JP6161289B2 - 種子油組成物 - Google Patents
種子油組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6161289B2 JP6161289B2 JP2012287829A JP2012287829A JP6161289B2 JP 6161289 B2 JP6161289 B2 JP 6161289B2 JP 2012287829 A JP2012287829 A JP 2012287829A JP 2012287829 A JP2012287829 A JP 2012287829A JP 6161289 B2 JP6161289 B2 JP 6161289B2
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Description
しかしながら、油の硬化は、望ましくないトランス−脂肪酸の濃度を増加させる。したがって、組成物中の脂肪酸の全重量に対して約1重量%未満の濃度のトランス−脂肪酸および向上した安定性を有する本発明の特定の油組成物が有利である。
この節は、各組成物の酸化安定性および脂肪酸含有量の点で油組成物を説明する。
本発明の種々の油組成物は、種々の非動物性起源から抽出された油である。有利なことに、本発明の組成物は、公知の油組成物よりも高い安定性を有している。
油のOSI値に影響する数多くの因子が存在するが、この値は、油安定性についての半定量的予測を与える他の尺度とともに有用である。
上で議論したように、低含有量の飽和脂肪酸および高い安定性を有する油がフライその他の高温アプリケーションに有用である。本発明の方法を用いて、リノール酸またはその誘導体、組成物中の脂肪酸またはそれらの誘導体の全重量に対して約3重量%未満のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体を含み、約2.0未満のアニシジン値を有する非硬化植物性油組成物を調製でき、ここに、前記組成物は非海藻油から誘導される。もうひとつの具体例において、前記油組成物は、アーモンド (almond)、アボカド (avocado)、ババシュ (babassu)、ボラジ (borage)、ブラックカラント種子 (blackcurrant seed)、カノーラ (canola)、トウゴマ (castor bean)、ココナッツ (coconut)、コーン (corn)、綿実 (cottonseed)、エキウム (Echium)、イブニングプリムローズ (evening primrose)、亜麻種子 (flax seed)、グズベリー (gooseberry)、ブドウ種子 (grapeseed)、グラウンドナッツ (groundnut)、ヘーゼルナッツ (hazelnut)、亜麻仁 (linseed)、マスタード (mustard)、オリーブ (olive)、パーム (palm)、パーム核 (palm kernel)、ピーナッツ (peanut)、ペリーラ (perilla)、松の実 (pine seed)、ケシの実 (poppy seed)、カボチャの種 (pumpkin seed)、ナタネ (rapeseed)、レッドカラント (redcurrant)、米ぬか (rice bran)、サフラワー (safflower)、ゴマの実 (sesame seed)、ダイズ (soybean)、ヒマワリ (sunflower)、茶 (tea)、クルミ (walnut)、または小麦胚芽 (wheat germ) の油から誘導される。さらなる具体例において、前記油組成物は、海洋性油以外の油から誘導される。
好ましくは、前記油組成物のALA 含有量は、組成物中の脂肪酸の全重量に対して約2.0重量%から約3.0重量%;組成物中の脂肪酸の全重量に対して約2.2重量%から約3.0重量%;組成物中の脂肪酸の全重量に対して約2.2重量%から約2.8重量%;組成物中の脂肪酸の全重量に対して約2.6重量%から約2.8重量%である。
従来のダイズ油に存在する以上のオレイン酸を含み、硬化の必要なく、フライ温度にて熱および酸化安定の油を提供することがよく望まれる。本発明のひとつの具体例において、ダイズ油組成物は、組成物中の脂肪酸またはそれらの誘導体の全重量に対して、約55から約85重量%のオレイン酸またはその誘導体、約2から約35重量%のリノール酸またはその誘導体、および約1、2、3、4、5、6、7または8重量%を超えないα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体を含む。もうひとつの具体例において、約0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0または8.0重量%を超えないα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体が、ダイズ油組成物中に存在する。好ましい具体例において、約4重量%を超えないα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体、および1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、または10重量%未満の飽和脂肪酸またはその誘導体が、ダイズ油組成物中に存在する。
いくつかのアプリケーションにおいて、ダイズ油が従来のダイズ油と比較して相対的に高いステアリン酸 (C18:0) 含有量、約5重量%のステアリン酸を含むことが望まれる。本発明のひとつの具体例において、ダイズ油組成物は、組成物中の脂肪酸またはそれらの誘導体の全重量に対して、約20から約30重量%のステアリン酸またはその誘導体、約5、10、15、20、25、30、35または40重量%未満のリノール酸またはその誘導体、約5、10、15、20、25または30重量%未満のオレイン酸またはその誘導体、約8重量%を超えないα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体、および約10重量%未満のパルミチン酸またはその誘導体を含む。ひとつの具体例において、前記組成物は、約1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9または10重量%のパルミチン酸またはその誘導体を含有する。もうひとつの具体例において、前記組成物は、約1、2、3、4、5、6、7または8重量%のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体を含有する。
安定化化合物を添加することなく油組成物の酸化安定性を促進させるとともに、油組成物は安定化剤をさらに含み得る。安定化剤は、一般に、開始期を延長し、成長期の開始を遅延させるために、油組成物に添加される。安定化剤は、安定化剤が添加されていない油の成長期の時間と比較して、約15倍以上まで成長期の開始を遅延させる。特定の安定化剤の特性に依存して、これらの化合物は、異なる作用モードを有する。いくつかの安定化剤は、金属その他の触媒種をキレートし、さもなくば、油のトリグリセリドと相互作用し、油の酸化速度を上昇させる。他の安定化剤は、抗酸化剤分子として作用し、トリグリセリドの脂肪酸をパーオキシドに酸化し、今度は、節I.Aで詳説したように他の脂肪酸で酸化する。
概略、以下のステップを用いて種子油を加工する:準備 (preparation)、破砕および剥皮 (cracking and dehulling)、調節 (conditioning)、粉砕 (milling)、フレーク化すなわち圧搾 (flaking or pressing)、抽出 (extracting)、精錬 (degumming)、精製 (refining)、漂白および脱臭 (bleaching and deodorizing)。これらのステップの各々は、後でより詳細に説明する。市場アプリケーションで現在用いられている各ステップのプロセスを詳細に説明する。当業者は、これらのステップを組合せたり、異なる順序で用いたり、改良したりすることを知っているであろう。
いくつかの場合、調節ステップは、高PUFAレベルの種子に対しては、酸素暴露を最小限化し、低めの温度の条件下で行う。
揮発物質を脱臭器からはき出すためのアゼオトロープまたはキャリアガスとして用いる窒素または蒸気ストリッピングの助けによって、トリグリセリドから分離できる。
一般に、油組成物を貯蔵する場合、脂肪酸のさらなる酸化を最小限化することが有利である。さらなる酸化を最小限化するひとつのやり方は、油を暗闇または実質的に不透明な容器中に貯蔵して、好ましくは、不活性ガスの存在下でそれらを適度な温度に保つことである。好ましくは、油は、貯蔵条件および/または安定化剤と対となり、油の風味、臭い、色などの転換を阻害する安定特性を有することである。
あるいは、油は、冷蔵下、少なくとも1月間貯蔵でき;さらに、油は、冷蔵下、少なくとも約2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11または12月間以上貯蔵できる。もうひとつの具体例において、油は、魚、海藻またはオキアミのごとき海洋性油以外の起源に由来する。この節の方法のさらなる具体例において、油は、ブラックカラント油、ボリジ油、エキウム油、イブニングプリムローズ油、グズベリー油、麻油、またはレッドカラント油以外の植物性油から誘導される。
節Iに記載した油組成物のいずれを含む食品も調製できる。ひとつの具体例において、食品または疑似食品は、約8〜10重量%のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体を含むダイズ油で揚げた同一の食品または疑似食品の値と比較して、非常に良好な風味品質を有し、ここに、風味品質は標準化官能評価によって決定される。もうひとつの具体例において、前記油は、約8〜10重量%のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体およびそれ以外は同一の組成を含む油の値と比較して、著しく低下した室内臭気強度を有し、ここに、総合室内臭気強度における有意差は標準化官能評価で得られた1.0を超える差異によって示される。
さらに、この方法は、約8〜10重量%のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体およびそれ以外は同一の組成を含む油で揚げた同一の食品または疑似食品の値と比較して、非常に良好な風味品質を有する食品または疑似食品を製造し、ここに、風味品質は標準化官能評価によって決定される。有利なことは、フライ方法に用いる油は、約8〜10重量%のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体およびそれ以外は同一の組成を含む油の値と比較して、著しく低下した総合室内臭気強度を有し、ここに、総合室内臭気強度における有意差は標準化官能評価で得られた1.0を超える差異によって示される。
節Iに記載の方法を用いて加工した油を、評価の最終製品としてトルティアチップを用いるフライアプリケーションにおいて評価した。市場での人気、ポテトチップに対する試験実施の容易性、およびその高油吸収度に基づき、トルティアチップが選ばれた。油は、3種の市販のフライ油の選択肢(ひとつがコーン、2つがダイズ)と比較した。トルティアチップおよび油を、24時間のフライの間、頻繁に収集した。分析および官能試験をそのサンプルに対して行った。棚寿命エージング (shelf life age)を受けていない油およびトルティアチップについての官能評価の結果を以下にまとめる。
官能性結果
官能性パネリストたちは、サンプル間の際を検知することができた。
フライ油順は、フライ時間とともに変化したが、試験された全ての油につき、許容範囲に維持された。
トルティアチップ属性は、容易に感知できるほど、フライ時間によって変化しなかった。
トルティアチップ属性は、全ての油にわたって、重要な属性のほとんどについて、許容範囲であった。
差異がある場合、低ALA 油が、試験に含まれる市販のダイズよりも良かった。
パート1.原料
抗酸化剤が存在するかしないかだけが異なる、2種の低ALA油サンプルを試験した。ADM由来の3つの異なる市販フライ油を実験に選んだ。トルティアチップフライアプリケーションにおいて大量に用いられていることから、工業規格コーン油が選ばれた。頻繁に交換される軽いフライアプリケーションに適しているといわれるダイズ油が、実験選択肢との直接比較のため、選ばれた。3番目の市販油は、長いフライ寿命を意図した高い分解抵抗の部分硬化ダイズ油である。このレポートの全体を通して用いられるコードシステムは、PHS = 部分硬化ダイズ、LLSY = 抗酸化剤入り低ALAダイズおよび LLSN = 抗酸化剤なし低ALA ダイズである。
実験の開始時に、965gの油をフライヤーに入れた。この量は内部に印されたフィルラインに届くのに必要な量である。各日、フライを開始する前に30分間、フライヤーを予備加熱した。フライヤーロード比(チップ重量対油重量)は、市場でのフライ操作データに基づいた。フライ条件は、180℃にて1分間であった。フライの第1日目には15分毎に、それ以降の日は1時間毎に、コントローラの温度の読みを記録した。
油の官能解析
総合油臭気強度および異臭強度を油サンプルについて測定した。総合油臭気強度は、全ての収集期間にて全ての油について、許容範囲であった。どの所定のサンプリング時間(フライ油エージ)内でも、油のタイプ間の差異は小さく、統計的に有意ではなかった。油臭気の強度は、時刻ゼロと6時間後の間で上昇し、最大の変化が時刻ゼロと3時間後の間で発生した。部分硬化ダイズについて9から12時間のフライ間であった以外、全ての油について6から9時間のフライ間に、臭気はプラトーに達した。
トルティアチップについて10種の異なる属性を測定した。時刻ゼロは、フライ時間の関数で発生した変化についてのみ参照点として測定した。市場での実施では、時刻ゼロは決して存在しないであろう;それゆえ、記載がないかぎり、官能結果の考察は時刻ゼロを除外する。サンプリング時間内もサンプリング時間間もパネリストが差異を見いだせなかったので、サクサク感は解析から外された。したがって、3〜24時間のフライ時間にわたって測定された全部で9つの属性が残った。
Claims (6)
- 組成物中の脂肪酸またはその誘導体の全重量に対して、2〜35重量%のリノール酸またはその誘導体、55〜85重量%のオレイン酸またはその誘導体および3重量%未満のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体を含む精製され、漂白され、脱臭されたダイズ油組成物を製造する方法であって、該組成物は2未満のアニシジン値を有し;
粗製油を精錬して精錬油を形成し;
該精錬油を漂白して漂白油を形成し;
該漂白油を、連続式脱臭器中、0.1kPa未満の圧力、250℃〜280℃の温度にて30分までの滞留時間、脱臭および物理精製して油組成物を形成することを含む、方法。 - 組成物中の脂肪酸またはその誘導体の全重量に対して1重量%未満のトランス−脂肪酸を含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 組成物に安定化剤が添加されていないとき、0.3meq/kg未満のパーオキシド値を有する、請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 組成物中の脂肪酸またはその誘導体の全重量に対して、80重量%を超えないオレイン酸またはその誘導体、および少なくとも800ppmのトコフェロールを含む、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも850ppm以上のトコフェロールを含む、請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 2.2から2.8重量%のα-リノレン酸またはその誘導体を含む、請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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