WO2015095807A1 - Cancer treatments using combinations of egfr and erk inhibitors - Google Patents

Cancer treatments using combinations of egfr and erk inhibitors Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015095807A1
WO2015095807A1 PCT/US2014/071697 US2014071697W WO2015095807A1 WO 2015095807 A1 WO2015095807 A1 WO 2015095807A1 US 2014071697 W US2014071697 W US 2014071697W WO 2015095807 A1 WO2015095807 A1 WO 2015095807A1
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cas
inhibitors
therapeutics
delta
cancer
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PCT/US2014/071697
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French (fr)
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Saurabh Saha
Dean WELSCH
Gary Decrescenzo
Jeffrey James ROIX
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Biomed Valley Discoveries, Inc.
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Publication of WO2015095807A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015095807A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/517—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. quinazoline, perimidine

Definitions

  • the present invention provides, inter alia, methods, pharmaceutical compositions, and kits for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject using a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a first anti-cancer agent which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • a second anti-cancer agent which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • RAS and RAF play significant roles in the regulation of various biological processes including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, inflammatory responses, and programmed cell death.
  • mutations in RAS genes were the first genetic alterations identified in human cancer. Activating mutations of H-RAS, N-RAS, and K- RAS ('RAS'), as well as BRAF are found frequently in several types of cancer.
  • EGFR is an upstream effector of the MAPK signaling pathway. Mutations in members of the MAPK pathway, including RAS and BRAF, have a strong correlation with many types of cancer. Accordingly, the EGFR has been targeted for development of anti-cancer therapeutics. In particular, EGFR inhibitors have been developed for cancer therapies. Unfortunately, acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitor therapies is not uncommon. While combination therapies using EGFR and PI3K inhibitors may provide some relief, to date there have been no reports using a combination of EGFR and ERK (particularly BVD-523) inhibitors to treat cancer.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharnnaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
  • a first anti-cancer agent which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • a second anti-cancer agent which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharnnaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, eriotinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of effecting cancer cell death.
  • the method comprises contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • An additional embodiment of the present invention is a kit for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the kit comprises an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anticancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, packaged together with instructions for their use.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier and an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
  • FIG. 1 shows that both direct ERK substrate phosphorylation and known effector pathways are modulated following acute and prolonged treatment with BVD-523 in vitro.
  • Western blots were performed using a variety of antibodies to detect changes in whole-cell lysates of cancer lines exposed to BVD-523.
  • A375 BRAF mutant cell line a human melanoma cell line
  • HCT1 16 KRAS mutant cell line a human colorectal carcinoma cell line
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
  • a first anti-cancer agent which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • a second anti-cancer agent which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • the terms "treat,” “treating,” “treatment” and grammatical variations thereof mean subjecting an individual subject to a protocol, regimen, process or remedy, in which it is desired to obtain a physiologic response or outcome in that subject, e.g., a patient.
  • the methods and compositions of the present invention may be used to slow the development of disease symptoms or delay the onset of the disease or condition, or halt the progression of disease development.
  • every treated subject may not respond to a particular treatment protocol, regimen, process or remedy, treating does not require that the desired physiologic response or outcome be achieved in each and every subject or subject population, e.g., patient population. Accordingly, a given subject or subject population, e.g., patient population may fail to respond or respond inadequately to treatment.
  • a “subject” is a mammal, preferably, a human.
  • categories of mammals within the scope of the present invention include, for example, farm animals, domestic animals, laboratory animals, etc.
  • farm animals include cows, pigs, horses, goats, etc.
  • domestic animals include dogs, cats, etc.
  • laboratory animals include primates, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc.
  • cancers include both solid and hemotologic cancers.
  • solid cancers include adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer (such as osteosarcoma), brain cancer, breast cancer, carcinoid cancer, carcinoma, cervical cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, Ewing family of cancers, extracranial germ cell cancer, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, germ cell tumor, gestational trophoblastic tumor, head and neck cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, islet cell carcinoma, kidney cancer, large intestine cancer, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, malignant mesothelioma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma
  • hematologic cancers include, but are not limited to, leukemias, such as adult/childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, adult/childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia, lymphomas, such as AIDS-related lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, adult/childhood Hodgkin lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, adult/childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, Sezary syndrome, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, as well as other proliferative disorders such as chronic myeloproliferative disorders, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm
  • K-RAS mutant cancers may become refractory to monotherapy using EGFR inhibitors.
  • resistance to, e.g., EGFR inhibitor monotherapy is overcome using a combination of EGFR inhibitor and an ERK1/2 inhibitor such as, e.g., BVD-523.
  • the subject with cancer has a somatic K-RAS mutation.
  • the cancer is lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. More preferably, the cancer is colorectal carcinoma.
  • BVD-523, an ERK1/2 inhibitor corresponds to a compound according to formula (I):
  • BVD-523 may be synthesized according to the methods disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Patent No. 7,354,939. Enantiomers and racemic mixtures of both enantiomers of BVD-523 are also contemplated within the scope of the present invention.
  • BVD-523 is a preferred ERK1/2 inhibitor for use in the present invention because its mechanism of action is believed to be, inter alia, unique and distinct from certain other ERK1/2 inhibitors, such as SCH772984.
  • SCH772984 inhibits autophosphorylation of ERK (Morris et ai, 2013), whereas BVD-523 allows for the autophosphorylation of ERK while still inhibiting ERK. (See, e.g., FIG. 1 ).
  • ERK1/2 inhibitors that may be used in accordance with the present invention include AEZS-131 (Aeterna Zentaris), AEZS-136 (Aeterna Zentaris), SCH-722984 (Merck & Co.), SCH-772984 (Merck & Co.), SCH-900353 (MK-8353) (Merck & Co.), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • an "EGFR inhibitor” means those substances that (i) directly interact with EGFR, e.g. by binding to EGFR and (ii) decrease the expression or the activity of EGFR.
  • Non-limiting examples of EGFR inhibitors according to the present invention include (+)-Aeroplysinin-1 (CAS # 28656-91 -9), 3-(4-lsopropylbenzylidenyl)-indolin-2-one, ABT-806 (Life Science Pharmaceuticals), AC-480 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), afatinib (Boehringer Ingelheim), AG 1478 (CAS # 153436-53-4), AG 494 (CAS # 133550-35-3), AG 555 (CAS # 133550-34-2), AG 556 (CAS # 133550-41 -1 ), AG 825 (CAS # 149092-50-2), AG-490 (CAS # 134036-52-5), antroquinonol (Golden Biotechnology), AP-261 13 (Ariad), ARRY334543 (CAS # 845272-21 - 1 ), AST 1306 (CAS # 897383-62-9), AVL-301 (Celgene), AZD89
  • the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • amino acid mutation means a change occurring in any cell that is not destined to become a germ cell.
  • Table 1 below show the SEQ ID Nos. of representative nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of wild type K-RAS from various animals. These sequences may be used in methods for identifying subjects with a mutant K-RAS genotype (such as in the methods set forth below).
  • Bos taurus variant X2 25 nucleic acid cow, Bos taurus variant X2
  • Nucleic acids may be obtained from biological samples of a subject.
  • biological samples include, but are not limited to, blood, plasma, urine, skin, saliva, and biopsies.
  • Biological samples are obtained from a subject by routine procedures and methods which are known in the art.
  • Non-limiting examples of methods for identifying mutations include PCR, sequencing, hybrid capture, in-solution capture, molecular inversion probes, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, and combinations thereof.
  • sequencing methods include, but are not limited to, Sanger sequencing (also referred to as dideoxy sequencing) and various sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) methods as disclosed in, e.g., Metzker 2005, sequencing by hybridization, by ligation (for example, WO 2005021786), by degradation (for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,622,824 and 6,140,053) and nanopore sequencing (which is commercially available from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK).
  • SBS sequencing-by-synthesis
  • PCR-based methods for detecting mutations are known in the art and employ PCR amplification, where each target sequence in the sample has a corresponding pair of unique, sequence-specific primers.
  • PCR-RFLP polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism
  • the mutation is discriminated by digestion with specific restriction endonucleases and is identified by electrophoresis. See, e.g., Ota et al., 2007. Mutations may also be detected using real time PCR. See, e.g., International Application publication No. WO2012046981 .
  • Hybrid capture methods are known in the art and are disclosed in e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 20130203632 and U.S. Patent Nos. 8389219 and 8288520. These methods are based on the selective hybridization of the target genomic regions to user-designed oligonucleotides.
  • the hybridization can be to oligonucleotides immobilized on high or low density microarrays (on-array capture), or solution-phase hybridization to oligonucleotides modified with a ligand (e.g. biotin) which can subsequently be immobilized to a solid surface, such as a bead (in-solution capture).
  • a ligand e.g. biotin
  • MIP Molecular Inversion Probe
  • genomic homology regions are ligated by undergoing an inversion in configuration (as suggested by the name of the technique) and creating a circular molecule. After the first restriction, all molecules are amplified with universal primers. Amplicons are restricted again to ensure short fragments for hybridization on a microarray. Generated short fragments are labeled and, through a Tag sequence, hybridized to a cTag (complementary strand for index) on an array. After the formation of Tag-cTag duplex, a signal is detected.
  • cTag complementary strand for index
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti- angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
  • at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti- angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
  • an "antibody” encompasses naturally occurring immunoglobulins as well as non-naturally occurring immunoglobulins, including, for example, single chain antibodies, chimeric antibodies ⁇ e.g., humanized murine antibodies), and heteroconjugate antibodies ⁇ e.g., bispecific antibodies). Fragments of antibodies include those that bind antigen, ⁇ e.g., Fab', F(ab') 2 , Fab, Fv, and rlgG). See also, e.g., Pierce Catalog and Handbook, 1994-1995 (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, III.); Kuby, J., Immunology, 3rd Ed., W.H. Freeman & Co., New York (1998). The term antibody also includes bivalent or bispecific molecules, diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies. The term "antibody” further includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
  • therapeutic antibodies examples include rituximab (Rituxan), Cetuximab (Erbitux), bevacizumab (Avastin), and Ibritumomab (Zevalin).
  • Cytotoxic agents according to the present invention include DNA damaging agents, antimetabolites, anti-microtubule agents, antibiotic agents, etc.
  • DNA damaging agents include alkylating agents, platinum-based agents, intercalating agents, and inhibitors of DNA replication.
  • Non-limiting examples of DNA alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, uramustine, melphalan, chlorambucil, ifosfamide, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, busulfan, temozolomide, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of platinum-based agents include cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, satraplatin, triplatin tetranitrate, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of intercalating agents include doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
  • Non-limiting examples of inhibitors of DNA replication include irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
  • Antimetabolites include folate antagonists such as methotrexate and premetrexed, purine antagonists such as 6-mercaptopurine, dacarbazine, and fludarabine, and pyrimidine antagonists such as 5-fluorouracil, arabinosylcytosine, capecitabine, gemcitabine, decitabine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
  • Anti- microtubule agents include without limitation vinca alkaloids, paclitaxel (Taxol®), docetaxel (Taxotere®), and ixabepilone (Ixempra®).
  • Antibiotic agents include without limitation actinomycin, anthracyclines, valrubicin, epirubicin, bleomycin, plicamycin, mitomycin, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
  • Cytotoxic agents according to the present invention also include an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
  • an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway according to the present invention include A-674563 (CAS # 552325-73-2), AGL 2263, AMG-319 (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), AS-041 164 (5-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS- 604850 (5-(2,2-Difluoro-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,4- dione), AS-605240 (5-quinoxilin-6-methylene-1 ,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AT7867 (CAS # 857531 -00-1 ), benzimidazole series, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc., South San Francisco, CA), BML-257 (CAS # 32387-96-5),
  • PI3 kinase delta inhibitors-2 Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics), PI3 kinase inhibitor, Roche-4 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche-5 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3-alpha/delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd., South San Francisco, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany), PI3- delta inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc., La Jolla, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-1 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-2 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Cell
  • toxin means an antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin.
  • An example is diphtheria toxin or portions thereof.
  • radionuclide means a radioactive substance administered to the patient, e.g., intravenously or orally, after which it penetrates via the patient's normal metabolism into the target organ or tissue, where it delivers local radiation for a short time.
  • radionuclides include, but are not limited to, 1-125, At-21 1 , Lu-177, Cu-67, I- 131 , Sm-153, Re-186, P-32, Re-188, ln-1 14m, and Y-90.
  • the term "immunomodulator” means a substance that alters the immune response by augmenting or reducing the ability of the immune system to produce antibodies or sensitized cells that recognize and react with the antigen that initiated their production.
  • Immunomodulators may be recombinant, synthetic, or natural preparations and include cytokines, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, thymosin, and immunoglobulins. Some immunomodulators are naturally present in the body, and certain of these are available in pharmacologic preparations.
  • immunomodulators include, but are not limited to, granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons, imiquimod and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, CCL3, CCL26, CXCL7, and synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG).
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony- stimulating factor
  • interferons imiquimod and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria
  • IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, CCL3, CCL26, CXCL7 and synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG).
  • CpG synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine
  • radiosensitizing agent means a compound that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.
  • radiosensitizing agents include misonidazole, metronidazole, tirapazamine, and trans sodium crocetinate.
  • hormone means a substance released by cells in one part of a body that affects cells in another part of the body.
  • hormones include, but are not limited to, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclin, thromboxane, amylin, antimullerian hormone, adiponectin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, angiotensinogen, angiotensin, vasopressin, atriopeptin, brain natriuretic peptide, calcitonin, cholecystokinin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, encephalin, endothelin, erythropoietin, follicle-stimulating hormone, galanin, gastrin, ghrelin, glucagon, gonadotropin- releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, growth hormone, in
  • hormone-interfering compounds include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen (Nolvadex®), anastrozole (Arimidex®), letrozole (Femara®), and fulvestrant (Faslodex®). Such compounds are also within the meaning of hormone in the present invention.
  • an "anti-angiogenesis” agent means a substance that reduces or inhibits the growth of new blood vessels, such as, e.g., an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and an inhibitor of endothelial cell migration.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • Anti-angiogenesis agents include without limitation 2-methoxyestradiol, angiostatin, bevacizumab, cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitory factor, endostatin, IFN-a, IL-12, itraconazole, linomide, platelet factor-4, prolactin, SU5416, suramin, tasquinimod, tecogalan, tetrathiomolybdate, thalidomide, thrombospondin, thrombospondin, TNP-470, ziv-aflibercept, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
  • administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
  • synergistic means more than additive. Synergistic effects may be measured by various assays known in the art, including but not limited to those disclosed herein, such as the excess over bliss assay.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
  • a first anti-cancer agent which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • a second anti-cancer agent which is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof
  • Suitable and preferred subjects are as disclosed herein.
  • the methods may be used to treat the cancers disclosed above, including those cancers with the mutational backgrounds identified above. Methods of identifying such mutations are also as set forth above.
  • the BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • panitumumab, erlotinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the method further comprises administering to the subject at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein.
  • administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention is a method of effecting cancer cell death.
  • the method comprises contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Suitable and preferred EGFR inhibitors are as disclosed herein.
  • effecting cancer cell death may be accomplished in cancer cells having various mutational backgrounds and/or that are characterized as disclosed above. Methods of identifying such mutations are also as set forth above.
  • the methods of this embodiment may be used to effect cancer cell death, by e.g., killing cancer cells, in cells of the types of cancer disclosed herein.
  • the cancer cell is a mammalian cancer cell.
  • the mammalian cancer cell is obtained from a mammal selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. More preferably, the mammalian cancer cell is a human cancer cell.
  • the method further comprises administering at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein.
  • at least one additional therapeutic agent preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein.
  • contacting the cancer cell with the first and second ant-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to contacting the cancer cell with either anti-cancer agent alone.
  • "contacting” means bringing, e.g., BVD-523, the EGFR inhibitors, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents into close proximity to the cancer cells. This may be accomplished using conventional techniques of drug delivery to mammals or in the in vitro situation by, e.g., providing the BVD-523, the EGFR inhibitors, and optionally other therapeutic agents to a culture media in which the cancer cells are located.
  • An additional embodiment of the present invention is a kit for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the kit comprises an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anticancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, packaged together with instructions for their use.
  • kits may also include suitable storage containers, e.g., ampules, vials, tubes, etc., for each anti-cancer agent of the present invention (which may e.g., may be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions) and other reagents, e.g., buffers, balanced salt solutions, etc., for use in administering the anti-cancer agents to subjects.
  • suitable storage containers e.g., ampules, vials, tubes, etc.
  • other reagents e.g., buffers, balanced salt solutions, etc.
  • the kits may further include a packaging container, optionally having one or more partitions for housing the pharmaceutical composition and other optional reagents.
  • kits may be used to treat the cancers disclosed above, including those cancers with the mutational backgrounds identified herein. Methods of identifying such mutations are as set forth above.
  • the kit further comprises at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein.
  • administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier and an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
  • Suitable and preferred subjects and EGFR inhibitors are as disclosed herein.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be used to treat the cancers disclosed above, including those cancers with the mutational backgrounds identified herein. Methods of identifying such mutations are also as set forth above.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein.
  • compositions according to the present invention may be in a unit dosage form comprising both anti-cancer agents.
  • first anti-cancer agent is in a first unit dosage form and the second anti-cancer agent is in a second unit dosage form, separate from the first.
  • the first and second anti-cancer agents may be co-administered to the subject, either simultaneously or at different times, as deemed most appropriate by a physician. If the first and second anti-cancer agents are administered at different times, for example, by serial administration, the first anti-cancer agent may be administered to the subject before the second anticancer agent. Alternatively, the second anti-cancer agent may be administered to the subject before the first anti-cancer agent.
  • an "effective amount” or a "therapeutically effective amount” of an anti-cancer agent of the invention including pharmaceutical compositions containing same that are disclosed herein is an amount of such agent or composition that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results as described herein when administered to a subject.
  • Effective dosage forms, modes of administration, and dosage amounts may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill of the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the dosage amount will vary with the route of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, the identity of any other drugs being administered, the age, size, and species of mammal, e.g., human patient, and like factors well known in the arts of medicine and veterinary medicine.
  • a suitable dose of an agent or composition according to the invention will be that amount of the agent or composition, which is the lowest dose effective to produce the desired effect.
  • the effective dose of an agent or composition of the present invention may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses, administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day.
  • a suitable, non-limiting example of a dosage of an anti-cancer agent disclosed herein is from about 1 mg/kg to about 2400 mg/kg per day, such as from about 1 mg/kg to about 1200 mg/kg per day, 75 mg/kg per day to about 300 mg/kg per day, including from about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg per day.
  • Other representative dosages of such agents include about 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 175 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 700 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 1 100 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg, 1300 mg/kg, 1400 mg/kg, 1500 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg, 1700 mg/kg, 1800 mg/kg, 1900 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg, 2100 mg/kg, 2200 mg/kg, and 2300 mg/kg per day.
  • the anti-cancer agents or pharmaceutical compositions containing same of the present invention may be administered in any desired and effective manner: for oral ingestion, or as an ointment or drop for local administration to the eyes, or for parenteral or other administration in any appropriate manner such as intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical, intradermal, inhalation, intrapulmonary, rectal, vaginal, sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intrathecal, or intralymphatic. Further, the anti-cancer agents or pharmaceutical compositions containing same of the present invention may be administered in conjunction with other treatments.
  • the anti-cancer agents or the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be encapsulated or otherwise protected against gastric or other secretions, if desired.
  • compositions of the invention comprise one or more active ingredients, e.g. anti-cancer agents, in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents or carriers and, optionally, one or more other compounds, drugs, ingredients and/or materials.
  • active ingredients e.g. anti-cancer agents
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents or carriers optionally, one or more other compounds, drugs, ingredients and/or materials.
  • the agents/compounds of the present invention are formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (21 st Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.).
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers are well known in the art (see, e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (21 st Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.) and The National Formulary (American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C.)) and include sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol), starches, cellulose preparations, calcium phosphates (e.g., dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogen phosphate), sodium citrate, water, aqueous solutions ⁇ e.g., saline, sodium chloride injection, Ringer's injection, dextrose injection, dextrose and sodium chloride injection, lactated Ringer's injection), alcohols (e.g., ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol), polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol,
  • Each pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier used in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the subject.
  • Diluents or carriers suitable for a selected dosage form and intended route of administration are well known in the art, and acceptable diluents or carriers for a chosen dosage form and method of administration can be determined using ordinary skill in the art.
  • compositions of the invention may, optionally, contain additional ingredients and/or materials commonly used in pharmaceutical compositions.
  • ingredients and materials are well known in the art and include (1 ) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (2) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sucrose and acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8)
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, powders, granules, a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid, an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, an elixir or syrup, a pastille, a bolus, an electuary or a paste.
  • These formulations may be prepared by methods known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional pan- coating, mixing, granulation or lyophilization processes.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration may be prepared, e.g., by mixing the active ingredient(s) with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents or carriers and, optionally, one or more fillers, extenders, binders, humectants, disintegrating agents, solution retarding agents, absorption accelerators, wetting agents, absorbents, lubricants, and/or coloring agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using a suitable excipient.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared using a suitable binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant, surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine.
  • the tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical- formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter.
  • compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • the active ingredient can also be in microencapsulated form.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain suitable inert diluents commonly used in the art.
  • the oral compositions may also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
  • Suspensions may contain suspending agents.
  • compositions of the present invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more active ingredient(s) with one or more suitable nonirritating diluents or carriers which are solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • suitable nonirritating diluents or carriers which are solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents or carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, drops and inhalants.
  • the active agent(s)/compound(s) may be mixed under sterile conditions with a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain excipients.
  • Powders and sprays may contain excipients and propellants.
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administrations may comprise one or more agent(s)/compound(s) in combination with one or more pharmaceutically- acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain suitable antioxidants, buffers, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents.
  • suitable antioxidants, buffers, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents may contain suitable antioxidants, buffers, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain suitable adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption.
  • a drug e.g., pharmaceutical formulation
  • the rate of absorption of the active agent/drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form.
  • delayed absorption of a parenterally- administered agent/drug may be accomplished by dissolving or suspending the active agent/drug in an oil vehicle.
  • injectable depot forms may be made by forming microencapsule matrices of the active ingredient in biodegradable polymers. Depending on the ratio of the active ingredient to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of active ingredient release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue. The injectable materials can be sterilized for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampules and vials, and may be stored in a lyophilized condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid diluent or carrier, for example water for injection, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid diluent or carrier for example water for injection
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the type described above.
  • BVD-523 altered markers of MAPK kinase activity and effector function
  • HCT1 16 cells (5 x 10 6 ) were seeded into 10 cm dishes in McCoy's 5A plus 10% FBS.
  • A375 cells (2.5 x 10 6 ) were seeded into 10 cm dishes in DMEM plus 10% FBS. Cells were allowed to adhere overnight prior to addition of the indicated amount of test compound (BVD-523) or vehicle control. Cells were treated for either 4 or 24 hours before isolation of whole-cell protein lysates, as specified below. Cells were harvested by trypsinisation, pelleted and snap frozen.
  • Lysates were prepared with RIPA (Radio-lmmunoprecipitation Assay) buffer, clarified by centrifugation and quantitated by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) assay. 20- 50 g of protein was resolved by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, blotted onto PVDF membrane and probed using the antibodies detailed in Table 2 (for the 4-hour treatment) and Table 3 (for the 24-hour treatment) below.
  • RIPA Radio-lmmunoprecipitation Assay
  • BCA bicinchoninic acid assay
  • FIG. 1 shows Western blot analyses of cells treated with BVD- 523 at various concentrations for the following: 1 ) MAPK signaling components in A375 cells after 4 hours; 2) cell cycle and apoptosis signaling in A375 24 hours treatment with various amounts of BVD-523; and 3) MAPK signaling in HCT-1 16 cells treated for 4 hours.
  • the results show that acute and prolonged treatment with BVD-523 in RAF and RAS mutant cancer cells in-vitro affects both substrate phosphorylation and effector targets of ERK kinases.
  • the concentrations of BVD-523 required to induce these changes is typically in the low micromolar range.
  • BVD-523 treatment induces complex changes in the MAPK feedback phosphatase, DUSP6: slowly migrating protein isoforms are reduced following acute treatment, while total protein levels are greatly reduced following prolonged BVD-523 treatment. Both of these findings are consistent with reduced activity of ERK kinases, which control DUSP6 function through both post-translational and transcriptional mechanisms. Overall, despite increases in cellular forms of ERK that are typically thought to be active, it appears likely that cellular ERK enzyme activity is fully inhibited following either acute or prolonged treatment with BVD-523.
  • effector genes that require MAPK pathway signaling are altered following treatment with BVD-523.
  • the G1/S cell-cycle apparatus is regulated at both post-translational and transcriptional levels by MAPK signaling, and cyclin-D1 protein levels are greatly reduced following prolonged BVD-523 treatment.
  • gene expression and protein abundance of apoptosis effectors often require intact MAPK signaling, and total levels of Bim-EL increase following prolonged BVD- 523 treatment.
  • FIG. 1 shows that BVD-523 inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway and may be more favorable compared to RAF or MEK inhibition in this setting.
  • BVD-523 properties of BVD-523 may make this a preferred agent for use as an ERK inhibitor, compared to other agents with a similar activity.
  • kinase inhibitor drugs display unique and specific interactions with their enzyme targets, and that drug efficacy is strongly influenced by both the mode of direct inhibition, as well as susceptibility to adaptive changes that occur following treatment.
  • inhibitors of ABL, KIT, EGFR and ALK kinases are effective only when their cognate target is found in active or inactive configurations.
  • certain of these inhibitors are uniquely sensitive to either secondary genetic mutation, or post-translational adaptive changes, of the protein target.
  • RAF inhibitors show differential potency to RAF kinases present in certain protein complexes and/or subcellular localizations.
  • ERK kinases are similarly known to exist in diverse, variable, and complex biochemical states, it appears likely that BVD-523 may interact with and inhibit these targets in a fashion that is distinct and highly preferable to other agents.
  • BVD-523/EGFR inhibitor combinations are effective to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines in vitro
  • Cancer cell lines are maintained in cell culture under standard media and serum conditions.
  • HCT1 16 cells K-RAS mutant human colorectal carcinoma cells
  • McCoy's 5A Medium 10% fetal bovine serum
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • A375 cells BRAF V600 E human malignant melanoma
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
  • panitumumab (ranging from 0.1 - 100 nM) with BVD-523 (ranging from 0 to 10 ⁇ ), panitumumab (ranging from 0.1 - 100 nM) with dabrafenib (ranging from 0 to 1 ⁇ ), and panitumumab (ranging from 0.1 - 100 nM) with trametinib (ranging from 0 to 0.010 ⁇ ).
  • the final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%.
  • the compounds are incubated with the cells for 96 hours.
  • erlotinib (ranging from 1 ⁇ - 100 ⁇ ) with BVD-523 (0 to 10 ⁇ ), erlotinib (ranging from 1 ⁇ - 100 ⁇ ) with dabrafenib (ranging from 0 to 1 ⁇ ), and erlotinib (ranging from 1 ⁇ - 100 ⁇ ) with trametinib (ranging from 0 to 0.1 ⁇ ).
  • the final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%.
  • the compounds are incubated with the cells for 96 hours.
  • Alamar Blue 10% (v/v) is added and incubated with the cells for 4 hours prior to reading on a fluorescent plate reader. After reading Alamar Blue, the medium/Alamar Blue mix is flicked off, 100 ⁇ of CellTiter- Glo/PBS (1 :1 ) is added, and the plates are processed as per the manufacturer's instructions (Promega, Madison, Wl). Media only background values are subtracted before the data is analyzed.
  • HCT1 16 cells are seeded in triplicate in white 96-well plates at a cell density of 5000 cells/well in McCoy's 5A plus 10% FBS.
  • A375 cells are seeded at a density of 5000 cells/well in DMEM plus 10% FBS. Cells are allowed to adhere overnight prior to addition of test compound or vehicle control. The final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%, and 800 nM staurosporine is included as a positive control. 24 and 48 hour assay incubation periods are used.
  • Caspase-Glo® 3/7 50% (v/v) is added, plates are mixed for 5 minutes on an orbital shaker and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature prior to reading on a luminescent plate reader. Media only background values are subtracted before the data is analysed.
  • the combination data may be presented as dose-response curves generated in GraphPad Prism (plotted using % viability relative to DMSO only treated controls).
  • C b iiss is the fractional inhibition that would be expected if the combination of the two drugs is exactly additive.
  • C b iiss values are subtracted from the experimentally observed fractional inhibition values to give an 'excess over Bliss' value. Excess over Bliss values greater than 0 indicate synergy, whereas values less than 0 indicate antagonism. Excess over Bliss values may be plotted as heat maps ⁇ SD.
  • panitumumab or erlotinib with BVD-523 will be effective in inhibiting the growth of A375 and HCT1 16 cells. Dose response curves will be obtained. It is expected that the IC 50 of BVD-523 in these cell lines will be approximately 150 nM.
  • panitumumab will be approximately 0.5 nM in these cell lines (Freeman et al., 2009, Wong et al., 201 1 ) while the IC 50 of erlotinib will be approximately 7 ⁇ in HCT1 16 cells (Morgillo et al., 201 1 ) and 59 ⁇ in A375 cells (Deng et al., 2010).
  • BVD-523/EGFR inhibitor combinations are effective to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines in vivo
  • mice Female athymic nude mice (Crl:NU(Ncr)-Foxn/ nu , Charles River) are nine weeks old with a body weight (BW) range of about 15 to about 30 grams on Day 1 of the study.
  • the animals are fed ad libitum water (reverse osmosis, 1 ppm CI), and NIH 31 Modified and Irradiated Lab Diet ® consisting of 18.0% crude protein, 5.0% crude fat, and 5.0% crude fiber.
  • the mice are housed on irradiated Enrich-o'cobsTM Laboratory Animal Bedding in static microisolators on a 12-hour light cycle at 20-22°C (68-72T) and 40-60% humidity.
  • the recommendations of the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals with respect to restraint, husbandry, surgical procedures, feed and fluid regulation, and veterinary care are complied with.
  • HCT1 16 human colon carcinoma cells are cultured in RPMI- 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin G sodium, 100 g/mL streptomycin sulfate, and 25 g/mL gentamicin.
  • the tumor cells are grown in tissue culture flasks in a humidified incubator at 37°C, in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 and 95% air.
  • the HCT1 16 cells used for implantation are harvested during exponential growth and resuspended in 50% Matrigel (BD Biosciences): 50% phosphate buffered saline at a concentration of 2.5 x 10 7 cells/mL.
  • each test mouse is injected subcutaneously in the right flank with 5 x 10 6 cells (0.2 ml_ cell suspension), and tumor growth is monitored as the average size approaches the target range of 100 to 150 mm 3 .
  • Tumors are measured in two dimensions using calipers, and volume is calculated using the formula:
  • Tumor weight may be estimated with the assumption that 1 mg is equivalent to 1 mm 3 of tumor volume.
  • mice are sorted into groups each consisting of fifteen mice and one group consisting of ten mice, and dosing is initiated. All doses are given by oral gavage (p.o.) except paclitaxel, which is given intravenously (i.v.) and panitumumab, which is given intraperitoneally. For each agent, the dosing volume of 10 mL/kg (0.2 ml_ per 20 grams of BW) is scaled to the BW of the individual animal. The panitumumab doses are to be given twice weekly via intraperitoneal injection.
  • Erlotinib doses are to be given once daily (qd) until study end (qd to end), whereas the vehicle and BVD-523 doses are to be given twice daily (bid) until study end (bid to end).
  • bid dosing dosing is initiated in the afternoon of Day 1 , so that one dose is given on the first day ("first day 1 dose").
  • One group receives 1 % CMC vehicle p.o. bid to end, and serves as the control group for calculation of %TGD.
  • Another group receives paclitaxel i.v. at 30 mg/kg once every other day (qod) for five doses (qod x 5), and serves as the positive control for the model.
  • Each one of two groups receives a combination of 50 mg/kg BVD-523 with 6 or 10 mg/kg panitumumab. Two other groups receive 100 mg/kg BVD-523 with 6 or 10 mg/kg panitumumab. Two additional groups will receive 50 mg/kg BVD-523 with 25 or 100 mg/kg eriotinib, and another two groups will receive 100 mg/kg BVD-523 with 25 or 100 mg/kg eriotinib.
  • Tumors are measured using calipers twice per week, and each animal is euthanized when its tumor reaches the pre-determined tumor volume endpoint of 2000 mm 3 or on the final day, whichever comes first. Animals that exit the study for tumor volume endpoint are documented as euthanized for tumor progression (TP), with the date of euthanasia.
  • TP tumor progression
  • TTE time to endpoint
  • TTE [logio(endpoint volume) - b] / m
  • TTE is expressed in days
  • endpoint volume is expressed in mm 3
  • b is the intercept
  • m is the slope of the line obtained by linear regression of a log-transformed tumor growth data set.
  • the data set consists of the first observation that exceeds the endpoint volume used in analysis and the three consecutive observations that immediately precede the attainment of this endpoint volume.
  • the calculated TTE is usually less than the TP date, the day on which the animal is euthanized for tumor size. Animals with tumors that do not reach the endpoint volume are assigned a TTE value equal to the last day of the study.
  • NTRa non-treatment-related causes due to accident
  • NTRu unknown etiology
  • Treatment outcome is evaluated from TGD, defined as the increase in the median TTE in a treatment group compared to the control group:
  • TGD T - C, expressed in days, or as a percentage of the median TTE of the control group:
  • T median TTE for a treatment group
  • Treatment efficacy may be determined from the incidence and magnitude of regression responses observed during the study.
  • Treatment may cause partial regression (PR) or complete regression (CR) of the tumor in an animal.
  • PR partial regression
  • CR complete regression
  • the tumor volume is 50% or less of its Day 1 volume for three consecutive measurements during the course of the study, and equal to or greater than 13.5 mm 3 for one or more of these three measurements.
  • a CR response the tumor volume is less than 13.5 mm 3 for three consecutive measurements during the course of the study.
  • An animal with a CR response at the termination of the study is additionally classified as a tumor-free survivor (TFS). Animals are monitored for regression responses.
  • TFS tumor-free survivor
  • mice are weighed daily on Days 1 -5, then twice per week until completion of the study. The mice are observed frequently for overt signs of any adverse, TR side effects, and clinical signs are recorded when observed.
  • Individual BW loss is monitored as per protocol, and any animal whose weight exceeds the limits for acceptable BW loss is euthanized.
  • Group mean BW loss also is monitored as per protocol. Dosing is to be suspended in any group that exceeds the limits for acceptable mean BW loss. If mean BW recovers, then dosing is to be resumed in that group, but at a lower dosage or less frequent dosing schedule.
  • Acceptable toxicity for the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is defined as a group mean BW loss of less than 20% during the study and not more than 10% TR deaths.
  • a death is classified as TR if attributable to treatment side effects as evidenced by clinical signs and/or necropsy, or may also be classified as TR if due to unknown causes during the dosing period or within 14 days of the last dose.
  • a death is classified as NTR if there is no evidence that death is related to treatment side effects.
  • NTR deaths may be further characterized based on cause of death.
  • a death is classified as NTRa if it results from an accident or human error.
  • a death is classified as NTRm if necropsy indicates that it may result from tumor dissemination by invasion and/or metastasis.
  • a death is classified as NTRu if the cause of death is unknown and there is no available evidence of death related to treatment side effects, metastasis, accident or human error, although death due to treatment side effects cannot be excluded.
  • a scatter plot is constructed to show TTE values for individual mice, by group.
  • Group mean tumor volumes are plotted as a function of time. When an animal exits the study due to tumor size, the final tumor volume recorded for the animal is included with the data used to calculate the mean volume at subsequent time points. Error bars (when present) indicate one standard error of the mean (SEM).
  • Tumor growth plots exclude the data for NTR deaths, and are truncated after 50% of the assessable animals in a group exit the study or after the second TR death in a group, whichever comes first.
  • Kaplan-Meier plots show the percentage of animals in each group remaining in the study versus time. The Kaplan-Meier plot and logrank test share the same TTE data sets.
  • Percent mean BW changes from Day 1 are calculated for each group for each day of BW measurement, and are plotted as a function of time. BW plots exclude the data for NTR deaths, and are truncated after 50% of the assessable animals in a group exit the study.
  • panitumumab or erlotinib with BVD-523 will be effective against HCT1 16 cell-derived tumors and that the results will be statistically significant. It is also expected that the side effects associated with BVD-523 / EGFR inhibitor treatment are minimal.
  • ABSALAN Farnaz; Mostafa Ronaghi (2008). Molecular Inversion Probe Assay. Methods in Molecular Biology 396. Humana Press, pp. 315- 330.

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Abstract

The present invention provides, inter alia, methods, kits, and pharmaceutical compositions for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer. Additional methods for effecting cancer cell death are also provided.

Description

CANCER TREATMENTS USING COMBINATIONS OF EGFR AND ERK
INHIBITORS
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/918,908, filed December 20, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The present invention provides, inter alia, methods, pharmaceutical compositions, and kits for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject using a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] This application contains references to amino acids and/or nucleic acid sequences that have been filed concurrently herewith as sequence listing text file "0375609_sequences.txt", file size of 74.9 KB, created on December 15, 2013. The aforementioned sequence listing is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1 .52(e)(5). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Within cellular signaling networks, RAS and RAF play significant roles in the regulation of various biological processes including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, inflammatory responses, and programmed cell death. Notably, mutations in RAS genes were the first genetic alterations identified in human cancer. Activating mutations of H-RAS, N-RAS, and K- RAS ('RAS'), as well as BRAF are found frequently in several types of cancer.
[0005] EGFR is an upstream effector of the MAPK signaling pathway. Mutations in members of the MAPK pathway, including RAS and BRAF, have a strong correlation with many types of cancer. Accordingly, the EGFR has been targeted for development of anti-cancer therapeutics. In particular, EGFR inhibitors have been developed for cancer therapies. Unfortunately, acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitor therapies is not uncommon. While combination therapies using EGFR and PI3K inhibitors may provide some relief, to date there have been no reports using a combination of EGFR and ERK (particularly BVD-523) inhibitors to treat cancer.
[0006] In view of the foregoing, there is, inter alia, a need for new methods for treating malignancies carrying RAS and/or RAF mutations. The present application is directed to meeting these and other needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] One embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharnnaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
[0008] Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, eriotinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
[0009] A further embodiment of the present invention is a method of effecting cancer cell death. The method comprises contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0010] An additional embodiment of the present invention is a kit for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The kit comprises an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anticancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, packaged together with instructions for their use.
[0011] Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier and an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 shows that both direct ERK substrate phosphorylation and known effector pathways are modulated following acute and prolonged treatment with BVD-523 in vitro. Western blots were performed using a variety of antibodies to detect changes in whole-cell lysates of cancer lines exposed to BVD-523. In the A375 BRAF mutant cell line (a human melanoma cell line) and in the HCT1 16 KRAS mutant cell line (a human colorectal carcinoma cell line), phosphorylation of ERK-dependent residues (T359/S363) in RSK 1 and 2 proteins was reduced after 4 hours of treatment with BVD-523 at micromolar concentrations. Following 24 hours of treatment, direct substrate inhibition was maintained in BRAF mutant cell lines, and the MAPK feedback phosphatase DUSP6 was greatly reduced, suggesting durable and nearly complete MAPK pathway inhibition. Lastly, consistent with cytostatic effects of BVD-523 across multiple cell line backgrounds, the MAPK effector and G1/S-cell-cycle determinant gene cyclin-D1 was greatly reduced after 24 hours of treatment. In the A375 cell line, while the apoptosis effector and ERK substrate Bim-EL was increased following prolonged treatment, increased apoptosis was not observed, consistent with a lack of PARP cleavage, as well as other observations (not shown) that additional factors influence the capacity for BVD-523 to induce cell death. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0013] One embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
[0014] As used herein, the terms "treat," "treating," "treatment" and grammatical variations thereof mean subjecting an individual subject to a protocol, regimen, process or remedy, in which it is desired to obtain a physiologic response or outcome in that subject, e.g., a patient. In particular, the methods and compositions of the present invention may be used to slow the development of disease symptoms or delay the onset of the disease or condition, or halt the progression of disease development. However, because every treated subject may not respond to a particular treatment protocol, regimen, process or remedy, treating does not require that the desired physiologic response or outcome be achieved in each and every subject or subject population, e.g., patient population. Accordingly, a given subject or subject population, e.g., patient population may fail to respond or respond inadequately to treatment.
[0015] As used herein, the terms "ameliorate", "ameliorating" and grammatical variations thereof mean to decrease the severity of the symptoms of a disease in a subject. [0016] As used herein, a "subject" is a mammal, preferably, a human. In addition to humans, categories of mammals within the scope of the present invention include, for example, farm animals, domestic animals, laboratory animals, etc. Some examples of farm animals include cows, pigs, horses, goats, etc. Some examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, etc. Some examples of laboratory animals include primates, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, etc.
[0017] In the present invention, cancers include both solid and hemotologic cancers. Non-limiting examples of solid cancers include adrenocortical carcinoma, anal cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer (such as osteosarcoma), brain cancer, breast cancer, carcinoid cancer, carcinoma, cervical cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, Ewing family of cancers, extracranial germ cell cancer, eye cancer, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, germ cell tumor, gestational trophoblastic tumor, head and neck cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, islet cell carcinoma, kidney cancer, large intestine cancer, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, malignant mesothelioma, Merkel cell carcinoma, mycosis fungoides, myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal cancer, neuroblastoma, oral cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian epithelial cancer, ovarian germ cell cancer, pancreatic cancer, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer, parathyroid cancer, penile cancer, pituitary cancer, plasma cell neoplasm, prostate cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, rectal cancer, renal cell cancer, transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter, salivary gland cancer, Sezary syndrome, skin cancers (such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, mast cell tumor, and melanoma), small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, thymoma, thyroid cancer, urethral cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, and Wilms' tumor.
[0018] Examples of hematologic cancers include, but are not limited to, leukemias, such as adult/childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, adult/childhood acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia, lymphomas, such as AIDS-related lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, adult/childhood Hodgkin lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, adult/childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, Sezary syndrome, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, as well as other proliferative disorders such as chronic myeloproliferative disorders, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms.
[0019] In the present invention, K-RAS mutant cancers may become refractory to monotherapy using EGFR inhibitors. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, resistance to, e.g., EGFR inhibitor monotherapy is overcome using a combination of EGFR inhibitor and an ERK1/2 inhibitor such as, e.g., BVD-523. Thus, preferably, the subject with cancer has a somatic K-RAS mutation. For example, the cancer is lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. More preferably, the cancer is colorectal carcinoma. [0020] In the present invention, BVD-523, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, corresponds to a compound according to formula (I):
Figure imgf000009_0001
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. BVD-523 may be synthesized according to the methods disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Patent No. 7,354,939. Enantiomers and racemic mixtures of both enantiomers of BVD-523 are also contemplated within the scope of the present invention. BVD-523 is a preferred ERK1/2 inhibitor for use in the present invention because its mechanism of action is believed to be, inter alia, unique and distinct from certain other ERK1/2 inhibitors, such as SCH772984. For example, SCH772984 inhibits autophosphorylation of ERK (Morris et ai, 2013), whereas BVD-523 allows for the autophosphorylation of ERK while still inhibiting ERK. (See, e.g., FIG. 1 ).
[0021] Other ERK1/2 inhibitors that may be used in accordance with the present invention include AEZS-131 (Aeterna Zentaris), AEZS-136 (Aeterna Zentaris), SCH-722984 (Merck & Co.), SCH-772984 (Merck & Co.), SCH-900353 (MK-8353) (Merck & Co.), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof. [0022] As used herein, an "EGFR inhibitor" means those substances that (i) directly interact with EGFR, e.g. by binding to EGFR and (ii) decrease the expression or the activity of EGFR. Non-limiting examples of EGFR inhibitors according to the present invention include (+)-Aeroplysinin-1 (CAS # 28656-91 -9), 3-(4-lsopropylbenzylidenyl)-indolin-2-one, ABT-806 (Life Science Pharmaceuticals), AC-480 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), afatinib (Boehringer Ingelheim), AG 1478 (CAS # 153436-53-4), AG 494 (CAS # 133550-35-3), AG 555 (CAS # 133550-34-2), AG 556 (CAS # 133550-41 -1 ), AG 825 (CAS # 149092-50-2), AG-490 (CAS # 134036-52-5), antroquinonol (Golden Biotechnology), AP-261 13 (Ariad), ARRY334543 (CAS # 845272-21 - 1 ), AST 1306 (CAS # 897383-62-9), AVL-301 (Celgene), AZD8931 (CAS # 848942-61 -0), BIBU 1361 (CAS # 793726-84-8), BIBX 1382 (CAS # 196612- 93-8), BMS-690514 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), BPIQ-I (CAS # 174709-30-9), Canertinib (Pfizer), cetuximab (Actavis), cipatinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), CL-387,785 (Santa Cruz Biotech), compound 56 (CAS # 171745-13-4), CTX- 023 (CytomX Therapeutics), CUDC-101 (Curis), dacomitinib (Pfizer), DAPH (CAS # 145915-58-8), daphnetin (Santa Cruz Biotech), dovitinib lactate (Novartis), EGFR Inhibitor (CAS # 879127-07-8), epitinib (Hutchison China MediTech), erbstatin Analog (CAS # 63177-57-1 ), erlotinib (Astellas), gefitinib (AstraZeneca), GT-MAB 5.2-GEX (Glycotope), GW 583340 (CAS # 388082- 81 -3), GW2974 (CAS # 202272-68-2), HDS 029 (CAS # 881001 -19-0), Hypericin (Santa Cruz Biotech), icotinib hydrochloride (Betapharma), JNJ- 26483327 (Johnson & Johnson), JNJ-28871063 (Johnson & Johnson), KD- 020 (Kadmon Pharmaceuticals), lapatinib ditosylate (GlaxoSmithKline), Lavendustin A (Sigma), Lavendustin C (Sigma), LY-3016859 (Eli Lilly), MEHD-7945A (Hoffmann-La Roche), MM-151 (Merrimack), MT-062 (Medisyn Technologies), necitumumab (Eli Lilly), neratinib (Pfizer), nimotuzumab (Center of Molecular Immunology), NT-004 (NewGen Therapeutics), pantiumumab (Amgen), PD 153035 (CAS # 153436-54-5), PD 161570 (CAS # 192705-80-9), PD 168393, PD 174265 (CAS # 216163-53-0), pirotinib (Sihuan Pharmaceutical), poziotinib (Hanmi), PP 3 (CAS # 5334-30-5), PR- 610 (Proacta), pyrotinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), RG-13022 (CAS # 136831 -48-6), rindopepimut (Celldex Therapeutics), RPI-1 (CAS # 269730- 03-2), S-22261 1 (Shionogi), TAK 285 (CAS # 871026-44-7), TAS-2913 (Taiho), theliatinib (Hutchison China MediTech), Tyrphostin 47 (RG-50864, AG-213) (CAS # 1 18409-60-2), Tyrphostin 51 (CAS # 122520-90-5), Tyrphostin AG 1478 (CAS # 175178-82-2), Tyrphostin AG 183 (CAS # 126433-07-6), Tyrphostin AG 528 (CAS # 133550-49-9), Tyrphostin AG 99 (CAS # 1 18409-59-9), Tyrphostin B42 (Santa Cruz Biotech), Tyrphostin B44 (Santa Cruz Biotech), Tyrphostin RG 14620 (CAS # 136831 -49-7), vandetanib (AstraZeneca), varlitinib (Array BioPharma), vatalanib (Novartis), WZ 3146 (CAS # 1214265-56-1 ), WZ 4002 (CAS # 1213269-23-8), WZ8040 (CAS # 1214265-57-2), XL-647 (Exelixis), Z-650 (HEC Pharm), ZM 323881 (CAS # 324077-30-7), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
[0023] Preferably, the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
[0024] As used herein, "somatic mutation" means a change occurring in any cell that is not destined to become a germ cell. Table 1 below show the SEQ ID Nos. of representative nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of wild type K-RAS from various animals. These sequences may be used in methods for identifying subjects with a mutant K-RAS genotype (such as in the methods set forth below).
Table 1 K-RAS sequences
Figure imgf000012_0001
SEQ ID polypeptide or nucleic Organism Other
No. acid sequence Information
23 nucleic acid cow, Bos taurus
24 polypeptide cow, Bos taurus
25 nucleic acid cow, Bos taurus variant X2
26 polypeptide cow, Bos taurus variant X2
27 nucleic acid cow, Bos taurus variant X3
28 polypeptide cow, Bos taurus variant X3
chicken, Gallus
29 nucleic acid
gallus
chicken, Gallus
30 polypeptide
gallus
[0025] Methods for identifying mutations in nucleic acids, such as the above identified K-RAS genes, are known in the art. Nucleic acids may be obtained from biological samples of a subject. In the present invention, biological samples include, but are not limited to, blood, plasma, urine, skin, saliva, and biopsies. Biological samples are obtained from a subject by routine procedures and methods which are known in the art.
[0026] Non-limiting examples of methods for identifying mutations include PCR, sequencing, hybrid capture, in-solution capture, molecular inversion probes, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, and combinations thereof.
[0027] Various sequencing methods are known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, Sanger sequencing (also referred to as dideoxy sequencing) and various sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) methods as disclosed in, e.g., Metzker 2005, sequencing by hybridization, by ligation (for example, WO 2005021786), by degradation (for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 5,622,824 and 6,140,053) and nanopore sequencing (which is commercially available from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK). In deep sequencing techniques, a given nucleotide in the sequence is read more than once during the sequencing process. Deep sequencing techniques are disclosed in e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 20120264632 and International Patent Publication No. WO2012125848.
[0028] PCR-based methods for detecting mutations are known in the art and employ PCR amplification, where each target sequence in the sample has a corresponding pair of unique, sequence-specific primers. For example, the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method allows for rapid detection of mutations after the genomic sequences are amplified by PCR. The mutation is discriminated by digestion with specific restriction endonucleases and is identified by electrophoresis. See, e.g., Ota et al., 2007. Mutations may also be detected using real time PCR. See, e.g., International Application publication No. WO2012046981 .
[0029] Hybrid capture methods are known in the art and are disclosed in e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 20130203632 and U.S. Patent Nos. 8389219 and 8288520. These methods are based on the selective hybridization of the target genomic regions to user-designed oligonucleotides. The hybridization can be to oligonucleotides immobilized on high or low density microarrays (on-array capture), or solution-phase hybridization to oligonucleotides modified with a ligand (e.g. biotin) which can subsequently be immobilized to a solid surface, such as a bead (in-solution capture).
[0030] Molecular Inversion Probe (MIP) techniques are known in the art and are disclosed in e.g., Absalan et al., 2008. This method uses MIP molecules, which are special "padlock" probes (Nilsson et al., 1994) for genotyping. A MIP molecule is a linear oligonucleotide that contains specific regions, universal sequences, restriction sites and a Tag (index) sequence (16-22 bp). A MIP hybridizes directly around the genetic marker/SNP of interest. The MIP method may also use a number of "padlock" probe sets that hybridize to genomic DNA in parallel (Hardenbol et ai, 2003). In case of a perfect match, genomic homology regions are ligated by undergoing an inversion in configuration (as suggested by the name of the technique) and creating a circular molecule. After the first restriction, all molecules are amplified with universal primers. Amplicons are restricted again to ensure short fragments for hybridization on a microarray. Generated short fragments are labeled and, through a Tag sequence, hybridized to a cTag (complementary strand for index) on an array. After the formation of Tag-cTag duplex, a signal is detected.
[0031] In an additional aspect of this embodiment, the method further comprises administering to the subject at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti- angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
[0032] As used herein, an "antibody" encompasses naturally occurring immunoglobulins as well as non-naturally occurring immunoglobulins, including, for example, single chain antibodies, chimeric antibodies {e.g., humanized murine antibodies), and heteroconjugate antibodies {e.g., bispecific antibodies). Fragments of antibodies include those that bind antigen, {e.g., Fab', F(ab')2, Fab, Fv, and rlgG). See also, e.g., Pierce Catalog and Handbook, 1994-1995 (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, III.); Kuby, J., Immunology, 3rd Ed., W.H. Freeman & Co., New York (1998). The term antibody also includes bivalent or bispecific molecules, diabodies, triabodies, and tetrabodies. The term "antibody" further includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.
[0033] Examples of therapeutic antibodies that may be used in the present invention include rituximab (Rituxan), Cetuximab (Erbitux), bevacizumab (Avastin), and Ibritumomab (Zevalin).
[0034] Cytotoxic agents according to the present invention include DNA damaging agents, antimetabolites, anti-microtubule agents, antibiotic agents, etc. DNA damaging agents include alkylating agents, platinum-based agents, intercalating agents, and inhibitors of DNA replication. Non-limiting examples of DNA alkylating agents include cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, uramustine, melphalan, chlorambucil, ifosfamide, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, busulfan, temozolomide, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of platinum-based agents include cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, satraplatin, triplatin tetranitrate, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of intercalating agents include doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of inhibitors of DNA replication include irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof. Antimetabolites include folate antagonists such as methotrexate and premetrexed, purine antagonists such as 6-mercaptopurine, dacarbazine, and fludarabine, and pyrimidine antagonists such as 5-fluorouracil, arabinosylcytosine, capecitabine, gemcitabine, decitabine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof. Anti- microtubule agents include without limitation vinca alkaloids, paclitaxel (Taxol®), docetaxel (Taxotere®), and ixabepilone (Ixempra®). Antibiotic agents include without limitation actinomycin, anthracyclines, valrubicin, epirubicin, bleomycin, plicamycin, mitomycin, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
[0035] Cytotoxic agents according to the present invention also include an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Non-limiting examples of an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway according to the present invention include A-674563 (CAS # 552325-73-2), AGL 2263, AMG-319 (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), AS-041 164 (5-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS- 604850 (5-(2,2-Difluoro-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,4- dione), AS-605240 (5-quinoxilin-6-methylene-1 ,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AT7867 (CAS # 857531 -00-1 ), benzimidazole series, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc., South San Francisco, CA), BML-257 (CAS # 32387-96-5), CAL- 120 (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA), CAL-129 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-130 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-253 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-263 (Gilead Sciences), CAS # 612847-09-3, CAS # 681281 -88-9, CAS # 75747-14-7, CAS # 925681 - 41 -0, CAS # 98510-80-6, CCT128930 (CAS # 885499-61 -6), CH5132799 (CAS # 1007207-67-1 ), CHR-4432 (Chroma Therapeutics, Ltd., Abingdon, UK), FPA 124 (CAS # 902779-59-3), GS-1 101 (CAL-101 ) (Gilead Sciences), GSK 690693 (CAS # 937174-76-0), H-89 (CAS # 127243-85-0), Honokiol, IC871 14 (Gilead Science), IPI-145 (Intellikine Inc.), KAR-4139 (Karus Therapeutics, Chilworth, UK), KAR-4141 (Karus Therapeutics), KIN-1 (Karus Therapeutics), KT 5720 (CAS # 108068-98-0), Miltefosine, MK-2206 dihydrochloride (CAS # 1032350-13-2), ML-9 (CAS # 105637-50-1 ), Naltrindole Hydrochloride, OXY-1 1 1A (NormOxys Inc., Brighton, MA), perifosine, PHT-427 (CAS # 1 191951 -57-1 ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitor, Merck KGaA (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics, Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors-2, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics), PI3 kinase inhibitor, Roche-4 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche-5 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3-alpha/delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd., South San Francisco, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany), PI3- delta inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc., La Jolla, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-1 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-2 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3- delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-gamma inhibitor Evotec (Evotec), PI3-gamma inhibitor, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3- gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), pictilisib (Roche Holdings Inc.), PIK-90 (CAS # 677338-12-4), SC-103980 (Pfizer, New York, NY), SF-1 126 (Semafore Pharmaceuticals, Indianapolis, IN), SH-5, SH-6, Tetrahydro Curcumin, TG100-1 15 (Targegen Inc., San Diego, CA), Triciribine, X-339 (Xcovery, West Palm Beach, FL), XL-499 (Evotech, Hamburg, Germany), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
[0036] In the present invention, the term "toxin" means an antigenic poison or venom of plant or animal origin. An example is diphtheria toxin or portions thereof.
[0037] In the present invention, the term "radionuclide" means a radioactive substance administered to the patient, e.g., intravenously or orally, after which it penetrates via the patient's normal metabolism into the target organ or tissue, where it delivers local radiation for a short time. Examples of radionuclides include, but are not limited to, 1-125, At-21 1 , Lu-177, Cu-67, I- 131 , Sm-153, Re-186, P-32, Re-188, ln-1 14m, and Y-90.
[0038] In the present invention, the term "immunomodulator" means a substance that alters the immune response by augmenting or reducing the ability of the immune system to produce antibodies or sensitized cells that recognize and react with the antigen that initiated their production. Immunomodulators may be recombinant, synthetic, or natural preparations and include cytokines, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, thymosin, and immunoglobulins. Some immunomodulators are naturally present in the body, and certain of these are available in pharmacologic preparations. Examples of immunomodulators include, but are not limited to, granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferons, imiquimod and cellular membrane fractions from bacteria, IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, CCL3, CCL26, CXCL7, and synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG). [0039] In the present invention, the term "photoactive therapeutic agent" means compounds and compositions that become active upon exposure to light. Certain examples of photoactive therapeutic agents are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 201 1/0152230 A1 , "Photoactive Metal Nitrosyls For Blood Pressure Regulation And Cancer Therapy."
[0040] In the present invention, the term "radiosensitizing agent" means a compound that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Examples of radiosensitizing agents include misonidazole, metronidazole, tirapazamine, and trans sodium crocetinate.
[0041] In the present invention, the term "hormone" means a substance released by cells in one part of a body that affects cells in another part of the body. Examples of hormones include, but are not limited to, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclin, thromboxane, amylin, antimullerian hormone, adiponectin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, angiotensinogen, angiotensin, vasopressin, atriopeptin, brain natriuretic peptide, calcitonin, cholecystokinin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, encephalin, endothelin, erythropoietin, follicle-stimulating hormone, galanin, gastrin, ghrelin, glucagon, gonadotropin- releasing hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, growth hormone, inhibin, insulin, somatomedin, leptin, liptropin, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, motilin, orexin, oxytocin, pancreatic polypeptide, parathyroid hormone, prolactin, prolactin releasing hormone, relaxin, renin, secretin, somatostain, thrombopoietin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, aldosterone, estradiol, estrone, estriol, Cortisol, progesterone, calcitriol, and calcidiol.
[0042] Some compounds interfere with the activity of certain hormones or stop the production of certain hormones. These hormone-interfering compounds include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen (Nolvadex®), anastrozole (Arimidex®), letrozole (Femara®), and fulvestrant (Faslodex®). Such compounds are also within the meaning of hormone in the present invention.
[0043] As used herein, an "anti-angiogenesis" agent means a substance that reduces or inhibits the growth of new blood vessels, such as, e.g., an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and an inhibitor of endothelial cell migration. Anti-angiogenesis agents include without limitation 2-methoxyestradiol, angiostatin, bevacizumab, cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitory factor, endostatin, IFN-a, IL-12, itraconazole, linomide, platelet factor-4, prolactin, SU5416, suramin, tasquinimod, tecogalan, tetrathiomolybdate, thalidomide, thrombospondin, thrombospondin, TNP-470, ziv-aflibercept, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, prodrugs, and combinations thereof.
[0044] In an additional aspect of this embodiment, administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone. As used herein, "synergistic" means more than additive. Synergistic effects may be measured by various assays known in the art, including but not limited to those disclosed herein, such as the excess over bliss assay. [0045] Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
[0046] Suitable and preferred subjects are as disclosed herein. In this embodiment, the methods may be used to treat the cancers disclosed above, including those cancers with the mutational backgrounds identified above. Methods of identifying such mutations are also as set forth above.
[0047] In one aspect of this embodiment, the BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0048] In another aspect of this embodiment, the panitumumab, erlotinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0049] In a further aspect of this embodiment, the method further comprises administering to the subject at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein. [0050] In an additional aspect of this embodiment, administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
[0051] A further embodiment of the present invention is a method of effecting cancer cell death. The method comprises contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0052] Suitable and preferred EGFR inhibitors are as disclosed herein. In this embodiment, effecting cancer cell death may be accomplished in cancer cells having various mutational backgrounds and/or that are characterized as disclosed above. Methods of identifying such mutations are also as set forth above.
[0053] The methods of this embodiment, which may be carried out in vitro or in vivo, may be used to effect cancer cell death, by e.g., killing cancer cells, in cells of the types of cancer disclosed herein.
[0054] In one aspect of this embodiment, the cancer cell is a mammalian cancer cell. Preferably, the mammalian cancer cell is obtained from a mammal selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals. More preferably, the mammalian cancer cell is a human cancer cell.
[0055] In another aspect of this embodiment, the method further comprises administering at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein. [0056] In a further aspect of this embodiment, contacting the cancer cell with the first and second ant-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to contacting the cancer cell with either anti-cancer agent alone.
[0057] In this embodiment, "contacting" means bringing, e.g., BVD-523, the EGFR inhibitors, and optionally one or more additional therapeutic agents into close proximity to the cancer cells. This may be accomplished using conventional techniques of drug delivery to mammals or in the in vitro situation by, e.g., providing the BVD-523, the EGFR inhibitors, and optionally other therapeutic agents to a culture media in which the cancer cells are located.
[0058] An additional embodiment of the present invention is a kit for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The kit comprises an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anticancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, packaged together with instructions for their use.
[0059] The kits may also include suitable storage containers, e.g., ampules, vials, tubes, etc., for each anti-cancer agent of the present invention (which may e.g., may be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions) and other reagents, e.g., buffers, balanced salt solutions, etc., for use in administering the anti-cancer agents to subjects. The anti-cancer agents of the invention and other reagents may be present in the kits in any convenient form, such as, e.g., in a solution or in a powder form. The kits may further include a packaging container, optionally having one or more partitions for housing the pharmaceutical composition and other optional reagents. [0060] Suitable and preferred subjects and EGFR inhibitors are as disclosed herein. In this embodiment, the kit may be used to treat the cancers disclosed above, including those cancers with the mutational backgrounds identified herein. Methods of identifying such mutations are as set forth above.
[0061] In one aspect of this embodiment, the kit further comprises at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein.
[0062] In a further aspect of this embodiment, administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
[0063] Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof. The pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier and an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
[0064] Suitable and preferred subjects and EGFR inhibitors are as disclosed herein. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be used to treat the cancers disclosed above, including those cancers with the mutational backgrounds identified herein. Methods of identifying such mutations are also as set forth above. [0065] In one aspect of this embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises at least one additional therapeutic agent, preferably an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, as disclosed herein.
[0066] The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention may be in a unit dosage form comprising both anti-cancer agents. In another aspect of this embodiment, the first anti-cancer agent is in a first unit dosage form and the second anti-cancer agent is in a second unit dosage form, separate from the first.
[0067] The first and second anti-cancer agents may be co-administered to the subject, either simultaneously or at different times, as deemed most appropriate by a physician. If the first and second anti-cancer agents are administered at different times, for example, by serial administration, the first anti-cancer agent may be administered to the subject before the second anticancer agent. Alternatively, the second anti-cancer agent may be administered to the subject before the first anti-cancer agent.
[0068] In the present invention, an "effective amount" or a "therapeutically effective amount" of an anti-cancer agent of the invention including pharmaceutical compositions containing same that are disclosed herein is an amount of such agent or composition that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results as described herein when administered to a subject. Effective dosage forms, modes of administration, and dosage amounts may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill of the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the dosage amount will vary with the route of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, the identity of any other drugs being administered, the age, size, and species of mammal, e.g., human patient, and like factors well known in the arts of medicine and veterinary medicine. In general, a suitable dose of an agent or composition according to the invention will be that amount of the agent or composition, which is the lowest dose effective to produce the desired effect. The effective dose of an agent or composition of the present invention may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses, administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day.
[0069] A suitable, non-limiting example of a dosage of an anti-cancer agent disclosed herein is from about 1 mg/kg to about 2400 mg/kg per day, such as from about 1 mg/kg to about 1200 mg/kg per day, 75 mg/kg per day to about 300 mg/kg per day, including from about 1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg per day. Other representative dosages of such agents include about 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 175 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 700 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 1 100 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg, 1300 mg/kg, 1400 mg/kg, 1500 mg/kg, 1600 mg/kg, 1700 mg/kg, 1800 mg/kg, 1900 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg, 2100 mg/kg, 2200 mg/kg, and 2300 mg/kg per day. The effective dose of an anticancer agent disclosed herein, e.g., BVD-523 or EGFR inhibitor, may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses, administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day.
[0070] The anti-cancer agents or pharmaceutical compositions containing same of the present invention may be administered in any desired and effective manner: for oral ingestion, or as an ointment or drop for local administration to the eyes, or for parenteral or other administration in any appropriate manner such as intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, topical, intradermal, inhalation, intrapulmonary, rectal, vaginal, sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intrathecal, or intralymphatic. Further, the anti-cancer agents or pharmaceutical compositions containing same of the present invention may be administered in conjunction with other treatments. The anti-cancer agents or the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be encapsulated or otherwise protected against gastric or other secretions, if desired.
[0071] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise one or more active ingredients, e.g. anti-cancer agents, in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents or carriers and, optionally, one or more other compounds, drugs, ingredients and/or materials. Regardless of the route of administration selected, the agents/compounds of the present invention are formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (21 st Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.).
[0072] Pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers are well known in the art (see, e.g., Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (21 st Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.) and The National Formulary (American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C.)) and include sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol), starches, cellulose preparations, calcium phosphates (e.g., dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogen phosphate), sodium citrate, water, aqueous solutions {e.g., saline, sodium chloride injection, Ringer's injection, dextrose injection, dextrose and sodium chloride injection, lactated Ringer's injection), alcohols (e.g., ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol), polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol), organic esters (e.g., ethyl oleate and tryglycerides), biodegradable polymers (e.g., polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoesters), and poly(anhydrides)), elastomeric matrices, liposomes, microspheres, oils (e.g., corn, germ, olive, castor, sesame, cottonseed, and groundnut), cocoa butter, waxes (e.g., suppository waxes), paraffins, silicones, talc, silicylate, etc. Each pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier used in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the subject. Diluents or carriers suitable for a selected dosage form and intended route of administration are well known in the art, and acceptable diluents or carriers for a chosen dosage form and method of administration can be determined using ordinary skill in the art.
[0073] The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may, optionally, contain additional ingredients and/or materials commonly used in pharmaceutical compositions. These ingredients and materials are well known in the art and include (1 ) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid; (2) binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sucrose and acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium starch glycolate, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate; (8) absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; (9) lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, and sodium lauryl sulfate; (10) suspending agents, such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth; (1 1 ) buffering agents; (12) excipients, such as lactose, milk sugars, polyethylene glycols, animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, cocoa butter, starches, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycol, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc, salicylate, zinc oxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder; (13) inert diluents, such as water or other solvents; (14) preservatives; (15) surface-active agents; (16) dispersing agents; (17) control-release or absorption-delaying agents, such as hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, biodegradable polymers, liposomes, microspheres, aluminum monostearate, gelatin, and waxes; (18) opacifying agents; (19) adjuvants; (20) wetting agents; (21 ) emulsifying and suspending agents; (22), solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1 ,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan; (23) propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane; (24) antioxidants; (25) agents which render the fornnulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, such as sugars and sodium chloride; (26) thickening agents; (27) coating materials, such as lecithin; and (28) sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents. Each such ingredient or material must be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the subject. Ingredients and materials suitable for a selected dosage form and intended route of administration are well known in the art, and acceptable ingredients and materials for a chosen dosage form and method of administration may be determined using ordinary skill in the art.
[0074] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, powders, granules, a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid, an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, an elixir or syrup, a pastille, a bolus, an electuary or a paste. These formulations may be prepared by methods known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional pan- coating, mixing, granulation or lyophilization processes.
[0075] Solid dosage forms for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules and the like) may be prepared, e.g., by mixing the active ingredient(s) with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents or carriers and, optionally, one or more fillers, extenders, binders, humectants, disintegrating agents, solution retarding agents, absorption accelerators, wetting agents, absorbents, lubricants, and/or coloring agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using a suitable excipient. A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using a suitable binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant, surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine. The tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical- formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition such that they release the active ingredient only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. The active ingredient can also be in microencapsulated form.
[0076] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. The liquid dosage forms may contain suitable inert diluents commonly used in the art. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions may also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents. Suspensions may contain suspending agents.
[0077] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more active ingredient(s) with one or more suitable nonirritating diluents or carriers which are solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention which are suitable for vaginal administration also include pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing such pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents or carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
[0078] Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, drops and inhalants. The active agent(s)/compound(s) may be mixed under sterile conditions with a suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier. The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain excipients. Powders and sprays may contain excipients and propellants.
[0079] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administrations may comprise one or more agent(s)/compound(s) in combination with one or more pharmaceutically- acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain suitable antioxidants, buffers, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, or suspending or thickening agents. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. These pharmaceutical compositions may also contain suitable adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption.
[0080] In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug (e.g., pharmaceutical formulation), it is desirable to slow its absorption from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility.
[0081] The rate of absorption of the active agent/drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally- administered agent/drug may be accomplished by dissolving or suspending the active agent/drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms may be made by forming microencapsule matrices of the active ingredient in biodegradable polymers. Depending on the ratio of the active ingredient to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of active ingredient release can be controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue. The injectable materials can be sterilized for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter.
[0082] The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampules and vials, and may be stored in a lyophilized condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid diluent or carrier, for example water for injection, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the type described above.
[0083] The following examples are provided to further illustrate the methods of the present invention. These examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
BVD-523 altered markers of MAPK kinase activity and effector function
[0084] For Western blot studies, HCT1 16 cells (5 x 106) were seeded into 10 cm dishes in McCoy's 5A plus 10% FBS. A375 cells (2.5 x 106) were seeded into 10 cm dishes in DMEM plus 10% FBS. Cells were allowed to adhere overnight prior to addition of the indicated amount of test compound (BVD-523) or vehicle control. Cells were treated for either 4 or 24 hours before isolation of whole-cell protein lysates, as specified below. Cells were harvested by trypsinisation, pelleted and snap frozen. Lysates were prepared with RIPA (Radio-lmmunoprecipitation Assay) buffer, clarified by centrifugation and quantitated by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) assay. 20- 50 g of protein was resolved by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, blotted onto PVDF membrane and probed using the antibodies detailed in Table 2 (for the 4-hour treatment) and Table 3 (for the 24-hour treatment) below.
Table 2 - Antibody Details
Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000036_0001
0 milk Table 3 - Antibody details
Figure imgf000037_0001
[0085] FIG. 1 shows Western blot analyses of cells treated with BVD- 523 at various concentrations for the following: 1 ) MAPK signaling components in A375 cells after 4 hours; 2) cell cycle and apoptosis signaling in A375 24 hours treatment with various amounts of BVD-523; and 3) MAPK signaling in HCT-1 16 cells treated for 4 hours. The results show that acute and prolonged treatment with BVD-523 in RAF and RAS mutant cancer cells in-vitro affects both substrate phosphorylation and effector targets of ERK kinases. The concentrations of BVD-523 required to induce these changes is typically in the low micromolar range.
[0086] Changes in several specific activity markers are noteworthy. First, the abundance of slowly migrating isoforms of ERK kinase increase following BVD-523 treatment; modest changes can be observed acutely, and increase following prolonged treatment. While this could indicate an increase in enzymatically active, phosphorylated forms of ERK, it remains noteworthy that multiple proteins subject to both direct and indirect regulation by ERK remain "off' following BVD-523 treatment. First, RSK1/2 proteins exhibit reduced phosphorylation at residues that are strictly dependent on ERK for protein modification (T359/S363). Second, BVD-523 treatment induces complex changes in the MAPK feedback phosphatase, DUSP6: slowly migrating protein isoforms are reduced following acute treatment, while total protein levels are greatly reduced following prolonged BVD-523 treatment. Both of these findings are consistent with reduced activity of ERK kinases, which control DUSP6 function through both post-translational and transcriptional mechanisms. Overall, despite increases in cellular forms of ERK that are typically thought to be active, it appears likely that cellular ERK enzyme activity is fully inhibited following either acute or prolonged treatment with BVD-523.
[0087] Consistent with these observations, effector genes that require MAPK pathway signaling are altered following treatment with BVD-523. The G1/S cell-cycle apparatus is regulated at both post-translational and transcriptional levels by MAPK signaling, and cyclin-D1 protein levels are greatly reduced following prolonged BVD-523 treatment. Similarly, gene expression and protein abundance of apoptosis effectors often require intact MAPK signaling, and total levels of Bim-EL increase following prolonged BVD- 523 treatment. As noted above, however, PARP protein cleavage and increased apoptosis were not noted in the A375 cell background; this suggests that additional factors may influence whether changes in BVD- 523/ERK-dependent effector signaling are translated into definitive events such as cell death and cell cycle arrest.
[0088] Consistent with the cellular activity of BVD-523, marker analysis suggests that ERK inhibition alters a variety of molecular signaling events in cancer cells, making them susceptible to both decreased cell proliferation and survival.
[0089] In sum, FIG. 1 shows that BVD-523 inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway and may be more favorable compared to RAF or MEK inhibition in this setting.
[0090] Finally, properties of BVD-523 may make this a preferred agent for use as an ERK inhibitor, compared to other agents with a similar activity. It is known that kinase inhibitor drugs display unique and specific interactions with their enzyme targets, and that drug efficacy is strongly influenced by both the mode of direct inhibition, as well as susceptibility to adaptive changes that occur following treatment. For example, inhibitors of ABL, KIT, EGFR and ALK kinases are effective only when their cognate target is found in active or inactive configurations. Likewise, certain of these inhibitors are uniquely sensitive to either secondary genetic mutation, or post-translational adaptive changes, of the protein target. Finally, RAF inhibitors show differential potency to RAF kinases present in certain protein complexes and/or subcellular localizations. In summary, as ERK kinases are similarly known to exist in diverse, variable, and complex biochemical states, it appears likely that BVD-523 may interact with and inhibit these targets in a fashion that is distinct and highly preferable to other agents.
Example 2
BVD-523/EGFR inhibitor combinations are effective to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines in vitro
[0091] Cancer cell lines are maintained in cell culture under standard media and serum conditions.
[0092] For all combination studies, HCT1 16 cells (K-RAS mutant human colorectal carcinoma cells) are seeded into triplicate 96-well plates at a cell density of 1500 cells/well in McCoy's 5A Medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). A375 cells (BRAF V600 E human malignant melanoma) are seeded at a density of 3000 cells/well in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) plus 10% FBS. Cells are allowed to adhere overnight prior to addition of test compound or vehicle control. [0093] For panitumumab studies, the following combinations are tested using a 10 x 8 dose matrix: panitumumab (ranging from 0.1 - 100 nM) with BVD-523 (ranging from 0 to 10 μΜ), panitumumab (ranging from 0.1 - 100 nM) with dabrafenib (ranging from 0 to 1 μΜ), and panitumumab (ranging from 0.1 - 100 nM) with trametinib (ranging from 0 to 0.010 μΜ). The final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%. The compounds are incubated with the cells for 96 hours.
[0094] For erlotinib studies, the following combinations are tested using a 10 x 8 dose matrix: erlotinib (ranging from 1 μΜ - 100 μΜ) with BVD-523 (0 to 10 μΜ), erlotinib (ranging from 1 μΜ - 100 μΜ) with dabrafenib (ranging from 0 to 1 μΜ), and erlotinib (ranging from 1 μΜ - 100 μΜ) with trametinib (ranging from 0 to 0.1 μΜ). The final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%. The compounds are incubated with the cells for 96 hours.
[0095] Next, Alamar Blue 10% (v/v) is added and incubated with the cells for 4 hours prior to reading on a fluorescent plate reader. After reading Alamar Blue, the medium/Alamar Blue mix is flicked off, 100 μΙ of CellTiter- Glo/PBS (1 :1 ) is added, and the plates are processed as per the manufacturer's instructions (Promega, Madison, Wl). Media only background values are subtracted before the data is analyzed.
Caspase-Glo 3/7 assays
[0096] In brief, HCT1 16 cells are seeded in triplicate in white 96-well plates at a cell density of 5000 cells/well in McCoy's 5A plus 10% FBS. A375 cells are seeded at a density of 5000 cells/well in DMEM plus 10% FBS. Cells are allowed to adhere overnight prior to addition of test compound or vehicle control. The final concentration of DMSO is 0.2%, and 800 nM staurosporine is included as a positive control. 24 and 48 hour assay incubation periods are used. Then, Caspase-Glo® 3/7 50% (v/v) is added, plates are mixed for 5 minutes on an orbital shaker and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature prior to reading on a luminescent plate reader. Media only background values are subtracted before the data is analysed.
Data Analysis
[0097] The combination data may be presented as dose-response curves generated in GraphPad Prism (plotted using % viability relative to DMSO only treated controls).
[0098] Predicted fractional inhibition values for combined inhibition are calculated using the equation Cbiiss =A + B - (A x B) where A and B are the fractional inhibitions obtained by drug A alone or drug B alone at specific concentrations. Cbiiss is the fractional inhibition that would be expected if the combination of the two drugs is exactly additive. Cbiiss values are subtracted from the experimentally observed fractional inhibition values to give an 'excess over Bliss' value. Excess over Bliss values greater than 0 indicate synergy, whereas values less than 0 indicate antagonism. Excess over Bliss values may be plotted as heat maps ± SD.
[0099] It is expected that the combinations of panitumumab or erlotinib with BVD-523 will be effective in inhibiting the growth of A375 and HCT1 16 cells. Dose response curves will be obtained. It is expected that the IC50 of BVD-523 in these cell lines will be approximately 150 nM. It is also expected that the IC50 of panitumumab will be approximately 0.5 nM in these cell lines (Freeman et al., 2009, Wong et al., 201 1 ) while the IC50 of erlotinib will be approximately 7 μΜ in HCT1 16 cells (Morgillo et al., 201 1 ) and 59 μΜ in A375 cells (Deng et al., 2010).
Example 3
BVD-523/EGFR inhibitor combinations are effective to inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines in vivo
Mice
[0100] Female athymic nude mice (Crl:NU(Ncr)-Foxn/nu, Charles River) are nine weeks old with a body weight (BW) range of about 15 to about 30 grams on Day 1 of the study. The animals are fed ad libitum water (reverse osmosis, 1 ppm CI), and NIH 31 Modified and Irradiated Lab Diet® consisting of 18.0% crude protein, 5.0% crude fat, and 5.0% crude fiber. The mice are housed on irradiated Enrich-o'cobs™ Laboratory Animal Bedding in static microisolators on a 12-hour light cycle at 20-22°C (68-72T) and 40-60% humidity. The recommendations of the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals with respect to restraint, husbandry, surgical procedures, feed and fluid regulation, and veterinary care are complied with.
In Vivo Implantation and Tumor Growth
[0101] HCT1 16 human colon carcinoma cells are cultured in RPMI- 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin G sodium, 100 g/mL streptomycin sulfate, and 25 g/mL gentamicin. The tumor cells are grown in tissue culture flasks in a humidified incubator at 37°C, in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. [0102] The HCT1 16 cells used for implantation are harvested during exponential growth and resuspended in 50% Matrigel (BD Biosciences): 50% phosphate buffered saline at a concentration of 2.5 x 107 cells/mL. On the day of tumor implant, each test mouse is injected subcutaneously in the right flank with 5 x 106 cells (0.2 ml_ cell suspension), and tumor growth is monitored as the average size approaches the target range of 100 to 150 mm3. Tumors are measured in two dimensions using calipers, and volume is calculated using the formula:
Tumor Volume (mm3) = (w2 x /) / 2 where w = width and / = length, in mm, of the tumor. Tumor weight may be estimated with the assumption that 1 mg is equivalent to 1 mm3 of tumor volume.
[0103] Ten days after tumor implantation, designated as Day 1 of the study, the animals are sorted into sixteen groups, each described below.
Treatment
[0104] On Day 1 of the study, mice are sorted into groups each consisting of fifteen mice and one group consisting of ten mice, and dosing is initiated. All doses are given by oral gavage (p.o.) except paclitaxel, which is given intravenously (i.v.) and panitumumab, which is given intraperitoneally. For each agent, the dosing volume of 10 mL/kg (0.2 ml_ per 20 grams of BW) is scaled to the BW of the individual animal. The panitumumab doses are to be given twice weekly via intraperitoneal injection. Erlotinib doses are to be given once daily (qd) until study end (qd to end), whereas the vehicle and BVD-523 doses are to be given twice daily (bid) until study end (bid to end). For bid dosing, dosing is initiated in the afternoon of Day 1 , so that one dose is given on the first day ("first day 1 dose"). Controls
[0105] One group receives 1 % CMC vehicle p.o. bid to end, and serves as the control group for calculation of %TGD. Another group receives paclitaxel i.v. at 30 mg/kg once every other day (qod) for five doses (qod x 5), and serves as the positive control for the model.
Monotherapy Treatments
[0106] Four groups receive either panitumumab at 6 or 10 mg/kg or eriotinib at 25 or 100 mg/kg. Two groups receive 50 or 100 mg/kg BVD-523 p.o. bid to end.
Combination Treatments
[0107] Each one of two groups receives a combination of 50 mg/kg BVD-523 with 6 or 10 mg/kg panitumumab. Two other groups receive 100 mg/kg BVD-523 with 6 or 10 mg/kg panitumumab. Two additional groups will receive 50 mg/kg BVD-523 with 25 or 100 mg/kg eriotinib, and another two groups will receive 100 mg/kg BVD-523 with 25 or 100 mg/kg eriotinib.
Endpoint and Tumor Growth Delay (TGD) Analysis
[0108] Tumors are measured using calipers twice per week, and each animal is euthanized when its tumor reaches the pre-determined tumor volume endpoint of 2000 mm3 or on the final day, whichever comes first. Animals that exit the study for tumor volume endpoint are documented as euthanized for tumor progression (TP), with the date of euthanasia. The time to endpoint (TTE) for analysis is calculated for each mouse by the following equation:
TTE = [logio(endpoint volume) - b] / m where TTE is expressed in days, endpoint volume is expressed in mm3, b is the intercept, and m is the slope of the line obtained by linear regression of a log-transformed tumor growth data set. The data set consists of the first observation that exceeds the endpoint volume used in analysis and the three consecutive observations that immediately precede the attainment of this endpoint volume. The calculated TTE is usually less than the TP date, the day on which the animal is euthanized for tumor size. Animals with tumors that do not reach the endpoint volume are assigned a TTE value equal to the last day of the study. Any animal classified as having died from NTR (non- treatment-related) causes due to accident (NTRa) or due to unknown etiology (NTRu) are excluded from TTE calculations (and all further analyses). Animals classified as TR (treatment-related) deaths or NTRm (non-treatment- related death due to metastasis) are assigned a TTE value equal to the day of death.
[0109] Treatment outcome is evaluated from TGD, defined as the increase in the median TTE in a treatment group compared to the control group:
TGD = T - C, expressed in days, or as a percentage of the median TTE of the control group:
%TGD = [(T-C) / C] x 100 where:
T = median TTE for a treatment group, and
C = median TTE for the designated control group. Criteria for Regression Responses
[0110] Treatment efficacy may be determined from the incidence and magnitude of regression responses observed during the study. Treatment may cause partial regression (PR) or complete regression (CR) of the tumor in an animal. In a PR response, the tumor volume is 50% or less of its Day 1 volume for three consecutive measurements during the course of the study, and equal to or greater than 13.5 mm3 for one or more of these three measurements. In a CR response, the tumor volume is less than 13.5 mm3 for three consecutive measurements during the course of the study. An animal with a CR response at the termination of the study is additionally classified as a tumor-free survivor (TFS). Animals are monitored for regression responses.
Toxicity
[0111] Animals are weighed daily on Days 1 -5, then twice per week until completion of the study. The mice are observed frequently for overt signs of any adverse, TR side effects, and clinical signs are recorded when observed. Individual BW loss is monitored as per protocol, and any animal whose weight exceeds the limits for acceptable BW loss is euthanized. Group mean BW loss also is monitored as per protocol. Dosing is to be suspended in any group that exceeds the limits for acceptable mean BW loss. If mean BW recovers, then dosing is to be resumed in that group, but at a lower dosage or less frequent dosing schedule. Acceptable toxicity for the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is defined as a group mean BW loss of less than 20% during the study and not more than 10% TR deaths. A death is classified as TR if attributable to treatment side effects as evidenced by clinical signs and/or necropsy, or may also be classified as TR if due to unknown causes during the dosing period or within 14 days of the last dose. A death is classified as NTR if there is no evidence that death is related to treatment side effects. NTR deaths may be further characterized based on cause of death. A death is classified as NTRa if it results from an accident or human error. A death is classified as NTRm if necropsy indicates that it may result from tumor dissemination by invasion and/or metastasis. A death is classified as NTRu if the cause of death is unknown and there is no available evidence of death related to treatment side effects, metastasis, accident or human error, although death due to treatment side effects cannot be excluded.
Statistical and Graphical Analyses
[0112] Prism (GraphPad) for Windows 3.03 is used for graphical presentations and statistical analyses.
[0113] The logrank test, which evaluates overall survival experience, is used to analyze the significance of the differences between the TTE values of two groups. Logrank analysis includes the data for all animals in a group except those assessed as NTR deaths. Two-tailed statistical analyses are conducted at significance level P = 0.05. The statistical tests are not adjusted for multiple comparisons. Prism summarizes test results as not significant (ns) at P > 0.05, significant (symbolized by "*") at 0.01 < P < 0.05, very significant ("**") at 0.001 < P < 0.01 , and extremely significant ("***") at P < 0.001 . Groups with regimens above the MTD are not evaluated statistically.
[0114] A scatter plot is constructed to show TTE values for individual mice, by group. Group mean tumor volumes are plotted as a function of time. When an animal exits the study due to tumor size, the final tumor volume recorded for the animal is included with the data used to calculate the mean volume at subsequent time points. Error bars (when present) indicate one standard error of the mean (SEM). Tumor growth plots exclude the data for NTR deaths, and are truncated after 50% of the assessable animals in a group exit the study or after the second TR death in a group, whichever comes first. Kaplan-Meier plots show the percentage of animals in each group remaining in the study versus time. The Kaplan-Meier plot and logrank test share the same TTE data sets. Percent mean BW changes from Day 1 are calculated for each group for each day of BW measurement, and are plotted as a function of time. BW plots exclude the data for NTR deaths, and are truncated after 50% of the assessable animals in a group exit the study.
Results
[0115] It is expected that the combinations of panitumumab or erlotinib with BVD-523 will be effective against HCT1 16 cell-derived tumors and that the results will be statistically significant. It is also expected that the side effects associated with BVD-523 / EGFR inhibitor treatment are minimal.
DOCUMENTS
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FREEMAN, D. J. et al. (2009). Activity of panitumumab alone or with
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[0116] All documents cited in this application are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein.
[0117] Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to those described, and that various other changes or modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1 . A method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the subject is a mammal.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals.
4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the mammal is a human.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of (+)~Aeroplysinin-1 (CAS # 28656-91 -9), 3-(4-lsopropylbenzylidenyl)-indolin-2-one, ABT-806 (Life Science Pharmaceuticals), AC-480 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), afatinib (Boehringer Ingelheim), AG 1478 (CAS # 153436-53-4), AG 494 (CAS # 133550-35-3), AG 555 (CAS # 133550-34-2), AG 556 (CAS # 133550-41 -1 ), AG 825 (CAS # 149092-50-2), AG-490 (CAS # 134036-52-5), antroquinonol (Golden Biotechnology), AP-261 13 (Ariad), ARRY334543 (CAS # 845272-21 -1 ), AST 1306 (CAS # 897383-62-9), AVL-301 (Celgene), AZD8931 (CAS # 848942- 61 -0), BIBU 1361 (CAS # 793726-84-8), BIBX 1382 (CAS # 196612-93-8), BMS-690514 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), BPIQ-I (CAS # 174709-30-9), Canertinib (Pfizer), cetuximab (Actavis), cipatinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), CL- 387,785, compound 56 (CAS # 171745-13-4), CTX-023 (CytomX Therapeutics), CUDC-101 (Curis), dacomitinib (Pfizer), DAPH (CAS # 145915-58-8), daphnetin, dovitinib lactate (Novartis), EGFR Inhibitor (CAS # 879127-07-8), epitinib (Hutchison China MediTech), erbstatin Analog (CAS # 63177-57-1 ), erlotinib (Astellas), gefitinib (AstraZeneca), GT-MAB 5.2-GEX (Glycotope), GW 583340 (CAS # 388082-81 -3), GW2974 (CAS # 202272-68- 2), HDS 029 (CAS # 881001 -19-0), Hypericin, icotinib hydrochloride (Betapharma), JNJ-26483327 (Johnson & Johnson), JNJ-28871063 (Johnson & Johnson), KD-020 (Kadmon Pharmaceuticals), lapatinib ditosylate (GlaxoSmithKline), Lavendustin A, Lavendustin C, LY-3016859 (Eli Lilly), MEHD-7945A (Hoffmann-La Roche), MM-151 (Merrimack), MT-062 (Medisyn Technologies), necitumumab (Eli Lilly), neratinib (Pfizer), nimotuzumab (Center of Molecular Immunology), NT-004 (NewGen Therapeutics), pantiumumab (Amgen), PD 153035 (CAS # 153436-54-5), PD 161570 (CAS # 192705-80-9), PD 168393, PD 174265 (CAS # 216163-53-0), pirotinib (Sihuan Pharmaceutical), poziotinib (Hanmi), PP 3 (CAS # 5334-30-5), PR- 610 (Proacta), pyrotinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), RG-13022 (CAS # 136831 -48-6), rindopepimut (Celldex Therapeutics), RPI-1 (CAS # 269730- 03-2), S-22261 1 (Shionogi), TAK 285(CAS # 871026-44-7), TAS-2913 (Taiho), theliatinib (Hutchison China MediTech), Tyrphostin 47 (RG-50864, AG-213) (CAS # 1 18409-60-2), Tyrphostin 51 (CAS # 122520-90-5), Tyrphostin AG 1478 (CAS # 175178-82-2), Tyrphostin AG 183 (CAS # 126433-07-6), Tyrphostin AG 528 (CAS # 133550-49-9), Tyrphostin AG 99 (CAS # 1 18409-59-9), Tyrphostin B42, Tyrphostin B44, Tyrphostin RG 14620 (CAS # 136831 -49-7), vandetanib (AstraZeneca), varlitinib (Array BioPharma), vatalanib, WZ 3146 (CAS # 1214265-56-1 ), WZ 4002 (CAS # 1213269-23-8), WZ8040 (CAS # 1214265-57-2), XL-647 (Exelixis), Z-650 (HEC Pharm), ZM 323881 (CAS # 324077-30-7), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the subject with cancer has a somatic K-RAS mutation.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is colorectal carcinoma.
10. The method according to claim 1 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti-angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
1 1 . The method according to claim 10, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
12. The method according to claim 1 1 , wherein the inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway is selected from the group consisting of A-674563 (CAS # 552325- 73-2), AGL 2263, AMG-319 (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), AS-041 164 (5- benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-604850 (5-(2,2- Difluoro-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-605240 (5-quinoxilin-6-methylene-1 ,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AT7867 (CAS # 857531 -00-1 ), benzimidazole series, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc., South San Francisco, CA), BML-257 (CAS # 32387-96-5), CAL-120 (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA), CAL-129 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-130 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-253 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-263 (Gilead Sciences), CAS # 612847-09-3, CAS # 681281 -88-9, CAS # 75747-14-7, CAS # 925681 -41 -0, CAS # 98510-80-6, CCT128930 (CAS # 885499-61 -6), CH5132799 (CAS # 1007207-67-1 ), CHR-4432 (Chroma Therapeutics, Ltd., Abingdon, UK), FPA 124 (CAS # 902779-59-3), GS-1 101 (CAL-101 ) (Gilead Sciences), GSK 690693 (CAS # 937174-76-0), H-89 (CAS # 127243-85-0), Honokiol, IC871 14 (Gilead Science), IPI-145 (Intellikine Inc.), KAR-4139 (Karus Therapeutics, Chilworth, UK), KAR-4141 (Karus Therapeutics), KIN-1 (Karus Therapeutics), KT 5720 (CAS # 108068-98-0), Miltefosine, MK-2206 dihydrochloride (CAS # 1032350-13-2), ML-9 (CAS # 105637-50-1 ), Naltrindole Hydrochloride, OXY- 1 1 1 A (NormOxys Inc., Brighton, MA), perifosine, PHT-427 (CAS # 1 191951 - 57-1 ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitor, Merck KGaA (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics, Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors-2, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics), PI3 kinase inhibitor, Roche-4 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche-5 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3-alpha/delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd., South San Francisco, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany), PI3-delta inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc., La Jolla, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-1 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-2 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3- delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-gamma inhibitor Evotec (Evotec), PI3-gamma inhibitor, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), pictilisib (Roche Holdings Inc.), PIK-90 (CAS # 677338-12-4), SC-103980 (Pfizer, New York, NY), SF-1 126 (Semafore Pharmaceuticals, Indianapolis, IN), SH-5, SH-6, Tetrahydro Curcumin, TG100-1 15 (Targegen Inc., San Diego, CA), Triciribine, X-339 (Xcovery, West Palm Beach, FL), XL-499 (Evotech, Hamburg, Germany), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
14. A method of treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, eriotinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, to treat or ameliorate the effects of the cancer.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the subject is a mammal.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals.
17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mammal is a human.
18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
19. The method according to claim 14, wherein the panitumumab, eriotinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
20. The method according to claim 14, wherein the subject with cancer has a K-RAS mutation.
21 . The method according to claim 14, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma.
22. The method according to claim 14, wherein the cancer is colorectal carcinoma.
23. The method according to claim 14 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti-angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway is selected from the group consisting of A-674563 (CAS # 552325- 73-2), AGL 2263, AMG-319 (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), AS-041 164 (5- benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-604850 (5-(2,2- Difluoro-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-605240 (5-quinoxilin-6-methylene-1 ,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AT7867 (CAS # 857531 -00-1 ), benzimidazole series, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc., South San Francisco, CA), BML-257 (CAS # 32387-96-5), CAL-120 (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA), CAL-129 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-130 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-253 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-263 (Gilead Sciences), CAS # 612847-09-3, CAS # 681281 -88-9, CAS # 75747-14-7, CAS # 925681 -41 -0, CAS # 98510-80-6, CCT128930 (CAS # 885499-61 -6), CH5132799 (CAS # 1007207-67-1 ), CHR-4432 (Chroma Therapeutics, Ltd., Abingdon, UK), FPA 124 (CAS # 902779-59-3), GS-1 101 (CAL-101 ) (Gilead Sciences), GSK 690693 (CAS # 937174-76-0), H-89 (CAS # 127243-85-0), Honokiol, IC871 14 (Gilead Science), IPI-145 (Intellikine Inc.), KAR-4139 (Karus Therapeutics, Chilworth, UK), KAR-4141 (Karus Therapeutics), KIN-1 (Karus Therapeutics), KT 5720 (CAS # 108068-98-0), Miltefosine, MK-2206 dihydrochloride (CAS # 1032350-13-2), ML-9 (CAS # 105637-50-1 ), Naltrindole Hydrochloride, OXY- 1 1 1 A (NormOxys Inc., Brighton, MA), perifosine, PHT-427 (CAS # 1 191951 - 57-1 ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitor, Merck KGaA (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics, Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors-2, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics), PI3 kinase inhibitor, Roche-4 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche-5 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3-alpha/delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd., South San Francisco, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany), PI3-delta inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc., La Jolla, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-1 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-2 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3- delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-gamnna inhibitor Evotec (Evotec), PI3-gamnna inhibitor, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-gamnna inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), pictilisib (Roche Holdings Inc.), PIK-90 (CAS # 677338-12-4), SC-103980 (Pfizer, New York, NY), SF-1 126 (Semafore Pharmaceuticals, Indianapolis, IN), SH-5, SH-6, Tetrahydro Curcumin, TG100-1 15 (Targegen Inc., San Diego, CA), Triciribine, X-339 (Xcovery, West Palm Beach, FL), XL-499 (Evotech, Hamburg, Germany), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
26. The method according to claim 14, wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
27. A method of effecting cancer cell death comprising contacting the cancer cell with an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anticancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the cancer cell is a mammalian cancer cell.
29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the mammalian cancer cell is obtained from a mammal selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals.
30. The method according to claim 28, wherein the mammalian cancer cell is a human cancer cell.
31 . The method according to claim 27, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of (+)~Aeroplysinin-1 (CAS # 28656-91 -9), 3-(4-lsopropylbenzylidenyl)-indolin-2-one, ABT-806 (Life Science Pharmaceuticals), AC-480 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), afatinib (Boehringer Ingelheim), AG 1478 (CAS # 153436-53-4), AG 494 (CAS # 133550-35-3), AG 555 (CAS # 133550-34-2), AG 556 (CAS # 133550-41 -1 ), AG 825 (CAS # 149092-50-2), AG-490 (CAS # 134036-52-5), antroquinonol (Golden Biotechnology), AP-261 13 (Ariad), ARRY334543 (CAS # 845272-21 -1 ), AST 1306 (CAS # 897383-62-9), AVL-301 (Celgene), AZD8931 (CAS # 848942- 61 -0), BIBU 1361 (CAS # 793726-84-8), BIBX 1382 (CAS # 196612-93-8), BMS-690514 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), BPIQ-I (CAS # 174709-30-9), Canertinib (Pfizer), cetuximab (Actavis), cipatinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), CL- 387,785, compound 56 (CAS # 171745-13-4), CTX-023 (CytomX Therapeutics), CUDC-101 (Curis), dacomitinib (Pfizer), DAPH (CAS # 145915-58-8), daphnetin, dovitinib lactate (Novartis), EGFR Inhibitor (CAS # 879127-07-8), epitinib (Hutchison China MediTech), erbstatin Analog (CAS # 63177-57-1 ), eriotinib (Astellas), gefitinib (AstraZeneca), GT-MAB 5.2-GEX (Glycotope), GW 583340 (CAS # 388082-81 -3), GW2974 (CAS # 202272-68- 2), HDS 029 (CAS # 881001 -19-0), Hypericin, icotinib hydrochloride (Betapharma), JNJ-26483327 (Johnson & Johnson), JNJ-28871063 (Johnson & Johnson), KD-020 (Kadmon Pharmaceuticals), lapatinib ditosylate (GlaxoSmithKline), Lavendustin A, Lavendustin C, LY-3016859 (Eli Lilly), MEHD-7945A (Hoffmann-La Roche), MM-151 (Merrimack), MT-062 (Medisyn Technologies), necitumumab (Eli Lilly), neratinib (Pfizer), nimotuzumab (Center of Molecular Immunology), NT-004 (NewGen Therapeutics), pantiumumab (Amgen), PD 153035 (CAS # 153436-54-5), PD 161570 (CAS # 192705-80-9), PD 168393, PD 174265 (CAS # 216163-53-0), pirotinib (Sihuan Pharmaceutical), poziotinib (Hanmi), PP 3 (CAS # 5334-30-5), PR- 610 (Proacta), pyrotinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), RG-13022 (CAS # 136831 -48-6), rindopepimut (Celldex Therapeutics), RPI-1 (CAS # 269730- 03-2), S-22261 1 (Shionogi), TAK 285(CAS # 871026-44-7), TAS-2913 (Taiho), theliatinib (Hutchison China MediTech), Tyrphostin 47 (RG-50864, AG-213) (CAS # 1 18409-60-2), Tyrphostin 51 (CAS # 122520-90-5), Tyrphostin AG 1478 (CAS # 175178-82-2), Tyrphostin AG 183 (CAS # 126433-07-6), Tyrphostin AG 528 (CAS # 133550-49-9), Tyrphostin AG 99 (CAS # 1 18409-59-9), Tyrphostin B42, Tyrphostin B44, Tyrphostin RG 14620 (CAS # 136831 -49-7), vandetanib (AstraZeneca), varlitinib (Array BioPharma), vatalanib, WZ 3146 (CAS # 1214265-56-1 ), WZ 4002 (CAS # 1213269-23-8), WZ8040 (CAS # 1214265-57-2), XL-647 (Exelixis), Z-650 (HEC Pharm), ZM 323881 (CAS # 324077-30-7), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
32. The method according to claim 27, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
33. The method according to claim 27, wherein the subject with cancer has a somatic K-RAS mutation.
34. The method according to claim 27, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma.
35. The method according to claim 27, wherein the cancer is colorectal carcinoma.
36. The method according to claim 27 further comprising administering to the subject at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti-angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
37. The method according to claim 36, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
38. The method according to claim 37, wherein the inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway is selected from the group consisting of A-674563 (CAS # 552325- 73-2), AGL 2263, AMG-319 (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), AS-041 164 (5- benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-604850 (5-(2,2- Difluoro-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-605240 (5-quinoxilin-6-methylene-1 ,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AT7867 (CAS # 857531 -00-1 ), benzimidazole series, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc., South San Francisco, CA), BML-257 (CAS # 32387-96-5), CAL-120 (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA), CAL-129 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-130 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-253 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-263 (Gilead Sciences), CAS # 612847-09-3, CAS # 681281 -88-9, CAS # 75747-14-7, CAS # 925681 -41 -0, CAS # 98510-80-6, CCT128930 (CAS # 885499-61 -6), CH5132799 (CAS # 1007207-67-1 ), CHR-4432 (Chroma Therapeutics, Ltd., Abingdon, UK), FPA 124 (CAS # 902779-59-3), GS-1 101 (CAL-101 ) (Gilead Sciences), GSK 690693 (CAS # 937174-76-0), H-89 (CAS # 127243-85-0), Honokiol, IC871 14 (Gilead Science), IPI-145 (Intellikine Inc.), KAR-4139 (Karus Therapeutics, Chilworth, UK), KAR-4141 (Karus Therapeutics), KIN-1 (Karus Therapeutics), KT 5720 (CAS # 108068-98-0), Miltefosine, MK-2206 dihydrochloride (CAS # 1032350-13-2), ML-9 (CAS # 105637-50-1 ), Naltrindole Hydrochloride, OXY- 1 1 1 A (NormOxys Inc., Brighton, MA), perifosine, PHT-427 (CAS # 1 191951 - 57-1 ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitor, Merck KGaA (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics, Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors-2, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics), PI3 kinase inhibitor, Roche-4 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche-5 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3-alpha/delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd., South San Francisco, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany), PI3-delta inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc., La Jolla, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-1 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-2 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3- delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-gamnna inhibitor Evotec (Evotec), PI3-gamnna inhibitor, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-gamnna inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), pictilisib (Roche Holdings Inc.), PIK-90 (CAS # 677338-12-4), SC-103980 (Pfizer, New York, NY), SF-1 126 (Semafore Pharmaceuticals, Indianapolis, IN), SH-5, SH-6, Tetrahydro Curcumin, TG100-1 15 (Targegen Inc., San Diego, CA), Triciribine, X-339 (Xcovery, West Palm Beach, FL), XL-499 (Evotech, Hamburg, Germany), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
39. The method according to claim 27, wherein contacting the cancer cell with the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to contacting the cancer cell with either anti-cancer agent alone.
40. A kit for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, packaged together with instructions for their use.
41 . The kit according to claim 40, wherein the subject is a mammal.
42. The kit according to claim 41 , wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals.
43. The kit according to claim 41 , wherein the mammal is a human.
44. The kit according to claim 40, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of (+)~Aeroplysinin-1 (CAS # 28656-91 -9), 3-(4- lsopropylbenzylidenyl)-indolin-2-one, ABT-806 (Life Science Pharmaceuticals), AC-480 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), afatinib (Boehringer Ingelheim), AG 1478 (CAS # 153436-53-4), AG 494 (CAS # 133550-35-3), AG 555 (CAS # 133550-34-2), AG 556 (CAS # 133550-41 -1 ), AG 825 (CAS # 149092-50-2), AG-490 (CAS # 134036-52-5), antroquinonol (Golden Biotechnology), AP-261 13 (Ariad), ARRY334543 (CAS # 845272-21 -1 ), AST 1306 (CAS # 897383-62-9), AVL-301 (Celgene), AZD8931 (CAS # 848942- 61 -0), BIBU 1361 (CAS # 793726-84-8), BIBX 1382 (CAS # 196612-93-8), BMS-690514 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), BPIQ-I (CAS # 174709-30-9), Canertinib (Pfizer), cetuximab (Actavis), cipatinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), CL- 387,785, compound 56 (CAS # 171745-13-4), CTX-023 (CytomX Therapeutics), CUDC-101 (Curis), dacomitinib (Pfizer), DAPH (CAS # 145915-58-8), daphnetin, dovitinib lactate (Novartis), EGFR Inhibitor (CAS # 879127-07-8), epitinib (Hutchison China MediTech), erbstatin Analog (CAS # 63177-57-1 ), eriotinib (Astellas), gefitinib (AstraZeneca), GT-MAB 5.2-GEX (Glycotope), GW 583340 (CAS # 388082-81 -3), GW2974 (CAS # 202272-68- 2), HDS 029 (CAS # 881001 -19-0), Hypericin, icotinib hydrochloride (Betapharma), JNJ-26483327 (Johnson & Johnson), JNJ-28871063 (Johnson & Johnson), KD-020 (Kadmon Pharmaceuticals), lapatinib ditosylate (GlaxoSmithKline), Lavendustin A, Lavendustin C, LY-3016859 (Eli Lilly), MEHD-7945A (Hoffmann-La Roche), MM-151 (Merrimack), MT-062 (Medisyn Technologies), necitumumab (Eli Lilly), neratinib (Pfizer), nimotuzumab (Center of Molecular Immunology), NT-004 (NewGen Therapeutics), pantiumumab (Amgen), PD 153035 (CAS # 153436-54-5), PD 161570 (CAS # 192705-80-9), PD 168393, PD 174265 (CAS # 216163-53-0), pirotinib (Sihuan Pharmaceutical), poziotinib (Hanmi), PP 3 (CAS # 5334-30-5), PR- 610 (Proacta), pyrotinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), RG-13022 (CAS # 136831 -48-6), rindopepimut (Celldex Therapeutics), RPI-1 (CAS # 269730- 03-2), S-22261 1 (Shionogi), TAK 285(CAS # 871026-44-7), TAS-2913 (Taiho), theliatinib (Hutchison China MediTech), Tyrphostin 47 (RG-50864, AG-213) (CAS # 1 18409-60-2), Tyrphostin 51 (CAS # 122520-90-5), Tyrphostin AG 1478 (CAS # 175178-82-2), Tyrphostin AG 183 (CAS # 126433-07-6), Tyrphostin AG 528 (CAS # 133550-49-9), Tyrphostin AG 99 (CAS # 1 18409-59-9), Tyrphostin B42, Tyrphostin B44, Tyrphostin RG 14620 (CAS # 136831 -49-7), vandetanib (AstraZeneca), varlitinib (Array BioPharma), vatalanib, WZ 3146 (CAS # 1214265-56-1 ), WZ 4002 (CAS # 1213269-23-8), WZ8040 (CAS # 1214265-57-2), XL-647 (Exelixis), Z-650 (HEC Pharm), ZM 323881 (CAS # 324077-30-7), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
45. The kit according to claim 40, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
46. The kit according to claim 40, wherein the subject with cancer has a K- RAS mutation.
47. The kit according to claim 40, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma.
48. The kit according to claim 40, wherein the cancer is colorectal carcinoma.
49. The kit according to claim 40 further comprising at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti-angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
50. The kit according to claim 49, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
51 . The kit according to claim 50, wherein the inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway is selected from the group consisting of A-674563 (CAS # 552325- 73-2), AGL 2263, AMG-319 (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), AS-041 164 (5- benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-604850 (5-(2,2- Difluoro-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-605240 (5-quinoxilin-6-methylene-1 ,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AT7867 (CAS # 857531 -00-1 ), benzimidazole series, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc., South San Francisco, CA), BML-257 (CAS # 32387-96-5), CAL-120 (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA), CAL-129 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-130 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-253 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-263 (Gilead Sciences), CAS # 612847-09-3, CAS # 681281 -88-9, CAS # 75747-14-7, CAS # 925681 -41 -0, CAS # 98510-80-6, CCT128930 (CAS # 885499-61 -6), CH5132799 (CAS # 1007207-67-1 ), CHR-4432 (Chroma Therapeutics, Ltd., Abingdon, UK), FPA 124 (CAS # 902779-59-3), GS-1 101 (CAL-101 ) (Gilead Sciences), GSK 690693 (CAS # 937174-76-0), H-89 (CAS # 127243-85-0), Honokiol, IC871 14 (Gilead Science), IPI-145 (Intellikine Inc.), KAR-4139 (Karus Therapeutics, Chilworth, UK), KAR-4141 (Karus Therapeutics), KIN-1 (Karus Therapeutics), KT 5720 (CAS # 108068-98-0), Miltefosine, MK-2206 dihydrochloride (CAS # 1032350-13-2), ML-9 (CAS # 105637-50-1 ), Naltrindole Hydrochloride, OXY- 1 1 1 A (NormOxys Inc., Brighton, MA), perifosine, PHT-427 (CAS # 1 191951 - 57-1 ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitor, Merck KGaA (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics, Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors-2, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics), PI3 kinase inhibitor, Roche-4 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche-5 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3-alpha/delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd., South San Francisco, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany), PI3-delta inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc., La Jolla, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-1 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-2 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3- delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-gamma inhibitor Evotec (Evotec), PI3-gamma inhibitor, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), pictilisib (Roche Holdings Inc.), PIK-90 (CAS # 677338-12-4), SC-103980 (Pfizer, New York, NY), SF-1 126 (Semafore Pharmaceuticals, Indianapolis, IN), SH-5, SH-6, Tetrahydro Curcumin, TG100-1 15 (Targegen Inc., San Diego, CA), Triciribine, X-339 (Xcovery, West Palm Beach, FL), XL-499 (Evotech, Hamburg, Germany), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
52. The kit according to claim 40, wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
53. A pharmaceutical composition for treating or ameliorating the effects of a cancer in a subject in need thereof, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier and an effective amount of (i) a first anti-cancer agent, which is BVD-523 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) a second anti-cancer agent, which is an EGFR inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein administration of the first and second anti-cancer agents provides a synergistic effect compared to administration of either anti-cancer agent alone.
54. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the subject is a mammal.
55. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 54, wherein the mammal is selected from the group consisting of humans, primates, farm animals, and domestic animals.
56. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 54, wherein the mammal is a human.
57. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of (+)-Aeroplysinin-1 (CAS # 28656-91 -9), 3-(4-lsopropylbenzylidenyl)-indolin-2-one, ABT-806 (Life Science Pharmaceuticals), AC-480 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), afatinib (Boehringer Ingelheim), AG 1478 (CAS # 153436-53-4), AG 494 (CAS # 133550-35-3), AG 555 (CAS # 133550-34-2), AG 556 (CAS # 133550-41 -1 ), AG 825 (CAS # 149092-50-2), AG-490 (CAS # 134036-52-5), antroquinonol (Golden Biotechnology), AP-261 13 (Ariad), ARRY334543 (CAS # 845272-21 -
1 ) , AST 1306 (CAS # 897383-62-9), AVL-301 (Celgene), AZD8931 (CAS # 848942-61 -0), BIBU 1361 (CAS # 793726-84-8), BIBX 1382 (CAS # 196612- 93-8), BMS-690514 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), BPIQ-I (CAS # 174709-30-9), Canertinib (Pfizer), cetuximab (Actavis), cipatinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), CL-387,785, compound 56 (CAS # 171745-13-4), CTX-023 (CytomX Therapeutics), CUDC-101 (Curis), dacomitinib (Pfizer), DAPH (CAS # 145915-58-8), daphnetin, dovitinib lactate (Novartis), EGFR Inhibitor (CAS # 879127-07-8), epitinib (Hutchison China MediTech), erbstatin Analog (CAS # 63177-57-1 ), eriotinib (Astellas), gefitinib (AstraZeneca), GT-MAB 5.2-GEX (Glycotope), GW 583340 (CAS # 388082-81 -3), GW2974 (CAS # 202272-68-
2) , HDS 029 (CAS # 881001 -19-0), Hypericin, icotinib hydrochloride (Betapharma), JNJ-26483327 (Johnson & Johnson), JNJ-28871063 (Johnson & Johnson), KD-020 (Kadmon Pharmaceuticals), lapatinib ditosylate (GlaxoSmithKline), Lavendustin A, Lavendustin C, LY-3016859 (Eli Lilly), MEHD-7945A (Hoffmann-La Roche), MM-151 (Merrimack), MT-062 (Medisyn Technologies), necitumumab (Eli Lilly), neratinib (Pfizer), nimotuzumab (Center of Molecular Immunology), NT-004 (NewGen Therapeutics), pantiumumab (Amgen), PD 153035 (CAS # 153436-54-5), PD 161570 (CAS # 192705-80-9), PD 168393, PD 174265 (CAS # 216163-53-0), pirotinib (Sihuan Pharmaceutical), poziotinib (Hanmi), PP 3 (CAS # 5334-30-5), PR- 610 (Proacta), pyrotinib (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine), RG-13022 (CAS # 136831 -48-6), rindopepimut (Celldex Therapeutics), RPI-1 (CAS # 269730- 03-2), S-22261 1 (Shionogi), TAK 285(CAS # 871026-44-7), TAS-2913 (Taiho), theliatinib (Hutchison China MediTech), Tyrphostin 47 (RG-50864, AG-213) (CAS # 1 18409-60-2), Tyrphostin 51 (CAS # 122520-90-5), Tyrphostin AG 1478 (CAS # 175178-82-2), Tyrphostin AG 183 (CAS # 126433-07-6), Tyrphostin AG 528 (CAS # 133550-49-9), Tyrphostin AG 99 (CAS # 1 18409-59-9), Tyrphostin B42, Tyrphostin B44, Tyrphostin RG 14620 (CAS # 136831 -49-7), vandetanib (AstraZeneca), varlitinib (Array BioPharma), vatalanib, WZ 3146 (CAS # 1214265-56-1 ), WZ 4002 (CAS # 1213269-23-8), WZ8040 (CAS # 1214265-57-2), XL-647 (Exelixis), Z-650 (HEC Pharm), ZM 323881 (CAS # 324077-30-7), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
58. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the EGFR inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of panitumumab, erlotinib, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
59. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the subject with cancer has a somatic K-RAS mutation.
60. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma.
61 . The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the cancer is colorectal carcinoma.
62. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53 further comprising at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an antibody or fragment thereof, a cytotoxic agent, a drug, a toxin, a radionuclide, an immunomodulator, a photoactive therapeutic agent, a radiosensitizing agent, a hormone, an anti-angiogenesis agent, and combinations thereof.
63. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 62, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
64. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 63, wherein the inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway is selected from the group consisting of A- 674563 (CAS # 552325-73-2), AGL 2263, AMG-319 (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), AS-041 164 (5-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene-thiazolidine-2,4- dione), AS-604850 (5-(2,2-Difluoro-benzo[1 ,3]dioxol-5-ylmethylene)- thiazolidine-2,4-dione), AS-605240 (5-quinoxilin-6-methylene-1 ,3-thiazolidine- 2,4-dione), AT7867 (CAS # 857531 -00-1 ), benzimidazole series, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc., South San Francisco, CA), BML-257 (CAS # 32387-96- 5), CAL-120 (Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA), CAL-129 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-130 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-253 (Gilead Sciences), CAL-263 (Gilead Sciences), CAS # 612847-09-3, CAS # 681281 -88-9, CAS # 75747-14-7, CAS # 925681 -41 -0, CAS # 98510-80-6, CCT128930 (CAS # 885499-61 -6), CH5132799 (CAS # 1007207-67-1 ), CHR-4432 (Chroma Therapeutics, Ltd., Abingdon, UK), FPA 124 (CAS # 902779-59-3), GS-1 101 (CAL-101 ) (Gilead Sciences), GSK 690693 (CAS # 937174-76-0), H-89 (CAS # 127243-85-0), Honokiol, IC871 14 (Gilead Science), IPI-145 (Intellikine Inc.), KAR-4139 (Karus Therapeutics, Chilworth, UK), KAR-4141 (Karus Therapeutics), KIN-1 (Karus Therapeutics), KT 5720 (CAS # 108068-98-0), Miltefosine, MK-2206 dihydrochloride (CAS # 1032350-13-2), ML-9 (CAS # 105637-50-1 ), Naltrindole Hydrochloride, OXY-1 1 1A (NormOxys Inc., Brighton, MA), perifosine, PHT-427 (CAS # 1 191951 -57-1 ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitor, Merck KGaA (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Genentech (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics, Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India), PI3 kinase delta inhibitors-2, Incozen (Incozen Therapeutics), PI3 kinase inhibitor, Roche-4 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3 kinase inhibitors, Roche-5 (Roche Holdings Inc.), PI3-alpha/delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd., South San Francisco, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG, Heidelberg, Germany), PI3- delta inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc., La Jolla, CA), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-1 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics-2 (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamma inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3- delta/gamma inhibitors, Intellikine (Intellikine Inc.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-delta/gamnna inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3-gamnna inhibitor Evotec (Evotec), PI3-gamnna inhibitor, Cellzome (Cellzome AG), PI3- gamma inhibitors, Pathway Therapeutics (Pathway Therapeutics Ltd.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), PI3K delta/gamma inhibitors, lntellikine-1 (Intellikine Inc.), pictilisib (Roche Holdings Inc.), PIK-90 (CAS # 677338-12-4), SC-103980 (Pfizer, New York, NY), SF-1 126 (Semafore Pharmaceuticals, Indianapolis, IN), SH-5, SH-6, Tetrahydro Curcumin, TG100-1 15 (Targegen Inc., San Diego, CA), Triciribine, X-339 (Xcovery, West Palm Beach, FL), XL-499 (Evotech, Hamburg, Germany), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and combinations thereof.
65. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, which is in a unit dosage form comprising both anti-cancer agents.
66. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53 in which the first anti-cancer agent is in a first unit dosage form and the second anti-cancer agent is in a second unit dosage form, separate from the first.
67. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the first and second anti-cancer agents are co-administered to the subject.
68. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 53, wherein the first and second anti-cancer agents are administered to the subject serially.
69. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 68, wherein the first anti-cancer agent is administered to the subject before the second anticancer agent.
70. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 68, wherein the second anti-cancer agent is administered to the subject before the first anticancer agent.
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