JP5485858B2 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5485858B2 JP5485858B2 JP2010246202A JP2010246202A JP5485858B2 JP 5485858 B2 JP5485858 B2 JP 5485858B2 JP 2010246202 A JP2010246202 A JP 2010246202A JP 2010246202 A JP2010246202 A JP 2010246202A JP 5485858 B2 JP5485858 B2 JP 5485858B2
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- Prior art keywords
- transistor
- potential
- oxide semiconductor
- layer
- reset
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/011—Manufacture or treatment of image sensors covered by group H10F39/12
- H10F39/026—Wafer-level processing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
- H04N25/76—Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors
- H04N25/77—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components
- H04N25/778—Pixel circuitry, e.g. memories, A/D converters, pixel amplifiers, shared circuits or shared components comprising amplifiers shared between a plurality of pixels, i.e. at least one part of the amplifier must be on the sensor array itself
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B10/00—Static random access memory [SRAM] devices
- H10B10/18—Peripheral circuit regions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/6729—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes
- H10D30/673—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes characterised by the shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of the gate electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/674—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the active materials
- H10D30/6755—Oxide semiconductors, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide or cadmium stannate
- H10D30/6756—Amorphous oxide semiconductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D86/00—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates
- H10D86/201—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates the substrates comprising an insulating layer on a semiconductor body, e.g. SOI
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D86/00—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates
- H10D86/40—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates characterised by multiple TFTs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D86/00—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates
- H10D86/40—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates characterised by multiple TFTs
- H10D86/421—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates characterised by multiple TFTs having a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer
- H10D86/423—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates characterised by multiple TFTs having a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer comprising semiconductor materials not belonging to the Group IV, e.g. InGaZnO
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D86/00—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates
- H10D86/40—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates characterised by multiple TFTs
- H10D86/60—Integrated devices formed in or on insulating or conducting substrates, e.g. formed in silicon-on-insulator [SOI] substrates or on stainless steel or glass substrates characterised by multiple TFTs wherein the TFTs are in active matrices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F30/00—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors
- H10F30/10—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices being sensitive to infrared radiation, visible or ultraviolet radiation, and having no potential barriers, e.g. photoresistors
- H10F30/15—Individual radiation-sensitive semiconductor devices in which radiation controls the flow of current through the devices, e.g. photodetectors the devices being sensitive to infrared radiation, visible or ultraviolet radiation, and having no potential barriers, e.g. photoresistors comprising amorphous semiconductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/10—Integrated devices
- H10F39/12—Image sensors
- H10F39/18—Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor [CMOS] image sensors; Photodiode array image sensors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
- H10F39/8037—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor
- H10F39/80377—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements the integrated elements comprising a transistor characterised by the channel of the transistor, e.g. channel having a doping gradient
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/806—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the image sensors
- H10F39/8063—Microlenses
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Thin Film Transistor (AREA)
- Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
- Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
- Metal-Oxide And Bipolar Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuits (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010246202A JP5485858B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2010-11-02 | 半導体装置 |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009255271 | 2009-11-06 | ||
| JP2009255271 | 2009-11-06 | ||
| JP2010246202A JP5485858B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2010-11-02 | 半導体装置 |
Related Child Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012274255A Division JP2013093594A (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2012-12-17 | 半導体装置 |
| JP2014030243A Division JP5701416B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2014-02-20 | 半導体装置 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2011119711A JP2011119711A (ja) | 2011-06-16 |
| JP2011119711A5 JP2011119711A5 (enExample) | 2013-12-12 |
| JP5485858B2 true JP5485858B2 (ja) | 2014-05-07 |
Family
ID=43969866
Family Applications (5)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010246202A Expired - Fee Related JP5485858B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2010-11-02 | 半導体装置 |
| JP2012274255A Withdrawn JP2013093594A (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2012-12-17 | 半導体装置 |
| JP2014030243A Active JP5701416B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2014-02-20 | 半導体装置 |
| JP2015028314A Expired - Fee Related JP6339508B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2015-02-17 | イメージセンサの作製方法 |
| JP2017080196A Withdrawn JP2017135410A (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2017-04-14 | イメージセンサ |
Family Applications After (4)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012274255A Withdrawn JP2013093594A (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2012-12-17 | 半導体装置 |
| JP2014030243A Active JP5701416B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2014-02-20 | 半導体装置 |
| JP2015028314A Expired - Fee Related JP6339508B2 (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2015-02-17 | イメージセンサの作製方法 |
| JP2017080196A Withdrawn JP2017135410A (ja) | 2009-11-06 | 2017-04-14 | イメージセンサ |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US8378391B2 (enExample) |
| EP (2) | EP3051588A1 (enExample) |
| JP (5) | JP5485858B2 (enExample) |
| KR (4) | KR101824123B1 (enExample) |
| CN (3) | CN104393007A (enExample) |
| TW (5) | TWI627737B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2011055626A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (165)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR101605984B1 (ko) | 2009-11-06 | 2016-03-23 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 |
| KR101824123B1 (ko) * | 2009-11-06 | 2018-02-01 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 |
| WO2011058913A1 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2011-05-19 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN102656690B (zh) | 2009-12-25 | 2016-04-20 | 株式会社半导体能源研究所 | 半导体装置 |
| KR101870119B1 (ko) | 2009-12-25 | 2018-06-25 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 |
| KR101613701B1 (ko) | 2009-12-25 | 2016-04-19 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 액정 표시 장치의 구동 방법 |
| KR20120099483A (ko) | 2010-01-15 | 2012-09-10 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 및 이를 구동하는 방법 |
| KR101832119B1 (ko) * | 2010-02-19 | 2018-02-26 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 |
| KR101820776B1 (ko) | 2010-02-19 | 2018-01-22 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 |
| KR101823853B1 (ko) * | 2010-03-12 | 2018-02-01 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 및 그 제작 방법 |
| US8664658B2 (en) | 2010-05-14 | 2014-03-04 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device |
| JP5763474B2 (ja) * | 2010-08-27 | 2015-08-12 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 光センサ |
| JP2012256821A (ja) | 2010-09-13 | 2012-12-27 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 記憶装置 |
| KR101843559B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-05 | 2018-03-30 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 촬상 기능을 구비한 표시 장치 및 그 구동 방법 |
| US9103724B2 (en) * | 2010-11-30 | 2015-08-11 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device comprising photosensor comprising oxide semiconductor, method for driving the semiconductor device, method for driving the photosensor, and electronic device |
| DE102011101835A1 (de) * | 2011-05-16 | 2012-11-22 | Arnold & Richter Cine Technik Gmbh & Co. Betriebs Kg | Bildsensor |
| TWI534956B (zh) * | 2011-05-27 | 2016-05-21 | 半導體能源研究所股份有限公司 | 調整電路及驅動調整電路之方法 |
| CN107419225B (zh) | 2011-06-08 | 2020-08-04 | 株式会社半导体能源研究所 | 溅射靶材、溅射靶材的制造方法及薄膜形成方法 |
| JP6024103B2 (ja) * | 2011-06-30 | 2016-11-09 | ソニー株式会社 | 撮像素子、撮像素子の駆動方法、撮像素子の製造方法、および電子機器 |
| US9200952B2 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2015-12-01 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device comprising a photodetector and an analog arithmetic circuit |
| US8836626B2 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2014-09-16 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and method for driving the same |
| KR101962261B1 (ko) * | 2011-07-15 | 2019-03-26 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 및 반도체 장치의 구동 방법 |
| JP6076038B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-11 | 2017-02-08 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 表示装置の作製方法 |
| JP6081171B2 (ja) | 2011-12-09 | 2017-02-15 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 記憶装置 |
| JP5954983B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-21 | 2016-07-20 | キヤノン株式会社 | 撮像装置及び放射線撮像システム、並びに撮像装置の製造方法 |
| JP2013168926A (ja) * | 2012-01-18 | 2013-08-29 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 回路、センサ回路及びセンサ回路を用いた半導体装置 |
| JP6151530B2 (ja) * | 2012-02-29 | 2017-06-21 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | イメージセンサ、カメラ、及び監視システム |
| US9208849B2 (en) | 2012-04-12 | 2015-12-08 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and method for driving semiconductor device, and electronic device |
| US9236408B2 (en) | 2012-04-25 | 2016-01-12 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Oxide semiconductor device including photodiode |
| CN107833899B (zh) * | 2012-06-27 | 2021-11-19 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 固体摄像装置 |
| JP5965338B2 (ja) * | 2012-07-17 | 2016-08-03 | 出光興産株式会社 | スパッタリングターゲット、酸化物半導体薄膜及びそれらの製造方法 |
| TWI709244B (zh) * | 2012-09-24 | 2020-11-01 | 日商半導體能源研究所股份有限公司 | 半導體裝置 |
| KR102148549B1 (ko) | 2012-11-28 | 2020-08-26 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 표시 장치 |
| KR102831732B1 (ko) | 2013-01-16 | 2025-07-09 | 소니 세미컨덕터 솔루션즈 가부시키가이샤 | 고체 촬상 소자 및 전자 기기 |
| TWI614813B (zh) | 2013-01-21 | 2018-02-11 | 半導體能源研究所股份有限公司 | 半導體裝置的製造方法 |
| TWI612321B (zh) | 2013-02-27 | 2018-01-21 | 半導體能源研究所股份有限公司 | 成像裝置 |
| TWI617014B (zh) * | 2013-03-12 | 2018-03-01 | Sony Semiconductor Solutions Corp | Solid-state imaging device, manufacturing method, and electronic device |
| WO2014196107A1 (ja) * | 2013-06-04 | 2014-12-11 | パナソニック株式会社 | 薄膜トランジスタ素子とその製造方法及び表示装置 |
| US9379138B2 (en) | 2013-07-19 | 2016-06-28 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Imaging device with drive voltage dependent on external light intensity |
| DE112014006046T5 (de) * | 2013-12-27 | 2016-09-15 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Licht emittierende Vorrichtung |
| TWI660490B (zh) * | 2014-03-13 | 2019-05-21 | 日商半導體能源研究所股份有限公司 | 攝像裝置 |
| JP6595750B2 (ja) * | 2014-03-14 | 2019-10-23 | キヤノン株式会社 | 固体撮像装置及び撮像システム |
| TWI657488B (zh) * | 2014-03-20 | 2019-04-21 | 日商半導體能源研究所股份有限公司 | 半導體裝置、具有該半導體裝置的顯示裝置、具有該顯示裝置的顯示模組以及具有該半導體裝置、該顯示裝置和該顯示模組的電子裝置 |
| TWI656631B (zh) * | 2014-03-28 | 2019-04-11 | 日商半導體能源研究所股份有限公司 | 攝像裝置 |
| US9674470B2 (en) * | 2014-04-11 | 2017-06-06 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device, method for driving semiconductor device, and method for driving electronic device |
| JP6635670B2 (ja) * | 2014-04-11 | 2020-01-29 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置 |
| CN105097793B (zh) * | 2014-04-22 | 2018-03-16 | 中芯国际集成电路制造(北京)有限公司 | 一种集成电路的设计方法和集成电路 |
| KR102380829B1 (ko) * | 2014-04-23 | 2022-03-31 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 촬상 장치 |
| JP6260787B2 (ja) | 2014-05-23 | 2018-01-17 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 撮像装置 |
| US10157952B2 (en) | 2014-05-23 | 2018-12-18 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Imaging device including semiconductor substrate and unit pixel cell |
| JP6443667B2 (ja) * | 2014-05-23 | 2018-12-26 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 撮像装置 |
| KR102418666B1 (ko) * | 2014-05-29 | 2022-07-11 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 촬상 소자, 전자 기기, 촬상 소자의 구동 방법, 및 전자 기기의 구동 방법 |
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