treat respiratory diseases including but not limited to diseases affecting the lobes of lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, upper respiratory tract, or the nerves and muscle for breathing.
• respiratory diseases including but not limited to diseases affecting the lobes of lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, upper respiratory tract, or the nerves and muscle for breathing.
• methods are provided to treat obstructive pulmonary disease.
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• the compounds described herein are used for the treatment of asthma. Also, the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be used for the treatment of endotoxemia and sepsis. In one embodiment, the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described herein are used to for the
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described herein is used for the treatment of contact or atopic dermatitis.
• Contact dermatitis includes irritant dermatitis, phototoxic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, photoallerg y dermatitis, contact urticaria, systemic contact-type dermatitis and the like. Irritant dermatitis can occur when too much of a substance is used on the skin of when the skin is sensitive to certain substance.
• Atopic dermatitis sometimes called eczema, is a kind of dermatitis, an atopic skin disease.
• the invention also relates to a method of treating a hyperproliferative disorder in a mammal that comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof.
• said method relates to the treatment of cancer such as acute myeloid leukemia, thymus, brain, lung, squamous cell, skin, eye, retinoblastoma, intraocular melanoma, oral cavity and oropharyngeal, bladder, gastric, stomach, pancreatic, bladder, breast, cervical, head, neck, renal, kidney, liver, ovarian, prostate, colorectal, esophageal, testicular, gynecological, thyroid, CNS, PNS, AIDS-related (e.g. Lymphoma and Kaposi's Sarcoma) or viral-induced cancer.
• cancer such as acute myeloid leukemia, thymus, brain, lung, squamous cell, skin, eye, retinoblastoma, intraocular melanoma, oral cavity and oropharyngeal, bladder, gastric, stomach, pancreatic, bladder, breast, cervical, head, neck, renal, kidney, liver, ovarian, prostate,
• said method relates to the treatment of a non-cancerous hyperproliferative disorder such as benign hyperplasia of the skin (e. g., psoriasis), restenosis, or prostate (e. g., benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)).
• a non-cancerous hyperproliferative disorder such as benign hyperplasia of the skin (e. g., psoriasis), restenosis, or prostate (e. g., benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)).
• BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy
• said method is for treating a disease selected from the group consisting of tumor angiogenesis, chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, and scleroderma, diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, hemangioma, glioma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic, prostate, colon and epidermoid cancer.
• a disease selected from the group consisting of tumor angiogenesis, chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, and scleroderma
• diabetes diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity
• age-related macular degeneration hemangio
• Patients that can be treated with compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative of said compounds, according to the methods of this invention include, for example, patients that have been diagnosed as having psoriasis; restenosis; atherosclerosis; BPH; breast cancer such as a ductal carcinoma in duct tissue in a mammary gland, medullary carcinomas, colloid carcinomas, tubular carcinomas, and inflammatory breast cancer; ovarian cancer, including epithelial ovarian tumors such as adenocarcinoma in the ovary and an adenocarcinoma that has migrated from the ovary into the abdominal cavity; uterine cancer; cervical cancer such as adenocarcinoma in the cervix epithelial including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas; prostate cancer, such as a prostate cancer selected from the following: an adenocarcinoma or an adenocarinom
• the invention also relates to a method of treating diabetes in a mammal that comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof.
• the compounds described herein may be used to treat acne.
• the compounds described herein may be used for the treatment of arteriosclerosis, including atherosclerosis.
• Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of medium or large arteries.
• Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque.
• the compounds described herein may be used for the treatment of glomerulonephritis.
• Glomerulonephritis is a primary or secondary autoimmune renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli. It may be asymptomatic, or present with hematuria and/or proteinuria. There are many recognized types, divided in acute, subacute or chronic glomerulonephritis. Causes are infectious (bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens), autoimmune or paraneoplastic.
• the compounds described herein may be used for the treatment of bursitis, lupus, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), addison's disease, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, diabetes mellitus (type 1), goodpasture's syndrome, graves' disease, guillain-barre syndrome (GBS), hashimoto's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), optic neuritis, ord's thyroiditis,ostheoarthritis, uveoretinitis, pemphigus, polyarthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, reiter's syndrome, takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic
• the invention also relates to a method of treating a cardiovascular disease in a mammal that comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof.
• cardiovascular conditions include, but are not limited to, atherosclerosis, restenosis, vascular occlusion and carotid obstructive disease.
• the present invention provides methods of disrupting the function of a leukocyte or disrupting a function of an osteoclast.
• the method includes contacting the leukocyte or the osteoclast with a function disrupting amount of a compound of the invention.
• methods are provided for treating ophthalmic disease by administering one or more of the subject compounds or pharmaceutical compositions to the eye of a subject.
• Methods are further provided for administering the compounds of the present invention via eye drop, intraocular injection, intravitreal injection, topically, or through the use of a drug eluting device, microcapsule, implant, or microfluidic device.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered with a carrier or excipient that increases the intraocular penetrance of the compound such as an oil and water emulsion with colloid particles having an oily core surrounded by an interfacial film.
• the colloid particles include at least one cationic agent and at least one non-ionic sufactant such as a poloxamer, tyloxapol, a polysorbate, a polyoxyethylene castor oil derivative, a sorbitan ester, or a polyoxyl stearate.
• the cationic agent is an alkylamine, a tertiary alkyl amine, a quarternary ammonium compound, a cationic lipid, an amino alcohol, a biguanidine salt, a cationic compound or a mixture thereof.
• the cationic agent is a biguanidine salt such as chlorhexidine, polyaminopropyl biguanidine, phenformin, alkylbiguanidine, or a mixture thereof.
• the quaternary ammonium compound is a benzalkonium halide, lauralkonium halide, cetrimide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium halide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium halide, dodecyltrimethylammonium halide, cetrimonium halide, benzethonium halide, behenalkonium halide, cetalkonium halide, cetethyldimonium halide, cetylpyridinium halide, benzododecinium halide, chlorallyl methenamine halide, rnyristylalkonium halide, stearalkonium halide or a mixture of two or more thereof.
• cationic agent is a benzalkonium chloride, lauralkonium chloride, benzododecinium bromide, benzethenium chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide or a mixture of two or more thereof.
• the oil phase is mineral oil and light mineral oil, medium chain triglycerides (MCT), coconut oil; hydrogenated oils comprising hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenate castor oil or hydrogenated soybean oil; polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil derivatives comprising ⁇ oluoxyl-40 hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyl-60 hydrogenated castor oil or polyoxyl- 100 hydrogenated castor oil.
• MCT medium chain triglycerides
• the invention further provides methods of modulating kinase activity by contacting a kinase with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to modulate the activity of the kinase. Modulate can be inhibiting or activating kinase activity.
• the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity by contacting a kinase with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity in a solution by contacting said solution with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase in said solution. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity in a cell by contacting said cell with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase in said cell.
• the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity in a tissue by contacting said tissue with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase in said tissue. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity in an organism by contacting said organism with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase in said organism. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity in an animal by contacting said animal with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase in said animal.
• the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity in a mammal by contacting said mammal with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase in said mammal. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting kinase activity in a human by contacting said human with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the kinase in said human. In some embodiments, the % of kinase activity after contacting a kinase with a compound of the invention is less than 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 90, 95, or 99% of the kinase activity in the absence of said contacting step.
• the kinase is a lipid kinase or a protein kinase.
• the kinase is selected from the group consisting of PD kinase including different isorforms such as PB kinase ⁇ , PD kinase ⁇ , PD kinase ⁇ , PD kinase ⁇ ; DNA-PK; mTor; AbI, VEGFR, Ephrin receptor B4 (E ⁇ hB4); TEK receptor tyrosine kinase ( ⁇ E2); FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3); Platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR); RET; ATM; ATR; hSmg-1; Hck; Src; Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); KIT; Inulsin Receptor (IR) and IGFR.
• PD kinase including different isorforms such as PB kinase ⁇
• the invention further provides methods of modulating PD kinase activity by contacting a PD kinase with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to modulate the activity of the PD kinase. Modulate can be inhibiting or activating PD kinase activity. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting PD kinase activity by contacting a PD kinase with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the PD kinase. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting PD kinase activity.
• Such inhibition can take place in solution, in a cell expressing one or more PD kinases, in a tissue comprising a cell expressing one or more PD kinases, or in an organism expressing one or more PD kinases.
• the invention provides methods of inhibiting PD kinase activity in an animal (including mammal such as humans) by contacting said animal with an amount of a compound of the invention sufficient to inhibit the activity of the PD kinase in said animal.
• the present invention also provides methods for combination therapies in which an agent known to modulate other pathways, or other components of the same pathway, or even overlapping sets of target enzymes are used in combination with a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof.
• such therapy includes but is not limited to the combination of the subject compound with chemotherapeutic agents, therapeutic antibodies, and radiation treatment, to provide a synergistic or additive therapeutic effect.
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may present synergistic or additive efficacy when administered in combination with agents that inhibit IgE production or activity. Such combination can reduce the undesired effect of high level of IgE associated with the use of one or more PDK ⁇ inhibitors, if such effect occurs. This may be particularly useful in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (AIID) such as rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, the administration of PDK ⁇ or PI3K ⁇ / ⁇ inhibitors of the present invention in combination with inhibitors of mTOR may also exhibit synergy through enhanced inhibition of the PDK pathway.
• AIID autoimmune and inflammatory disorders
• the present invention provides a combination treatment of a disease associated with PDK ⁇ comprising administering to a PDK ⁇ inhibitor and an agent that inhibits IgE production or activity.
• a PDK ⁇ inhibitor is applicable and they are described, e.g., US Patent No. 6,800,620.
• Such combination treatment is particularly useful for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (AIID) including but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis.
• AIID autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
• Agents that inhibit IgE production include but are not limited to one or more of TEI-9874, 2-(4-(6-cyclohexyloxy-2-naphtyloxy)phenylacetamide)benzoic acid, rapamycin, rapamycin analogs (i.e. rapalogs), TORCl inhibitors, TORC2 inhibitors, and any other compounds that inhibit mTORCl and mTORC2.
• Agents that inhibit IgE activity include, for example, anti-IgE antibodies such as for example Omalizumab and TNX- 901.
• the subject compounds or pharmaceutical compositions can be used in combination with commonly prescribed drugs including but not limited to Enbrel ® , Remicade ® , Humira ® , Avonex ® , and Rebif ® .
• the subject compounds or pharmaceutical compositions can be administered in combination with commonly prescribed drugs including but not limited to Xolair ® , Advair ® , Singulair ® , and Spiriva ® .
• the compounds of the invention may be formulated or administered in conjunction with other agents that act to relieve the symptoms of inflammatory conditions such as encephalomyelitis, asthma, and the other diseases described herein.
• agents include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), e.g. acetylsalicylic acid; ibuprofen; naproxen; indomethacin; nabumetone; tolmetin; etc.
• NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and suppress activity of the immune system.
• the most commonly prescribed drug of this type is Prednisone.
• Chloroquine (Aralen) or hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) may also be very useful in some individuals with lupus.
• Azathioprine Imuran
• Cytoxan cyclophosphamide
• Other agents e.g. methotrexate and cyclosporin are used to control the symptoms of lupus.
• Anticoagulants are employed to prevent blood from clotting rapidly. They range from aspirin at very low dose which prevents platelets from sticking, to heparin/coumadin.
• this invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting abnormal cell growth in a mammal which comprises an amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof, in combination with an amount of an anti-cancer agent (e.g. a chemotherapeutic agent).
• an anti-cancer agent e.g. a chemotherapeutic agent.
• Many chemotherapeutics are presently known in the art and can be used in combination with the compounds of the invention.
• the chemotherapeutic is selected from the group consisting of mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, intercalating antibiotics, growth factor inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, enzymes, topoisomerase inhibitors, biological response modifiers, anti-hormones, angiogenesis inhibitors, and anti-androgens.
• chemotherapeutic agents include cytotoxic agents, and non-peptide small molecules such as Gleevec (Imatinib Mesylate), Velcade (bortezomib), Casodex (bicalutamide), Iressa (gefitinib), and Adriamycin as well as a host of chemotherapeutic agents.
• Non-limiting examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXANTM); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphaoramide and trimethylolomelamine; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as car
• paclitaxel TAXOLTM, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, NJ.
• docetaxel TAXOTERETM, Rhone- Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France
• retinoic acid esperamicins
• capecitabine ecitabine
• anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors
• anti-estrogens including for example tamoxifen (NolvadexTM), raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY 117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston); and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP- 16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; no
• the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in combination with commonly prescribed anti-cancer drugs such as Herceptin ® , Avastin ® , Erbitux ® , Rituxan ® , Taxol ® , Arimidex ® , Taxotere ® , and Velcade ® .
• This invention further relates to a method for using the compounds or pharmaceutical composition in combination with radiation therapy in inhibiting abnormal cell growth or treating the hyperproliferative disorder in the mammal.
• Techniques for administering radiation therapy are known in the art, and these techniques can be used in the combination therapy described herein.
• the administration of the compound of the invention in this combination therapy can be determined as described herein.
• Radiation therapy can be administered through one of several methods, or a combination of methods, including without limitation external-beam therapy, internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery, systemic radiation therapy, radiotherapy and permanent or temporary interstitial brachytherapy.
• brachytherapy refers to radiation therapy delivered by a spatially confined radioactive material inserted into the body at or near a tumor or other proliferative tissue disease site.
• the term is intended without limitation to include exposure to radioactive isotopes (e.g. At-211, 1-131, 1-125, Y-90, Re-186, Re-188, Sm-153, Bi- 212, P-32, and radioactive isotopes of Lu).
• Suitable radiation sources for use as a cell conditioner of the present invention include both solids and liquids.
• the radiation source can be a radionuclide, such as 1-125, 1-131, Yb-169, Ir-192 as a solid source, 1-125 as a solid source, or other radionuclides that emit photons, beta particles, gamma radiation, or other therapeutic rays.
• the radioactive material can also be a fluid made from any solution of radionuclide(s), e.g., a solution of 1-125 or 1-131, or a radioactive fluid can be produced using a slurry of a suitable fluid containing small particles of solid radionuclides, such as Au-198, Y-90.
• the radionuclide(s) can be embodied in a gel or radioactive micro spheres.
• this invention further relates to a method for sensitizing abnormal cells in a mammal to treatment with radiation which comprises administering to the mammal an amount of a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof, which amount is effective is sensitizing abnormal cells to treatment with radiation.
• the amount of the compound, salt, or solvate in this method can be determined according to the means for ascertaining effective amounts of such compounds described herein.
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used in combination with an amount of one or more substances selected from anti-angiogenesis agents, signal transduction inhibitors, and antiproliferative agents.
• Anti-angiogenesis agents such as MMP-2 (matrix-metalloprotienase 2) inhibitors, MMP-9 (matrix- metalloprotienase 9) inhibitors, and COX-11 (cyclooxygenase 11) inhibitors, can be used in conjunction with a
• COX-II inhibitors examples include CELEBREXTM (alecoxib), valdecoxib, and rofecoxib.
• useful matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors are described in WO 96/33172 (published October 24,1996), WO 96/27583 (published March 7,1996), European Patent Application No. 97304971.1 (filed July 8,1997), European Patent Application No. 99308617.2 (filed October 29, 1999), WO 98/07697 (published February 26,1998), WO 98/03516 (published January 29,1998), WO
• MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitors are those that have little or no activity inhibiting MMP-I. More preferred, are those that selectively
• MMP-2 and/or AMP-9 relative to the other matrix-metalloproteinases (i. e., MAP- 1 , MMP-3, MMP-4, MMP-5, MMP-6, MMP- 7, MMP-8, MMP-IO, MMP-Il, MMP-12, andMMP-13).
• MMP inhibitors useful in the present invention are AG-3340, RO 32-3555, and RS 13-0830.
• the invention also relates to a method of and to a pharmaceutical composition of treating a cardiovascular disease in a mammal which comprises an amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically
• cardiovascular disease applications are anti-thrombotic agents, e.g., prostacyclin and salicylates, thrombolytic agents, e.g., streptokinase, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), anti-platelets agents, e.g., acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA) and
• vasodilating agents e.g., nitrates, calcium channel blocking drugs, anti-proliferative agents, e.g., colchicine and alkylating agents, intercalating agents, growth modulating factors such as interleukins, transformation growth factor-beta and congeners of platelet derived growth factor, monoclonal antibodies directed against growth factors, anti-inflammatory agents, both steroidal and non-steroidal, and other agents that can modulate vessel tone, function, arteriosclerosis, and the healing response to vessel or organ injury post intervention.
• Antibiotics can also be included in combinations or coatings comprised by the invention. Moreover, a coating can be used to effect therapeutic delivery focally within the vessel wall.
• tissue barriers include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, polyglycans, seprafilm, interceed and hyaluronic acid.
• Medicaments which may be administered in conjunction with the compounds described herein include any suitable drugs usefully delivered by inhalation for example, analgesics, e.g. codeine, dihydromorpbine, ergotamine, fentanyl or morphine; anginal preparations, e.g. diltiazem; antiallergics, e.g.
• anti-infectives e.g. cephalosporins, penicillins, streptomycin, sulphonamides, tetracyclines or pentamidine
• antihistamines e.g. methapyrilene
• anti-inflammatories e.g. beclomethasone, flunisolide, budesonide, tipredane, triamcinolone acetonide or fluticasone
• antitussives e.g. noscapine
• bronchodilators e.g.
• ephedrine adrenaline, fenoterol, formoterol, isoprenaline, metaproterenol, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pirbuterol, reproterol, rimiterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, terbutalin, isoetharine, tulobuterol, orciprenaline or (-)-4-amino-3,5-dichloro- ⁇ -[[[6- [2-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]hexyl]-amino]methyl]benzenemethanol; diuretics, e.g. amiloride; anticholinergics e.g.
• the medicaments may be used in the form of salts (e.g. as alkali metal or amine salts or as acid addition salts) or as esters (e.g. lower alkyl esters) or as solvates (e.g.
• exemplary therapeutic agents useful for a combination therapy include but are not limited to agents as described above, radiation therapy, hormone antagonists, hormones and their releasing factors, thyroid and antithyroid drugs, estrogens and progestins, androgens, adrenocorticotropic hormone; adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs; inhibitors of the synthesis and actions of adrenocortical hormones, insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas, agents affecting calcification and bone turnover: calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, vitamins such as water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B complex, ascorbic acid, fat-soluble vitamins, vitamins A, K, and E, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists; anticholinesterase agents; agents acting at the neuromuscular junction and/
• Therapeutic agents can also include agents for pain and inflammation such as histamine and histamine antagonists, bradykinin and bradykinin antagonists, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), lipid substances that are generated by biotransformation of the products of the selective hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, eicosanoids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, analgesic-antipyretic agents, agents that inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, selective inhibitors of the inducible cyclooxygenase, selective inhibitors of the inducible cyclooxygenase-2, autacoids, paracrine hormones, somatostatin, gastrin, cytokines that mediate interactions involved in humoral and cellular immune responses, lipid-derived autacoids, eicosanoids, ⁇ -adrenergic agonists, i
• Additional therapeutic agents contemplated herein include diuretics, vasopressin, agents affecting the renal conservation of water, rennin, angiotensin, agents useful in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, anti-hypertensive agents, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor antagonists, agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, and agents for the treatment of dyslipidemia.
• Other therapeutic agents contemplated include drugs used for control of gastric acidity, agents for the treatment of peptic ulcers, agents for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, prokinetic agents, antiemetics, agents used in irritable bowel syndrome, agents used for diarrhea, agents used for constipation, agents used for inflammatory bowel disease, agents used for biliary disease, agents used for pancreatic disease.
• Therapeutic agents used to treat protozoan infections drugs used to treat Malaria, Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis, and/or Leishmaniasis, and/or drugs used in the chemotherapy of helminthiasis.
• therapeutic agents include antimicrobial agents, sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole quinolones, and agents for urinary tract infections, penicillins, cephalosporins, and other, ⁇ -Lactam antibiotics, an agent comprising an aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors, drugs used in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium complex disease, and leprosy, antifungal agents, antiviral agents including nonretroviral agents and antiretroviral agents.
• therapeutic antibodies that can be combined with a subject compound include but are not limited to anti-receptor tyrosine kinase antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab), anti CD20 antibodies (rituximab, tositumomab), and other antibodies such as alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, and gemtuzumab.
• anti-receptor tyrosine kinase antibodies cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab
• anti CD20 antibodies rituximab, tositumomab
• other antibodies such as alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, and gemtuzumab.
• therapeutic agents used for immunomodulation such as immunomodulators, immunosuppressive agents, tolerogens, and immunostimulants are contemplated by the methods herein.
• therapeutic agents acting on the blood and the blood-forming organs such as hematopoietic agents, growth factors, minerals, and vitamins, anticoagulant, thrombolytic, and antiplatelet drugs.
• compositions described herein can be used in combination with the agents disclosed herein or other suitable agents, depending on the condition being treated. Hence, in some embodiments the compounds of the invention will be co-administer with other agents as described above.
• the compounds described herein may be administered with the second agent simultaneously or separately. This administration in combination can include simultaneous administration of the two agents in the same dosage form, simultaneous administration in separate dosage forms, and separate administration.
• a compound described herein and any of the agents described above can be formulated together in the same dosage form and administered simultaneously.
• a compound of the present invention and any of the agents described above can be simultaneously administered, wherein both the agents are present in separate formulations.
• a compound of the present invention can be administered just followed by and any of the agents described above, or vice versa.
• a compound of the present invention and any of the agents described above may be administered a few minutes apart, or a few hours apart, or a few days apart.
• Example 1 Synthesis of 3-((4-amino-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-dJpyrimidin-l-yl)methyI)-8-methyl- 2-o-tolyIisoquinolin-l(2H)-one (Compound 1613) (method A).
• the mixture was allowed to warm to RT, filtered through silica gel (10 g), and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude product was poured into H 2 O (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude product was suspended in ethyl acetate (30 mL) and stirred for lOmin.
• the mixture was allowed to warm to RT, filtered through silica gel (10 g), and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude product was poured into H 2 O (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude product was suspended in ethyl acetate (30 mL) and stirred for lOmin.
• Example 7 Synthesis of 3-(l-(9H-purin-6-yIamino)ethyl)-8-methyI-2-o-tolylisoquinolin-l(2H)-one.
• Example 8 Synthesis of 3-(4-amino-l-((8-methyl-l-oxo-2-o-tolyl-l,2-dihydroisoquinolin-3-yl)methyl)-lH- pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidin-3-yl)-5-fiuorophenyl dihydrogen phosphate.
• Example 10 Expression and Inhibition Assays of pll ⁇ /p85 ⁇ , pll ⁇ /p85 ⁇ , pll ⁇ /p85 ⁇ , and pllO ⁇ : [00441] Class I PD-Ks can be either purchased (pi 10 ⁇ / ⁇ 85 ⁇ , pi 10 ⁇ /p85 ⁇ , pi 10 ⁇ /p85 ⁇ from Upstate, and pi lO ⁇ from Sigma) or expressed as previously described (Knight et al., 2004). IC50 values are measured using either a standard TLC assay for lipid kinase activity (described below) or a high-throughput membrane capture assay.
• Kinase reactions are performed by preparing a reaction mixture containing kinase, inhibitor (2% DMSO final concentration), buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12), and freshly sonicated phosphatidylinositol (100 ⁇ g/ml). Reactions are initiated by the addition of ATP containing 10 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP to a final concentration 10 or 100 ⁇ M and allowed to proceed for 5 minutes at room temperature. For TLC analysis, reactions are then terminated by the addition of 105 ⁇ l IN HCl followed by 160 ⁇ l CHC13 :MeOH (1:1).
• the biphasic mixture is vortexed, briefly centrifuged, and the organic phase is transferred to a new tube using a gel loading pipette tip precoated with CHCl 3 .
• This extract is spotted on TLC plates and developed for 3 - 4 hours in a 65:35 solution of n-propanol:lM acetic acid.
• the TLC plates are then dried, exposed to a phosphorimager screen (Storm, Amersham), and quantitated. For each compound, kinase activity is measured at 10 - 12 inhibitor concentrations representing two-fold dilutions from the highest concentration tested (typically, 200 ⁇ M).
• kits or systems for assaying PI3-K activities are avaiable.
• the commercially available kits or systems can be used to screen for inhibitors and/or agonists of PO-Ks including but not limited to PI 3 -Kinase ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ .
• Anr exemplary system is PI 3-Kinase (human) HTRFTM Assay from Upstate.
• the assay can be carried out according to the procedures suggested by the manufacturer. Briefly, the assay is a time resolved FRET assay that indirectly measures PIP3 product formed by the activity of a PB-K.
• the kinase reaction is performed in a microtitre plate (e.g., a 384 well microtitre plate).
• the total reaction volume is approximately 20ul per well.
• 5 each well receives 2ul of test compound in 20% dimethylsulphoxide resulting in a 2% DMSO final concentration.
• approximately 14.5ul of a kinase/PIP2 mixture (diluted in IX reaction buffer) is added per well for a final concentration of 0.25-0.3ug/ml kinase and lOuM PIP2.
• the plate is sealed and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature.
• 3.5ul of ATP (diluted in IX reaction buffer) is added per well for a final concentration of lOuM ATP.
• the plate is sealed and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.
• the reaction is
• the compounds described herein can be assayed in triplicate against recombinant full-length AbI or AbI (T3151) (Upstate) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 200 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 0.5 mg/mL BSA.
• the optimized AbI peptide substrate EAIY AAPF AKKK is used as phosphoacceptor (200 ⁇ M). Reactions are terminated by spotting onto phosphocellulose sheets, which are washed with 0.5% phosphoric acid (approximately 6 times, 5-10
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against Hck kinase can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be assayed in triplicate against recombinant full-length Hck in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4,
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against IR receptor kinase can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be assayed in triplicate against recombinant insulin receptor kinase domain (Upstate) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 10 mM MnC12, 200 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 0.5 mg/mL BSA.
• Poly E-Y Sigma; 2 mg/mL
• Reactions are terminated by spotting onto
• DNA-PK can be purchased from Promega and assayed using the DNA-PK Assay System (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Example 16 Expression and Inhibition Assays of mTOR
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against mTor can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant mTOR (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, ImM EGTA, 10 mM MgC12, 2.5 mM, 0.01% Tween, 10 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• Rat recombinant PHAS-1/4EBP1 (Calbiochem; 2 mg/mL) is used as a substrate.
• Reactions are terminated by spotting onto nitrocellulose, which is washed with IM NaCl/1% phosphoric acid (approximately 6 times, 5-10 minutes each). Sheets are dried and the transferred radioactivity quantitated by phosphorimaging.
• kits or systems for assaying mTOR activity are commercially avaiable. For instance, one can use Invitrogen's LanthaScreenTM Kinase assay to test the inhibitors of mTOR disclosed herein. This assay is a time resolved FRET platform that measures the phosphorylation of GFP labeled 4EBP 1 by mTOR kinase. The kinase reaction is performed in a white 384 well microtitre plate.
• the total reaction volume is 20ul per well and the reaction buffer composition is 5OmM HEPES pH7.5, 0.01% Polysorbate 20, ImM EGTA, 1OmM MnC12, and 2mM DTT.
• each well receives 2ul of test compound in 20% dimethylsulphoxide resulting in a 2% DMSO final concentration.
• 8ul of mTOR diluted in reaction buffer is added per well for a 60ng/ml final concentration.
• lOul of an ATP/GFP-4EBP1 mixture (diluted in reaction buffer) is added per well for a final concentration of lOuM ATP and 0.5uM GFP-4EBP1. The plate is sealed and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.
• the reaction is stopped by adding lOul per well of a Tb-anti-pT46 4EBP 1 antibody/EDTA mixture (diluted in TR-FRET buffer) for a final concentration of 1.3nM antibody and 6.7mM EDTA.
• the plate is sealed, incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, and then read on a plate reader set up for LanthaScreenTM TR-FRET. Data is analyzed and IC50s are generated using GraphPad Prism 5.
• Example 17 Expression and Inhibition Assays of Vascular endothelial growth receptor [00450]
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against VEGF receptor can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant KDR receptor kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 0.1% BME, 10 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• Poly E-Y Sigma; 2 mg/mL is used as a substrate.
• Reactions are terminated by spotting onto nitrocellulose, which is washed with IM NaCl/1% phosphoric acid (approximately 6 times, 5-10 minutes each). Sheets are dried and the transferred radioactivity quantitated by phosphorimaging.
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against EphB4 can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant Ephrin receptor B4 kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 0.1% BME, 10 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• Poly E-Y Sigma; 2 mg/mL
• Reactions are terminated by sporting onto nitrocellulose, which is washed with IM NaCl/1% phosphoric acid (approximately 6 times, 5-10 minutes each). Sheets are dried and the transferred radioactivity quantitated by phosphorimaging.
• Example 19 Expression and Inhibition Assays of Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [00452]
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against EGFR kinase can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant EGF receptor kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 0.1% BME, 10 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• Poly E-Y Sigma; 2 mg/mL is used as a substrate.
• Reactions are terminated by spotting onto nitrocellulose, which is washed with IM NaCl/ 1% phosphoric acid (approximately 6 times, 5-10 minutes each). Sheets are dried and die transferred radioactivity quantitated by phosphorimaging.
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against KIT kinase can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant KIT kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, ImM DTT, 1OmM MnC12, 10 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• Poly E-Y Sigma; 2 mg/mL is used as a substrate.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant RET kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 2.5mM DTT 5 IO ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• the optimized AbI peptide substrate E AIY AAPF AKKK is used as phosphoacceptor (200 ⁇ M). Reactions are terminated by spotting onto phosphocellulose sheets, which are washed with 0.5% phosphoric acid (approximately 6 times, 5-10 minutes each). Sheets are dried and the transferred radioactivity quantitated by phosphorimaging.
• Example 22 Expression and Inhibition Assays of Platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) [00455]
• PDGFR Platelet derived growth factor receptor
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against PDGFR kinase can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant PDG receptor kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against FLT-3 kinase can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant FLT-3 kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 2.5mM DTT,10 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• the optimized AbI peptide substrate EAIY AAPFAKKK is used as phosphoacceptor (200 ⁇ M).
• TIE2 TEK receptor tyrosine kinase
• the cross-activity or lack thereof of one or more compounds of the present invention against TIE2 kinase can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below.
• the compounds described herein can be tested against recombinant TIE2 kinase domain (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 10 mM MgC12, 2mM DTT, 1OmM MnC12, 10 ⁇ M ATP (2.5 ⁇ Ci of ⁇ -32P-ATP), and 3 ⁇ g/mL BSA.
• Poly E-Y Sigma; 2 mg/mL is used as a substrate.
• Example 25 B Cell Activation and Proliferation Assay
• the ability of one or more subject compounds to inhibit B cell activon and proliferation is determined according to standard procedures known in the art. For example, an in vitro cellular proliferation assay is established that measures the metabolic activity of live cells. The assay is performed in a 96 well microtiter plate using Alamar Blue reduction.
• Balb/c splenic B cells are purified over a Ficoll-PaqueTM PLUS gradient followed by magnetic cell separation using a MACS B cell Isolation Kit (Miletenyi). Cells are plated in 90ul at 50,000 cells/well in B Cell Media (RPMI + 10%FBS + Penn/Strep + 5OuM bME + 5mM HEPES). A compound disclosed herein is diluted in B Cell Media and added in a 1 OuI volume. Plates are incubated for 30min at 37C and 5% CO 2 (0.2% DMSO final concentration).
• a 50ul B cell stimulation cocktail is then added containing either lOug/ml LPS or 5ug/ml F(ab')2 Donkey anti-mouse IgM plus 2ng/ml recombinant mouse IL4 in B Cell Media. Plates are incubated for 72 hours at 37 0 C and 5% CO 2 . A volume of 15uL of Alamar Blue reagent is added to each well and plates are incubated for 5 hours at 37C and 5% CO 2 . Alamar Blue fluoresce is read at 560Ex/590Em, and IC50 or EC50 values are calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.
• an in vitro cellular proliferation assay can be performed to measure the metabolic activity of live cells.
• the assay is performed in a 96 well microtiter plate using Alamar Blue reduction.
• Human tumor cell lines are obtained from ATCC (e.g., MCF7, U-87 MG, MDA-MB-468, PC-3), grown to confluency in T75 flasks, trypsinized with 0.25% trypsin, washed one time with Tumor Cell Media (DMEM + 10%FBS), and plated in 90ul at 5,000 cells/well in Tumor Cell Media.
• a compound disclosed herein is diluted in Tumor Cell Media and added in a 1 OuI volume. Plates are incubated for 72 hours at 37C and 5% CO 2 . A volume of lOuL of Alamar Blue reagent is added to each well and plates are incubated for 3 hours at 37C and 5% CO 2 . Alamar Blue fluoresce is read at 560Ex/590Em, and IC50 values are calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.
• Example 27 Antitumor Activity in Vivo
• This tumor model is established from a tumor biopsy of an ovarian cancer patient. Tumor biopsy is taken from the patient.
• A2780Tax Human Ovarian Carcinoma Xenograft (Mutated Tubulin).
• A2780Tax is a paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian carcinoma model. It is derived from the sensitive parent A2780 line by co-incubation of cells with paclitaxel and verapamil, an MDR-reversal agent. Its resistance mechanism has been shown to be non-MDR related and is attributed to a mutation in the gene encoding the beta-tubulin protein.
• the compounds described herein can be administered to mice bearing staged tumors on an every 2 days x 5 schedule.
• HCTl 16/VM46 is an MDR-resistant colon carcinoma developed from the sensitive HCTl 16 parent line. In vivo, grown in nude mice, HCTl 16/VM46 has consistently demonstrated high resistance to paclitaxel.
• the compounds described herein can be administered to mice bearing staged tumors on an every 2 days x 5 schedule.
• M5076 is a mouse fibrosarcoma that is inherently refractory to paclitaxel in vivo.
• the compounds described herein can be administered to mice bearing staged tumors on an every 2 days x 5 schedule.
• One or more compounds of the invention can be used in combination other therapeutic agents in vivo in the multidrug resistant human colon carcinoma xenografts HCT/VM46 or any other model known in the art including those described herein.
• Example 28 Microsome stability assay
• the stability of one or more subject compounds is determined according to standard procedures known in the art. For example, stability of one or more subject compounds is established by an in vitro assay. In particular, an in vitro microsome stability assay is established that measures stability of one or more subject compounds when reacting with mouse, rat or human microsomes from liver.
• the microsome reaction with compounds is performed in 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube. Each tube contains 0.1 ⁇ L of 10.0 mg/ml NADPH; 75 ⁇ L of 20.0 mg/ml mouse, rat or human liver microsome; 0.4 ⁇ L of 0.2 M phosphate buffer, and 425 ⁇ L of ddH 2 O. Negative control (without NADPH) tube contains 75 ⁇ L of 20.0 mg/ml mouse, rat or human liver microsome; 0.4 ⁇ L of 0.2 M phosphate buffer, and 525 ⁇ L of ddH 2 ⁇ . The reaction is started by adding 1.0 ⁇ L of 10.0 mM tested compound. The reaction tubes are incubated at 37°C.
• the stability of one or more subject compounds in plasma is determined according to standard procedures known in the art. See, e.g., Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 10: 1019-1026. The following procedure is an HPLC- MS/MS assay using human plasma; other species including monkey, dog, rat, and mouse are also available. Frozen, heparinized human plasma is thawed in a cold water bath and spun for 10 minutes at 2000 rpm at 4 0 C prior to use.
• a subject compound is added from a 400 ⁇ M stock solution to an aliquot of pre- warmed plasma to give a final assay volume of 400 ⁇ L (or 800 ⁇ L for half-life determination), containing 5 ⁇ M test compound and 0.5 % DMSO.
• Reactions are incubated, with shaking, for 0 minutes and 60 minutes at 37 0 C, or for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes at 37 C for half life determination. Reactions are stopped by transferring 50 ⁇ L of the incubation mixture to 200 ⁇ L of ice-cold acetonitrile and mixed by shaking for 5 minutes.
• the samples are centrifuged at 6000 x g for 15 minutes at 4 0 C and 120 ⁇ L of supernatant removed into clean tubes.
• control or reference compounds (5 ⁇ M) are tested simultaneously with the test compounds: one compound, propoxycaine, with low plasma stability and another compound, propantheline, with intermediate plasma stability.
• Samples are reconstituted in acetonitrile/methanol/water (1/1/2, v/v/v) and analyzed via (RP)HPLC-MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring (SRM).
• the HPLC conditions consist of a binary LC pump with autosampler, a mixed-mode, C 12, 2 x 20 mm column, and a gradient program. Peak areas corresponding to the analytes are recorded by HPLC-MS/MS. The ratio of the parent compound remaining after 60 minutes relative to the amount remaining at time zero, expressed as percent, is reported as plasma stability. In case of half-life determination, the half-life is estimated from the slope of the initial linear range of the logarithmic curve of compound remaining (%) vs. time, assuming first order kinetics.
• Example 30 Chemical Stability
• the chemical stability of one or more subject compounds is determined according to standard procedures known in the art. The following details an exemplary procedure for ascertaining chemical stability of a subject compound.
• the default buffer used for the chemical stability assay is phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4; other suitable buffers can be used.
• PBS phosphate-buffered saline
• a subject compound is added from a 100 ⁇ M stock solution to an aliquot of PBS (in duplicate) to give a final assay volume of 400 ⁇ L, containing 5 ⁇ M test compound and 1% DMSO (for half-life determination a total sample volume of 700 ⁇ L is prepared).
• Reactions are incubated, with shaking, for 0 minutes and 24 hours at 37°C; for half-life determination samples are incubated for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours. Reactions are stopped by adding immediately 100 ⁇ L of the incubation mixture to 100 ⁇ L of acetonitrile and vortexing for 5 minutes. The samples are then stored at -2O 0 C until analysis by HPLC-MS/MS. Where desired, a control compound or a reference compound such as chlorambucil (5 ⁇ M) is tested simultaneously with a subject compound of interest, as this compound is largely hydrolyzed over the course of 24 hours. Samples are analyzed via (RP)HPLC-MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring (SRM).
• SRM selected reaction monitoring
• the HPLC conditions consist of a binary LC pump with autosampler, a mixed- mode, C 12, 2 x 20 mm column, and a gradient program. Peak areas corresponding to the analytes are recorded by HPLC-MS/MS. The ratio of the parent compound remaining after 24 hours relative to the amount remaining at time zero, expressed as percent, is reported as chemical stability. In case of half-life determination, the half-life is estimated from the slope of the initial linear range of the logarithmic curve of compound remaining (%) vs. time, assuming first order kinetics.
• Example 31 Akt Kinase Assay
• Cells comprising components of the Akt/mTOR pathway including but not limited to L6 myoblasts, B-ALL cells, B-cells, T-cells, leukemia cells, bone marrow cells, pi 90 transduced cells, philladelphia chromosome positive cells (Ph+), and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, are typically grown in cell growth media such as DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum and/or antibiotics, and grown to confluency.
• DMEM fetal bovine serum and/or antibiotics
• said cells are serum starved overnight and incubated with one or more compounds disclosed herein or about 0.1% DMSO for approximately 1 minute to about 1 hour prior to stimulation with insulin (e.g. 100 nM) for about 1 minutes to about 1 hour.
• insulin e.g. 100 nM
• Cells are lysed by scraping into ice cold lysis buffer containing detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and protease inhibitors (e.g., PMSF).
• the solution After contacting cells with lysis buffer, the solution is briefly sonicated, cleared by centrifugation, resolved by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose or PVDF and immunoblotted using antibodies to phospho- Akt S473, phospho- Akt T308, Akt, and ⁇ -actin (Cell Signaling Technologies).
• PI3K/ Akt /mTor signaling is measured in blood cells using the phosflow method (Methods Enzymol. 5 2007 ;434: 131-54).
• the advantage of this method is that it is by nature a single cell assay so that cellular heterogeneity can be detected rather than population averages. This allows concurrent dinstinction of signaling states in different populations defined by other markers. Phosflow is also highly quantitative.
• unfractionated splenocytes, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells are stimulated with anti-CD3 to initiate T-cell receptor signaling. The cells are then fixed and stained for surface markers and intracellular0 phosphoproteins. It is expected that inhibitors disclosed herein inhibit anti-CD3 mediated phosphorylation of Akt - S473 and S6, whereas rapamycin inhibits S6 phosphorylation and enhances Akt phosphorylation under the conditions tested.
• T cell receptor anti-CD3 with5 secondary antibody
• BCR B cell receptor
• Fab '2 fragments anti-kappa light chain antibody
• the level of phosphrylation of kinase substrates such as Akt and S6 are then measured by incubating the fixed cells with labeled antibodies specific to the phosphorylated isoforms of these proteins. The population of cells are then0 analyzed by flow cytometry.
• Murine bone marrow cells freshly transformed with a pi 90 BCR-AbI retrovirus (herein referred to as pi 90 transduced cells) are plated in the presence of various drug combinations in M3630 methylcellulose media for about 7 days with recombinant human IL-7 in about 30% serum, and the number of colonies formed is counted by visual5 examination under a microscope.
• human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are obtained from Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) and negative (Ph-) patients upon initial diagnosis or relapse. Live cells are isolated and enriched for CD 19+ CD34+ B cell progenitors. After overnight liquid culture, cells are plated in methocult GF+ H4435, Stem Cell Tehcnologies) suplemented with cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CF, Flt3 ligand, and erythropoietin)0 and various concentrations of known chemotherapeutic agents in combination with either compounds of the present disclosure. Colonies are counted by microscopy 12-14 days later. This method can be used to test for evidence of additive or synergistic activity.
• cytokines IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CF, Flt3 ligand, and erythropoietin
• mice Female recipient mice are lethally irradiated from a ⁇ source in two doses about 4 hr apart, with 5 approximately 5Gy each. About lhr after the second radiation dose, mice are injected i.v. with about IxIO 6 leukemic cells (e.g. Ph+ human or murine cells, or pl90 transduced bone marrow cells). These cells are administered together with a radioprotective dose of about 5xlO 6 normal bone marrow cells from 3-5 week old donor mice. Recipients are given antibiotics in the water and monitored daily.
• IxIO 6 leukemic cells e.g. Ph+ human or murine cells, or pl90 transduced bone marrow cells
• mice who become sick after about 14 days are euthanized and lymphoid organs are harvested for analysis.
• Kinase inhibitor treatment begins about 10 days after leukemic cell0 injection and continues daily until the mice become sick or a maximum of approximately 35 days post-transplant. Inhibitors are given by oral lavage.
• Peripheral blood cells are collected approximately on day 10 (pre-treatment) and upon euthanization (post treatment), contacted with labled anti-hCD4 antibodies and counted by flow cytometry. This method can be used to demonstrate that the synergistic effect of one or more compounds disclosed herein in combination with known chemotherapeutic agents significantly reduce leukemic blood cell counts as compared to treatment with known 5 chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. Gleevec) alone under the conditions tested.
• Example 35 Treatment of Lupus Disease Model Mice
• Fc ⁇ RIIb knockout mice R2KO, Jackson Labs
• Fc ⁇ RIIb knockout mice S. Bolland and J.V. Ravtech 2000. Immunity 12:277-
• the R2KO mice develop lupus-like disease with anti-nuclear antibodies, glomerulonephritis and proteinurea within about 4-6 months of age.
• the rapamycin analogue RADOOl available from LC Laboratories
• This compound has been shown to ameliorate lupus symptoms in the B6.Slelz.Sle3z model (T. Wu et al. J. Clin Invest. 117:2186-2196).
• mice such as R2KO, BXSB or MLR/lpr are treated at about 2 months old, approximately for about two months. Mice are given doses of: vehicle, RADOOl at about lOmg/kg, or compounds disclosed herein at approximately 1 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg.
• Blood and urine samples are obtained at approximately throughout the testing period, and tested for antinuclear antibodies (in dilutions of serum) or protein concentration (in urine). Serum is also tested for anti-ssDNA and anti-dsDNA antibodies by ELISA. Animals are euthanized at day 60 0 and tissues harvested for measuring spleen weight and kidney disease. Glomerulonephritis is assessed in kidney sections stained with H&E. Other animals are studied for about two months after cessation of treatment, using the same endpoints.
• mice Female recipient mice are lethally irradiated from a ⁇ ray source. About lhr after the radiation dose, mice are injected with about 1x106 leukemic cells from early passage pl90 transduced cultures (e.g. as described in Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2005 Aug;161(l):51-6) . These cells are administered together with a radioprotective dose of approximately 5x106 normal bone marrow cells from 3-5wk old donor mice. Recipients are given antibiotics in the 0 water and monitored daily. Mice who become sick after about 14 days are euthanized and lymphoid organs harvested for flow cytometry and/or magnetic enrichment.
• Treatment begins on approximately day 10 and continues daily until mice become sick, or after a maximum of about 35 days post-transplant. Drugs are given by oral gavage (p.o.).
• chemotherapeutic that is not curative but delays leukemia onset by about one week or less is identified; controls are vehicle-treated or treated with chemotherapeutic agent, previously shown to delay but not cure 5 leukemogenesis in this model (e.g. imatinib at about 70mg/kg twice daily).
• pl90 cells that express eGFP are used, and postmortem analysis is limited to enumeration of the percentage of leukemic cells in bone marrow, spleen and lymph node (LN) by flow cytometry.
• pi 90 cells that express a tailless form of human CD4 are used and the postmortem analysis includes magnetic sorting of hCD4+ cells from spleen followed by immunoblot analysis of key signaling endpoints: p Akt -T308 and S473; pS6 and p4EBP-l.
• sorted cells are incubated in the presence or absence of kinase inhibitors of the present disclosure inhibitors before lysis.
• "phosflow" is used to detect p Akt -S473 and pS6-S235/236 in hCD4- gated cells without prior sorting.
• Samples of peripheral blood are obtained weekly from all mice, starting on day 10 immediately prior to commencing treatment. Plasma is used for measuring drug concentrations, and cells are analyzed for leukemia markers (eGFP or hCD4) and signaling biomarkers as described herein.
• eGFP eGFP or hCD4
• Example 37 TNP-Ficoll T-cell Independent B-cell Activation Assay [00496] To test the effects of the compounds of the present invention in suppressing T cell independent antibody production, the TNP-Ficoll B-cell activation assay was used as described herein. Compounds of the present invention were dissolved in an appropriate vehicle (e.g. 5% l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 85% polyethylene glycol 400, 10%
• an appropriate vehicle e.g. 5% l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 85% polyethylene glycol 400, 10%
• mice were grouped according to the following table:
• TNP-BSA was coated onto a Nunc Maxisorb microtiter plate with lOO ⁇ l/well at a concentration of lO ⁇ g/ml in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• the Maxisorb plate was incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature and the solution was removed.
• 200 ⁇ l/well of blocking buffer e.g. 1% BSA in PBS
• the plate was washed once with 200 ⁇ l/well of PBS 0.05% Tween-20 (wash buffer).
• a 1:2 dilution of serum from each mouse in blocking buffer was added to each well in the first column (1) of the microtiter plate.
• the serum in each well of column 1 was then diluted 3-fold in blocking buffer and added to column 2.
• the serum in each well of column 2 was diluted 3-fold in blocking buffer and added to column 3.
• the procedure was repeated across the twelve columns of the microtiter plate.
• the microtiter plate was incubated 1 hr at room temperature. Serum was removed from the plate and the plate was washed three times with wash buffer.
• 100 ⁇ l/well of goat anti-mouse IgG3-HRP diluted 1 :250 in blocking buffer was added to each well and incubated lhr at room temperature.
• the anti-mouse IgG3-HRP was removed from the microtiter plate and the plate was washed six times with wash buffer.
• HRP substrate 200 ⁇ l ABTS solution + 30% H 2 O 2 + 10ml citrate buffer
• anti-TNP IgG3 was determined spectrophotometrically at 405nm.
• anti-TNP IgM and total anti-TNP Ab were determined using anti-mouse IgM-HRP and anti-mouse Ig-HRP respectively.
• Oral compound administration began on day 0 and continued through day 16 with vehicle (5% NMP, 85% PEG 400, 10% Solutol) or compounds of the present invention in vehicle or control (e.g. methotrexate) at 12 hour intervals daily. Rats were weighed on days 0,3,6,9-17 and caliper measurements of ankles taken on days 9-17. Final body weights were taken, and then the animals were euthanized on day 17. After euthanization, blood was drawn and hind paws and knees were removed. Blood was further processed for pharmacokinetics experiments as well as an antitype II collagen antibody ELISA assay. Hind paws were weighed and then with the knees preserved in 10% formalin.
• vehicle 5% NMP, 85% PEG 400, 10% Solutol
• vehicle or control e.g. methotrexate
• Isoflurane-anesthetized Lewis rats 200-250 g were implanted with an intrathecal (IT) catheter. After a 6 d recovery period, all animals except those that appeared to have sensory or motor abnormalities (fewer than 5% of the total number) were used for experiments.
• IT administration 10 ⁇ l of drug or saline followed by 10 ⁇ l of isotonic saline was injected through the catheter.
• Drug e.g. one or more compounds of the present invention or or vehicle
• Clinical signs of arthritis generally begin on day 10, and paw swelling was determined every second day by water displacement plethysmometry.
• the results as depicted in Figure 10 by the average change in paw volume under the dosage regimes indicated show that under the conditions tested, compound #53 shows a dose dependent reduction in the average paw volume increase as measured in this adjuvant induced arthritis model system.
• Compounds of the present invention are dissolved in an appropriate vehicle (e.g. 5% l-methyl-2- pyrrolidinone, 85% polyethylene glycol 400, 10% Solutor) and administered orally at 12 hour intervals daily. All animals are euthanized in CO 2 2 hours after the final compound is administered. Blood is collected immediately and kept on ice for plasma isolation. Plasma is isolated by centrifuging at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes. Harvested plasma is frozen for pharmacokinetic detection.
• an appropriate vehicle e.g. 5% l-methyl-2- pyrrolidinone, 85% polyethylene glycol 400, 10% Solutor
• Example 42 Basotest assay
• the baseotest assay is performed using Orpegen Pha ⁇ na Basotest reagent kit. Heparinized whole blood is pre-incubated with test compound or solvent at 37C for 20min. Blood is then incubated with assay kit stimulation buffer (to prime cells for response) followed by allergen (dust mite extract or grass extract) for 20min. The degranulation process is stopped by incubating the blood samples on ice.
• the cells are then labeled with anti-IgE-PE to detect basophilic granulocytes, and anti-gp53-FITC to detect gp53 (a glycoprotein expressed on activated basophils). After staining red blood cells are lysed by addition of Lysing Solution. Cells are washed, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Compounds 7 and 53 when tested in this assay inhibit allergen induced activation of basophilic granulocytes at sub micromolar range.
• Example 43 Combination use of PDK ⁇ inhibitors and agents that inhibit IgE production or activity
• the compounds of the present invention may present synergistic or additive efficacy when administered in combination with agents that inhibit IgE production or activity.
• Agents that inhibit IgE production include, for example, one or more of TEI-9874, 2-(4-(6-cyclohexyloxy-2-naphtyloxy)phenylacetamide)benzoic acid, rapamycin, rapamycin analogs (i.e. rapalogs), TORCl inhibitors, TORC2 inhibitors, and any other compounds that inhibit mTORCl and mTORC2.
• Agents that inhibit IgE activity include, for example, anti-IgE antibodies such as Omalizumab and TNX-901.
• One or more of the subject compounds capable of inhibiting PDK ⁇ are efficacious in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders (AIID) for example rheumatoid arthritis. If any of the compounds causes an undesired level of IgE production, one may choose to administer it in combination with an agent that inhibits IgE production or IgE activity.
• AIID autoimmune and inflammatory disorders
• the administration of PDK ⁇ or PI3K ⁇ / ⁇ inhibitors of the present invention in combination with inhibitors of mTOR may also exhibit synergy through enhanced inhibition of the PI3K pathway.
• AIID in vitro B-cell antibody production assay
• b in vitro TNP assay
• c rodent collagen induced arthritis model
• (a) B-cell Assay [00524] Mice are euthanized, and the spleens are removed and dispersed through a nylon mesh to generate a single- cell suspension. The splenocytes are washed (following removal of erythrocytes by osmotic shock) and incubated with anti-CD43 and anti-Mac- 1 antibody-conjugated microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec). The bead-bound cells are separated from unbound cells using a magnetic cell sorter. The magnetized column retains the unwanted cells and the resting B cells are collected in the flow-through. Purified B-cells are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or an anti-CD40 antibody and interleukin 4.
• Stimulated B-cells are treated with vehicle alone or with PDK ⁇ inhibitors of the present invention such as compound 53 with and without mTOR inhibitors such as rapamycin, rapalogs, or mTORCl/C2 inhibitors.
• mTOR inhibitors e.g., rapamycin
• the B-cells are expected to exhibit a decreased IgG response as compared to the B-cells treated with vehicle alone, and the B-cells are expected to exhibit a decreased IgE response as compared to the response from B-cells treated with PDK ⁇ inhibitors alone.
• mice are immunized with TNP-Ficoll or TNP-KHL and treated with: vehicle, a PDK ⁇ inhibitor, for example, compound 53 of the present invention, an mTOR inhibitor, for example rapamycin, or a PDK ⁇ inhibitor in combination with an mTOR inhibitor such as rapamycin.
• a PDK ⁇ inhibitor for example, compound 53 of the present invention
• an mTOR inhibitor for example rapamycin
• a PDK ⁇ inhibitor in combination with an mTOR inhibitor such as rapamycin.
• Antigen-specific serum IgE is measured by ELISA using TNP-BSA coated plates and isotype specific labeled antibodies. It is expected that mice treated with an mTOR inhibitor alone exhibit little or no substantial effect on antigen specific IgG3 response and no statistically significant elevation in IgE response as compared to the vehicle control.
• mice treated with both PDK ⁇ inhibitor and mTOR inhibitor exhibit a reduction in antigen specific IgG3 response as compared to the mice treated with vehicle alone. Additionally, the mice treated with both PDK ⁇ inhibitor and mTOR inhibitor exhibit a decrease in IgE response as compared to the mice treated with PDK ⁇ inhibitor alone.
• mice Female Lewis rats are anesthetized and given collagen injections prepared and administered as described previously on day 0. On day 6, animals are anesthetized and given a second collagen injection. Caliper measurements of normal (pre-disease) right and left ankle joints are performed on day 9. On days 10-11, arthritis typically occurs and rats are randomized into treatment groups. Randomization is performed after ankle joint swelling is obviously established and there is good evidence of bilateral disease.
• PDK ⁇ inhibitor or PDK ⁇ inhibitor in combination with rapamycin.
• Dosing is administered on days 1-6. Rats are weighed on days 1-7 following establishment of arthritis and caliper measurements of ankles taken every day. Final body weights are taken on day 7 and animals are euthanized.

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