EP0272253A4 - Verfahren zur verbesserung der glykoproteinstabilität. - Google Patents

Verfahren zur verbesserung der glykoproteinstabilität.

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Publication number
EP0272253A4
EP0272253A4 EP19860902150 EP86902150A EP0272253A4 EP 0272253 A4 EP0272253 A4 EP 0272253A4 EP 19860902150 EP19860902150 EP 19860902150 EP 86902150 A EP86902150 A EP 86902150A EP 0272253 A4 EP0272253 A4 EP 0272253A4
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EP
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Prior art keywords
glcnac
gal
galβ1
protein
glcnacβ1
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French (fr)
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EP0272253A1 (de
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Michel Louis Eugene Bergh
Catherine S Hubbard
James R Rasmussen
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/107—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides
    • C07K1/1072—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides by covalent attachment of residues or functional groups
    • C07K1/1077—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length by chemical modification of precursor peptides by covalent attachment of residues or functional groups by covalent attachment of residues other than amino acids or peptide residues, e.g. sugars, polyols, fatty acids

Definitions

  • glycoproteins proteins with covalently bound sugars
  • the carbohydrate moieties of these glycoproteins can participate directly in the biological activity of the glycoproteins in a variety of ways: protection from proteolytic degradation, stabilization of protein conformation, and mediation of inter- and intracellular recognition.
  • glycoproteins include enzymes, serum proteins such as immunoglobulins and blood clotting factors, cell surface receptors for growth factors and infectious agents, hormones, toxins, lectins and structural proteins.
  • Natural and recombinant proteins are being used as tnerapeutic agents in humans and animals. In many cases a therapeutic protein will be most efficacious if it has an appreciable circulatory lifetime. At least four general mechanisms can contribute to a shortened circulatory lifetime for an exogenous protein: proteolytic degradation, clearance by the immune system if the protein is antigenie or immunogenic, clearance by cells of the liver or reticulo-endothelial system that recognize specific exposed sugar units on a glycoprotein, and clearance through the glomerular basement membrane of the kidney if the protein is of low molecular weight. The oligosaccharides of a glycoprotein can exert a strong effect on the first three of these clearance mechanisms.
  • the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins are attached to the polypeptide backbone by either N- or O-glycosidic linkages.
  • N-linked glycans there is an amide bond connecting the anomeric carbon (C-1) of a reducing-terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue of the oligosaccharide and a nitrogen of an aspara gine (Asn) residue of the polypeptide.
  • O-linked glyeans are attached via a glycosidic bond between N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), galactose (Gal), or xylose and one of several hydroxyamino acids, most commonly serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr), but also hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine in some cases.
  • the O-linked glycans in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are also attached to serine or threonine residues, but, unlike the glycans of animals, they consist of one to several ⁇ -linked mannose (Man) residues. Mannose residues have not been found in the O-linked oligosaccharides of animal cells.
  • O-Linked glycan synthesis is relatively simple, consisting of a step-by-step transfer of single sugar residues from nucleotide sugars by a series of specific glycosyltransferases.
  • the nucleotide sugars which function as the monosaccharide donors are uridine-diphospho-GalNAc (UDP-GalNAc), UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Gal , guanidinediphospho-fucose (GDP-Fuc), and cytidine-monophospho-sialic acid (CMP-SA).
  • UDP-GalNAc uridine-diphospho-GalNAc
  • UDP-GlcNAc UDP-GlcNAc
  • UDP-Gal guanidinediphospho-fucose
  • CMP-SA cytidine-monophospho-sialic acid
  • N-linked oligosaccharide assembly does not occur directly on the Asn residues of the protein, but rather involves preassembly of a lipid-linked precursor oligosaccharide which is then transferred to the protein during or very soon after its translation from mRNA.
  • This precursor oligosaccharide which has the composition Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 and the structure shown in Fig.
  • lipid-linked precursor is synthesized while attached via a pyrophosphate bridge to a polyisoprenoid carrier lipid, a dolichol.
  • This assembly is a complex process involving at least six distinct membrane-bound glycosyltransferases. Some of these enzymes transfer monosaccharides from nucleotide sugars, while others utilize dolichol-linked monosaccharides as sugar donors.
  • Another membrane-bound enzyme transfers it to sterically accessible Asn residues which occur as part of the sequence -Asn-X-Ser/Thr-. The requirement for steric accessibility is presumably responsible for the observation that denaturation is usually required for in vi tro transfer of precursor ol igosaccharide to exogenous protei ns.
  • Glycosylated Asn residues of newly-synthesized glycoproteins transiently carry only one type of oligosaccharide, Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 .
  • Modification, or "processing,” of this structure generates the great diversity of structures found on mature glycoproteins, and it is the variation in the type or extent of this processing which accounts for the observation that different cell types often glycosylate even the same polypeptide differently.
  • N-linked oligosaccharides is accomplished by the sequential action of a number of membrane-bound enzymes and begins immediately after transfer of the precursor oligosaccharide Glc,Man 9 -GlcNAc 2 to the protein.
  • N-linked oligosaccharide processing can be divided into three stages: removal of the three glucose residues, removal of a variable number of mannose residues, and addition of various sugar residues to the resulting trimmed "core," i.e., the Man 3 GlcNAc 2 portion of the original oligosaccharide closest to the polypeptide backbone.
  • a simplified outline of the processing pathway is shown in Fig. 2.
  • tne mannose residues of the Man 9 GlcNAc 2 moiety are bound by ⁇ 1—>2 linkages.
  • the arrow points toward the reducing terminus of an oligosaccharide, or in this case, toward the protein-bound end of the glycan; ⁇ or ⁇ indicate the anomeric configuration of the glycosidic bond; and the two numbers indicate which carbon atoms on each monosaccharide are involved in the bond.
  • the four ⁇ l—>2-linked mannose residues can be removed by Mannosidase I to generate N-linked Man 5-8 GlcNAc 2 , all of which are commonly found on vertebrate glycoproteins.
  • Oligosaccharides with the composition Man 5-9 GlcNAc 2 are said to be of the "high-mannose" type.
  • protein-linked Man 5 GlcNAc 2 can serve as a substrate for GlcNAc transferase I, which transfers a 01—>2-linked GlcNAc residue from UDP-GlcNAc to the ⁇ l—>3-linked mannose residue to form GlcNAcMan 5 GlcNAc 2 (Structure M-d) .
  • Mannosidase II can then complete the trimming phase of the processing pathway by removing two mannose residues to generate a protein-linked oligosaccharide with the composition GlcNAcMan 3 GlcNAc 2 (Structure M-e).
  • This structure is a substrate for GlcNAc transferase II, which can transfer a ⁇ 1—>2-linked GlcNAc residue to the ⁇ 1—>6-linked mannose residue (not shown) .
  • GlcNAc transferases producing ⁇ 1—>3, ⁇ 1 —>4, or ⁇ 1—>6 linkages
  • three gal actosyl transferases producing ⁇ l—>4, ⁇ 1—>3, and ⁇ 1—>3 linkages
  • two sialyl transferases one producing ⁇ 2—>3 and another, ⁇ 2—>6 linkages
  • three fucosyl transferases producing ⁇ 1—>2, ⁇ 1—>3, ⁇ l —>4 or ⁇ 1 —>6 linkages
  • a growing list of other enzymes responsible for a variety of unusual linkages can include at least four more distinct GlcNAc transferases (producing ⁇ 1—>3, ⁇ 1 —>4, or ⁇ 1—>6 linkages); three gal actosyl transferases (producing ⁇ l—>4, ⁇ 1—>3, and ⁇ 1—>3 linkages); two sialyl transferases (one producing ⁇ 2—>3 and another, ⁇ 2—>6 linkages
  • complex oligosaccharides may contain two (for example, Structure M-f in Fig. 2), three (for example, Fig. 1C or Structure M-g in Fig. 2), or four outer branches attached to the invariant core pentasaccharide, Man,GlcNAc 2 .
  • These structures are referred to in terms of the number of their outer branches: biantennary (two branches), triantennary (three branches) or tetraantennary (four branches).
  • the size of these complex glycans varies from a hexasaccharide (on rhodopsin) to very large polylactosaminylglycans, which contain one or more outer branches with repeating (Gal ⁇ 1—>4GlcNAc ⁇ 1—>3) units (on several cell surface glycoproteins such as the erythrocyte glycoprotein Band 3 and the macrophage antigen Mac-2).
  • outer branches of many complex N-linked oligosaccharides consist of all or part of the sequence
  • One or two of these trisaccharide moieties may be attached to each of the two ⁇ -linked mannose residues of the core pentasaccharide, as in Structures M-f and M-g of Fig. 2.
  • oligosaccharide biosynthesis does not take place on a template.
  • considerable heterogeneity is usually observed in the oligosaccharide structures of every giycoprotein. The differences are most commonly due to variations in the extent of processing.
  • the single glycosylation site of the chicken egg glycoprotein ovalbumin for example, contains a structurally related "family" of at least 18 different oligosaccharides, the great majority of which are of the high-mannose or related "hybrid" type (for example, Structure M-h in Fig. 2).
  • glycoproteins contain multiple glycosylated Asn residues, and each of these may carry a distinct family of oligosaccnarides. For example, one site may carry predominantly high-mannose glycans, another may carry mostly fucosylated biantennary complex chains, and a third may carry fucose-free tri- and tetraantennary complex structures. Again, all of these glycans will contain the invariant Man 3 GlcNAc 2 core.
  • lipid-linked Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 is assembled, its oligosaccharide chain transferred to acceptor Asn residues of proteins, and its three glucose residues are removed soon after transfer.
  • Yeast cells can remove only a single mannose residue, however, so that the smallest and least-processed N-linked glycans have the composition Man 8-9 GlcNAc 2 . Processing can stop at this stage or continue with the addition of as many as 50 or more ⁇ -linked mannose residues to Man 8 GlcNAc 2 (Fig.
  • Structure Y-c to generate a mannan (for example, Structure Y-d).
  • a mannan for example, Structure Y-d.
  • glycoproteins in mammalian cells may have predominantly high-mannose oligosaccharides at one glycosylated Asn residue and highly processed complex glycans at another, yeast glycoproteins such as external invertase commonly have some glycosylation sites with Man 8-9 GlcNA c2 chains, while other sites carry mannans.
  • bacteria Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria lack the enzymatic machinery to assemble lipid-linked Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 or transfer it to proteins. Thus, although proteins synthesized in E. coli contain many -Asn-X-Ser/Thr- sequences, they are not glycosylated.
  • glycosylation status of a glycoprotein will depend on the cell in which it is produced.
  • the glycans of a protein synthesized in cultured mammalian cells will resemble those of the same protein isolated from a natural animal source such as a tissue but are unlikely to be identical.
  • Proteins glycosylated by yeast contain high-mannose oligosaccharides and mannans, and proteins synthesized in a bacterium such as E. coli will not be glycosylated because the necessary enzymes are absent.
  • the precise composition and structure of the carbohydrate chain(s) on a glycoprotein can directly influence its serum lifetime, since cells in the liver and reticulo-endothelial system can bind and internalize circulating glycoproteins with specific carbohydrates.
  • Hepatocytes have receptors on their surfaces that recognize oligosaccharide chains with terminal (i.e., at the outermost end(s) of glycans relative to the polypeptide) Gal residues
  • macrophages contain receptors for terminal Man or GlcNAc residues
  • hepatocytes and lymphocytes have receptors for exposed fucose residues. No sialic acid-specific receptors have been found, however.
  • oligosaccharides with all branches terminated, or "capped,” with sialic acid will not promote the clearance of the protein to which they are attached.
  • the presence and nature of the oligosaccharide chain(s) on a glycoprotein can also affect important biochemical properties in addition to its recognition by sugar-specific receptors on liver and reticulo-endothelial cells. Removal of the carbohydrate from a glycoprotein will usually decrease its solubility, and it may also increase its susceptibility to proteolytic degradation by destabi lizing the correct polypeptide folding pattern and/or unmasking protease-sensitive sites. For similar reasons, the glycosylation status of a protein can affect its recognition by the immune system.
  • a method for modifying eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins to extend their in vivo circulatory lifetimes or to control their site of cellular uptake in the body is used.
  • enzymatic and/or chemical treatments are used to produce a modified protein carrying one or more covalently attached trisaccharide
  • one or two GlcNAc residues bound to the protein are used as a basis for construction of other oligosaccharides by elongation with the appropriate glycosyl transferases.
  • the method can be applied to any natural or recombinant protein possessing Asn-linked oligosaccharides or to any non-glycosylated protein that can be chemically or enzymatically derivatized with the appropriate carbohydrate residues.
  • the preferred oligosaccharide modification scheme consists of the following steps wherein all but the Asn-linked GlcNAc of the N-linked oligosaccharide chains are enzymatically or chemically removed from the protein and a trisaccharide constructed in its place:
  • Step 1 Generation of GlcNAc-->Asn(protein).
  • the initial step is cleavage of the glycosidic bond connecting tne two innermost core GlcNAc residues of some or all N-linked oligosaccharide chains of a glycoprotein with an appropriate endo- ⁇ -N-acetylglucosaminidase such as Endo H or Endo F.
  • Endo H cleaves the high-mannose and hybrid oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins produced in eukaryotic cells as well as the mannans produced in yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, removing all but a single GlcNAc residue attached to each glycosylated Asn residue of the polypeptide backbone.
  • Endo F can cleave both high-mannose and biantennary complex chains of N-linked oligosaccharides, again leaving a single GlcNAc residue attached at each glycosylation site.
  • a given glycoprotein contains complex oligosaccharides such as tri- or tetraantennary chains which are inefficiently cleaved by known endoglycosidases, these chains can be trimmed with exoglycosidases such as sialidase, ⁇ - and ⁇ -galactosidase, ⁇ -fucosidase and ⁇ -hexosaminidase.
  • the innermost GlcNAc residue of the resulting core can be then be exposed by any of several procedures.
  • Endo F endo F or other endo-B-N-acetylglucosaminidases such as Endo D.
  • a second procedure is digestion with ⁇ -mannosidase followed by digestion with either Endo L or with ⁇ -mannosidase and ⁇ -hexosaminidase.
  • glycoproteins normally bearing complex Asn-linked oligosaccharides can be produced in mammalian cell culture in the presence of a processing inhibitor such as swainsonine or deoxymannojirimycin.
  • the resulting glycoprotein will bear hybrid or highmannose chains susceptible to cleavage by Endo H, thereby eliminating the need for an initial treatment of the glycoprotein with exoglycosidases.
  • the glycoprotein may be produced in a mutant cell line tnat is incapable of synthesizing complex N-linked chains resistant to endoglycosidases such as Endo H or Endo F.
  • All sugars other than the N-linked GlcNAc residues may also be removed chemically rather than enzymatically by treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or hydrofluoric acid.
  • chemical cleavage can be expected to be less useful than enzymatic methods because of the denaturing effects of the relatively harsh conditions used.
  • Step 2 Attachment of Gal to GlcNAc-->Asn( protein).
  • the second step is the enzymatic addition of a Gal residue to the residual GlcNAc on the protein by the action of a galactosyltransferase.
  • the preferred galactosyltransferase is a bovine milk enzyme which transfers Gal to GlcNAc in the presence of the sugar donor UDP-Gal to form a ⁇ 1-->4 linkage.
  • galactose can be added to the GlcNAc residue with a ⁇ 1-->3 linkage by the use of a galactosyltransferase from a source such as pig trachea.
  • Step 3 Attachment of SA to Gal-->GlcNAc-->Asn(protein).
  • the final step is the enzymatic addition of a sialic acid residue to Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3)GlcNAc-->Asn(protein).
  • This reaction can be carried out with an ⁇ 2-->6-sialyltransferase isolated, for example, from bovine colostrum or rat liver, which transfers SA from CMP-SA to form an ⁇ 2-->6 linkage to the terminal galactose residue of Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3)-GlcNAc-->Asn( protein).
  • an ⁇ 2-->3-sialyltransferase may be used to form an ⁇ 2—>3 linkage to each terminal Gal residue.
  • sialic acid is N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc)
  • any naturally occurring or chemically synthesized sialic acid which the sialyltransferase can transfer from the CPM-SA derivative to galactose may be used, for exapmole, N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, 9-0-acetyl-N-acetyl neuraminic acid, and 4-0-acetyl-N-acetyl neuraminic acid.
  • glycoproteins containing Asn-1 inked SA >Gal—>GlcNAc—>G1cNAc—>
  • the oligosaccharide chains of the glycoprotein are trimmed back to the two, rather than one, innermost core GlcNAc residues by the use of appropriate exoglycosidases.
  • ⁇ and ⁇ -mannosidase would be used to trim a high-mannose oligosaccharide.
  • GlcNAc ⁇ 1—>4GlcNAc—>Asn( protein) is then converted to the tetrasaccharide SAo2—>6(3 )Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3 )GlcNAc ⁇ 1—>4G1 cNAc—>Asn(protein) by sequential treatment with galactosyl- and sialyl transferases.
  • an oligosaccharide such as the trisaccharide SA—>Gal—>GlcNAc—> or disaccharide SA—>Gal—> is attached at non-glycosylated amino acid residues of a protein expressed eitner in a eukarykotic system or in a bacterial system.
  • the protein is treated with a chemically reactive glycoside derivative of GlcNAc—>, Gal-->GlcNAc-->, or SA-->Gal—>GlcNAc-->.
  • the mono- or disaccharide is then extended to the trisaccharide by the appropriate glycosyltransferase(s).
  • the initial carbohydrate moieties can be attached to the protein by a chemical reaction between a suitable amino acid and a glycoside derivative of the carbohydrate containing an appropriately activated chemical group. Depending on the activation group present in the glycoside, the carbohydrate will be attached to amino acids with free amino groups, carboxyl groups, sulfhydryl groups, or hydroxyl groups or to aromatic amino acids.
  • Variations of the disclosed procedures can be used to produce glycoproteins with oligosaccharides other than the tri- or tetrasaccharides described above.
  • extended oligosaccharide chains consisting of
  • n GlcNAc ⁇ 1—>4GlcNAc-->, where n is 1-10, can be constructed by subjecting a glycoprotein carrying one or two core GlcNAc residues to alternate rounds of ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase and ⁇ 1-->3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase treatments.
  • the resulting extended oligosaccharide chain can be useful for increasing solubility or masking protease-sensitive or antigenic sites of the Dolypeptide.
  • oligosaccharide structures can be constructed by elongation of protein-linked monosaccharides or disaccharides with the use of appropriate glycosyltransferases.
  • An example is the branched fucosylated trisaccharide
  • Fig. 1 shows the structures of (A), the lipid-linked precursor oligosaccharide, Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNA c2 ; (B), a high-mannose Asn-linked oligosaccharide, Man 9 GlcNAc 2 ; and (C), a typical triantennary complex Asn-linked oligosaccharide.
  • the anomeric configurations and linkage positions of the sugar residues are indicated, and dotted lines enclose the invariant pentasaccharide core shared by all known eukaryotic Asn-linked oligosaccharides.
  • Fig. 2 is a simplified biosynthetic pathway for Asn-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis in yeast and higher organisms. For clarity, anomeric configurations and linkage positions are not shown, but the arrangement of the branches is the same as in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a Coomassie blue-stained gel prepared by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of yeast external invertase before and after treatment with glycosidases. The acrylamide concentration was 6%.
  • A untreated invertase;
  • B invertase after treatment with Endo H under non-denaturing conditions;
  • C invertase after Endo H treatment under denaturing conditions (0.7% SDS); and
  • D an aliquot of a sample first treated with Endo H under non-denaturing conditions and subsequently treated with jack bean ⁇ -mannosidase.
  • Fig. 4 is a fluorogram of a 6% SDS-PAGE gel of samples of yeast external invertase removed at intervals (5 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 5 hr, 9 hr and 19 hr) during galactosylation of Endo H-treated, SDS-denatured invertase (Fig. 3B) with UDP-[ 3 H]Gal and bovine milk ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase.
  • Fig. 5 shows the rate of incorporation of acid-precipitable radioactivity into Endo H-treated, SDS-denatured yeast external invertase during treatment with UDP-[ 3 H]Gal and bovine milk ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase.
  • Fig. 6 is an autoradiogram of a 5% SDS-PAGE gel of various yeast external invertase derivatives that have been sialylated using CMP- [ 14 C]NeuAc and bovine colostrum ⁇ 2 -->6 sialyltransferase .
  • A Sialylation product derived from galactosylated, Endo H-treated, SDS-denatured invertase;
  • B sialylation product derived from a galactosylated sample of Endo H- and jack bean ⁇ -mannos idase-treated, non- denatured invertase;
  • C sialylation product derived from untreated invertase.
  • Fig. 7 is a Coomassie blue-stained 6% SDS-PAGE gel of (A) untreated bovine serum albumin (BSA); (B) BSA converted to GlcNAc-BSA containing approximately 48 GlcNAc residues per molecule of protein by incubation with 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl-1-thio-N-acetylglucosaminide in 0.25 M sodium borate pH 8.5 for 24 hr at room temperature; (C) gal actosyl ated BSA formed by treatment of GlcNAc-BSA with UDP-[ 3 H]Gal and bovine milk ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase; and (D) sialylated BSA formed by treatment of Gal-->GlcNAc-BSA with CMP-[ 14 C]NeuAc and bovine colostrum ⁇ 2-->6 sialyltransferase.
  • Fig. 8 is a graph of specific uptake (
  • Fig. 9 is a graph of specific uptake (ng/mg cellular protein) of Gal-->GlcNAc[ 125 I]BSA ( ⁇ ) and NeuAc-->Gal-->GlcNAc-[ 125 I]BSA (•) by the Gal/GalNAc receptor of HepG2 cells vs. protein concentration (0.5 to 7.5 ⁇ g protein/ml), where specific uptake is equal to total uptake (uptake in the absence of asialo-orosomucoid) minus non-specific uptake (value obtained in the presence of asialo-orosomucoid).
  • the present invention is a method for modifying proteins wherein oligosaccharide chains are bound to the protein to enhance in vivo stability or to target the protein to cells having specific receptors for an exposed saccharide in the attached oligosaccharide chain(s).
  • the method has two principal embodiments. The first is to cleave the existing Asn-linked oligosaccharide chains on a glycoprotein to leave one or two GlcNAc residues attached to the protein at Asn and then enzymatically extend the terminal GlcNAc to attach Gal and SA.
  • the second is to chemically or enzymatically attach a GlcNAc or Gal residue to the protein at any of a number of different amino acids and then enzymatically extend the terminal GlcNAc or Gal to form an oligosaccharide chain capped with sialic acid.
  • a GlcNAc or Gal residue to the protein at any of a number of different amino acids and then enzymatically extend the terminal GlcNAc or Gal to form an oligosaccharide chain capped with sialic acid.
  • Step 1 Generation of GlcNAc-->Asn(protein).
  • the enzyme hydrolyzes the bond between the two core GlcNAc residues of susceptible N-linked oligosaccharides, leaving behind a single GlcNAc residue attached to the glycosylated Asn residues.
  • the preferred enzyme for this purpose is Endo H, which has been isolated from Streptomyces plicatus. The enzyme is available either as the naturally occurring protein or as the recombinant DNA product expressed in E. coli or Streptomyces lividans.
  • Endo H cleaves all susceptible oligosaccharide structures of denatured glycoproteins and many of those on native glycoproteins.
  • the GlcNAc 2 cores of some highmannose glycans may be protected from cleavage by Endo H due to steric factors such as polypeptide folding. This can frequently be overcome by the use of one of several mild denaturing agents that promote partial polypeptide unfolding.
  • mild denaturants include detergent such as Triton X-100, NP-40, octyl glucoside, deoxycholate and dilute sodium dodecyl sulfate; disulfide bond reducing agents such as dithiothreitol and ⁇ -mercaptoethanol; chaotropic agents such as urea, guanidinium hydrochloride and sodium isothiocyanate; and low concentrations of organic solvents such as alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol), DMSO or acetone.
  • detergent such as Triton X-100, NP-40, octyl glucoside, deoxycholate and dilute sodium dodecyl sulfate
  • disulfide bond reducing agents such as dithiothreitol and ⁇ -mercaptoethanol
  • chaotropic agents such as urea, guanidinium hydrochloride and sodium isothiocyanate
  • organic solvents such as
  • Endo H is a very stable enzyme, active over a pH range of about 5 to 6.5, in low- or highionic strength buffers, and in the presence of the above-mentioned denaturing agents or protease inhibitors such as phenylmethanesul fonyl fluoride, EDTA, aprotinin, leupeptide and pepstatin. Protocols for the use of Endo H have been published by Trimble and Maley in Anal. Biochem. 141, 515-522 (1984). The precise set of reaction conditions which will optimize the cleavage of oligosaccharides by Endo H while preserving biological activity will most likely vary depending on the glycoprotein being modified and can be determined routinely by someone of ordinary skill in this field.
  • yeast glycoproteins sometimes contain O-linked oligosaccharides consisting of one to four ⁇ -linked mannose residues. Because these could bind to a mannose-specific receptor and shorten the serum lifetime of a glycoprotein, it is advisable to treat any protein found to contain such oligosaccharides with an ⁇ -mannosi dase such as the enzyme from jack bean. This would remove all but the innermost, protein-linked mannose residue from the 0-1 inked chains. Because ⁇ -mannosidase treatment could interfere with subsequent cleavage by Endo H or Endo C II , it should be performed after digestion with these enzymes.
  • a common O-linked oligosaccharide in animal cells is Gal-->GalNAc ⁇ -->Ser/Thr(protein). These glycans can be removed with the enzyme endo- ⁇ -N-acetylgalactosaminidase, which is commercially available from Genzyme Corp., Boston MA. Many other mammalian O-linked oligosaccharides can be converted to Gal -->GalNAc-->Ser/Thr(protein) by treatment with exoglycosidases such as sialidase, ⁇ -hexosamini ⁇ ase and ⁇ -fucosidase.
  • the resulting protein-linked disaccharides could then be removed from the polypeptide with endo- ⁇ -N-acetylgalactosaminidase.
  • b Cleavage by other endo-8-N-acetylglucosaminidases.
  • endo- ⁇ -N-acetylglucosaminidases are also capable of cleaving between the two innermost GlcNAc residues of various N-linked oligosaccharides.
  • the oligosaccharide specificities of these enzymes vary and are summarized in Table I.
  • Endo C II and Endo F Two of these endoglycosidases, Endo C II and Endo F, can be used in place of Endo H to cleave high-mannose glycans. Unlike Endo H, however, Endo F is also active with biantennary complex N-linked oligosaccnarides. Although the N-linked oligosaccharides of vertebrates are not substrates for Endo D, this enzyme would be active with glycoproteins produced by insect cells, which produce significant quantities of N-linked Man 3 GlcNAc 2 in addition to high-mannose oligosaccharides, as reported by Hsieh and Robbins in J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2375-82 (1984).
  • the glycoprotein can be incubated with the enzymes either sequentially or in combination to maximize cleavage.
  • Mammalian cells often syntnesize glycoproteins carrying oligosaccharides with structures that are resistant to all of the above-mentioned endo- ⁇ -N-acetylglucosaminidases, e.g., tri- or tetraantennary complex oligosaccharides.
  • oligosaccharide processing inhibitors are deoxymannojirimycin and swainsonine. Cells treated with one of these inhibitors will preferentially synthesize N-linked oligosaccharides with Endo H-sensitive structures. Deoxymannojirimycin inhibits Mannosidase I, thereby blocking further modification of high-mannose N-linked oligosaccharides.
  • Swainsonine is a Mannosidase II inhibitor, blocking the removal of the two ⁇ -linked mannose residues on the ⁇ 1-->6-linked mannose residue of the Man 3 GlcNAc 2 core (i.e., conversion of structure M-d to structure M-e in Fig. 2).
  • glycosylated Asn residues which would normally carry Endo H-resistant complex type glycans will carry Endo H-sensitive "hybrid" oligosaccharides instead.
  • Swainsonine and deoxymannojirimycin are both comrnercially available, for example from Genzyme Corp., Boston MA, or Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis IN .
  • Oligosaccharide processing inhibitors that block Glucosidases I or II such as deoxynojirimycin or castanospermine, which are both available from Genzyme Corp., Boston MA, will also generate Endo H-sensitive structures, but these inhibitors are less preferred because they sometimes block secretion. Many other oligosaccharide processing inhibitors, described in the two reviews cited in the previous paragraph, will also serve the same purpose. d. Cleavage by endo- ⁇ -N-acetylglucosaminidases after production of a glycoprotein in a mutant cell line.
  • Another approach for manipulating the structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides of a giycoprotein is to express it in cells with one or more mutations in the oligosaccharide processing pathways. Such mutations are readily selected for in mammalian cells. A number of techniques have been used to generate processing mutants, but selection for resistance or hypersensitivity to one or more of a variety of lectins, as an indicator of the presence of a processing mutation, has been one useful approach. DNA coding for a glycoprotein(s) can be introduced into such a mutant cell line using conventional methods (e.g., transformation with an expression vector containing the DNA). Alternatively, a mutant subline with defective processing can be selected from a line already capable of producing a desired glycoprotein.
  • any of a wide variety of mutant cell lines can be used.
  • GlcNAc transferase I mutants of both CHO cells an established Chinese hamster ovary cell line long used for mutational studies and mammalian protein expression
  • BHK-21 cells an established line of baby hamster kidney origin. Both CHO and BHK-21 cells are available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville MD. Because of the missing enzyme activity, the mutant cells are unable to synthesize any complex or hybrid N-linked oligosaccharides; glycosylated Asn residues which would normally carry sucn glycans carry Man 5 GlcNAc 2 instead.
  • glycosylated Asn residues carry only Man 5-9 GlcNAc 2 , all structures which are sensitive to Endo H.
  • Many other mutant cell lines have also been characterized, examples of which include lines with various defects in fucosylation, a defect in galactosylation resulting in failure to extend the outer branches past the GlcNAc residues, an inability to add extra branches to produce tri- and tetraantennary complex oligosaccharides, and various defects in Ser/Thr-linked glycan synthesis.
  • the subject of processing-defective animal cell mutants has been reviewed by Stanley, in The Biochemistry of Glycoproteins and Proteoglyeans, edited by Lennarz, Plenum Press, New York, 1980.
  • An alternative, but less preferred method for generating GlcNAc-->Asn( protein) in cases where the giycoprotein contains high-mannose or mannan-type oligosaccharides is to remove monosaccharide units by exoglycosidase digestion with or without subsequent use of Endo L.
  • the first step is digestion with an ⁇ -mannosidase to remove all ⁇ -linked mannose residues.
  • mannans from some yeast strains it may be desirable to include other exoglycosidases or phosphatases if other sugars or phosphate residues are present in the outer portion of the mannan structure.
  • the last mannose residue is removed with a ⁇ -mannosidase.
  • the product, GlcNAc 2 -->Asn(protein), is then subjected to the third digestion step, which is carried out with ⁇ -hexosaminidase.
  • This enzyme removes the terminal GlcNAc residue to generate GlcNAc-->Asn(protein); since the last GlcNAc is linked to the protein by an amide rather than a glycosidic bond, the hexosaminidase cannot remove the innermost GlcNAc residue from the asparagine.
  • ⁇ -mannosidase treatment of high-mannose or mannantype oligosaccharides can be followed by incubation with Endo L, which can be purified from Streptomyces plicatus.
  • Endo L which can be purified from Streptomyces plicatus.
  • This enzyme can cleave between the Gl cNAc resi dues of Man ⁇ 1 -- >4Gl cNAc ⁇ 1 -- >4Gl cNAc .
  • oligosaccharides In the case of a glycoprotein containing complex or hybrid-type oligosaccharides, sequential (or, when the requirements of the enzymes make it possible, siimultaneous) incubation with the appropriate exoglycosidases, such as sialidase, ⁇ - and/or ⁇ -galactosidase, ⁇ -hexosaminidase, and ⁇ -fucosidase, will trim the oligosaccharides back to Man 3 GlcNAc 2 . This oligosaccharide can be cleaved by Endo D or Endo F.
  • exoglycosidases such as sialidase, ⁇ - and/or ⁇ -galactosidase, ⁇ -hexosaminidase, and ⁇ -fucosidase
  • ⁇ -mannosidase can be treated with ⁇ -mannosidase to generate protein-linked Man ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc. This can be cleaved either with Endo L or with digestions with ⁇ -mannosidase, ⁇ -mannosidase, and ⁇ -hexosaminidase.
  • Sialidase can be purified from a variety of sources, including E. coli, Clostridium perfringens, Vi bri o cholerae, and Arthrobacter urefaciens, and is commercially available from a number of sources such as Calbiochem-Behring, San Diego CA, or Sigma Chemical Corp., St. Louis MO.
  • ⁇ -Galactosidase can be purified from Asperaillus niger, C. perfringens, jack bean, or other suitable sources and is commercially available from Sigma Chemical Corp., St. Louis MO.
  • ⁇ -Galactosidase from E. coli or green coffee beans is available from Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis IN.
  • ⁇ -Hexosaminidase can be purifed from jack bean, bovine liver or testis, or other suitable sources and is also commercially available from Sigma Chemical Corp., St. Louis MO.
  • ⁇ - Mannosidase has been purified from the snail Achatina fulica, as described by Sugahara and Yamashima in Meth. Enzymol. 28, 769-772 (1972), and from hen oviduct, as described by Sukeno et al. in Meth. Enzymol . 28, 777-782 (1972).
  • ⁇ -Mannosidase from jack bean is preferred and is commercially available from Sigma Chem. Corp., St. Louis MO.
  • Endo H, Endo D, and Endo F are commercially available from Genzyme Corp., Boston MA; from New England Nuclear, Boston MA; from Miles Scientific, Naperville IL; or from Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis IN. Conditions for the use of these and the other endo- ⁇ -N-acetylglucosaminidases Endo C II and Endo L are described in the publications cited in Table I. f. Chemical removal of all sugars except N-linked GlcNAc. It is also possible to generate protein-linked GlcNAc chemically. For example, as described by Kalyan and Bah! in J. Biol. Chem.
  • Step 2 the terminal GlcNAc residue generated in Step 1 serves as a site for the attachment of galactose.
  • Either of two galactosyltransferases may be used: UDP-Gal :GlcNAc-R ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase or UDP-Gal :GlcNAc-R ⁇ 1-->3 galactosyltransferase.
  • tne first variation of this step a ⁇ 1-->4-linked galactose residue is added to GlcNAc-->Asn( protein).
  • UDP-Gal :GlcNAc-R ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase can be obtained from a variety of sources, the most common and costeffective one being bovine milk. Enzyme from this source is commercially available from Sigma Chem. Corp., St. Louis MC.
  • the reaction conditions for using the bovine milk galactosyltransferase to transfer galactose from UDP-Gal to GlcNAc-->Asn( protein) are similar to those described by Trayer and Hill in J. Biol. Chem. 246, 6666-75 (1971) for natural substrates.
  • the preferred reaction pH is 6.0 to 6.5.
  • buffers can be used with the exception of phosphate, which inhibits enyzme activity, and a broad range of salt concentrations can be used. It is preferable to have 5-20 mM Mn +2 or Mg +2 present.
  • Peptidase inhibitors such as phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, TPCK, aprotinin, leupeptin, and pepstatin and exoglycosidase inhibitors such as galactono-1,4-lactone can be added without interfering with the activity of the galactosyltransferase.
  • sialic acid includes any naturally occurring or chemically synthesized sialic acid or sialic acid derivative.
  • the preferred naturally occurring sialic acid is N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NeuAc).
  • N-acetyl neuraminic acid NeAc
  • other sialic acids can also be transferred from CMP-SA to galactose, for example, N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, 9-0-acetyl neuraminic acid, and 4-0-acetyl-N-acetyl neuraminic acid.
  • Many other sialic acids such as those described in Sialic Acids: Chemistry, Metabolism and Function, edited by R.
  • the sialic acid is attached to Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-->Asn(protein) in an ⁇ 2-->6 linkage.
  • the CMP-SA: Gal ⁇ 1—>4GlcNAc-R ⁇ 2-->6 sialyltransferase used in this step can be obtained from a variety of sources, the more usual ones being bovine colostrum and rat liver.
  • the rat liver enzyme has recently become commerciany available from Genzyme Corp., Boston MA.
  • the reaction conditions for using the bovine colostrum and rat liver ⁇ 2-->6 sialyltransferases to transfer sialic acid from CMP-SA to Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-->Asn(protein) are similar to those described by Paulson et al. in J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2356-62 (1977) for natural substrates, except that it may be desirable to add additional enzyme to accelerate the rate of the reaction.
  • the preferred pH is 6.5-7.0. Although most buffers, with the exception of phosphate, can be employed, preferred buffers are Tris-maleate or cacodylate.
  • the enzyme is functional in the presence of mild detergents such as NP-40 and Triton X-100; peptidase inhibitors such as phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, TPCK, aprotinin, leupeptin and pepstatin; and exoglycosidase inhibitors such as galactono-1,4-lactone.
  • mild detergents such as NP-40 and Triton X-100
  • peptidase inhibitors such as phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, TPCK, aprotinin, leupeptin and pepstatin
  • exoglycosidase inhibitors such as galactono-1,4-lactone.
  • the sialic acid is attached to the Gal ⁇ l— >4(3)GlcNAc— >Asn(protein) by an ⁇ 2-->3 linkage.
  • Two sialyl transferases producing this linkage have been described.
  • CMP-SA Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc ⁇ 2-->3 sialyltransferase
  • This enzyme although not yet purified, can be purified using conventional methods.
  • the second enzyme, CMP-SA:Gal ⁇ 1-->3(4)GlcNAc ⁇ 2-->3 sialyltransferase has been purified from rat liver by Weinstein et al. as described in J. Biol . Chem. 257, 13835- ⁇ 4 (1982).
  • the rat liver enzyme has a somewhat relaxed specificity and is able to transfer sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to the C-3 position of galactose in both Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc and Gal ⁇ 1-->3GlcNAc sequences.
  • Conditions for the use of the ⁇ 2—>3 sialyltransferases are described in the two publications just cited.
  • the method used to generate SA-->Gal-->GlcNAc-->GlcNAc-->Asn (protein) is similar to the method described above for generating modified glycoproteins containing the trisaccharide sequence SA-->Gal-->GlcNAc-->Asn(protein).
  • both core GlcNAc residues of the original N-linked oligosaccharide are left attached to the protein and a tetrasaccharide sequence, SA-->Gal-->GlcNAc-—- >GlcNAc--> is constructed enzymatically.
  • the intact N-linked oligosaccharide cnain is treated with exoglycosidases selected to remove all carbohydrate exterior to the two innermost GlcNAc residues.
  • exoglycosidases selected to remove all carbohydrate exterior to the two innermost GlcNAc residues.
  • ⁇ - and ⁇ -mannosidase are used.
  • additional exoglycosidases are required, the specific enzymes used depending on the structures of the carbohydrate chains being modified.
  • the principal method for attaching oligosaccharides such as SA-->Gal-->GlcNAc--> to non-glycosylated amino acid residues is to react an activated glycoside derivative of what is to be the innermost sugar residue, in this case GlcNAc, with the protein and then to use glycosyltransferases to extend the ol igosaccharide chain.
  • an activated glycoside derivative of what is to be the innermost sugar residue, in this case GlcNAc an activated glycoside derivative of what is to be the innermost sugar residue, in this case GlcNAc
  • Chemical and/or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to proteins can be accomplished using a variety of activated groups, for example, as described by Aplin and Wriston in CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., pp. 259-306 (1981).
  • the sugar(s) can be attach arginine, histidine, or the ami no-terminal amino acid of the polypeptide; (b) free carboxyl groups, such as those of glutamic acid or aspartic acid or the carboxyterminal amino acid of the polypeptide; (c) free sulfhydryl groups, such as those of cysteine; (d) free hydroxyl groups, such as those of serine, threonine, or hydroxyproline; (e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan; or (f) the amide group of glutamine.
  • the aglycone, R is the chemical moiety that combines with the sugar to form a glycosi de and which is reacted with the amino acid to bind the sugar to the protein.
  • GlcNAc residues can be attached to the ⁇ -amino groups of lysine residues of a nonglycosyl ated protein by treating the protein with 2-imino-2-methyoxyethyl-1-thio- ⁇ -N-acetylglucosaminide as described by Stowell and Lee in Meth. Enzymol . 83, 278-288 (1982).
  • Other coupling procedures can be used as well, such as treatment of the protein with a glycoside or thioglycoside derivative of GlcNAc in which the aglycone contains an activated carboxylic acid, for example R 1 or R 2 .
  • GlcNAc residues can be attached to the carboxyl groups of aspartic acid and glutamic acid residues of a nonglycosylated protein by treatment of the protein with a glycoside or thioglycoside derivative of GlcNAc in which the aglycone contains a free amino group, for example R 3 or R 4 , in the presence of a coupling reagent such as a carbodiimide.
  • a coupling reagent such as a carbodiimide.
  • GlcNAc derivatives containing the aglycones R 3 or R 4 can also be used to derivatize the amide groups of glutamine through the action of transglutaminase as described by Yan and Wold in Biochemistry 23, 3759-3765 (1984).
  • Attachment of GlcNAc residues to the thiol groups of the cysteine residues of a nonglycosylated protein can be accomplished by treating the protein with a GlcNAc glycoside or thioglycoside in which the aglycone contains an electrophilic site such as an acrylate unit, for example the aglycones R 5 or R 6 .
  • glycosylation of aromatic amino acid residues of a protein with a monosaccharide such as GlcNAc can be accomplished by treatment with a glycoside or thioglycoside in which the aglycone contains a diazo group, for example aglycones R 7 or R 8 .
  • a large number of other coupling methods and aglycone structures can be employed to derivatize a protein with a GlcNAc derivative.
  • the trisaccharide sequence SA ⁇ 2-->3(6)Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3)GlcNAc--> is constructed by sequential enzymatic attachment of galactose and sialic acid residues, as described for Asn-linked GlcNAc residues.
  • the protein is derivatized with: Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3)GlcNAc-X, Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3)GlcNAc ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-X, SA ⁇ 2-->3(6)Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3)GlcNAc-X, or SA ⁇ 2-->3(6)Gal ⁇ 1-->4(3)GlcNAc ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-X, where X is an aglycone containing a free amino group , an activated ester of a carboxy lic aci d, a diazo group , or other groups described above.
  • the same procedures may be used to chemically attach galactose, rather than GlcNAc, directly to an amino acid.
  • the galactose may then be enzymatically extended or capped with sialic acid, as previously described.
  • Procedures similar to those used to extend GlcNAc-protein or GlcNAc-->GlcNAc-protein to a protein-linked oligosaccharide resembling the outer branch of a complex oligosaccharide can be employed to construct other carbohydrate structures found on GlcNAc residues attached to the terminal mannose units of the core pentasaccharide.
  • Example 1 Generation of proteins containing repeating units of (GlcNAc ⁇ 1-->3Gal ⁇ 1-->4). After preparation of either GlcNAc-protein or GlcNAc ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-protein using the methods described above, a long carbohydrate chain may be generated by several rounds of alternating UDP-Gal :G!cNAc-R ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase and UDP-GlcNAc: Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-R ⁇ 1-->3 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase incubations.
  • the number of repeating GlcNAc-->Gal units in the structure can be varied depending on the desired length; 1-10 such units should suffice for most applications.
  • the essential element is that, after attachment of the disaccharide units, an exposed galactose residue is present so that the carbohydrate chain can be capped with ⁇ 2-->3- or ⁇ 2-->6-linked sialic acid, as described above.
  • the final structure would be
  • a fucose can be attached to any of the acceptor GlcNAc residues by treatment with GDP- FUC and a GDP-Fuc: GlcNAc ⁇ 1—>3(4) fucosyl transferase.
  • the purification of this fucosyl transferase, its substrate specificity and preferred reaction conditions have been reported by Prieels et al in J. Biol. Chem. 256, 104456-63 (1981).
  • sugar-specific cell surface receptors are able to recognize and internalize glycoproteins bearing appropriate carbohydrate structures.
  • the best characterized sugar-specific cell surface receptors are the Gal receptor of hepatocytes, the Man/GlcNAc receptor of reticulo-endothelial cells and the fucose receptor found on hepatocytes, lymphocytes and teratocarcinoma cells.
  • the subject of sugar-specific cell surface receptors has been reviewed by Neufeld and Ashwell in The Biochemistry of Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans, edited by Lennarz, Plenum Press, New York (1980), pp. 241-266.
  • Proteins can be targeted to cells with sugar-specific cell surface receptors by generating glycoproteins that contain the appropriate sugar at nonreducing terminal positions.
  • Several procedures are used to expose the desired terminal sugars.
  • One procedure in general, involves the treatment of a native glycoprotein with exoglycosidases, as described by Ashwell and Morel! in Adv. Enzymol . 41, 99-128 (1974).
  • Another procedure is the attachment of monosaccharides to the protein, as described by Stahl et al . in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1399-1403 (1978).
  • a third approach is the attachment of derivatives of ol igosacchari des i so lated from natura l sources such as ovalbumin , as reported by Yan and Wold in Biochemistry 23, 3759-3765 (1984).
  • the glycosylated proteins that are the subject of the present invention can be targeted to specific cells, depending on the specific sugars attached.
  • Gal--> ( Fuc --> ) Gl cNAc-->[Gal --> ( Fuc--> ) m Gl cNAc] n -->Gl cNAc-protei n where n is 1-10 and m is 0 or 1, are targeted to hepatocytes, lymphocytes and teratocarcinoma cells.
  • One application of targeting is for enzyme replacement therapy.
  • glucocerebrosidase can be targeted to macrophages for the treatment of Gaucher's disease.
  • a second application is to target drugs or toxins to teratocarcinoma cells.
  • the following non-limiting example demonstrates the method of the present invention on a yeast glycoprotein possessing multiple high-mannose and mannan oligosaccharides.
  • Step 1 Endo H treatment of yeast external invertase.
  • Yeast external invertase is a glycoprotein containing approximately two high mannose and seven mannan oligosaccharides.
  • the purified invertase was denatured by placing a 1% SDS solution of the glycoprotein in a boiling water bath for 5 minutes.
  • the denatured invertase (250 ⁇ g) was then incubated with Endo H (C.3 ⁇ g, from Miles Scientific, Naperville ID for 20 hours at 37°C in 175 ul of 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 5.5. After Endo H treatment, the reaction mixture was desalted on a Bio-Gel P-4 column (1 x 10 cm) equilibrated and eluted with 50 mM ammonium acetate, pH 6.5. The method of desalting is not critical. Dialysis or protein precipitation can also be used. The material eluting in the void volume of the column was pooled and lyophilized.
  • Step 2 Galactosylation of the Endo H-treated samples of native and denatured yeast external invertase.
  • Nonradiolabeled galactosylated samples of native and denatured yeast external invertase were prepared as substrates for the sialylation reaction.
  • Endo H-treated denatured invertase and Endo H plus ⁇ -mannosidase- treated native invertase were galactosylated with nonradioactive UDP-Gal using the procedures described above.
  • Step 3 Sialylation of the galactosylated samples of native and denatured yeast external invertase.
  • the reaction mixtures were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography, as shown in Fig. 6.
  • the radioactivity associated with the invertase band demonstrates that sialic acid has been attached to the galactose residues of the invertase by the ⁇ 2-->6 sialyltransferase.
  • the following non-limiting example demonstrates the method of the present invention using chemical and enzymatic techniques on a protein that is not glycosylated in its native form.
  • Step 1 Chemical attachment of a thioglycoside derivative of GlcNAc to bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • BSA was derivatized by treatment with 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl-1-thio-N-acetylglucosaminide by Dr. R. Schnaar at Johns Hopkins University according to the procedure described by Lee et al. in Biochemistry 15, 3956-63 (1976).
  • the glycosylated BSA contained, on the average, 48 lysine-linked GlcNAc residues per molecule.
  • GlcNAc 48 -BSA (0.9 mg) was incubated at 37°C for 17 hours in 600 ⁇ l of 0.12 M MFS, pH 6.3, containing 0.6% Triton X-100, 20 mM MnCl 2 , 5 mM
  • a second incubation of tne gal actosylated BSA under identical conditions increased the extent of reaction from 46 to 51%.
  • the galactosylated BSA was Durified with an anti-BSA antibody column obtained from Cooper Biomedical, Malvern PA.
  • the galactosylated BSA (240 ⁇ g) was incubated for 16 hours at 37°C in 120 ⁇ l of 0.1 M Tris-maleate, pH 6.7, containing 3 mM CMP-[ 14 C]NeuAc (specific activity 0.55 Ci/mol) and bovine colostrum CMP-SA: Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-R ⁇ 2-->6 sialyltransferase (2.1 mU).
  • the glycosylated BSA was partially purified from other reaction components by gel filtration. After measurement of the ratio of 14 C to 3 H radioactivity incorporated into the samples, it was calculated that 42% of the Gal-->GlcNAc-->protein residues were sialylated.
  • the following nonlimiting example demonstrates the differential uptake of GlcNAc-BSA and Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-BSA by GlcNAc/Man-specific receptors of macrophages.
  • Mouse peritoneal macrophages which possess cell surface receptors that recognize terminal GlcNAc and Man residues, were obtained from mice 4-5 days after intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth (1.5 ml per mouse).
  • the peritoneal cells were washed with Dulbecco's modified minimal essential medium (DME) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and plated in 96-well tissue culture trays at a density of 2 x 10 5 cells per well. After 4 hours the wells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to remove nonadherent cells.
  • DME Dulbecco's modified minimal essential medium
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • the adherent cells remaining in the wells were used for uptake experiments with GlcNAc-[ 125 I]BSA and Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-[ 125 I]BSA which had been radiolabeled with 125 I by the chloramine T method.
  • the radiolabeled protein preparations were added at a concentration of 0.1-1.2 ⁇ g/ml to 100 ⁇ l of DME containing 10% FCS and 10 mM HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid], pH 7.4.
  • Parallel experiments were run in the presence of yeast mannan (1 mg/ml ) to measure nonspecific uptake of the glycosylated BSA samples.
  • the cells were incubated with the samples for 30 min at 37°C and then washed five times with PBS to remove residual protein not taken up by the cells.
  • the washed cells were dissolved in 200 ⁇ l of 1% SDS and the radioactivity determined.
  • Nonspecific uptake (CPM in the presence of yeast mannan) was subtracted from the total uptake (CPM in the absence of yeast mannan) to determine Man/GlcNAc receptor-specific uptake by the mouse peritoneal macrophages.
  • GlcNAc-BSA Dut not GalB1-->4GlcNAc-BSA, is recognized and endocytosed by mouse peritoneal macrophages.
  • the following non-limiting example demonstrates the differential uptake of Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-BSA and SA ⁇ 2-->6Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-BSA by galactose-specific receptors of hepatoma cell line HepG2.
  • Samples of GlcNAc-BSA and Gal-->GlcNAc-BSA were radiolabeled with 125 I by the chloramine T method.
  • HepG2 cells were cultured in DME containing 10% fetal calf serum. Uptake experiments were performed on cells plated in 35 mm tissue culture dishes at approximately 70% confluency. The cells were washed with protein-free medium and incubated with 1 ml of DME containing 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, containing cytochrome c (0.2 mg/ml ) and 0.5-7.5 ⁇ g of Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-[ 125 I]BSA or SA ⁇ 2-->6Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-[ 125 I]BSA.
  • Non-specific uptake (CPM in tne presence of asialo-orosomucoid) was subtracted from the total uptake (CPM in the absence of asialoorosomucoid) to determine the galactose receptor-specific uptake by the HepG2 cells.
  • the galactose receptor-specific uptake is shown as a function of glycosylated BSA concentration in Fig. 9.
  • the results demonstrate that Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-BSA, but not SA ⁇ 2— >6Gal ⁇ 1-->4GlcNAc-BSA, is recognized and endocytosed by HepG2 cells.
  • the following non-limiting example demonstrates the method of the present invention on a mammalian glycoprotein having one oligosaccharide chain of the high-mannose type.
  • Step 1 Deglycosylation of ribonuclease B, a glycoprotein having a single high-mannose oligosaccharide.
  • Native ribonuclease B (490 ⁇ g), obtained from Sigma Chem. Corp., St. Louis MO, and further purified by concanavalin A affinity chromatography as described by Baynes and Wold in J. Biol. Chem. 251, 6016-24 (1976) was incubated with Endo H (50 mU, obtained from Genzyme Corp., Boston MA) in 100 ⁇ l of 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, for 24 hours at 37°C. SDS-PAGE indicated complete conversion of the giycoprotein to a form containing a single GlcNAc residue.
  • the modified ribonuclease B was desalted on a Bio-Gel P6DG column and the ribonuclease fractions were freeze-dried.
  • Endo H-treated ribonuclease B 400 ⁇ g was incubated for 3 hours at 37° in 250 ⁇ l of 0.1 M MES, pH 6.3, containing 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.01 M MnCl 2 , 100 mU bovine milk UDP-Gal :GlcNAc-R ⁇ 1-->4 galactosyltransferase and 300 nmol UDP-[ 3 H]Ga! (specific activity 17.3 Ci/mmol).
  • the ga! actosyl ated ribonuclease was analyzed by FPLC on a Mono S column.
  • Step 3 Sialylation of gal actosylated ribonuclease.
  • a 40 ⁇ l aliquot of the reaction mixture from Step 2 was mixed with 10 ⁇ l of 6.5 mM CMP-NeuAc and 10 ul of rat liver CMP-NeuAc :Gal-R ⁇ 2-->6 sialyltransferase (1.6 mU, obtained from Genzyme Corp., Boston MA) and incubated at 37°C for 18 hours.
  • the sialylated ribonuclease was analyzed by FPLC on a Mono S column using the conditions described in Step 2.
  • the sialylated ribonuclease eluted at a NaCl concentration of 0.18 M, as judged by the profiles of both A280 and radioactivity.
  • the profile of radioactivity is shown in Fig 10, ( ⁇ — ⁇ ).

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