US20040185484A1 - Method for preparing single-stranded DNA libraries - Google Patents

Method for preparing single-stranded DNA libraries Download PDF

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US20040185484A1
US20040185484A1 US10/767,894 US76789404A US2004185484A1 US 20040185484 A1 US20040185484 A1 US 20040185484A1 US 76789404 A US76789404 A US 76789404A US 2004185484 A1 US2004185484 A1 US 2004185484A1
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dna
adaptor
universal
single stranded
dna molecules
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Gina Costa
John Leamon
Jonathan Rothberg
Michael Weiner
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Priority to US10/767,894 priority Critical patent/US20040185484A1/en
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Publication of US20040185484A1 publication Critical patent/US20040185484A1/en
Priority to US12/154,901 priority patent/US20090011959A1/en
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to protein chemistry, molecular biology, and methods of preparing single-stranded libraries for sequence analysis. More specifically, this invention includes methods of processing DNA for use in amplification and sequencing reactions.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • two primers are designed to hybridize to the template DNA at positions complementary to respective primers that are separated on the DNA template molecule by some number of nucleotides.
  • the base sequence of the template DNA between and including the primers is amplified by repetitive complementary strand extension reactions whereby the number of copies of the target DNA fragments is increased by several orders of magnitude.
  • Amplification is exponential as 2 n , where n equals the number of amplification cycles.
  • the amplified DNA may be sequenced through conventional sequencing methods (see, U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,320).
  • Samples comprising large template DNA or whole DNA genomes comprising long nucleotide sequences are not conducive to efficient amplification by PCR. These long molecules do not naturally possess sequences useful for primer hybridization. In addition, if primer hybridization sequences are added to double stranded DNA molecules, it is difficult to ascertain the directionality of the amplified DNA molecules and this frustrates sequencing efforts.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,169 describes that subsets of nucleic acid fragments may be indexed (i.e., selected or targeted) based upon the information contained in non-identical 5′-protruding or 3′-protruding cohesive ends. This includes fragments having 3, 4 or 5 base cohesive ends, such as those revealed by cleavage of DNA by Type II restriction endonucleases and interrupted palindrome recognizing type II restriction endonucleases.
  • indexing linkers nucleic acid molecules similar to adaptors (called indexing linkers) which contain protruding single strands complementary to the cohesive ends of cleavage sites of restriction endonucleases (rather than the recognition sequences).
  • Various functional groups or specific nucleic acid sequences designed for particular applications may be selectively attached to the aforementioned subsets of fragments. Selective attachment of indexing linkers having known base sequences in their cohesive ends to a subset of fragments bearing the complementary cohesive ends can be used for the detection, identification, isolation, amplification, and manipulation of the subset of fragments.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,748 describes a method of sorting genes and/or gene fragments comprising several steps.
  • ds cDNA molecules are prepared from mRNA molecules by reverse transcription, using a poly-T primer optionally having a general primer-template sequence upstream from the poly-T sequence, yielding ds cDNA molecules having the poly-T sequence, optionally having the general primer-template sequence.
  • the ds cDNA molecules are digested with a restriction enzyme that produces digested cDNA molecules with cohesive ends having overhanging ssDNA sequences of a constant number of arbitrary nucleotides.
  • the digested cDNA molecules are ligated to a set of dsDNA oligonucleotide adaptors, each of which adaptors has at one of its ends a cohesive-end ssDNA adaptor sequence complementary to one of the possible overhanging ssDNA sequences of the digested cDNA, at the opposite end a specific primer-template sequence specific for the ssDNA adaptor complementary sequence, and in between the ends a constant sequence that is the same for all of the different adaptors of the set.
  • the ligated cDNA molecules are amplified by separate polymerase chain reactions, utilizing for each separate polymerase chain reaction a primer that anneals to the cDNA poly-T sequence optionally having the cDNA general primer-template, and a primer from a set of different specific primers that anneal to the cDNA specific primer-template sequences.
  • the amplified cDNA molecules are sorted into nonoverlapping groups by collecting the amplification products after each separate polymerase chain reaction, each group of amplified cDNA molecules determined by the specific primer that annealed to the specific primer-template sequence and primed the polymerase chain reaction.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,722 describes a method and materials for sorting polynucleotides with oligonucleotide tags.
  • the oligonucleotide tags are capable of hybridizing to complementary oligomeric compounds consisting of subunits having enhanced binding strength and specificity as compared to natural oligonucleotides.
  • tag complements Such complementary oligomeric compounds are referred to as “tag complements.”
  • Subunits of tag complements may consist of monomers of non-natural nucleotide analogs, referred to as “antisense monomers” or they may comprise oligomers having lengths in the range of 3 to 6 nucleotides or analogs thereof, including antisense monomers, the oligomers being selected from a minimally cross-hybridizing set. In such a set, a duplex made up of an oligomer of the set and the complement of any other oligomer of the set contains at least two mismatches.
  • an oligomer of a minimally cross-hybridizing set at best forms a duplex having at least two mismatches with the complement of any other oligomer of the same set.
  • Tag complements attached to a solid phase support are used to sort polynucleotides from a mixture of polynucleotides each containing a tag. The surface of each support is derivatized by only one type of tag complement which has a particular sequence.
  • the polynucleotides to be sorted each comprise an oligonucleotide tag in the repertoire, such that identical polynucleotides have the same tag and different polynucleotides have different tags.
  • subpopulations of identical polynucleotides are sorted onto particular beads or regions.
  • the subpopulations of polynucleotides can then be manipulated on the solid phase support by micro-biochemical techniques.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,524 describes a process for the categorization of nucleic acid sequences in which these sequences are linked to a population of adaptor molecules, each exhibiting specificity for linking to a sequence including a predetermined nucleotide base. The resulting linked sequences are then categorized based upon selection for the particular base.
  • the art does not describe methods for generating libraries of unknown fragment sequences additionally comprising two known sequences, each different than the other, one being adjoined at each end.
  • This invention describes a novel method for preparing a library of multiple nucleic acid sequences from a sample where the library is suited to further quantitative and comparative analysis, particularly where the multiple nucleic acid sequences are unknown and derived from large template DNA or whole (or partial) genome DNA.
  • sequences of single stranded DNA are prepared from a sample of large template DNA or whole or partial DNA genomes through fragmentation, polishing, adaptor ligation, nick repair, and isolation of ssDNA.
  • the present invention provides a method for clonally isolating a library comprising a plurality of ssDNAs, wherein each ssDNA comprises a first single stranded universal adaptor and a second single stranded universal adaptor, the method comprising:
  • the single stranded DNA molecules are delivered into droplets in a water-in-oil emulsion (i.e., microreactors), or onto multiwell surfaces (e.g., PicoTiter plates).
  • a water-in-oil emulsion i.e., microreactors
  • multiwell surfaces e.g., PicoTiter plates
  • the single stranded DNA molecules may be delivered via attachment to a solid support (e.g., beads).
  • a solid support e.g., beads
  • the adaptor ligated DNA molecules comprising a first double stranded universal adaptor and second double stranded universal adaptor is attached to a solid support via one strand of the double stranded universal adaptor (via the first or second universal adaptor).
  • the adaptor ligated DNA molecules which have not attached to a solid support are washed away, and one strand of the adaptor ligated DNA molecules is released. This generates a mixture comprising a plurality of ssDNAs comprising a population of single stranded molecules with a first and second universal adaptor pair, thereby generating a library.
  • sequence of the fragmented DNA may be known or unknown.
  • sequence of the fragmented DNA, particularly the sequence of the ends of the fragmented DNA is unknown.
  • the present invention includes a method for generating a ssDNA library linked to solid supports comprising: (a) generating a library of ssDNA templates; (b) attaching the ssDNA templates to solid supports; and (c) isolating the solid supports on which one ssDNA template is attached.
  • the present invention includes a library of mobile solid supports made by the method disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the entire process of library preparation including the steps of template DNA fragmentation (FIG. 1A), end polishing (FIG. 1B), adaptor ligation (FIG. 1C), nick repair, strand extension and gel isolation (FIG. 1D).
  • FIG. 1 also depicts a representative agarose gel containing a sample preparation of a 180-350 base pair adenovirus DNA library according to the methods of this invention.
  • FIG. 2A is a schematic representation of the universal adaptor design according one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Each universal adaptor is generated from two complementary ssDNA oligonucleotides that are designed to contain a 20 bp nucleotide sequence for PCR priming, a 20 bp nucleotide sequence for sequence priming and a unique 4 bp discriminating sequence comprised of a non-repeating nucleotide sequence (i.e., ACGT, CAGT, etc.).
  • a non-repeating nucleotide sequence i.e., ACGT, CAGT, etc.
  • FIG. 2B depicts a representative universal adaptor sequence pair for use with the invention.
  • Adaptor A sense strand SEQ ID NO:1;
  • Adaptor A antisense strand SEQ ID NO:2;
  • Adaptor B sense strand SEQ ID NO:3;
  • Adaptor B antisense strand SEQ ID NO:4.
  • FIG. 2C is a schematic representation of universal adaptor design for use with the invention.
  • FIG. 3 represents the strand displacement and extension of nicked double-stranded DNA fragments according to the present invention.
  • double-stranded DNA fragments will be generated that contain two nicked regions following T4 DNA ligase treatment (FIG. 3A).
  • a strand displacing enzyme i.e., Bst DNA polymerase I
  • FIG. 3B strand displace the nicked strand and complete nucleotide extension of the strand
  • FIG. 3D non-nicked double-stranded DNA fragments
  • FIG. 4 represents the isolation of directionally-ligated single-stranded DNA according to the present invention using streptavidin-coated magnetic beads.
  • double-stranded DNA will contain adaptors in four possible combinations: AA, BB, AB, and BA.
  • universal adaptor B contains a 5′-biotin
  • magnetic streptavidin-coated solid supports are used to capture and isolate the AB, BA, and BB populations (population AA is washed away).
  • the BB population is retained on the beads as each end of the double-stranded DNA is attached to a bead and is not released.
  • FIG. 5 represents an insert flanked by PCR primers and sequencing primers.
  • FIG. 6 represents truncated product produced by PCR primer mismatch at cross-hybridization region (CHR).
  • FIGS. 7A-7D depict the assembly for the nebulizer used for the methods of the invention.
  • a tube cap was placed over the top of the nebulizer (FIG. 7A) and the cap was secured with a nebulizer clamp assembly (FIG. 7B).
  • the bottom of the nebulizer was attached to the nitrogen supply (FIG. 7C) and the entire device was wrapped in parafilm (FIG. 7D).
  • FIG. 8 depicts representative BioAnalyzer output from analysis of a single stranded DNA library.
  • FIG. 9A depicts representative results for LabChip analysis of a single stranded DNA library following nebulization and polishing.
  • FIG. 9B depicts representative size distribution results for an adaptor-ligated single stranded DNA library following nebulization, polishing, and gel purification.
  • FIG. 10 depicts the calculation for primer candidates based on melting temperature.
  • This invention relates to the preparation of sample DNA for amplification and sequencing reactions.
  • the invention includes a method for preparing the sample DNA comprised of the following steps: (a) fragmenting large template DNA or whole genomic DNA samples to generate a plurality of digested DNA fragments; (b) creating compatible ends on the plurality of digested DNA samples; (c) ligating a set of universal adaptor sequences onto the ends of fragmented DNA molecules to make a plurality of adaptor-ligated DNA molecules, wherein each universal adaptor sequence comprises a PCR primer sequence, a sequencing primer sequence and a discriminating key sequence and wherein one adaptor is attached to biotin; (d) separating and isolating the plurality of ligated DNA fragments; (e) removing any portion of the plurality of ligated DNA fragments; (f) nick repair and strand extension of the plurality of ligated DNA fragments; (g) attaching each of the ligated DNA fragments to a solid support; and (h) isolating populations
  • the term “universal adaptor” refers to two complementary and annealed oligonucleotides that are designed to contain a nucleotide sequence for PCR priming and a nucleotide sequence for sequence priming.
  • the universal adaptor may further include a unique discriminating key sequence comprised of a non-repeating nucleotide sequence (i.e., ACGT, CAGT, etc.).
  • a set of universal adaptors comprises two unique and distinct double-stranded sequences that can be ligated to the ends of double-stranded DNA. Therefore, the same universal adaptor or different universal adaptors can be ligated to either end of the DNA molecule.
  • the universal adaptor may be referred to as a single stranded universal adaptor.
  • discriminating key sequence refers to a sequence including a combination of the four deoxyribonucleotides (i.e., A, C, G, T). The same discriminating sequence can be used for an entire library of DNA fragments. Alternatively, different discriminating key sequences can be used to track libraries of DNA fragments derived from different organisms. Longer discriminating key sequences can be used for a mixture of more than one library.
  • the term “plurality of molecules” refers to DNA isolated from the same source, whereby different organisms may be prepared separately by the same method.
  • the plurality of DNA samples is derived from large segments of DNA, e.g., genomic DNA, cDNA, viral DNA, plasmid DNA, cosmid DNA, artificial chromosome DNA (e.g., BACs, YACs, MACs, PACs), synthetic DNA, phagemid DNA, phasemid DNA, or from reverse transcripts of viral RNA.
  • This DNA may be derived from any source, including any mammal (i.e., human, nonhuman primate, rodent, or canine), plant, bird, reptile, fish, fungus, bacteria, or virus.
  • library refers to a subset of smaller sized DNA species generated from a larger DNA template, e.g., a segmented or whole genome.
  • unique refers to a sequence that does not exist or exists at an extremely low copy level within the DNA molecules to be amplified or sequenced.
  • compatible refers to an end of double stranded DNA to which an adaptor molecule may be attached (i.e., blunt end or cohesive end).
  • fragmenting refers to a process by which a larger molecule of DNA is converted into smaller pieces of DNA.
  • large template DNA would be DNA of more than 5 kb, 10 kb, or 25 kb, preferably more than 500 kb, more preferably more than 1 MB, and most preferably 5 MB or larger.
  • stringent hybridization conditions refers to those conditions under which only fully complimentary sequences will hybridize to each other.
  • the fragmentation of the DNA sample can be done by any means known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the fragmenting is performed by enzymatic, chemical, or mechanical means.
  • the mechanical means may include sonication, French press, HPLC, HydroShear (GeneMachines, San Carlos, Calif.), and nebulization.
  • the enzymatic means may be performed by digestion with Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I), nonspecific nucleases, or single or multiple restriction endonucleases.
  • DNase I Deoxyribonuclease I
  • the fragmentation results in ends for which the sequence adjacent to the end is not known.
  • the sequence adjacent to the end may be at least 5 bases, 10 bases, 20 bases, 30 bases, or 50 bases.
  • the enzymatic means is DNase I.
  • DNase I is a versatile enzyme that nonspecifically cleaves double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to release 5′-phosphorylated oligonucleotide products.
  • DNase I has optimal activity in buffers containing Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ .
  • the purpose of the DNase I digestion step is to fragment a large DNA genome into smaller species comprising a library.
  • the cleavage characteristics of DNase I will result in random digestion of template DNA (i.e., minimal sequence bias) and in the predominance of blunt-ended dsDNA fragments when used in the presence of manganese-based buffers (Melgar, E. and D. A.
  • DNase I is used to digest large template DNA or whole genome DNA for 1-2 minutes to generate a population of oligonucleotides that range from 50 to 500 bp, or 50 to 700 bp.
  • the DNase I digestion is performed at a temperature of 10° C.-37° C.
  • the digested DNA fragments are 50 bp to 700 bp in length.
  • nucleic acid fragmentation Another preferred method for nucleic acid fragmentation is mechanical fragmentation.
  • Mechanical fragmentation methods include sonication and nebulization, and use of HydroShear, HPLC, and French Press devices.
  • Sonication may be performed by a tube containing DNA in a suitable buffer (i.e., 10 mM Tris, 0.1 mM EDTA) and sonicating for a varying number of 10 second bursts using maximum output and continuous power Sonicators are commercially available from, e.g., Misonix Inc. (Farmingdale, N.Y.), and can be used essentially as described by Bankier and Barrell (Bankier, A. T., Weston, K. M., and Barrell, B.
  • sonication it is preferred to maintain the nucleic acid at a uniform temperature by keeping the sample on ice. Constant temperature conditions, at 0° C. for example, are preferred to maintain an even fragment distribution.
  • the optimal conditions for sonication may be determined empirically for a given DNA sample before preparative sonication is performed. For example, aliquots of DNA can be treated for different times under sonication and the size and quality of DNA can be analyzed by PAGE. Once optimal sonication conditions are determined, the remaining DNA can be sonicated according to those pre-determined conditions.
  • nucleic acid fragmentation is treatment by nebulizers (e.g., protocols, and hardware available from GeneMachines, San Carlos, Calif. Also see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,506,100 and 5,610,010).
  • nebulizers e.g., protocols, and hardware available from GeneMachines, San Carlos, Calif. Also see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,506,100 and 5,610,010).
  • hydrodynamic shearing forces are used to fragment DNA strands.
  • DNA in a aqueous solution can be passed through a tube with an abrupt contraction. As the solution approaches the contraction, the fluid accelerates to maintain the volumetric flow rate through the smaller area of the contraction. During this acceleration, drag forces stretch the DNA until it snaps.
  • the DNA solution can be passed several times (e.g., 15 to 20 cycles) through the contraction until the fragments are too short for further shearing.
  • DNA may be suspended in various solutions including, but not limited to, water, Tris buffer, Tris-EDTA buffer, and Tris-EDTA with up to 0.5 M NaCl.
  • Polishing digestion of genomic DNA (gDNA) templates with DNase I in the presence of Mn 2+ produces fragments of DNA that are either blunt-ended or have protruding termini with one or two nucleotides in length.
  • fragmentation of DNA by mechanical means provides a combination of fragments with blunt-ends or overhanging ends.
  • Polishing also called end repair refers to the conversion of non-blunt ended DNA into blunt ended DNA.
  • polishing may be performed by treatment with a single strand-specific exonuclease, such as BAL32 nuclease or Mung Bean nuclease. Generally, the nuclease should be calibrated prior to use.
  • blunt ends are created with Pfu DNA polymerase.
  • blunt ends are created with other DNA polymerases such as T4 DNA polymerase or Klenow DNA polymerase.
  • Pfu “polishing” or blunt ending can be used to increase the amount of blunt-ended species generated following genomic template digestion with DNase I.
  • Pfu DNA polymerase fills in 5′ overhangs.
  • Pfu DNA polymerase exhibits 3′ ⁇ 5′ exonuclease activity.
  • the enzyme can be used to remove single and double nucleotide extensions to further increase the amount of blunt-ended DNA fragments available for adaptor ligation (see, e.g., Costa, G. L. and M. P. Weiner. 1994a.
  • the universal adaptors can be added to each DNA fragment.
  • the universal adaptors are designed to include: 1) a set of unique PCR priming regions that are typically 10-20 bp in length (any suitable size may be used) located adjacent to; 2) a set of unique sequencing priming regions that are typically 10-20 bp in length (any suitable size may be used) optionally followed by; 3) a unique discriminating key sequence (e.g., 1-12 bp in length) including a combination of at least one of each of the four deoxyribonucleotides (i.e., A, C, G, T).
  • the discriminating key sequence is 4 bases in length.
  • the discriminating key sequence may be combinations of 1-4 bases.
  • the key sequence includes one of each of the four nucleotides.
  • the key sequence includes one or more ribonucleotides, e.g., U.
  • each unique universal adaptor is forty-four bp (44 bp) in length, although any suitable size may be used.
  • the universal adaptors are ligated, using T4 DNA ligase, onto each end of the DNA fragment to generate a total nucleotide addition of 88 bp to each DNA fragment, although any suitable size may be used.
  • Different universal adaptors can be specifically designed for each DNA library preparation and therefore provide a unique identifier for each organism. For example, different library preparations can employ different key sequences. It is understood that the size and sequence of the universal adaptors may be modified as would be apparent to one of skill in the art. Thus, the adaptors for use with the invention are not limited to the size and sequence described herein.
  • first and second single-stranded oligonucleotides may be ordered from a commercial vendor (e.g., Integrated DNA Technologies, IA or Operon Technologies, CA).
  • a commercial vendor e.g., Integrated DNA Technologies, IA or Operon Technologies, CA.
  • all of the first adaptors for a library share one nucleotide sequence, including a PCR priming sequence, sequencing primer sequence, and discriminating key sequence, while all of the second adaptors share another nucleotide sequence.
  • the universal adaptor oligonucleotide sequences are modified during synthesis with one or more phosphorothioate linkages in place of phosphodiester linkages.
  • adaptor oligonucleotides can include two or three phosphorothioate linkages at both the 5′ and 3′ ends, or at one end.
  • Unmodified oligonucleotides are typically subject to rapid degradation by contaminating nucleases that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester linkage between nucleotide bases.
  • nuclease-resistant chemistry available for use in oligonucleotide applications is the phosphorothioate modification. In phosphorothioates, a sulfur atom replaces a non-bridging oxygen in the oligonucleotide backbone making it resistant to all forms of nuclease digestion (i.e.
  • Each oligonucleotide is HPLC-purified to ensure there are no contaminating or spurious oligonucleotide sequences in the synthetic oligonucleotide preparation.
  • the universal adaptors are designed to allow directional ligation to the fragmented DNA.
  • Each set of double-stranded universal adaptors is designed with a PCR priming region that includes non-complementary 5′ four-base overhangs which are unable to ligate to each other or to the blunt-ended DNA fragment.
  • binding occurs between the 3′ end of the adaptor and the 5′ end of the DNA fragment or between the 3′ end of the DNA fragment and the 5′ end of the adaptor.
  • Double-stranded universal adaptor sequences are generated using single-stranded oligonucleotides that are designed with sequences that allow primarily complimentary oligonucleotides to anneal, and to prevent cross-hybridization between two non-complimentary oligonucleotides.
  • 95% of the universal adaptors are formed from the annealing of complimentary oligonucleotides.
  • 97% of the universal adaptors are formed from the annealing of complimentary oligonucleotides.
  • 99% of the universal adaptors are formed from the annealing of complimentary oligonucleotides.
  • 100% of the universal adaptors are formed from the annealing of complimentary oligonucleotides.
  • an overhanging nucleotide e.g., T
  • a polymerase is used to add an overhanging nucleotide (e.g., A) to the blunt 5′ ends of the template DNA.
  • the overhanging nucleotides of the adaptors and template are complementary to allow more efficient adaptor ligation.
  • a plasmid capture system is used in accordance with the disclosed methods.
  • the double stranded universal adaptors can be inserted into a plasmid.
  • the adaptor region can include the following sequences, in order: Restriction Site(s), PCR Primer Sequence 1, Sequencing Primer Sequence 1, Key Sequence 1, Restriction Site(s), Key Sequence 2, Sequencing Primer Sequence 2, PCR Priming Sequence 2, and Restriction Site(s).
  • the plasmid is digested with one or more restriction enzymes that cut between Key Sequence 1 and Key Sequence 2.
  • the fragmented template DNA is ligated between Key Sequence 1 and Key Sequence 2.
  • the ligated construct is then digested to cut after PCR Priming Sequence 2.
  • the digested end next to PCR Priming Sequence 2 is filled in with biotinylated nucleotides.
  • the biotinylated construct is digested to cut prior to PCR Primer Sequence 1.
  • the Adaptor-DNA fragment-Adaptor-biotin segment is excised and isolated, e.g., by binding to a streptavidin magnetic bead.
  • Other embodiments of the plasmid capture system are also possible through application of known cloning techniques. These embodiments are also encompassed by the invention.
  • One of the two adaptors can be linked to a support binding moiety.
  • a 5′ biotin is added to the first universal adaptor to allow subsequent isolation of ssDNA template and noncovalent coupling of the universal adaptor to the surface of a solid support that is saturated with a biotin-binding protein (e.g., streptavidin, NeutrAvidinTM or avidin).
  • Suitable supports include but are not limited to magnetic beads, affinity columns, membranes (e.g., PDVF membrane, nitrocellulose, etc.), which can be coated with streptavidin or another member of a binding pair.
  • Other linkages are well known in the art and may be used in place of biotin-streptavidin.
  • the solid support is a bead, preferably a polystyrene bead.
  • the bead has a diameter of about 2.8 ⁇ m, although any suitable size may be used.
  • the bead is a paramagnetic bead (e.g., Dynal Biotech, Inc., Lake Success, N.Y.). As used herein, this bead is referred to as a “sample prep bead”.
  • Each universal adaptor may be prepared by combining and annealing two ssDNA oligonucleotides, one containing the sense sequence and the second containing the antisense (complementary) sequence. Schematic representation of the universal adaptor design is depicted in FIG. 2.
  • the universal adaptor ligation results in the formation of fragmented DNAs with adaptors on each end, unbound single adaptors, and adaptor dimers.
  • agarose gel electrophoresis is used as a method to separate and isolate the adapted DNA library population from the unligated single adaptors and adaptor dimer populations.
  • the fragments may be separated by size exclusion chromatography, filtration, sucrose sedimentation, or other nucleic acid separation techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • the procedure of DNase I digestion of DNA typically yields a library population that ranges from 50-700 bp.
  • the addition of the 88 bp universal adaptor set will shift the DNA library population to a larger size and will result in a migration profile in the size range of approximately 130-800 bp; adaptor dimers will migrate at 88 bp; and adaptors not ligated will migrate at 44 bp. Therefore, numerous double-stranded DNA libraries in sizes ranging from 200-800 bp can be physically isolated from the agarose gel and purified using standard gel extraction techniques. In one embodiment, gel isolation of the adapted ligated DNA library will result in the recovery of a library population ranging in size from 200-500 bp. Other methods of distinguishing adaptor-ligated fragments are known to one of skill in the art.
  • gaps will be present at the 3′ junctions of the fragmented DNAs following ligase treatment (see FIG. 3A). These “gaps” or “nicks” can be filled in by using a DNA polymerase enzyme that can bind to, strand displace, and extend the nicked DNA fragments.
  • DNA polymerases that lack 3′ ⁇ 5′ exonuclease activity but exhibit 5′ ⁇ 3′ exonuclease activity have the ability to recognize nicks, displace the nicked strands, and extend the strand in a manner that results in the repair of the nicks and in the formation of non-nicked double-stranded DNA (see FIG. 3B and 3C) (Hamilton, S. C., J. W. Farchaus and M. C. Davis. 2001. DNA polymerases as engines for biotechnology. BioTechniques 31:370).
  • DNA polymerases that can be used in the methods of the invention include, for example, E. coli DNA polymerase I, Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus polymerase I, and bacteriophage phi 29.
  • the strand displacing enzyme Bacillus stearothermophilus polymerase I Bacillus stearothermophilus polymerase I ( Bst DNA polymerase I) is used to repair the nicked dsDNA and results in non-nicked dsDNA (see FIG. 3D).
  • the ligase is T4 DNA ligase and the kinase is T4 polynucleotide kinase.
  • ssDNAs comprising both the first and second adaptor molecules may be isolated.
  • Double-stranded DNA libraries will have adaptors bound in the following configurations:
  • a and B correspond to the first and second adaptors.
  • the desired populations are designated with asterisks.
  • the universal adaptors are designed such that only one universal adaptor has a 5′ biotin moiety.
  • universal adaptor B has a 5′ biotin moiety
  • streptavidin-coated sample prep beads can be used to bind all double-stranded DNA library species with universal adaptor B.
  • Genomic library populations that contain two universal adaptor A species will not contain a 5′ biotin moiety and will not bind to streptavidin-containing sample prep beads and thus can be washed away.
  • the only species that will remain attached to beads are those with universal adaptors A and B and those with two universal adaptor B sequences.
  • DNA species with two universal adaptor B sequences will be bound to streptavidin-coated sample prep beads at each end, as each strand comprised in the double strand will be bound.
  • Double-stranded DNA species with a universal adaptor A and a universal adaptor B will contain a single 5′ biotin moiety and thus will be bound to streptavidin-coated beads at only one end. Where the sample prep beads are magnetic, the beads will remain coupled to a solid support when magnetized.
  • ssDNA libraries that are created according to the methods of the invention are quantitated to calculate the number of molecules per unit volume.
  • the molecules can be annealed to a solid support that includes oligonucleotide capture primers that are complementary to the PCR priming regions of the universal adaptor ends of the ssDNA species.
  • beads comprising capture primers annealed to ssDNA library molecules can be transferred to a thermocycler to allow PCR amplification. Clonal populations of single species of single stranded DNA captured on DNA beads may then sequenced.
  • the solid support is a bead, preferably a sepharose bead. As used herein, this bead is referred to as a “DNA capture bead”.
  • the beads used herein may be of any convenient size and fabricated from any number of known materials.
  • Example of such materials include: inorganics, natural polymers, and synthetic polymers. Specific examples of these materials include: cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acrylic resins, glass; silica gels, polystyrene, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, co-polymers of vinyl and acrylamide, polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene or the like (see, Merrifield Biochemistry 1964, 3, 1385-1390), polyacrylamides, latex gels, polystyrene, dextran, rubber, silicon, plastics, nitrocellulose, celluloses, natural sponges, silica gels, glass, metals plastic, cellulose, cross-linked dextrans (e.g., SephadexTM) and agarose gel (SepharoseTM) and solid phase supports known to those of skill in the art.
  • cross-linked dextrans e.g., SephadexTM
  • the diameter of the DNA capture bead is 20-70 ⁇ m. In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the DNA capture bead is 20-50 ⁇ m. In a more preferred embodiment, the diameter of the DNA capture bead is about 30 ⁇ m.
  • the invention includes a method for generating a library of solid supports comprising: (a) preparing a population of ssDNA templates according to the methods disclosed herein; (b) attaching each DNA template to a solid support such that there is one molecule of DNA per solid support; (c) amplifying the population of single-stranded templates such that the amplification generates a clonal population of each DNA fragment on each solid support; (d) sequencing clonal populations of the ssDNA templates.
  • the solid support is a DNA capture bead.
  • the DNA is genomic DNA, cDNA, or reverse transcripts of RNA (e.g., viral RNA).
  • the DNA may be attached to the solid support, for example, via a biotin-streptavidin linkage, a covalent linkage, or by complementary oligonucleotide hybridization.
  • each DNA template is ligated to a set of universal adaptors.
  • the universal adaptor pair comprises a PCR primer sequence, a sequencing primer sequence, and a discriminating key sequence. Single-stranded DNAs with unique ends are isolated and then attached to a solid support and exposed to amplification techniques for clonal amplification.
  • the DNA may be amplified by PCR.
  • the invention provides a library attached to solid supports made by the methods described herein.
  • the DNA prepared by this method may be used for many molecular biological procedures, such as linear extension, rolling circle amplification, PCR, and sequencing.
  • the linkage reaction can be driven, for example, by using a high molar ratio of bead to DNA.
  • the capture of single-stranded DNA molecules follows a Poisson distribution and results in subsets of beads having no DNA attached, one molecule of DNA attached, or more than one molecule of DNA attached.
  • a single stranded nucleic acid template to be amplified is attached to a capture bead.
  • the nucleic acid template may be attached to the solid support capture bead in any manner known in the art. Numerous methods exist in the art for attaching DNA to a solid support such as the preferred microscopic bead. According to the present invention, covalent chemical attachment of the DNA to the bead can be accomplished by using standard coupling agents, such as water-soluble carbodiimide, to link the 5′-phosphate on the DNA to amine-coated capture beads through a phosphoamidate bond.
  • Another alternative is to first couple specific oligonucleotide linkers to the bead using similar chemistry, and to then use DNA ligase to link the DNA to the linker on the bead.
  • Other linkage chemistries to join the oligonucleotide to the beads include the use of N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS) and its derivatives.
  • one end of the oligonucleotide may contain a reactive group (such as an amide group) which forms a covalent bond with the solid support, while the other end of the linker contains a second reactive group that can bond with the oligonucleotide to be immobilized.
  • the oligonucleotide is bound to the DNA capture bead by covalent linkage.
  • non-covalent linkages such as chelation or antigen-antibody complexes, may also be used to join the oligonucleotide to the bead.
  • Oligonucleotide linkers can be employed which specifically hybridize to unique sequences at the end of the DNA fragment, such as the overlapping end from a restriction enzyme site or the “sticky ends” of bacteriophage lambda based cloning vectors, but blunt-end ligations can also be used beneficially. These methods are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,743. It is preferred that any method used to immobilize the beads will continue to bind the immobilized oligonucleotide throughout the steps in the methods of the invention.
  • each capture bead is designed to have a plurality of nucleic acid primers that recognize (i.e., are complementary to) a portion of the nucleic template, and the nucleic acid template is thus hybridized to the capture bead.
  • nucleic acid primers that recognize (i.e., are complementary to) a portion of the nucleic template, and the nucleic acid template is thus hybridized to the capture bead.
  • clonal amplification of the template species is desired, so it is preferred that only one unique nucleic acid template is attached to any one capture bead.
  • the beads used herein may be of any convenient size and fabricated from any number of known materials.
  • Example of such materials include: inorganics, natural polymers, and synthetic polymers. Specific examples of these materials include: cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acrylic resins, glass, silica gels, polystyrene, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, co-polymers of vinyl and acrylamide, polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene or the like (as described, e.g., in Merrifield, Biochemistry 1964, 3, 1385-1390), polyacrylamides, latex gels, polystyrene, dextran, rubber, silicon, plastics, nitrocellulose, natural sponges, silica gels, control pore glass, metals, cross-linked dextrans (e.g., SephadexTM) agarose gel (SepharoseTM), and solid phase supports known to those of skill in the art.
  • the capture beads are Sepharose beads approximately
  • capture beads with or without attached nucleic acid template may be suspended in a heat stable water-in-oil emulsion. It is contemplated that a plurality of the microreactors include only one template and one bead. There may be many droplets that do not contain a template or which do not contain a bead. Likewise there may be droplets that contain more than one copy of a template.
  • the emulsion may be formed according to any suitable method known in the art. One method of creating emulsion is described below but any method for making an emulsion may be used. These methods are known in the art and include adjuvant methods, counter-flow methods, cross-current methods, rotating drum methods, and membrane methods.
  • the size of the microcapsules may be adjusted by varying the flow rate and speed of the components. For example, in dropwise addition, the size of the drops and the total time of delivery may be varied.
  • the emulsion contains a density of about 3,000 beads encapsulated per microliter.
  • This method involves compartmentalizing a gene, expressing the gene, and sorting the compartmentalized gene based on the expressed product.
  • the microencapsulated sorting method of Griffith is not suitable for parallel analysis of multiple microcapsules because their nucleic acid product is not anchored and cannot be anchored. Since the nucleic acids of Griffiths are not anchored, they would be mixed together during demulsification.
  • the emulsion is preferably generated by adding beads to an amplification solution.
  • amplification solution means the sufficient mixture of reagents that is necessary to perform amplification of template DNA.
  • a PCR amplification solution is provided in the Examples below. It will be appreciated that various modifications may be made to the amplification solution based on the type of amplification being performed and whether the template DNA is attached to the beads or provided in solution.
  • the mixture of beads and amplification solution is added dropwise into a spinning mixture of biocompatible oil (e.g., light mineral oil, Sigma) and allowed to emulsify.
  • biocompatible oil e.g., light mineral oil, Sigma
  • the beads and amplification solution are added dropwise into a cross-flow of biocompatible oil.
  • the oil used may be supplemented with one or more biocompatible emulsion stabilizers.
  • emulsion stabilizers may include Atlox 4912, Span 80, and other recognized and commercially available suitable stabilizers.
  • the emulsion is heat stable to allow thermal cycling, e.g., to at least 94° C., at least 95° C., or at least 96° C.
  • the droplets formed range in size from about 5 microns to about 500 microns, more preferably from about 10 microns to about 350 microns, even more preferably from about 50 to 250 microns, and most preferably from about 100 microns to about 200 microns.
  • cross-flow fluid mixing allows for control of the droplet formation, and uniformity of droplet size.
  • smaller water droplets not containing beads may be present in the emulsion.
  • the microreactors should be sufficiently large to encompass sufficient amplification reagents for the degree of amplification required. However, the microreactors should be sufficiently small so that a population of microreactors, each containing a member of a DNA library, can be amplified by conventional laboratory equipment, e.g., PCR thermocycling equipment, test tubes, incubators and the like.
  • microreactors allows amplification of complex mixtures of templates (e.g., genomic DNA samples or whole cell RNA) without intermixing of sequences, or domination by one or more templates (e.g., PCR selection bias; see, Wagner et al., 1994, Suzuki and Giovannoni, 1996; Chandler et al., 1997, Polz and Cavanaugh, 1998).
  • templates e.g., genomic DNA samples or whole cell RNA
  • the optimal size of a microreactor may be on average 100 to 200 microns in diameter. Microreactors of this size would allow amplification of a DNA library comprising about 600,000 members in a suspension of microreactors of less than 10 ml in volume. For example, if PCR is the chosen amplification method, 10 ml of microreactors would fit into 96 tubes of a regular thermocycler with 96 tube capacity. In a preferred embodiment, the suspension of 600,000 microreactors would have a volume of less than 1 ml. A suspension of less than 1 ml may be amplified in about 10 tubes of a conventional PCR thermocycler. In a most preferred embodiment, the suspension of 600,000 microreactors would have a volume of less than 0.5 ml.
  • Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of performing nucleic acid amplification with a template and a bead, but without attachment of the template to the bead.
  • the bead may comprise a linker molecule that can bind the amplified nucleic acid after amplification.
  • the linker may be a linker that can be activated.
  • Such linkers are well known and include temperature sensitive or salt sensitive binding pairs such as streptavidin/biotin and antibodies/antigen.
  • the template nucleic acid may be encapsulated with a bead and amplified. Following amplification, the amplified nucleic acid may be linked to the beads, e.g., by adjustments in temperature or salt concentration.
  • the template nucleic acid may be amplified, while attached or unattached to beads, by any suitable method of amplification including transcription-based amplification systems (Kwoh D. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. (U.S.A.) 86:1173 (1989); Gingeras T. R. et al., WO 88/10315; Davey, C. et al., EP Publication No. 329,822; Miller, H. I. et al., WO 89/06700), “RACE” (Frohman, M.
  • a nucleic acid template is amplified after encapsulation with a bead in a microreactor.
  • a nucleic acid template is amplified after distribution onto a multiwell surface, e.g., a PicoTiter plate.
  • DNA amplification is performed by PCR.
  • PCR according to the present invention may be performed by encapsulating the target nucleic acid with a PCR solution comprising all the necessary reagents for PCR. Then, PCR may be accomplished by exposing the emulsion to any suitable thermocycling regimen known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, 30 to 50 cycles, preferably about 40 cycles, of amplification are performed. It is desirable, but not necessary, that following the amplification procedure there be one or more hybridization and extension cycles following the cycles of amplification. In a preferred embodiment, 10 to 30 cycles, preferably about 25 cycles, of hybridization and extension are performed (e.g., as described in the examples).
  • the template DNA is amplified until typically at least 10,000 to 50,000,000 copies are immobilized on each bead. It is recognized that for nucleic acid detection applications, fewer copies of template are required. For nucleic acid sequencing applications we prefer that at least two million to fifty million copies, preferably about ten million to thirty million copies of the template DNA are immobilized on each bead. The skilled artisan will recognize that the size of bead (and capture site thereon) determines how many captive primers can be bound (and thus how many amplified templates may be captured onto each bead).
  • the invention encompasses a method for clonally isolating a library comprising a plurality of single stranded DNA molecules comprising: a) fragmenting large template DNA molecules to generate a plurality of fragmented DNA molecules; b) attaching a first or second universal double stranded adaptor to a first end of each fragmented DNA molecule and a first or second universal adaptor to a second end of each fragmented DNA molecule to form a mixture of adaptor ligated DNA molecules; c) isolating a plurality of single stranded DNA molecules each comprising a first single stranded universal adaptor and a second single stranded universal adaptor to obtain a library; and d) delivering the single stranded DNA molecules into reactors such that a plurality of the reactors include one DNA molecule, thereby clonally isolating the library.
  • the invention encompasses a method for generating a library comprising a plurality of single stranded DNA molecules, comprising: a) fragmenting large or whole genomic template DNA molecules to generate a plurality of fragmented DNA molecules; b) ligating a first universal double stranded adaptor or a second universal adaptor to a first end of each fragmented DNA molecule and a first universal adaptor or second universal adaptor to a second end of each fragmented DNA molecule to produce a mixture of adaptor ligated DNA molecules, wherein the first universal adaptor contains a moiety that binds to a solid support; c) attaching to a solid support those DNA molecules comprising a first double stranded universal adaptor; d) washing away adaptor ligated DNA molecules which have not attached to the solid support; e) strand separating those adaptor ligated DNA molecules that are attached to the solid support to release a plurality of single stranded DNA molecules comprising a first single strand
  • (f) can be accomplished by: i) delivering the single stranded DNA molecules onto a location on a reactor array; or ii) delivering the single stranded DNA molecules into droplets in a water-in-oil emulsion.
  • the first universal double stranded adaptor or the second universal adaptor can be attached to the fragmented DNA molecules by ligation.
  • DNA ligase may be used.
  • These methods can further include a step of repairing single stranded nicks in the mixture of adaptor ligated DNA molecules using DNA repair and modifying enzymes, such as a polymerase, ligase, kinase, or combinations thereof.
  • the enzymes can include Bacillus stearothermophilus polymerase I, T4 ligase, and T4 polynucleotide kinase.
  • the template DNA for these methods can comprise genomic DNA, cDNA, plasmid DNA, cosmid DNA, artificial chromosome DNA, synthetic DNA, phasemid DNA, phagemid DNA, or reverse transcripts. Fragmenting may be performed by enzymatic, chemical, or mechanical means.
  • DNase I enzyme can be used in a digestion performed at a temperature of 10-37° C. for 1-2 minutes. Alternatively, a restriction enzyme may be used.
  • the mechanical means can be a nebulizer, French Press, sonicator, or a HydroShear.
  • the fragmented DNA molecules can be 50 bp to 700 bp in length.
  • the compatible ends can be blunt ends, or the compatible ends can include an A or T overhang. Blunt ends can be created with an enzyme such as Pfu polymerase, T4 DNA polymerase, and Klenow fragments.
  • the first or second double stranded universal adaptor may comprise one or more phosphorothioate linkages, and may be attached to a biotin moiety.
  • the first double stranded universal adaptors or the second double stranded universal adaptors or both double stranded universal adaptors may comprise a discriminating key sequence.
  • the discriminating key sequence is 3-12 nucleotides in length and comprise at least one nucleotide selected from the group consisting of A, G, C, U, and T.
  • the first and second double stranded universal adaptor may comprise a PCR priming sequence and a sequencing primer sequence.
  • the PCR priming sequence is 10-20 base pairs in length
  • the sequencing primer sequence is 10-20 base pairs in length.
  • the PCR priming sequence and the sequencing primer sequence may overlap.
  • the mixture of adaptor ligated DNA molecules is separated by a method selected from the group consisting of gel electrophoresis, filtration, size exclusion chromatography, and sucrose sedimentation.
  • the plurality of single stranded DNA molecules may be obtained by a treatment selected from the group consisting of low salt treatment, high pH treatment, and chemical denaturation treatment.
  • the plurality of single stranded DNA molecules may be attached to a DNA capture bead.
  • the DNA capture bead may comprise a component of a binding pair, such as avidin/biotin, ligand/receptor, antigen/antibody or complementary nucleotides.
  • the DNA capture bead is a paramagnetic bead.
  • the invention also encompasses a method for generating a single stranded DNA library attached to solid supports comprising: a) generating a plurality of single stranded DNA templates; b) attaching each of the plurality of ssDNA templates to a solid support; and c) isolating the solid supports on which the single stranded DNA templates are attached.
  • the invention further encompasses a method for generating a single stranded DNA library attached to solid supports comprising: a) fragmenting large template DNA molecules to generate a plurality of fragmented DNA molecules; b) attaching a first or second universal double stranded adaptor to a first end of each fragmented DNA molecule and a first or second universal adaptor to a second end of each fragmented DNA molecule to make a mixture of adaptor ligated DNA molecules; c) isolating those single stranded DNA molecules which comprise a first single stranded universal adaptor and a second single stranded universal adaptor; and d) attaching the isolated single stranded molecules from (c) to a solid support.
  • the solid support may be a DNA capture bead, and the DNA may be genomic DNA, cDNA, plasmid DNA, cosmid DNA, artificial chromosome DNA, synthetic DNA, phasemid DNA, or phagemid DNA.
  • the DNA is attached to the solid support via a binding pair such as avidin/biotin, ligand/receptor, antigen/antibody and complementary nucleotides.
  • a binding pair such as avidin/biotin, ligand/receptor, antigen/antibody and complementary nucleotides.
  • a library of mobile solid supports made by this method.
  • the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising a first adaptor, a fragment of template DNA, and a second adaptor, wherein the first adaptor and second adaptor each comprise a sequencing primer, a PCR primer, and a discriminating key sequence, and wherein the first adaptor and second adaptor, when dissociated, do not cross-hybridize to each other under stringent hybridization conditions.
  • the PCR primer may be 10-20 base pairs in length
  • the sequencing primer may be 10-20 base pairs in length
  • the discriminating key sequence may be 3 to 12 base pairs in length.
  • the template DNA can be genomic DNA, cDNA plasmid DNA, cosmid DNA, artificial chromosome DNA, synthetic DNA, phasemid DNA, or phagemid DNA.
  • the nucleic acid molecule when dissociated, has minimal cross-hybridization to dissociated template DNA.
  • Also encompassed by the invention is a method for preparing single stranded DNA molecules, comprising: a) fragmenting large or whole genomic template DNA molecules to generate a plurality of fragmented DNA molecules; b) ligating a first universal double stranded adaptor or a second universal adaptor to a first end of each fragmented DNA molecule and a first universal adaptor or second universal adaptor to a second end of each fragmented DNA molecule to produce a mixture of adaptor ligated DNA molecules; c) attaching adaptor ligated DNA molecules comprising a first double stranded universal adaptor and a second double stranded adaptor to a solid support via one strand of the first double stranded universal adaptor; d) washing away adaptor ligated DNA molecules which have not attached to the solid support; e) strand separating those adaptor ligated DNA molecules that are attached to the solid support to release a plurality of single stranded DNA molecules comprising a first single stranded universal
  • the isolating step may comprise attaching the nucleic acid templates to a bead, or encapsulating the nucleic acid template in an emulsion of a water-in-oil emulsion.
  • the nucleic acid template may be encapsulated with a bead that can bind the nucleic acid.
  • the delivering step may comprise delivering the sequestered nucleic acid to a plurality of reaction centers, wherein each reaction center is a well on a picotiter plate.
  • the method can further comprising the step of attaching the isolated single stranded molecules each individually to a solid support.
  • the DNA should be of high quality and free from contaminants such as proteins, nucleases, lipids, and other chemicals (such as residual EDTA from preparation) and salts. It is preferred that genomic DNA should have a 260/280 ratio of 1.8 or higher. If it is desired to sequence the genome of only one organism, then the DNA should be quality checked to ensure that there is no contaminating DNA. For example: a preparation of human DNA may be checked by PCR to ensure that it is not contaminated by bacterial DNA molecules. Another method of checking for contamination is by restriction digestion patterns and especially restriction digestion followed by Southern Blot using suitable probes known to be specific for an organism (e.g., human or mouse) and a second probe known to be specific for a possible contaminating organism (e.g., E. coli ). If it is desired, the DNA should originate from a single clone of the organism (e.g., a colony if from bacteria).
  • DNase I The purpose of the DNase I digestion step is to fragment a large stretch of DNA such as a whole genome or a large portion of a genome into smaller species. This population of smaller-sized DNA species generated from a single DNA template is referred to as a “library”.
  • DNase I is an endonuclease which cleaves double-stranded template DNA. The cleavage characteristics of DNase I allow random digestion of template DNA (i.e., minimal sequence bias) and will result in the predominance of blunt-ended, double-stranded DNA fragments when used in the presence of manganese-based buffers (Melgar and Goldthwait 1968).
  • the digestion of genomic templates by DNase I is dependent on three factors: i) quantity of enzyme used (units); ii) temperature of digestion (° C.); and iii) incubation time (minutes).
  • the DNase I digestion conditions outlined below were optimized to yield DNA libraries in a size range from 50-700 base pairs (bp).
  • DNA was obtained and prepared to a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml in Tris-HCl (10 mM, pH 7-8). A total of 134 ⁇ l of DNA (15 ⁇ g) was needed for this preparation. It is recommended to not use DNA preparations diluted with buffers containing EDTA (i.e., TE, Tris/EDTA). The presence of EDTA is inhibitory to enzyme digestion with DNase I. If the DNA preparation contains EDTA, it is important that the DNA be “salted” out of solution and reconstituted with the appropriate Tris-HCl buffer (10 mM, pH 7-8) or nanopure H 2 O (pH 7-8).
  • Tris-HCl buffer 10 mM, pH 7-8
  • nanopure H 2 O pH 7-8
  • DNase I Buffer comprising 50 ⁇ l Tris pH 7.5 (1M), 10 ⁇ l MnCl 2 (1M), 1 ⁇ l BSA (100 mg/ml), and 39 ⁇ l water was prepared.
  • the digested DNA was purified by using the QiaQuick PCR purification kit. The digestion reaction was then split into four aliquots, and four spin columns were used to purify each aliquot (37.5 ⁇ l per spin column). Each column was eluted with 30 ⁇ l elution buffer (EB) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The eluates were then combined to generate a final reaction volume of 120 ⁇ l.
  • EB elution buffer
  • Pfu polishing is used to increase the amount of blunt-ended species by fill-in (i.e., “blunting”) of 5′ overhangs. Additionally, Pfu DNA polymerase has 3′ ⁇ 5′ exonuclease activity that will result in the removal of single and double nucleotide extensions. Pfu polishing increases the amount of blunt-ended DNA fragments available for adaptor ligation (Costa 1994a, 1994b, 1994c). The following Pfu polishing protocol was used.
  • polishing reaction components were mixed well and incubated at 72° C. for 30 minutes.
  • polishing reaction mixture was then split into four aliquots and purified using QiaQuick PCR purification columns (37.5 ⁇ L on each column). Each column was eluted with 30 ⁇ l buffer EB according to the manufacturer's protocol. The eluates were then combined to generate a final reaction volume of 120 ⁇ L.
  • Step 3 Ligation of Universal Adaptors to Fragmented DNA Library
  • Universal Adaptors are comprised of double-stranded oligonucleotides that contain specific priming regions that afford both PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing.
  • the Universal Adaptors are designed to include a set of unique PCR priming regions that are 20 base pairs in length located adjacent to a set of unique sequencing priming regions that are 20 base pairs in length, followed by a unique 4-base “key” consisting of one of each deoxyribonucleotide (i.e., A, C, G, T).
  • Each unique Universal Adaptor (termed “Universal Adaptor A” and “Universal Adaptor B”) is forty-four base pairs (44 bp) in length. Universal Adaptors are ligated, using T4 DNA ligase, onto each end of the DNA fragment to generate a total nucleotide addition of 88 bp to each DNA fragment. Different Universal Adaptors are designed specifically for each genomic DNA library preparation and will therefore provide a unique identifier for each organism.
  • Universal Adaptor DNA oligonucleotides are designed with two phosphorothioate linkages at each oligonucleotide end that serve to protect against nuclease activity (Samini, T. D., B. Jolles, and A. Laigle. 2001. Best minimally modified antisense oligonucleotides according to cell nuclease activity. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev . 11(3):129., the disclosure of which is incorporated in toto herein by reference.). Each oligonucleotide is HPLC-purified to ensure there are no contaminating or spurious DNA oligonucleotide sequences in the final prep.
  • the Universal Adaptors are designed to allow directional ligation to the blunt-ended, fragmented genomic DNA.
  • the PCR priming region contains a 5′ four-base overhang and a blunt-ended 3′ Key region.
  • Directionality is achieved as the blunt-end side of the Universal Adaptor ligates to the blunt-ended DNA fragment while the 5′ overhang of the adaptor cannot ligate to the blunt-ended DNA fragment.
  • a 5′ biotin is added to the Universal Adaptor B to allow subsequent isolation of ssDNA template (Step 8).
  • Each Universal Adaptor is prepared by annealing, in a single tube, the two single-stranded complementary DNA oligonucleotides (i.e., one oligo containing the sense sequence and the second oligo containing the antisense sequence). The following ligation protocol was used.
  • Step 3a Microcon Filtration and Adaptor Construction. Total Preparation Time was Approximately 25 min.
  • the Universal Adaptor ligation reaction requires a 100-fold excess of adaptors.
  • the double-stranded gDNA library is filtered through a Microcon YM-100 filter device.
  • Microcon YM-100 membranes can be used to remove double stranded DNA smaller than 125 bp. Therefore, unbound adaptors (44 bp), as well as adaptor dimers (88 bp) can be removed from the ligated gDNA library population. The following filtration protocol was used:
  • Adaptors were HPLC-purified and modified with phosphorothioate linkages prior to use.
  • Adaptor “A” (10 ⁇ M)
  • the primers were annealed using the ANNEAL program on the Sample Prep Labthermal cycler (see below).
  • Adaptor “B” (10 ⁇ M)
  • 10 ⁇ l of 100 ⁇ M Adaptor B 40 bp, sense
  • 10 ⁇ l of 100 ⁇ M Adaptor B 44 bp, antisense
  • the primers were annealed using the ANNEAL program on the Sample Prep Lab thermal cycler.
  • Adaptor sets could be stored at ⁇ 20° C. until use.
  • Step 4 Gel Electrophoresis and Extraction of Adapted DNA Library
  • the Universal Adaptor ligation protocol produces the following: 1) fragmented DNAs with adaptors on either end; 2) unbound single adaptors; or 3) the formation of adaptor dimers.
  • Agarose gel electrophoresis is used as a method to separate and isolate the adapted DNA library population from the unligated, single adaptors and adaptor dimer populations.
  • the procedure of DNase I digestion of genomic DNA yields a library population that ranges from 50-700 bp (Step 1).
  • the addition of the 88-bp Universal Adaptor set will shift the population to a larger size and will result in a migration profile in the size range of approximately 130-800 bp.
  • Adaptor dimers will migrate at 88 bp and adaptors unligated will migrate at 44 bp. Therefore, genomic DNA libraries in size ranges >200 bp can be physically isolated from the agarose gel and purified using standard gel extraction techniques. Gel isolation of the adapted DNA library will result in the recovery of a library population in a size range that is ⁇ 200 bp (size range of library can be varied depending on application). The following electrophoresis and extraction protocol was used.
  • Step 5 Strand Displacement and Extension of Nicked Double Stranded DNA Library
  • DNA oligonucleotides used for the Universal Adaptors are not phosphorylated, gaps are present at the 3′ junctions of the fragmented gDNAs. These two “gaps” or “nicks” can be filled in by using a strand displacing DNA polymerase.
  • the polymerase recognizes nicks, displaces the nicked strands, and extends the strand in a manner that results in repair of nicks and in the formation of non-nicked double-stranded DNA.
  • the strand displacing enzyme used is the large fragment of Bst DNA polymerase.
  • Step 7 Isolation of Single-Stranded DNA Library using Streptavidin Beads
  • Double-stranded genomic DNA fragment pools will have adaptors bound in the following possible configurations:
  • Genomic DNA species with two Universal Adaptor B sequences with two biotin molecules can bind to the streptavidin-containing beads at both ends.
  • Species with A and B adaptors having only a single biotin molecule can bind to the beads only at the “B” end.
  • the bead-bound double-stranded DNA is treated with a sodium hydroxide solution that serves to disrupt the hydrogen bonding between the complementary DNA strands. If the DNA fragment has biotin on each end (Universal Adaptor B ends), both resulting single strands remain bound to the beads. If the fragment has only a single biotin (Universal Adaptors A and B), then the complementary strand separates from the DNA-bead complex.
  • the resulting single-stranded genomic DNA library is collected from the solution phase and is quantitated, e.g., using pyrophosphate sequencing (PyroSequence) or by using a RNA Pico 6000 LabChip (Agilent, Palo Alto, Calif.).
  • Single-stranded genomic DNA libraries are quantitated by calculating the number of molecules per unit volume.
  • Single-stranded gDNA molecules are then annealed (at a half copy per bead to obtain one effective copy per bead) to 25-30 ⁇ m sepharose beads containing DNA capture primers (PCR primer B).
  • the templates are then amplified using emulsion polymerase chain reaction protocols. Subsequent sequencing may be conducted using known techniques. For isolation of the single stranded library, the following protocol was used.
  • Step 8a Single-Stranded gDNA Quantitation using Pyrophosphate Sequencing. Total Preparation Time was Approximately 1 hr.
  • Step 8b Single-Stranded gDNA Quantitation using RNA Pico 6000 LabChip. Total Preparation Time was Approximately 30 minutes.
  • RNA Pico 6000 LabChip was prepared on the BioAnalyzer according to the manufacturers' guidelines.
  • RNA LabChip ladder (RNA 6000 ladder) was prepared according to manufacturer's (Ambion) directions. Briefly, the RNA LabChip ladder, in solution, was heated to 70° C. for 2 minutes. The solution was chilled on ice for 5 minutes to snap cool the ladder. The solution was briefly centrifuged to clear any condensate from tube walls. The RNA LabChip Ladder was stored on ice and used within one day.
  • the BioAnalyzer software was used to calculate the concentration of each ssDNA library lane (see the Table below and FIG. 8. The average of all three lanes was used to calculate the DNA concentration of the library using the procedure outlined below.
  • the concentration of Library 1 was calculated as 1639 pg/ ⁇ l (Column 5) and the average fragment size was 434 nucleotides (Column 9). These values were obtained from the Agilent 2100 software as described in Steps (a)-(d), above.
  • the average molecular weight (MW) of a ribonucleotide is 328.2 g/mole (Column 10).
  • the MW of the average library fragment (1.42 ⁇ 10 5 g/mole, Column 11) was calculated by multiplying the average fragment length (434) by the average ribonucleotide (328.2).
  • the quantitated library (1639 pg/ ⁇ l) was converted to grams per microliter (1.64 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 g/ ⁇ l, Column 12).
  • the number of moles per microliter (1.15 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 14 moles/ ⁇ l, Column 14) was calculated by dividing the grams per microliter (1.64 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 g/ ⁇ l, Column 12) by the average molecular weight of the library fragments (1.42 ⁇ 10 5 , Column 11). Finally, the number of molecules per microliter (6.93 ⁇ 10 9 molecules/ ⁇ l, Column 15) was derived by multiplying the number of moles per microliter (1.15 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 14 moles/ ⁇ l, Column 14) by Avogadro's number (6.02 ⁇ 10 23 molecules/mole).
  • the final library concentration was expected to be greater than 1 ⁇ 10 8 molecules/ ⁇ l.
  • a more important factor for library quality was adaptor dimer concentration.
  • the height of the library peak was determined approximately 10 fold greater than the adaptor dimer peak (the first peak after the marker).
  • a library of good quality is expected to have a peak height at least 2 fold greater than the dimer peak.
  • the RNA Pico 6000 LabChip provided estimates within 500% accuracy of the single-stranded gDNA concentration.
  • the recommended input DNA is 2.5 cpb, 1 cpb, 0.5 cpb, and 0.1 cpb. This titration was easily checked using the 4slot bead loading chamber on a 14 ⁇ 43 PTP.
  • Step 9 Dilution and Storage of Single-Stranded gDNA Library
  • the single-stranded gDNA library was eluted and quantitated in Buffer EB. To prevent degradation, the single-stranded gDNA library was stored frozen at ⁇ 20° C. in the presence of EDTA. After quantitation, an equal volume of 10 mM TE was added to the library stock. All subsequent dilutions was in TE. The yield was as follows:
  • single-stranded gDNA library was diluted to 100 million molecules/ ⁇ l in 1 ⁇ Library-Grade Elution Buffer. Aliquots of single-stranded gDNA library were prepared for common use. For this, 200,000 molecules/ ⁇ l were diluted in 1 ⁇ Library-Grade Elution Buffer and 20 ⁇ l aliquots were measured. Single-use library aliquots were stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • Step 10 Emulsion Polymerase Chain Reaction.
  • the Stop Solution (50 mM EDTA) included 100 ⁇ l of 0.5 M EDTA mixed with 900 ⁇ l of nH 2 O to obtain 1.0 ml of 50 mM EDTA solution.
  • 10 mM dNTPs (10 ⁇ l dCTP (100 mM), 10 ⁇ l DATP (100 mM), 10 ⁇ l dGTP (100 mM), and 10 ⁇ l dTTP (100 mM) were mixed with 60 ⁇ l molecular biology grade water. All four 100 mM nucleotide stocks were thawed on ice.
  • each nucleotide was combined with 60 ⁇ l of nH 2 O to a final volume of 100 ⁇ l, and mixed thoroughly. Next, 1 ml aliquots were dispensed into 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes. The stock solutions could be stored at ⁇ 20° C. for one year.
  • the 10 ⁇ Annealing buffer included 200 mM Tris (pH 7.5) and 50 mM magnesium acetate. For this solution, 24.23 g Tris was added to 800 ml nH 2 O and the mixture was adjusted to pH 7.5. To this solution, 10.72 g of magnesium acetate was added and dissolved completely. The solution was brought up to a final volume of 1000 ml and could be stored at 4° C. for 1 month.
  • the 10 ⁇ TE included 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) and 50 mM EDTA. These reagents were added together and mixed thoroughly. The solution could be stored at room temperature for 6 months.
  • the universal adaptors are designed to include: 1) a set of unique PCR priming regions that are typically 20 bp in length (located adjacent to (2)); 2) a set of unique sequencing priming regions that are typically 20 bp in length; and 3) optionally followed by a unique discriminating key sequence consisting of at least one of each of the four deoxyribonucleotides (i.e., A, C, G, T).
  • a unique discriminating key sequence consisting of at least one of each of the four deoxyribonucleotides (i.e., A, C, G, T).
  • the single-stranded DNA library is utilized for PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing.
  • Sequencing methodology requires random digestion of a given genome into 150 to 500 base pair fragments, after which two unique bipartite primers (composed of both a PCR and sequencing region) are ligated onto the 5′ and 3′ ends of the fragments (FIG. 5).
  • T m melting temperature
  • the disclosed process utilizes synthetic priming sites that necessitates careful de novo primer design.
  • PCR/LDR work was particularly relevant and focused on designing oligonucleotide “zipcodes”, 24 base primers comprised of six specifically designed tetramers with a similar final T m . (see, Gerry, N. P., et al., Universal DNA microarray method for multiplex detection of low abundance point mutations. Journal of Molecular Biology, 1999. 292: p. 251-262; U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,594).
  • Tetrameric components were chosen based on the following criteria: each tetramer differed from the others by at least two bases, tetramers that induced self-pairing or hairpin formations were excluded, and palindromic (AGCT) or repetitive tetramers (TATA) were omitted as well. Thirty-six of the 256 (4 4 ) possible permutations met the necessary requirements and were then subjected to further restrictions required for acceptable PCR primer design (Table 1).
  • Table 1 shows a matrix demonstrating tetrameric primer component selection based on criteria outlined by Gerry et al. 1999 . J. Mol. Bio . 292: 251-262. Each tetramer was required to differ from all others by at least two bases. The tetramers could not be palindromic or complimentary with any other tetramer. Thirty-six tetramers were selected (bold, underlined); italicized sequences signal palindromic tetramers that were excluded from consideration.
  • PCR primers were designed to meet specifications common to general primer design (see, Rubin, E. and A. A. Levy, A mathematical model and a computerized simulation of PCR using complex templates. Nucleic Acids Res, 1996. 24(18): p. 3538-45; Buck, G. A., et al., Design strategies and performance of custom DNA sequencing primers. Biotechniques, 1999. 27(3): p. 528-36), and the actual selection was conducted by a computer program, MMP. Primers were limited to a length of 20 bases (5 tetramers) for efficient synthesis of the total bipartite PCR/sequencing primer.
  • Each primer contained a two base GC clamp on the 5′ end, and a single GC clamp on the 3′ end (Table 2), and all primers shared similar T m (+/ ⁇ 2° C.) (FIG. 10).
  • No hairpinning within the primer (internal hairpin stem ⁇ G> ⁇ 1.9 kcal/mol) was permitted.
  • Dimerization was also controlled; a 3 base maximum acceptable dimer was allowed, but it could occur in final six 3′ bases, and the maximum allowable ⁇ G for a 3′ dimer was ⁇ 2.0 kcal/mol. Additionally, a penalty was applied to primers in which the 3′ ends were too similar to others in the group, thus preventing cross-hybridization between one primer and the reverse complement of another.
  • Table 2 shows possible permutations of the 36 selected tetrads providing two 5′ and a single 3′ G/C clamp. The internal positions are composed of remaining tetrads. This results in 8 ⁇ 19 ⁇ 19 ⁇ 19 ⁇ 9 permutations, or 493,848 possible combinations.
  • FIG. 10 shows first pass, T m based selection of acceptable primers, reducing field of 493,848 primers to 56,246 candidates with T m of 64 to 66° C.
  • TABLE 3 The probability of perfect sequence matches for primers increases with decreasing match length requirements and increasing size of the genome of interest.
  • the probability of finding a 16 base perfect match is 97% for the sequences in the NCBI database (approximately 100 times larger than the Adenovirus genome).
  • the probability of finding a 17 base perfect match to a 20 base primer is 99% for the sequences in the human genome (3 billion bases).
  • the immobilized product would lack a sequencing primer binding site, and would result in an empty PicoTiter plate (PTP) well. If the CHR out-competed the bead-bound primer, the sequencing primer would still be present, and the only effect would be a shorter insert. Neither result would unduly compromise the sequencing quality. Given the large amount of genomic material used in the sample preparation process (currently 25 ⁇ g, containing 5.29 ⁇ 10 16 copies of the 35 Kb Adenovirus genome), oversampling can be used to provide fragments that lack the complete CHR, and allow standard PCR amplification of the region in question.
  • the purpose of the Nebulization step is to fragment a large stretch of DNA such as a whole genome or a large portion of a genome into smaller molecular species that are amenable to DNA sequencing.
  • This population of smaller-sized DNA species generated from a single DNA template is referred to as a library.
  • Nebulization shears double-stranded template DNA into fragments ranging from 50 to 900 base pairs.
  • the sheared library contains single-stranded ends that are end-repaired by a combination of T4 DNA polymerase, E. coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment), and T4 polynucleotide kinase.
  • Both T4 and Klenow DNA polymerases are used to “fill-in” 3′ recessed ends (5′ overhangs) of DNA via their 5′-3′ polymerase activity.
  • the single-stranded 3′-5′ exonuclease activity of T4 and Klenow polymerases will remove 3′ overhang ends and the kinase activity of T4 polynucleotide kinase will add phosphates to 5′ hydroxyl termini.
  • gDNA genomic DNA
  • 10 mM TE 10 mM Tris, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.6; see reagent list at the end of section.
  • the DNA was analyzed for contamination by measuring the O.D. 260/280 ratio, which was 1.8 or higher.
  • the final gDNA concentration was expected to be approximately 300 ⁇ g/ml.
  • reaction mixture was placed in an ice-cold nebulizer (CIS-US, Bedford, Mass.).
  • the recovered sample was purified using a QIAquick column (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, Calif.) according to manufacturer's directions. The large volume required the column to be loaded several times.
  • the sample was eluted with 30 ⁇ l of Buffer EB (10 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.5; supplied in Qiagen kit) which was pre-warmed at 55° C.
  • Nebulization of DNA templates yields many fragments of DNA with frayed ends. These ends are made blunt and ready for ligation to adaptor fragments by using three enzymes, T4 DNA polymerase, E. coli DNA polymerase (Klenow fragment) and T4 polynucleotide kinase.
  • step 2 The solution of step 1 was mixed well and incubated at 25° C. for 10 minutes in a MJ thermocycler (any accurate incubator may be used).
  • the treated DNA was purified using a QiaQuick column and eluted with 30 ⁇ l of Buffer EB (10 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.5) which was pre-warmed at 55° C.
  • genomic DNA libraries isolated in size ranges ⁇ 250 bp can be physically isolated from the agarose gel and purified using standard gel extraction techniques. Gel isolation of the adapted gDNA library will result in the recovery of a library population in a size range that is ⁇ 250 bp (size range of library can be varied depending on application).
  • the library size range after ligation of adapters is 130 to 980 bp. It should be noted that the procedure may be adapted for isolation of any band size range, such as, for example, 130 to 200 bp, 200 to 400 bp, 250 to 500 bp, 300 to 600 bp, 500 to 700 bp and the like by cutting different regions of the gel. The procedure described below was used to isolated fragments of 250 bp to 500 bp.
  • a 150 ml agarose gel was prepared to include 2% agarose, 1 ⁇ TBE, and 4.5 ⁇ l ethidium bromide (10 mg/ml stock).
  • the ligated DNA was mixed with 10 ⁇ Ready Load Dye and loaded onto the gel.
  • 10 ⁇ l of a 100-bp ladder (0.1 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l) was loaded on two lanes away from the ligation reaction flanking the sample.
  • the gel was electrophoresed at 100 V for 3 hours. When the gel run was complete, the gel was removed from the gel box, transferred to a GelDoc, and covered with plastic wrap.
  • the DNA bands were visualized using the Prep UV light.
  • the gel slices were placed in a 15 ml falcon tube.
  • the agarose-embedded gDNA library was isolated using a Qiagen MinElute Gel Extraction kit. Aliquots of each isolated gDNA library were analyzed using a BioAnalyzer DNA 1000 LabChip to assess the exact distribution of the gDNA library population.
  • PB from the QiaQuick Purification kit
  • 9 ⁇ l of 20% acetic acid were mixed.
  • the beads in 250 ⁇ l Melt Solution were pelleted using a Dynal MPC and the supernatant was carefully removed and transferred to the freshly prepared PB/acetic acid solution.
  • DNA from the 1500 ⁇ l solution was purified using a single MinElute purification spin column. This was performed by loading the sample through the same column twice at 750 ⁇ l per load.
  • the single stranded gDNA library was eluted with 15 ⁇ l of Buffer EB which was pre-warmed at 55° C.
  • Single-stranded gDNA was quantitated using RNA Pico 6000 LabChip as described in Example 1.
  • the single stranded library was quantitated by a second assay to ensure the initial Agilent 2100 quantitation was performed accurately.
  • RiboGreen quantitation was performed as described (ssDNA Quantitation by Fluorometry) to confirm the Agilent 2100 quantitation. If the two estimates differed by more than 3 fold, each analysis was repeated. If the quantitation showed greater than a 3 fold difference between the two procedures, a broader range of template to bead was used.
  • FIG. 9A Typical results from Agilent 2100 DNA 1000 LabChip analysis of 1 ⁇ l of the material following Nebulization and polishing are shown in FIG. 9A. The size range distribution of the majority of the product was expected to fall around 50 to 900 base pairs. The mean size (top of peak) was expected to be approximately 450 bp. Typical results from gel purification of adaptor ligated library fragments are shown in FIG. 9B.
  • reagents listed in the Examples represent standard reagents that are commercially available.
  • Klenow, T4 DNA polymerase, T4 DNA polymerase buffer, T4 PNK, T4 PNK buffer, Quick T4 DNA Ligase, Quick Ligation Buffer, Bst DNA polymerase (Large Fragment) and ThermoPol reaction buffer are available from New England Biolabs (Beverly, Mass.).
  • dNTP mix is available from Pierce (Rockford, Ill.).
  • Agarose, UltraPure TBE, BlueJuice gel loading buffer and Ready-Load 100 bp DNA ladder may be purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • Ethidium Bromide and 2-Propanol may be purchased from Fisher (Hampton, N.H.).
  • RNA Ladder may be purchased from Ambion (Austin, Tex.).
  • Other reagents are either commonly known and/or are listed below:
  • Melt Solution Ingredient Quantity Required Vendor Stock Number NaCl (5 M) 200 ⁇ l Invitrogen 24740-011 NaOH (10 N) 125 ⁇ l Fisher SS255-1 molecular biology 9.675 ml Eppendorf 0032-006-205 grade water
  • the Melt Solution included 100 mM NaCl, and 125 mM NaOH. The listed reagents were combined and mixed thoroughly. The solution could be stored at RT for six months.
  • the 2 ⁇ B&W buffer included final concentrations of 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, and 2 M NaCl.
  • the listed reagents were combined by combined and mixed thoroughly. The solution could be stored at RT for 6 months.
  • the 1 ⁇ B&W buffer was prepared by mixing 2 ⁇ B&W buffer with picopure H 2 O, 1:1. The final concentrations was half of that listed the above, i.e., 5 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 0.5 mM EDTA, and 1 M NaCl.
  • T4 DNA Polymerase Buffer 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM dithiothreitol (pH 7.9 @ 25° C.).
  • TE 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA.
  • Nebulization Buffer Ingredient Quantity Required Vendor Stock Number Glycerol 53.1 ml Sigma G5516 molecular biology 42.1 ml Eppendorf 0032-006-205 grade water UltraPure Tris-HCl 3.7 ml Invitrogen 15567-027 (pH 7.5, 1M) EDTA (0.5M) 1.1 ml Sigma M-10228
  • ATP 10 mM: Ingredient Quantity Required Vendor Stock Number ATP (100 mM) 10 ⁇ l Roche 1140965 molecular biology 90 ⁇ l Eppendorf 0032-006-205 grade water
  • the 10 ⁇ Annealing Buffer included 200 mM Tris (pH 7.5) and 50 mM magnesium acetate.
  • 200 ml of Tris was added to 500 ml picopure H 2 O.
  • 10.72 g of magnesium acetate was added to the solution and dissolved completely.
  • the solution was adjusted to a final volume of 1000 ml.
  • the solution could be stored at 4° C. for six months. To avoid the potential for contamination of libraries, the buffer was aliquotted for single or short-term usage.
  • Adaptor “A” (400 ⁇ M): Quantity Ingredient Req. Vendor Stock No. Adaptor A (sense; HPLC- 10.0 ⁇ l IDT custom purified, phosphorothioate linkages, 44 bp, 1000 pmol/ ⁇ l) Adaptor A (antisense; HPLC- 10.0 ⁇ l IDT custom purified, Phosphorothioate linkages, 40 bp, 1000 pmol/ ⁇ l) Annealing buffer (10 ⁇ ) 2.5 ⁇ l 454 Corp. previous table molecular biology grade water 2.5 ⁇ l Eppendorf 0032-006-205
  • Adaptor “B” (400 ⁇ M): Quantity Ingredient Req. Vendor Stock No. Adaptor B (sense; HPLC- 10 ⁇ l IDT Custom purified, phosphorothioate linkages, 40 bp, 1000 pmol/ ⁇ l)) Adaptor B (anti; HPLC-purified, 10 ⁇ l IDT Custom phosphorothioate linkages, 5′Biotinylated, 44 bp, 1000 pmol/ ⁇ l) Annealing buffer (10X) 2.5 ⁇ l 454 Corp. previous table molecular biology grade water 2.5 ⁇ l Eppendorf 0032-006-205
  • Acetic Acid Quantity Ingredient Required Vendor Stock Number acetic acid, glacial 2 ml Fisher A35-500 molecular biology grade water 8 ml Eppendorf 0032-006-205
  • MinElute kit hypertext transfer protocol://world wide web.qiagen.com/literature/handbooks/minelute/1016839_HBMinElute_Prot_Gel.pdf.
  • BioAnalyzer DNA and RNA LabChip Usage (Agilent): hypertext transfer protocol://world wide web.agilent.com/chem/labonachip
  • BioAnalyzer RNA 6000 Ladder (Ambion): hypertext transfer protocol://world wide web.ambion.com/techlib/spec/sp — 7152.pdf

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