JP5101790B2 - ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドを一体化させる構造体 - Google Patents
ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドを一体化させる構造体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5101790B2 JP5101790B2 JP2003518819A JP2003518819A JP5101790B2 JP 5101790 B2 JP5101790 B2 JP 5101790B2 JP 2003518819 A JP2003518819 A JP 2003518819A JP 2003518819 A JP2003518819 A JP 2003518819A JP 5101790 B2 JP5101790 B2 JP 5101790B2
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- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WOZZOSDBXABUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(butan-2-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-] WOZZOSDBXABUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZRDRRLQUBZPUOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(hydroxy)silane Chemical compound O[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl ZRDRRLQUBZPUOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1221—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths made from organic materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/02—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of crystals, e.g. rock-salt, semi-conductors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
- G02B1/045—Light guides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/32—Photonic crystals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
- Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
Description
本特許出願は、ここに出典明示して本明細書の一部とみなす、「ナノ‐ポリマー複合体への屈折率エンジニアリング」なる発明の名称のKambeらに対する同時係属米国仮特許出願シリアル番号60/309,887に対する優先権を主張する。
本発明は、当該粒子および当該ポリマーの間に結合を持つポリマー‐無機粒子複合体を含む、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドで形成された構造体に関する。本発明は、さらに、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドからの構造体の形成のための、自己‐組立のごとき加工アプローチに関する。加えて、本発明は、フォトン結晶のごとき、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドから形成されたデバイス、特に、光学デバイスに関する。
種々の分野における進歩は、多くのタイプの新しい材料について用途を作り出してきた。特に、種々の化学粉末は多くの異なる加工の意味で用いることができる。無機粉末は所望の機能を種々の意味において導入することができる。同様に、ポリマーを用いて多くの分野で種々のデバイスを形成することができる。適当な適用のための特性および/または機能性を供するために、ならびに処理において融通性を供するために種々のポリマーが入手できる。
第1の態様において、本発明は、その各々がポリマーを含む第1の光学材料および第2の光学材料の間の界面を含む光学構造体に関する。該第1の光学材料はポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドを含み、ここに、該ブレンドは、単離された場合に、電気的絶縁体または電気的導電体である無機粒子を含む。
多様な材料および構造体は、ポリマーおよび無機粒子を含むブレンドから形成することができる。特に、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドを、もう1つのブレンドであってもなくてもよいもう1つの材料と組み合わせて、異なる材料な間に適当な界面を持つ構造体を形成することができる。無機粉末および対応するポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドは、平坦なパネルディスプレイ、電子回路、光学およびエレクトロオプティカル材料、光デバイスおよび集積光学回路のごときデバイスの製造で用いることができる。いくつかの具体例において、ポリマーおよび無機粒子は化学的に結合させて、得られる複合体を安定化させる。光学材料および光学構造体の形成のためには、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンド材料は、光学材料の成分に基づく光学特性を有する。一般に、組成および粒子負荷を選択することによって、ブレンドの光学特性のごとき特性を対応して選択することができる。望ましい光学構造体は、ポリマー/無機‐粒子ブレンドと、もう1つのポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドのごときもう1つのポリマー材料、または光学ガラスのごとき均一な無機材料との間に界面を含むことができる。具体的には、光学構造体は、一般に、異なる光学特性、例えば、屈折率を持つ光学材料の間の界面を含む。種々の処理アプローチを効果的に用いて、所望の光学構造体を形成することができる。ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドを一体化させた光学および非−光学デバイスを有利には形成することができる。注目するいくつかの構造体は、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドである1以上の材料にて材料中に周期変化を有する。
粒子‐無機粒子ブレンドは、得られるブレンドが無機粒子およびポリマー双方の態様を一体化させるように、ポリマーマトリックス全体に分布した無機粒子を含む。無機粒子はポリマーに化学的に結合してもしなくてもよい。無機粒子のポリマーへの結合は、ポリマーとの結合のために無機粒子の表面を活性化するのに用いられるリンカーを含み得る。適当なブレンドは、特定の適用に応じて、低い粒子負荷または高い粒子負荷いずれかを含むことができる。同様に、ポリマー成分および無機粒子成分の組成物は、得られるブレンド゛の所望の特性を達成するように選択することができる。ブレンド、特にポリマー‐無機粒子複合体は組み合わされた成分の相乗効果を表わすことができる。
一般にいずれかの合理的な無機粒子を用いて、ブレンドを形成することができる。いくつかの具体例において、粒子は約1ミクロン以下の平均直径を有する。注目するいくつかの適用では、粒子の組成は、複合体に所望の特性を付与するように選択される。かくして、例えば、光学材料の形成においては、ポリマーおよび無機粒子双方の光学特性は重要であり得る。複合体材料の屈折率は、おおまか、かなり高い粒子重量負荷に対する無機粒子およびポリマーの屈折率の重量比率に基づく線形組合せであると予測される。
いくつかの異なるタイプのナノスケール粒子がレーザー熱分解によって製造されてきた。本明細書中で用いるごとく、無機粒子はフレーレン、黒鉛およびカーボンブラックのごとき炭素質固体としての炭素粒子を含む。光反応蒸着用のそのようなナノスケール粒子は、一般に、変化する相対的割合で存在する多数の異なる元素を持つ組成物を含むものとして特徴付けることができ、ここに、該数および該相対的割合はナノスケール粒子についての適用に基づいて選択される。(恐らくは、熱処理のごときさらなる処理で)製造されてきた、あるいはレーザー熱分解による生産につき詳細に記載されてきた材料は、例えば、炭素粒子、ケイ素、アモルファスSiO2、ドープされたSiO2、結晶性二酸化ケイ素、チタン酸化物(アナターゼおよびルチルTiO2)、MnO、Mn2O3、Mn3O4、Mn5O8、酸化バナジウム、酸化バナジウム銀、酸化マグネシウムリチウム、酸化アルミニウム(γ‐Al2O3、デルタ‐Al2O3およびシータ‐Al2O3)、ドープされた結晶性およびアモルファスアルミナ、酸化スズ、酸化亜鉛、希土類金属酸化物粒子、希土類のドープされた金属/メタロイド酸化物粒子、希土類金属/メタロイド硫化物、希土類のドープされた金属/メタロイド硫化物、銀金属、鉄、酸化鉄、炭化鉄、硫化鉄(Fe1-xS)、酸化セリウム、酸化ジリコニウム、チタン酸バリウム(BaTiO3)、ケイ酸アルミニウム、チタン酸アルミニウム、酸化ケイ素、チッ化ケイ素、および錯体アニオン、例えば、ホスフェート、シリケートおよびスルフェートとの金属/メタロイド化合物を含む。特に、光学材料の製造に適した多くの材料はレーザー熱分解によって製造することができる。ある範囲の組成を有するコーティングとしてのレーザー熱分解および対応する蒸着による粒子の製造は、さらに、ここに、出典明示して本明細書の一部とみなす「光学構造体の三次元エンジニアリング」なる発明の名称のBiらに対する同時係属し共通に譲渡された米国特許出願10/027,906に記載されている。
ブレンドの形成は、得られたブレンドが単一の材料を形成するように、ポリマー材料内に粒子を分配することを含む。粒子をポリマー材料と組み合わせる前にあるいは無機粒子またはそのいくつかの組合せの存在下で、重合プロセスを行なうことができる。特定のブレンドを形成するための方法は、一般に、粒子が混合物としてポリマーマトリックスバインダー内に簡単に分散されるか否か、あるいは粒子の少なくともいくらかが複合体としてポリマーに共有結合するか否かに依存する。ブレンドを形成する方法は、特に複合体の形成のために無機粒子を分散させることを含むことできる。もし複合体が形成されれば、リンカー分子を用いて、ポリマーおよび無機粒子を連結されることができる。リンカー、無機粒子およびポリマーを結合させる順序は、便利なプロセスが得られるように選択することができる。
ブレンドはそれ自体で独立している構造体に形成できるが、注目する構造体は、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドおよびもう1つの材料の間に界面を含むことができる。界面における他の材料はそれ自体がポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドであってもなくてもよい。界面は、平らな表面に沿って、拡大された材料のエッジに沿って、および/または他のタイプの表面(単純または複雑)に沿ってとすることができる。注目するいくつかの具体例において、ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドは光学材料である。これらの具体例において、他の材料は、界面が光学界面であるような光学材料とすることもできる。界面を特定の構造体に一体化させて、注目するデバイスを形成することができる。
波長選択的構成要素は、ネットワーク内で波長分割多重化を行なってバンド幅を増加させるのに有用である。適当な分散性エレメントは、例えば、回折格子、プリズムなどを含む。アレイド導波管格子は注目するもう1つの波長選択的構成要素である。アレイド導波管格子は2つのカプラーおよび導波管チャネルのアレイを含み、1つのカップリング導波管チャネルのアレイの各側にある。アレイド導波管格子の一般的原理は、ここに出典明示して本明細書の一部とみなす、「光学マルチプレキサー/デマルチプレキサー」なる発明の名称のDragoneに対する米国特許第5,002,350号にさらに記載されている。
アレイド導波管格子の具体例を図12に示す。アレイド導波管格子210はカプラー212、214および導波管216のアレイを含む。カプラー212は入力シグナルのアレイ216へのカップリングを供する。カプラー212において、アレイ216の導波管は強くカップリングする。カプラー212は、さらに、入力導波管218に連結される。1つの具体例において、カプラー212は、アレイ216および入力導波管218双方の各導波管コアの物理的拡大、およびシグナルが幾何学からカップリングするような、入力導波管218および均一な屈折率を持つアレイ導波管216の間のギャップであり得る。いくつかの具体例において、カプラー212は、アレイ216の各導波管に至る拡大された光学チャネル220を含む。
図16ないし19に示すごとく、屈折率は、周期的構造内で1つの値からもう1つの値へと段階的に変化する。しかしながら、粒子負荷を変化させることにって、および/または無機粒子の異なる組成を用いることによって、屈折率の連続的または漸次の段階的変化を達成することができる。屈折率の漸次の段階的変化は、屈折率の上限および下限の間の段階的変化に対して望ましい光学特性を有することができる。屈折率選択におけるそのような可溶性を用いて、例えば、周期的構造内の複数の段階的変化を用いることによって、距離の関数として屈折率の所望の連続的機能を近似することができる。特に、屈折率のほぼ正弦波変化を有するのが望ましいであろう。そのような構造は、いずれの高次の調波の存在もなくして単一反射ピークを生起すると予測される。少数の(好ましくは単一の)調波よりなる屈折率プロフィールを持つ実際の空間構造の結果、少数のまたは好ましくは単一のピークのみを含むに過ぎない反射スペクトルが得られる。屈折率の正弦波変化の振幅および波長のチューニングは、各々、光のスタック(構造)との相互作用の強さならびにスタックと相互作用する光の波長に影響する。
ポリマー−無機粒子ブレンドは、一般に、ポリマー加工のために開発された方法を用いて開発することができる。ブレンドについての加工アプローチを選択するにおいて、特定のブレンドの物理的特性ならびに得られた構造体の所望の形態に対して適切な考慮を払うことができる。関連する物理的特性は、例えば、粘度、溶解性、流動温度および安定性を含むが、特定の特性はある種の加工アプローチに関係するにすぎないであろう。特に、ポリマー−無機粒子ブレンドの形成の後にブレンドは、貯蔵および/または所望の構造体への形成のためにさらに加工することができる。その形成に続いてのブレンドのさらなる加工は溶媒中で行なっても行なわなくてもよい。ポリマー−無機粒子複合体の加工は、ポリマー−無機粒子混合物についての加工アプローチとは異なり得る。特に、複合体はより安定であるが、ポリマー−無機粒子混合物の加工は、ポリマー内の粒子の分布を維持するのに必要であろう。ポリマー−無機粒子ブレンドの加工には、界面の形成のための他の材料およびその中にポリマー−無機粒子ブレンドが一体化される構造体の他の構成要素についての加工アプローチを協調的に働かせることができる。
ルチルTiO2、アナターゼTiO2、および酸素欠乏青色TiO2粒子をレーザー熱分解によって製造した。反応は、図24ないし26に示したチャンバーに匹敵するチャンバー中で行なった。
slm=標準リットル/分
Ar−Win=流入口490、492を通るアルゴン流
Ar−Sld=スロット554、556を通るアルゴン流
表1中の条件下で製造した生成物ナノ粒子のX−線回折図を図27に示す。試料TiO2−1はルチルTiO2に対応するX−線回折図を有した。試料TiO2−2は試料TiO2−1と同様なX−線回折図を有した。試料TiO2−3はアナターゼTiO2に対応するX−線回折図を有した。図27におけるピークの広さは、試料1が他の2つの試料よりも結晶性が低いことを示す。試料TiO2−1のスペクトル中のいくつかのピークはアモルファス相に由来するように見える。また、混合された相粒子も製造することができる。図28は、粒子の典型的な透過型電子顕微鏡写真(TEM)を表わす。平均粒子サイズΦavは10ないし20nm程度である。2Φavを超える粒子は実質的に無い。
ポリ(アクリル酸)およびTiO2−3粉末とシランベースのリンカーとでの複合体の形成を本実施例に記載する。
粒子−Ti−OH+(CH3CH2O)3−SiCH2CH2CH2NH2→
粒子―Ti−O−Si(OCH2CH3)2CH2CH2CH2NH2
エトキシ基のさらなる連続的加水分解により、エーテル−タイプの結合を介する粒子に対するさらなるSi結合を形成することができる。シリル化試薬のいくらかの自己−重合は、特にもし過剰のシリル化試薬および水が存在すれば起こり得る。充分に懸濁されたAPTESを被覆したTiO2−3粒子は、溶媒/分散剤としてエタノールを用いて調製した。
ポリマー−COOH+H2N−...−Si−O−Ti−粒子→
ポリマー−CONH−...Si−O−Ti−粒子
複合体のフーリエ変換赤外スペクトルは、アミド結合に特徴的な周波数である1664cm−1における赤外吸収バンドを有した。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)イメージにより、TiO2−PAAナノ複合体の成功した合成が確認される。また、機能性化粒子から形成された複合体は、対応するポリ−無機粒子混合物よりも著しく高い熱安定性を呈した。
ポリアクリル酸およびチタニア粒子で形成された複合体では、粒子負荷および光学損失の関数としての屈折率を評価した。
Claims (10)
- 第1の光学材料と第2の光学材料とを含むと共に、周期的な構造を有する光学構造体であって、
それぞれの光学材料はポリマーを含んでおり、前記第1の光学材料は前記第2の光学材料との界面を含み、前記第1の光学材料は第1のポリマー−無機粒子ブレンドを含み、前記第2の光学材料は第2のポリマー−無機粒子ブレンドを含み、それぞれのブレンドは無機粒子を含み、
前記第1のポリマー−無機粒子ブレンド、及び/又は、前記第2のポリマー−無機粒子ブレンドが、無機粒子およびポリマーの少なくとも一部の間にリンカー化合物を介して化学結合を形成するポリマー−無機粒子複合体を含んでおり、
前記ポリマー−無機粒子複合体に含まれるポリマーが、自己組織化するブロック共重合体であり、
前記第1の光学材料は前記第2の光学材料とは異なる屈折率を有しており、本構造体の屈折率は、一次元で周期的に変動し、前記各ブレンドの屈折率は粒子負荷により、或いは無機粒子組成により、またはそれら両方により定まることを特徴とする光学構造体。 - 2つの光学材料の屈折率の差は少なくとも0.005であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の光学構造体。
- ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドは元素金属または元素メタロイド、すなわち、非イオン化元素、金属/メタロイド酸化物、金属/メタロイド窒化物、金属/メタロイド炭化物、金属/メタロイド硫化物またはそれらの組合せを含む無機粒子を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項1又は2のいずれかに記載の光学構造体。
- ポリマー‐無機粒子ブレンドはポリアミド(ナイロン)、ポリイミド、ポリカルボネート、ポリウレタン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアクリレート、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリ塩化ビニル、複素環ポリマー、ポリエステル、修飾されたポリオレフィン、ポリシラン、ポリシロキサン(シリコーン)ポリマー、およびそれらの共重合体および混合物よりなる群から選択されるポリマーを含んでいることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の光学構造体。
- 第1の光学材料は少なくとも約10重量%の無機粒子を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の光学構造体。
- 無機粒子は略100nm以下の平均粒径を有することを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の光学構造体。
- 無機粒子は金属酸化物粒子を含んでいることを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の光学構造体。
- 前記リンカー化合物は、2以上の官能基を有しており、当該リンカー化合物の1つの官能基は、無機粒子への化学結合に適するものであり、当該リンカー化合物のもう1つの官能基は、ポリマーとの共有結合に適するものである、ことを特徴とする請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の光学構造体。
- 無機粒子は略1ミクロン以下の平均粒径を有しており、該平均粒径の略4倍を超える粒径を有した無機粒子は本質的には存在しないことを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の光学構造体。
- 前記自己組織化するブロック共重合体は、
ポリスチレン‐ブロック‐ポリ(メタクリル酸メチル)、
ポリスチレン‐ブロック‐ポリアクリルアミド、及び、
ポリシロキサン‐ブロック‐ポリアクリレート
からなる群から選択される少なくとも一種であることを特徴とする請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の光学構造体。
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US30988701P | 2001-08-03 | 2001-08-03 | |
US60/309,887 | 2001-08-03 | ||
US10/083,967 | 2002-02-25 | ||
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PCT/US2002/024514 WO2003013846A1 (en) | 2001-08-03 | 2002-08-01 | Structures incorporating polymer-inorganic particle blends |
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AT (1) | ATE424992T1 (ja) |
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EP1417094A4 (en) | 2006-07-19 |
US20070208123A1 (en) | 2007-09-06 |
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US9448331B2 (en) | 2016-09-20 |
US20140084222A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
US20030031438A1 (en) | 2003-02-13 |
WO2003013846A1 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
US20120319053A1 (en) | 2012-12-20 |
ATE424992T1 (de) | 2009-03-15 |
US20110017952A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
TW576931B (en) | 2004-02-21 |
EP1417094B1 (en) | 2009-03-11 |
US8648136B2 (en) | 2014-02-11 |
US7226966B2 (en) | 2007-06-05 |
US7816439B2 (en) | 2010-10-19 |
JP2004537767A (ja) | 2004-12-16 |
US9000083B2 (en) | 2015-04-07 |
CN1555308A (zh) | 2004-12-15 |
US8623951B2 (en) | 2014-01-07 |
DE60231511D1 (de) | 2009-04-23 |
EP1417094A1 (en) | 2004-05-12 |
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