WO2021259227A1 - 抗cd38抗体及其用途 - Google Patents

抗cd38抗体及其用途 Download PDF

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WO2021259227A1
WO2021259227A1 PCT/CN2021/101408 CN2021101408W WO2021259227A1 WO 2021259227 A1 WO2021259227 A1 WO 2021259227A1 CN 2021101408 W CN2021101408 W CN 2021101408W WO 2021259227 A1 WO2021259227 A1 WO 2021259227A1
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antibody
seq
amino acid
composition
acid sequence
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PCT/CN2021/101408
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French (fr)
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肖伟
赵爱志
韩月恒
王振中
章晨峰
曹亮
周建明
李良
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江苏康缘药业股份有限公司
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Priority to JP2022579884A priority Critical patent/JP2023532266A/ja
Priority to US18/010,853 priority patent/US20240228648A1/en
Priority to EP21829466.8A priority patent/EP4169949A4/en
Priority to CN202180045288.2A priority patent/CN116670285A/zh
Priority to KR1020237002571A priority patent/KR20230027270A/ko
Publication of WO2021259227A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021259227A1/zh

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Definitions

  • CD38 also known as cyclic ADP ribohydrolase, is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein with a long C-terminal extracellular domain and a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain.
  • CD38 is a member of a group of related membrane-bound enzymes or soluble enzymes, which includes CD157 and Aplysia ADPR cyclase. This enzyme family has the unique ability to convert NAD into cyclic ADP ribose or nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
  • CD38 is involved in the mobilization of Ca 2+ and the signal transduction of many signal molecules (including phospholipase C ⁇ , ZAP-70, syk and c-cbl) through tyrosine phosphorylation. Based on these observations, CD38 is considered to be an important signaling molecule for the maturation and activation of lymphoid cells during normal development.
  • hematopoietic cells In hematopoietic cells, a variety of functions have been attributed to CD38-mediated signal transduction, including lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine release, regulation of B cell and bone marrow cell development and survival, and induction of dendritic cell maturation.
  • CD31 (PECAM-1; platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1) is considered to be a natural ligand of CD38.
  • CD31 is a 130kD member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which is expressed on the surface of circulating platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and naive B lymphocytes. Functionally, CD31 is thought to act as an adhesion molecule. It has been shown that the interaction of CD38 and CD31 can promote the survival of leukemia cells.
  • CD38 gene knockout mouse model has been established. These animals showed almost complete loss of NAD enzyme activity associated with tissues. However, these animals are viable, which leads to the conclusion that CD38 and its activity are not essential for life. However, these mice do have defects in their innate immunity, and the T cell-dependent humoral response is reduced.
  • CD38 is upregulated in many hematopoietic malignancies and cell lines derived from a variety of hematopoietic malignancies, including non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), Burkitt lymphoma ( Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), multiple myeloma (MM), B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), B and T acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), T cell lymphoma ( T cell lymphoma (TCL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (chronic myeloid leukemia) , CML).
  • NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
  • BL Burkitt's lymphoma
  • MM multiple myeloma
  • B-CLL B chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • ALL T acute lymphocy
  • reagents and methods for binding to CD38 methods for treating CD38-related diseases, and methods for detecting CD38 using CD38 specific binding agents (including CD38 specific antibodies or antibody fragments).
  • an isolated antibody or antibody fragment specific for human CD38 (SEQ ID NO: 1) is described.
  • the antibody or antibody fragment is composed of a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region is composed of three complementary determining regions (CDR): HCDR1, HCDR2 and HCDR3, and the light chain
  • the variable region also consists of three CDRs: LCDR1, LCDR2 and LCDR3.
  • the CDR sequence is represented as: HCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 9), HCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 13), HCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 17), LCDR1 (SEQ ID NO: 25), LCDR2 (SEQ ID NO: 29) And LCDR3 (SEQ ID NO: 33).
  • the isolated antibody or antibody fragment is composed of a heavy chain variable region whose sequence is contained in SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the isolated antibody or antibody fragment is composed of a light chain variable region whose sequence is contained in SEQ ID NO:21.
  • the isolated antibody or antibody fragment is composed of a heavy chain variable region, wherein the sequence of the heavy chain variable region is contained in SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the isolated antibody is composed of a light chain variable region, wherein the sequence of the light chain variable region is contained in SEQ ID NO:21. This combination of heavy chain variable region and light chain variable region is called scFv418.
  • the isolated antibody comprises an Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain is a human Fc domain.
  • the Fc domain is a variant Fc domain.
  • an isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 is provided. In other embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 41 is provided.
  • a host cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 and an isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • a host cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 and an isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • methods of producing antibodies of the invention include culturing a host comprising the isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 and the isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 under conditions that express the isolated nucleic acid and produce antibodies cell.
  • methods of producing antibodies of the invention include culturing a host comprising the isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 and the isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 41 under conditions that express the isolated nucleic acid and produce antibodies cell.
  • an isolated antibody specific for human CD38 (SEQ ID NO: 1) is described.
  • the antibody is composed of six CDRs, where each CDR of the antibody can be different from SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: by 0, 1, or 2 amino acid substitutions. 25. SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 33.
  • the isolated antibody is composed of a heavy chain variable region, wherein the sequence of the heavy chain variable region is contained in SEQ ID NO:5.
  • the isolated antibody is composed of a light chain variable region, wherein the sequence of the light chain variable region is contained in SEQ NO:21.
  • This combination of heavy chain variable region and light chain variable region is called scFv418.
  • an isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 is provided. In other embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 22 is provided. This combination of heavy and light chains is called an IgG418 complete antibody.
  • a host cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 and an isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 21.
  • a host cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 and an isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • methods of producing antibodies of the invention include culturing a host comprising the isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 and the isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 under conditions that express the isolated nucleic acid and produce antibodies cell.
  • methods of producing antibodies of the invention include culturing a host comprising the isolated nucleic acid encoding the heavy chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 37 and the isolated nucleic acid encoding the light chain shown in SEQ ID NO: 41 under conditions that express the isolated nucleic acid and produce antibodies cell.
  • an isolated antibody specific for human CD38 (SEQ ID NO: 1) is described.
  • the antibody is composed of six CDRs, where each CDR of the antibody can be different from SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: by 0, 1, or 2 amino acid substitutions. 25. SEQ ID NO: 29 and SEQ ID NO: 33.
  • an isolated anti-CD38 antibody that specifically binds human CD38 (SEQ ID NO: 1), wherein the antibody is at about 10-6 , 10-7 , 10-8 , 10-9 or Higher KD binds to human CD38.
  • antibodies that compete with IgG418 for binding to human CD38 are provided.
  • composition comprising the CD38 antibody or antibody fragment is provided.
  • a method for treating a subject suffering from a disease associated with CD38 expression comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the CD38 antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention, or administering the CD38 antibody Or a combination of antibody fragments.
  • CD38 antibody or antibody fragment or composition of the present invention in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of diseases related to CD38 expression.
  • a pharmaceutical composition for treating diseases related to CD38 expression comprising the CD38 antibody or antibody fragment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 shows the use of capture ELISA to detect the affinity of IgG418 and CD38 recombinant protein, with Darzalex as a control.
  • Figure 2 shows the use of flow cytometry to detect the affinity of IgG418 with CD38 expressed on Daudi cells, with Darzalex as a control.
  • Figure 3 shows the results of competitive ELISA testing, showing that the CD38 epitope bound by IgG418 is different from the epitope bound by Darzalex.
  • Figure 4 shows the statistical analysis of the CDC activity of Daudi cells with different concentrations of IgG418, with Darzalex as a control.
  • Figure 5 shows the results of statistical analysis of CDC data.
  • Figure 6 shows the ADCC activity of wild-type and defucosylated IgG418 on Daudi cells, with Darzalex as a control.
  • Figure 7 shows the inhibitory effect of anti-human CD38 monoclonal antibody on the growth of human B-cell lymphoma Daudi SCID mouse xenograft tumors at a dose of 1 mg/kg.
  • Figure 8 shows the inhibitory effect of anti-human CD38 monoclonal antibody on the growth of human B-cell lymphoma Daudi SCID mouse xenograft tumors at a dose of 10 mg/kg.
  • CD38 The extracellular domain of CD38 has been shown to have bifunctional enzyme activities: ADP-ribosyl cyclase and ADP-ribosyl hydrolase activities. Therefore, CD38 can catalyze the conversion of NAD to cADPR (cyclase), and can further hydrolyze it to ADP-ribose (hydrolase).
  • cADPR participates in the mobilization of calcium from intracellular storage. Calcium has a second messenger activity that is important for cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
  • Elevated CD38 expression has been confirmed in a variety of hematopoietic diseases, and has been considered as a negative prognostic marker of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
  • diseases include but are not limited to multiple myeloma (Jackson et al. (1988)), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Moribito et al. (2001), Jelinek et al. (2001), Chevalier et al. (2002), Dürig et al.) al.
  • B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia (Keyhani et al (2000)), including B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, primary systemic amyloidosis , Mantle cell lymphoma, prolymphocytic/granulocyte leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (Keyhani et al. (1993)), chronic myeloid leukemia (Marinov et al., (1993)), follicular lymphoma, NK Cell leukemia and plasma cell leukemia. Therefore, CD38 provides a useful target for the treatment of hematopoietic diseases.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies are being used in clinical trials for the treatment of CD38-related cancers. Therefore, antibodies against CD38 that have therapeutic effects and/or diagnostic applications are useful.
  • the present invention provides different sets of anti-CD38 CDRs that bind to different epitopes of CD38, and antibodies containing these CDRs.
  • the diagnostic and therapeutic application of the anti-CD38 antibody of the present invention is not limited to myeloma, but also includes all other types of cancer.
  • anti-CD38 antibodies can be used to diagnose and/or treat inflammatory and/or immunological diseases related to activated lymphocytes, including autoimmune diseases in particular.
  • CD38 is expressed in immature hematopoietic cells, down-regulated in mature cells, and re-expressed at high levels in activated lymphocytes and plasma cells.
  • high CD38 expression is found in activated B cells, plasma cells, activated CD4 + cells, activated CD8 + cells, NK cells, NKT cells, mature dendritic cells (DC), and activated monocytes.
  • the antibody of the present invention can be used to diagnose and/or treat a variety of diseases, including but not limited to autoimmune diseases as described below, including but not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diabetes and ulcerative colitis.
  • SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
  • rheumatoid arthritis rheumatoid arthritis
  • SSc systemic sclerosis
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • diabetes ulcerative colitis
  • patients with high plasma cell content such as SLE patients exhibiting high plasma cells, and RA patients exhibiting non-response to CD20-based therapy, can be selected as subjects.
  • the therapeutic anti-CD38 antibody of the present invention binds to CD38-positive cells, and causes the depletion of these cells (such as activated lymphocytes) through a variety of mechanisms of action, leading to the treatment and/or improvement of autoimmune diseases.
  • the mechanism of action includes, but is not limited to, CDC, ADCC, ADCP, and apoptotic pathways as described herein.
  • the present invention provides anti-CD38 antibodies, generally referring to the therapeutic and/or diagnostic antibodies described herein.
  • the antibodies used in the present invention can take various forms as described herein, including traditional antibodies as described below and antibody variants, derivatives, fragments, and analogs that retain their antigen-binding ability.
  • the present invention provides an antibody structure comprising a set of 6 CDRs (including a few amino acid changes as described below) as defined herein.
  • Each tetramer is usually composed of two pairs of identical polypeptide chains, each pair having a "light" chain (usually having a molecular weight of about 25 kDa) and a "heavy” chain (usually having a molecular weight of about 50 to 70 kDa).
  • Human light chains are divided into kappa light chains and lambda light chains.
  • Heavy chains are divided into ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , or ⁇ , and the isotype of the antibody is defined as IgM, IgD, IgG, and IgE, respectively.
  • IgG has several subclasses, including but not limited to IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.
  • IgM has subclasses, including but not limited to IgM1 and IgM2. Therefore, "isotype” as used herein means any subclass of immunoglobulin defined by the chemical and antigenic properties of its constant region.
  • the known isotypes of human immunoglobulins are IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgM1, IgM2, IgD and IgE. It should be understood that therapeutic antibodies may also comprise hybrids of isotypes and/or subtypes.
  • each chain contains a variable region of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids that is mainly responsible for antigen recognition.
  • variable region for each V domain of the heavy chain and light chain, three loops are gathered to form an antigen binding site.
  • Each loop is called a complementarity determining region (hereinafter referred to as "CDR"), in which the amino acid sequence changes most significantly.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • “Variable” refers to the fact that certain fragments of the variable region differ greatly in sequence between antibodies. The variability in the variable zone is not evenly distributed.
  • the V region is composed of relatively constant fragments of 15 to 30 amino acids (called framework regions (FR)) separated by shorter regions of extreme variability (called “hypervariable regions”), each The length of each region is 9 to 15 amino acids or longer.
  • Each VH and VL is composed of three hypervariable regions ("complementarity determining region", "CDR") and four FRs, arranged in the following order from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus: FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3 -FR4.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • the hypervariable region of the light chain variable region usually contains amino acid residues (LCDR3) at positions 24 to 34 (LCDR1; "L” means light chain), 50 to 56 (LCDR2), and 89 to 97; heavy chain
  • the hypervariable region of the variable region usually contains amino acid residues (HCDR3) at positions about 31 to 35 (HCDR1; “H” means heavy chain), 50 to 65 (HCDR2), and 95 to 102 (Kabat et al. , SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, 5 th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
  • residues in the variable domain (approximately residues 1 to 107 in the variable region of the light chain and residues 1 to 113 in the variable region of the heavy chain), Kabat is generally used.
  • the numbering system (for example, Kabat et al., supra (1991)), where the EU numbering system is used for the Fc region.
  • CDRs contribute to the formation of antigen binding of antibodies, or more specifically, the formation of epitope binding sites.
  • Epitope refers to a determinant that interacts with a specific antigen binding site (referred to as a parasite) in the variable region of an antibody molecule.
  • Epitopes are a group of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains, and usually have specific structural characteristics as well as specific charge characteristics.
  • a single antigen can have more than one epitope. For example, as shown herein, two different antibodies referred to herein as "IgG418" and Darzalex bind to different epitopes on the CD38 molecule.
  • An epitope may include amino acid residues that directly participate in binding (also known as the immunodominant component of the epitope) and other amino acid residues that are not directly involved in binding, such as amino acid residues that are effectively blocked by peptides that are involved in specific binding by the antigen. In other words, these amino acid residues are in the space occupied by the peptide that the antigen participates in specific binding.
  • Epitopes can be conformational or linear. Conformational epitopes are generated by the spatially juxtaposed amino acids of different segments of the linear polypeptide chain. Linear epitopes are epitopes generated by adjacent amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain. The difference between conformational and non-conformational epitopes can be that in the presence of a denaturing solvent, the binding to the former is lost and the binding to the latter is not lost.
  • the epitope usually contains at least 3, more usually at least 5 or 8 to 10 amino acids.
  • Antibodies that recognize the same epitope can be verified by a simple immunoassay in which one antibody blocks the ability of another antibody to bind to the target antigen.
  • the binding epitopes of IgG418 and Darzalex are different because they do not compete for the same epitope in a competitive ELISA assay.
  • antibodies that compete with epitopes of either scFv418 or IgG418 for binding can be used to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases. It should be noted that the present invention finds the use of antibodies that compete with scFv418 or IgG418.
  • each chain defines the constant region that is mainly responsible for effector functions.
  • Kabat et al. collected many primary sequences of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains. Based on the extent of conserved sequences, they will be a single sequence into the CDR and the framework and made a list (see SEQUENCES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, 5 th edition , NIH publication, No.91-3242, EAKabat et al., By reference in its entirety Incorporated).
  • immunoglobulin domains in the heavy chain.
  • immunoglobulin (Ig) domain means immunoglobulin regions with different tertiary structures.
  • the heavy chain domain which includes a constant heavy chain (CH) domain and a hinge domain.
  • CH constant heavy chain
  • each IgG isotype has three CH regions.
  • the "CH” domain is as follows: “CH1” refers to positions 118 to 220 according to the EU index as in Kabat, and “CH2” refers to positions 237 to 340 according to the EU index as in Kabat Bits, and “CH3” refers to the 341st to 447th positions according to the EU index as in Kabat.
  • Ig domain of the heavy chain is the hinge region.
  • Hinge or “hinge region” or “antibody hinge region” or “immunoglobulin hinge region” herein means a flexible polypeptide comprising amino acids between the first and second constant domains of an antibody. Structurally, the IgG CH1 domain terminates at EU position 220, and the IgG CH2 domain starts at EU residue 237. Therefore, for IgG, the antibody hinge herein is defined as comprising positions 221 (221 in IgG1) to 236 (G236 in IgG1), where the numbering is based on the EU index as in Kabat. In some embodiments, such as in the case of the Fc region, a lower hinge is included, where “lower hinge” generally refers to position 226 or position 230.
  • Fc region Of particular interest in the present invention is the Fc region.
  • Fc or “Fc region” or “Fc domain” means a polypeptide that includes the constant region of an antibody, but does not include the first constant region immunoglobulin domain, and in some cases also includes a part of the hinge . Therefore, Fc refers to the last two constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgA, IgD, and IgG, and the last three constant region immunoglobulin domains of IgE and IgM, and the flexible hinge at the N-terminus of these domains. For IgA and IgM, the Fc may comprise the J chain.
  • the Fc domain contains the immunoglobulin domains C ⁇ 2 and C ⁇ 3 (C ⁇ 2 and C ⁇ 3) and the lower hinge region between C ⁇ 1 (C ⁇ 1) and C ⁇ 2 (C ⁇ 2).
  • the Fc region of a human IgG heavy chain is generally defined as containing C226 or P230 residues at its carboxy terminus, where the numbering is based on the EU index as in Kabat.
  • amino acid modifications are made in the Fc region, for example to alter binding to one or more Fc ⁇ R receptors or FeRn receptors.
  • the antibody is full-length.
  • the “full-length antibody” herein means the structure that constitutes the natural biological form of the antibody, including variable and constant regions, and including one or more modifications as described herein.
  • the antibody can have a variety of structures, including but not limited to antibody fragments, monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, small antibodies, domain antibodies, synthetic antibodies (sometimes referred to herein as “antibody analogs"), chimeric Antibodies, humanized antibodies, antibody fusions (sometimes referred to as “antibody conjugates”) and respective fragments.
  • the antibody is an antibody fragment.
  • Specific antibody fragments include but are not limited to (i) Fab fragments composed of VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) Fd fragments composed of VH and CH1 domains; (iii) VL and VH of a single antibody Fv fragments composed of structural domains; (iv) dAb fragments composed of a single variable region (Ward et al., 1989, Nature 341:544-546, fully incorporated by reference); (v) isolated CDR regions; (vi ) A bivalent F(ab')2 fragment containing two linked Fab fragments; (vii) A single-chain Fv molecule (scFv) in which the VH domain and the VL domain are connected by a peptide linker, which allows two structures The domains associate to form an antigen binding site (Bird et al., 1988, Science 242:423-426, Huston et al., 1988, Proc.
  • the antibody may be a mixture from different species, such as a chimeric antibody and/or a humanized antibody. That is, in the present invention, the CDR group can be used together with framework regions and constant regions other than those specifically described in the sequence herein.
  • both “chimeric antibody” and “humanized antibody” refer to antibodies that are combinations of regions from more than one species.
  • “chimeric antibodies” traditionally contain variable regions derived from mice (or rats in some cases) and constant regions derived from humans.
  • “Humanized antibody” generally refers to an antibody in which the variable domain framework region of a non-human antibody is replaced with a sequence found in a human antibody.
  • the entire antibody except for the CDR is encoded by a polynucleotide of human origin or is the same as the antibody of human origin except for its CDR.
  • a part or all of the CDRs encoded by nucleic acids derived from non-human organisms are transplanted into the ⁇ -sheet framework of the variable regions of human antibodies to produce antibodies, and the specificity of the antibodies is determined by the grafted CDRs.
  • the production of such antibodies is described in, for example, WO 92/11018, Jones, 1986, Nature 321:522-525, Verhoeyen et al., 1988, Science 239:1534-1536, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. It is usually necessary to "backmutate" selected acceptor framework residues to corresponding donor residues to restore the affinity lost in the initially transplanted construct (US Patent No. 5,530,101; US Patent No. 5,585,089; US Patent No.
  • the antibody also contains at least a part of the immunoglobulin constant region, usually a part of a human immunoglobulin, typically a human Fc region. It is also possible to use mice with genetically engineered immune systems to produce humanized antibodies (Roque et al. , 2004, Biotechnol. Prog.
  • Humanization methods include but are not limited to Jones et al., 1986, Nature 321:522-525; Riechmann et al.,1988,Nature 332:323-329; Verhoeyen et al.,1988,Science,239:1534-1536; Queen et al.,1989,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci .USA 86:10029-33;He et al.,1998,J.Immunol.160:1029-1035; Carter et al.,1992,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4285-9;Presta et al.,1997, Cancer Res.57(20):4593-9; Gorman et al.,1991,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88:4181-4185; O'Connor et al.,1998,Protein Eng 11:321-8 (All incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • variable regions of non-human antibodies may include resurfacin g method), such as described in Roguska et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 969-973, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the parent antibody is already an affinity matured antibody, as known in the art.
  • Structure-based methods can be used for humanization and affinity maturation, for example as described in U.S. Serial No. 11/004,590. Selection-based methods can be used to humanize antibody variable regions and/or affinity maturation, including but not limited to Wu et al., 1999, J. Mol. Biol.
  • the antibodies of the present invention may be multispecific antibodies, especially bispecific antibodies, sometimes also referred to as "diabodies". These antibodies bind to two (or more) different antigens or different epitopes on the same antigen.
  • Diabodies can be prepared in a variety of ways known in the art (Holliger and Winter, 1993, Current Opinion Biotechnol. 4:446-449, incorporated by reference in its entirety), for example, chemically prepared or prepared from hybridomas.
  • the antibody is a minibody.
  • Minibodies are minimal antibody-like proteins containing scFv linked to the CH3 domain. Hu et al., 1996, Cancer Res. 56:3055-3061, incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the scFv can be linked to the Fc region, and can include part or the entire hinge region.
  • the antibodies of the invention are usually isolated or recombinant.
  • isolated means a polypeptide that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from the cell or cell culture in which it is expressed. Generally, the isolated polypeptide will be prepared through at least one purification step.
  • isolated antibody refers to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies with different antigen specificities. For example, an isolated antibody that specifically binds to CD38 is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind to antigens other than CD38.
  • an isolated antibody that specifically binds to an epitope, isotype, or variant of human CD38 or cyno CD38 may be cross-reactive with, for example, other related antigens from other species, such as species homologs of CD38.
  • the isolated antibody may be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemical material.
  • Isolated monoclonal antibodies with different specificities can be combined in a defined composition. Therefore, if desired, IgG418 can be combined in a single formulation.
  • the anti-CD38 antibody of the present invention specifically binds its ligand CD38 (for example, the human CD38 protein of SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • “Specific binding” or “specificity” to a specific antigen or epitope means binding that is significantly different from non-specific interactions. Specific binding can be measured, for example, by comparing the binding of an antibody to a corresponding molecule and a control molecule, which is usually a molecule of similar structure that does not have binding activity. For example, specific binding can be determined by competition with a control molecule similar to the target.
  • the specific binding to a specific antigen or epitope can be embodied by the KD value.
  • the KD of an antibody against a certain antigen or epitope is at least about 10 -4 M, at least about 10 -5 M, or at least about 10 -6 M , At least about 10 -7 M, at least about 10 -8 M, at least about 10 -9 M, at least about 10 -10 M, at least about 10 -11 M, at least about 10 -12 M or higher, wherein KD refers to specific The dissociation rate of the antibody-antigen interaction.
  • the KD of an antibody that specifically binds to an antigen and an antigen or epitope is 20 times, 50 times, 100 times, 500 times, 1000 times, 5,000 times, 10,000 times or more than that of the control molecule.
  • specific binding to a specific antigen or epitope can be embodied by KA or Ka.
  • an antibody against an antigen or epitope has a KA or Ka that is 20 times, 50 times, 100 times, 500 times that of the control epitope, 1000-fold, 5,000-fold, 10,000-fold or more antibodies, where KA or Ka refers to the binding rate of a specific antibody-antigen interaction.
  • the invention also provides variants of the antibody. That is, many modifications can be made to the antibody of the present invention, including but not limited to: amino acid modifications in CDR (affinity maturation), amino acid modifications in the Fc region, glycosylation variants, other types of covalent modifications, and the like.
  • a “variant” herein means a polypeptide sequence that differs from the parent polypeptide due to at least one (one or more) amino acid modification.
  • Amino acid modifications may include substitutions, insertions and deletions, the former being preferred in many cases.
  • the variant may contain any number of modifications as long as the function of the protein remains. That is, for example, in the case where the CDR of IgG418 is used to generate an amino acid variant, the antibody should specifically bind to human CD38. Similarly, if the Fc region is used to produce amino acid variants, the antibody variants should maintain the receptor binding function required for the specific application or indication of the antibody.
  • substitutions with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acids are more common, because the usual goal is to change the function with the least number of modifications.
  • the number of amino acid modifications can be within the functional domain: for example, it is desired to have 1 to 5 modifications in the Fc region of the wild-type or engineered protein, or 1 to 5 modifications in the Fv region.
  • the variant polypeptide sequence preferably has at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or up to 98% or 99% with the parent sequence (for example, the variable region, constant region, and/or heavy and light chain sequences of IgG418).
  • % Identity It should be noted that depending on the size of the sequence, the percent identity will depend on the number of amino acids.
  • amino acid substitution or “replacement” herein means that an amino acid at a specific position in the parent polypeptide sequence is replaced by another amino acid.
  • S100A substitution refers to a variant polypeptide in which the serine at position 100 is replaced by alanine.
  • amino acid insertion or “insertion” as used herein means the addition of an amino acid at a specific position in the parent polypeptide sequence.
  • amino acid deletion or “deletion” means the removal of an amino acid at a specific position in the parent polypeptide sequence.
  • parent polypeptide means an unmodified polypeptide, which is subsequently modified to produce a variant.
  • parent polypeptides herein are scFv418 and IgG418.
  • the parent polypeptide may refer to the polypeptide itself, a composition comprising the parent polypeptide or the amino acid sequence encoding it. Therefore, the "parent Fc polypeptide” used herein means an Fc polypeptide used for modification to produce a variant, and the "parent antibody” used herein means an antibody used for modification to produce a variant antibody.
  • WT-type or WT or “natural” herein means an amino acid sequence or nucleotide sequence found in nature, including allelic variations. WT proteins, polypeptides, antibodies, immunoglobulins, IgG, etc. have unintentionally modified amino acid sequences or nucleotide sequences.
  • the "Fc region variant” herein means an Fc sequence that differs from the wild-type Fc sequence due to at least one amino acid modification.
  • An Fc variant may refer to an Fc polypeptide composition comprising an Fc variant polypeptide or amino acid sequence.
  • one or more amino acids of one or more CDRs of antibody IgG418 are modified. Generally, only 1 or 2 or 3 amino acids are replaced in any CDR, and usually no more than 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 amino acid changes in a set of CDRs. However, it should be understood that any combination of no substitutions, 1, 2, or 3 substitutions in any CDR can be independently and optionally combined with any other substitutions.
  • affinity maturation amino acid modifications in CDRs are referred to as "affinity maturation.”
  • An “affinity mature” antibody is an antibody that has one or more changes in one or more CDRs. Compared with the parent antibody without those changes, the affinity of the affinity mature antibody for the antigen is improved. In some cases, although it is rare, it is desirable to reduce the affinity of an antibody for its antigen, but this is generally not preferred.
  • Affinity maturation can be performed to increase the binding affinity of the antibody to the antigen by at least about 10% to 50-100-150% or more, or 1 to 5 times, compared to the "parent" antibody.
  • Preferred affinity matured antibodies will have nanomolar or even picomolar affinity for the target antigen.
  • Affinity maturation antibodies can be produced by known procedures. See, for example, Marks et al., 1992, Biotechnology 10:779-783, which describes the affinities by mixing variable heavy chain (VH) and variable light chain (VL) domains Mature. Random mutagenesis of CDR and/or framework residues is described in: for example, Barbas, et al. 1994, Proc. Nat. Acad.
  • "silent" amino acid modifications can be made in one or more CDRs of the antibodies of the invention, for example, without significantly changing the affinity of the antibody for the antigen. These modifications can be made for a variety of reasons, including optimized expression (e.g., can be made by nucleic acids encoding antibodies of the invention).
  • CDR variants and antibody variants are included in the definition of CDR and antibody of the present invention. That is, the antibody of the present invention may include amino acid modifications in one or more CDRs of IgG418. In addition, as described below, amino acid modifications can also be made independently and optionally in any region other than the CDR, including framework regions and constant regions.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies of the invention are composed of Fc domain variants.
  • Fc domain variants As known in the art, the Fc region of an antibody interacts with many Fc receptors and ligands, giving it a series of important functional capabilities, called effector functions.
  • Fc receptors include but are not limited to: (human) Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), including isotypes Fc ⁇ RIa, Fc ⁇ RIb, and Fc ⁇ RIc; Fc ⁇ RII (CD32), including isotypes (including allotypes H131 and R131), Fc ⁇ RIIb (including Fc ⁇ RIIb-1 and Fc ⁇ RIIb-2) and Fc ⁇ RIIc; and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD1.6), including isotype Fc ⁇ RIIIa (including allotype V158 and F158, which are related to antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC)) and Fc ⁇ RIIIb (including homologous Heterotypic Fc ⁇ RIIIb-NA1 and Fc ⁇ RIIIb-NA2), FcRn (neoplastic receptor), C1q (complement protein involved in complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)) and FcRn (neoplastic receptor involved in serum half-life).
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
  • Fc ⁇ RIIIb including homo
  • the molecule can be stabilized by adding a disulfide bond connecting the VH and VL domains (Reiter et al., 1996, Nature Biotech. 14:1239-1245, incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • various covalent modifications of the antibody as described below can be performed.
  • Covalent modifications of antibodies are included within the scope of the present invention, and these modifications are usually but not always performed post-translationally.
  • several types of covalent modifications can be introduced into the antibody molecule by reacting specific amino acid residues of the antibody with an organic derivatizing agent capable of reacting with selected side chains or N- or C-terminal residues.
  • Cysteine residues are most commonly reacted with ⁇ -haloacetates (and corresponding amines), for example with chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide to give carboxymethyl or carboxamide methyl derivatives. Cysteine residues can also be combined with bromotrifluoroacetone, ⁇ -bromo- ⁇ -(5-imidazolyl) propionic acid, chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimide, 3-nitro 2-pyridyl disulfide, 2-pyridyl disulfide methyl, p-chloromercury benzoate, 2-chloromercury-4-nitrophenol or chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2- Oxa-1,3-diazole, etc. react to derivatize.
  • Histidine residues are derivatized by reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate at a pH of 5.5 to 7.0 because the reagent is relatively specific for histidine side chains.
  • Para-bromobenzoyl bromide can also be used.
  • the reaction is preferably carried out in 0.1M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.0.
  • Lysyl and amino terminal residues react with succinic acid or other carboxylic anhydrides. Derivatization with these reagents has the effect of reversing the charge of lysyl residues.
  • Other suitable reagents for derivatizing ⁇ -amino-containing residues include: imino esters, such as picoline imine methyl ester; pyridoxal phosphate; pyridoxal; chloroborohydride; trinitro Benzenesulfonic acid; O-methyl isourea; 2,4-pentanedione; and glyoxylic acid reaction catalyzed by transaminase.
  • the arginine residues are modified by reacting with one or several conventional reagents, including phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, 1,2-cyclohexanedione and ninhydrin. Due to the high pKa of the guanidine functional group, the derivatization of arginine residues requires the reaction to proceed under alkaline conditions. In addition, these reagents can react with lysine groups as well as arginine epsilon-amino groups.
  • Tyrosyl residues can be specifically modified, of which particular interest is the introduction of spectral labels into tyrosyl residues by reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane. Most commonly, N-acetylimidazole and tetranitromethane are used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl substances and 3-nitro derivatives, respectively, and 125I or 131I iodinated tyrosyl residues are used to prepare radioactive tyrosyl residues. For the labeled protein for immunoassay, the above-mentioned chloramine T method is suitable.
  • the pendant carboxyl group (aspartyl or glutamyl) is selectively modified by reaction with carbodiimide (R'-N ⁇ C ⁇ N-R'), where R and R'are optionally different alkane Group, such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-4-ethyl)carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3-(4-nitrogen cation-4,4-dimethylpentyl) Carbodiimide.
  • alkane Group such as 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-4-ethyl)carbodiimide or 1-ethyl-3-(4-nitrogen cation-4,4-dimethylpentyl) Carbodiimide.
  • aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted into asparagine and glutamine residues by reaction with ammonium ions.
  • Bifunctional agent derivatization can be used to cross-link the antibody to a water-insoluble support matrix or surface for a variety of methods including the methods described below.
  • Commonly used crosslinking agents include, for example, 1,1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane; glutaraldehyde; N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, for example, 4-azidosalicylate ; Homobifunctional imide esters, including disuccinimidyl esters, such as 3,3'-dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate); and bifunctional maleimides, such as bis -N-Maleimide-1,8-octane.
  • Derivatizing agents such as 3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]alanimidate methyl ester produce photoactivatable intermediates capable of forming crosslinks in the presence of light.
  • a reactive water-insoluble matrix of carbohydrates activated by cynomolgusogen bromide is produced by cynomolgus monkeys and described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,969,287, No. 3,691,016, No. 4,195,128, No. 4,247,642, No. 4,229,537, and No. 4,330,440
  • the reactive substrates described in are used for protein immobilization.
  • Glutamine and asparagine residues are often deamidated to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues, respectively. Alternatively, these residues are deamidated under weakly acidic conditions. Any form of these residues falls within the scope of the present invention.
  • labels including fluorescence, enzymes, magnetism, radioactivity, etc.
  • labels can all be added to antibodies and other compositions of the present invention.
  • the antibodies disclosed herein can be modified to include one or more engineered glycoforms.
  • the "engineered glycoform” used herein means a sugar chain composition covalently linked to an antibody, wherein the sugar chain composition is chemically different from the parent antibody.
  • the modified glycoforms can be used for a variety of purposes, including but not limited to enhancing or reducing effector functions.
  • the preferred form of the modified glycoform is defucosylation, which has been shown to be associated with an increase in ADCC function, presumably through tighter binding to the Fc ⁇ RIIIa receptor.
  • defucosylation means that most of the antibodies produced in the host cell are substantially free of fucose, for example, 90-95-98% of the antibodies produced do not contain significant fucose.
  • the sugar is a component of the sugar chain part of the antibody (usually linked to N297 in the Fc region). Functionally, afucosylated antibodies usually exhibit at least 50% or higher affinity for the Fc ⁇ RIIIa receptor.
  • the modified glycoforms can be produced by a variety of methods known in the art ( et al., 1999, Nat Biotechnol 17: 176-180; Davies et al., 2001, Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 288-294; Shields et al., 2002, J Biol Chem 277: 26733-26740; Shinkawa et al., 2003 , J Biol Chem 278: 3466-3473; U.S. Patent No. 6,602,684; U.S. Series No. 10/277,370; U.S. Series No.
  • Lec-13CHO cells or rat hybridoma YB2/0 cells by regulating enzymes involved in the glycosylation pathway (for example, FUT8[ ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase] and/or ⁇ 1-4N-acetylglucosamine Glycosyltransferase III [GnTITT]), or modify the sugar chain after IgG has been expressed.
  • enzymes involved in the glycosylation pathway for example, FUT8[ ⁇ 1,6-fucosyltransferase] and/or ⁇ 1-4N-acetylglucosamine Glycosyltransferase III [GnTITT]
  • GnTITT ⁇ 1-4N-acetylglucosamine Glycosyltransferase III
  • the "sugar chain engineered antibody” or “SEA technology” of Seattle Genetics works by adding a modified sugar that inhibits fucosylation during the production process, see, for example, 20090317869, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the modified glycotype may refer to IgG variants containing different sugar chains or oligosaccharides.
  • the glycosylation pattern may depend on the sequence of the protein (for example, the presence or absence of specific glycosylated amino acid residues discussed below), or the host cell or organism that produces the protein. Specific expression systems are discussed below.
  • Polypeptide glycosylation is usually N-linked or O-linked.
  • N-linked means that the sugar chain part is connected to the side chain of the asparagine residue.
  • the tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine are enzymatic linkages where the sugar chain part is attached to the side chain of asparagine The recognition sequence. Therefore, the presence of any of these tripeptide sequences in the polypeptide will generate potential glycosylation sites.
  • O-linked glycosylation refers to linking one of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyl amino acid, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine can be used, but the most common Is serine or threonine.
  • glycosylation sites to the antibody can be conveniently achieved by changing the amino acid sequence to include one or more of the above-mentioned tripeptide sequences. Changes can also be made by adding or replacing one or more serine or threonine residues on the starting sequence (for O-linked glycosylation sites).
  • the amino acid sequence of the antibody is preferably changed at the DNA level, especially by mutating a predetermined base in the DNA encoding the target polypeptide to obtain a codon that can be translated into the desired amino acid.
  • sugars can be linked to (a) arginine and histidine; (b) free carboxyl groups; (c) free sulfhydryl groups, such as those of cysteine; (d) free hydroxyl groups, such as The hydroxyl group of serine, threonine or hydroxyproline; (e) aromatic residues, such as aromatic residues of phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan, or (I) the amide group of glutamine .
  • sugars can be linked to (a) arginine and histidine; (b) free carboxyl groups; (c) free sulfhydryl groups, such as those of cysteine; (d) free hydroxyl groups, such as The hydroxyl group of serine, threonine or hydroxyproline; (e) aromatic residues, such as aromatic residues of phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan, or (I) the amide group of glutamine .
  • the sugar chain portion present on the starting antibody can be removed by chemical or enzymatic methods.
  • Chemical deglycosylation requires exposure of the protein to the compound trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or an equivalent compound. This treatment results in the cleavage of most or all sugars except the linking sugar (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine), while keeping the polypeptide intact.
  • Hakimuddin et al., 1987, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 259: 52 and Edge et al., 1981, Anal. Biochem. 118: 131 describe chemical deglycosylation, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Enzymatic cleavage of the sugar chain portion of the polypeptide can be achieved by a variety of endo and exoglycosidases, as described in Thotakura et al., 1987, Meth. Enzymol. 138:350, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Glycosylation of potential glycosylation sites can be avoided by using the compound tunicamycin, as described in Duskin et al., 1982, 0.1 Biol. Chem. 257: 3105, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Tunicamycin blocks the formation of protein-N-glycosidic bonds.
  • Another type of covalent modification of antibodies includes, for example, 2005-2006 PEG Catalog from Nektar Therapeutics (available on the Nektar website), U.S. Patent Nos. 4,640,835, No. 4,496,689, No. 4,301,144, No. 4,670,417, No. 4,791,192 or No. 4,179,337
  • the antibody is attached to a variety of non-protein polymers, including but not limited to various polyols, such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylene, in the manner described in (all of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety). Additionally, as is known in the art, amino acid substitutions can be made at multiple positions within the antibody to facilitate the addition of, for example, PEG polymers. See, for example, U.S. Publication No. 2005/0114037A1, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the present invention provides a variety of antibodies, each of which has a specific set of CDRs (including, as described above, CDRs with some amino acid substitutions).
  • an antibody can be defined by a set of 6 CDRs, variable regions or the full length of heavy and light chains (including constant regions).
  • amino acid substitutions can also be made.
  • amino acid modifications are usually described in terms of the number of amino acid modifications. This also applies to discussing the number of amino acid modifications introduced in a variable sequence, a constant sequence, or a full-length sequence. In addition to the number of amino acid changes, it is also appropriate to define these changes in terms of "% identity".
  • antibodies with 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% identity to the SEQ ID NO listed herein are included in the present invention.
  • the term “homology” used herein has the same meaning as "identity”.
  • the CDR groups are as follows: the three CDRs of the heavy chain include SEQ ID NO: 9 (HCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 13 (HCDR2) and SEQ ID NO: 17 (HCDR3) and the three CDRs of the light chain include SEQ ID NO: 25 (LCDR1), SEQ ID NO: 29 (LCDR2) and SEQ ID NO: 33 (LCDR3).
  • antibodies eg, scFv418 or IgG418, that compete with the antibodies of the invention for binding to human CD38 are provided.
  • the competitive binding of two or more anti-CD38 antibodies to CD38 or a portion of CD38 can be determined by any suitable technique.
  • competition means that in the presence of a test compound, the tendency of an antibody of the present invention (e.g., IgG418) to bind to its specific binding partner (e.g., CD38) is detectably and significantly reduced.
  • competition means through, for example, ELISA or The binding of the antibody of the present invention to CD38 is reduced by at least about 10% to 100% in the presence of a competitor as measured by standard techniques. Therefore, a competition criterion can be set in which at least about 10% relative inhibition, at least about 15% relative inhibition, and at least about 20% relative inhibition are detected before the antibody is considered to be sufficiently competitive.
  • the competition can be determined by a relative inhibition of greater than about 40% of CD38 binding, for example, at least about 45% inhibition, at least about 50% inhibition, at least about 55 %. % Inhibition, at least about 60% inhibition, at least about 65% inhibition, at least about 70% inhibition, at least about 75% inhibition, at least about 80% inhibition, at least about 85% inhibition, at least about 90% Inhibition, at least about 95% inhibition, or a higher level of relative inhibition.
  • one or more components of the competitive binding assay are labeled.
  • an anti-CD38 antibody and more than one CD38 epitope and/or a part of CD38, for example, a specific segment that binds CD38 to the antibody is located in a fragment, for example, a well-presented linear antigen is located in a different test fragment , Or large CD38 fragments and conformational epitopes in CD38 molecules.
  • Assessing competition generally involves using the antibodies of the invention, CD38, and test molecules to evaluate relative binding inhibition.
  • the test molecule can include any molecule, including other antibodies, small molecules, peptides, and the like.
  • the compounds are mixed in an amount sufficient to make a comparison to inform information about the selectivity and/or specificity of the molecule in question relative to other molecules present.
  • test compound CD38
  • antibody of the invention can vary.
  • about 5 to 50 ⁇ g e.g., about 10 to 50 ⁇ g, about 20 to 50 ⁇ g, about 5 to 20 ⁇ g, about 10 to 20 ⁇ g, etc.
  • the conditions should also be suitable for the combination.
  • physiological conditions or conditions close to physiological for example, a temperature of about 20 to 40°C, a pH of about 7 to 8, etc. are suitable for the combination of anti-CD38 and CD38.
  • Competition is usually determined by a relative inhibition that is significantly greater than about 5% in ELISA and/or FACS analysis.
  • a higher relative inhibition threshold can be set as a criterion/determinant of the appropriate level of competition in a specific context (for example, in a competition analysis for selection or screening designed to be expected to block another peptide or molecule (for example, the natural binding of CD38)
  • Chaperones such as CD31, also known as CD31 antigen, EndoCAM, GPIIA, PECAM-1, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecules or naturally-occurring anti-CD38 antibodies (in the case of new antibodies that bind to CD38).
  • the anti-CD38 antibody of the present invention specifically binds to one or more residues or regions in CD38, but not with other proteins that have homology with CD38 (such as BST-1 (Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen) -1) Cross-react with Mo5 (also known as CD157)).
  • BST-1 Breaststromal Cell Antigen
  • Mo5 also known as CD157
  • the lack of cross-reactivity means that when a sufficient amount of molecules is used under suitable assay conditions to be evaluated by ELISA and/or FACS analysis, the relative inhibition of competition between the molecules is less than about 5%.
  • the antibodies disclosed herein can be used to block ligand-receptor interactions or inhibit receptor component interactions.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies of the invention can be "blocking” or “neutralizing”.
  • Negtralizing antibody refers to an antibody that binds to CD38 to inhibit the biological activity of CD38, such as its ability to interact with ligands, enzyme activity, signal transduction ability, and especially its ability to activate lymphocytes.
  • the inhibition of the biological activity of CD38 can be assessed by several in vitro or in vivo assay standards known in the art.
  • Inhibiting binding or “blocking binding” encompasses both partial and complete inhibition/blocking. Inhibiting/blocking the binding of a CD38 binding partner to CD38 can reduce or change the normal level or type of cell signaling that occurs when the CD38 binding partner binds to CD38 (without inhibition or blocking). Inhibition and blocking are also intended to encompass any measurable reduction in the binding affinity of the CD38 binding partner to CD38 when contacted with the anti-CD38 antibody compared to ligands that have not been contacted with the anti-CD38 antibody. For example, the binding of the CD38 binding partner to CD38 is blocked by at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99%, or 100%.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies disclosed herein can also inhibit cell growth. Compared with the growth of cells that have not been contacted with anti-CD38 antibodies, "inhibition of growth” includes a measurable decrease in the growth of the same cells when contacted with anti-CD38 antibodies, for example, the growth of cell cultures is inhibited by at least about 10%, 20 %, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 100%.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies disclosed herein are capable of depleting activated lymphocytes and plasma cells.
  • depleted means that the serum levels of activated lymphocytes and/or plasma cells (e.g., as tested in cynomolgus monkeys) are measurably reduced compared to untreated animals.
  • visible depletion is at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99%, or 100%.
  • a particular advantage exhibited by the antibodies of the present invention is the recoverability of these cells after administration.
  • cell depletion can continue for a long period of time, leading to undesirable side effects.
  • the effects of the antibodies disclosed herein on activated lymphocytes and/or plasma cells are recoverable.
  • the present invention also provides methods for producing the disclosed anti-CD38 antibodies. These methods include culturing host cells containing isolated nucleic acids encoding antibodies of the invention. As those skilled in the art will understand, this can be done in a variety of ways depending on the nature of the antibody.
  • the antibody of the present invention is a full-length conventional antibody, for example, the variable region of the heavy chain and the variable region of the light chain are under the condition that the antibody produced can be separated.
  • the present disclosure provides nucleic acids encoding antibodies of the invention.
  • Such polynucleotides encode the variable and constant regions of each heavy and light chain.
  • the present invention also includes other combinations.
  • the present invention also includes oligonucleotide fragments derived from the polynucleotides disclosed above and nucleic acid sequences complementary to these polynucleotides.
  • the polynucleotide may be in the form of RNA or DNA.
  • DNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, nucleic acid analogs and polynucleotides in the form of synthetic DNA are within the scope of the present invention.
  • DNA can be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if it is single-stranded, it can be a coding (sense) strand or a non-coding (antisense) strand.
  • the coding sequence of the encoded polypeptide may be the same as the coding sequence provided herein, or may be a different coding sequence, which encodes the same polypeptide as the DNA provided herein due to redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code.
  • the nucleic acid encoding the antibody of the invention is inserted into an expression vector, which may be extrachromosomal or designed to integrate into the genome of the host cell.
  • the expression vector may contain any number of appropriate regulatory sequences (including but not limited to transcription and translation regulatory sequences, promoters, ribosome binding sites, enhancers, origins of replication, etc.) or other components (selection genes, etc.), as in the art As is known, all of these are operatively connected.
  • two nucleic acids are used and placed in different expression vectors (for example, the heavy chain in the first expression vector, the light chain in the second expression vector), or alternatively they can be placed in In the same expression vector.
  • the design of the expression vector including the selection of regulatory sequences may depend on factors such as the selection of the host cell, the expression level of the desired protein, and the like.
  • any method suitable for the selected host cell can be used to introduce the nucleic acid and/or expression vector into a suitable host cell to produce a recombinant host cell so that the nucleic acid molecule can be manipulated Ground to one or more expression control elements (for example, in a vector, in a construct produced by a process in a cell, integrated into the host cell genome).
  • the resulting recombinant host cell can be expressed under conditions suitable for expression (for example, in the presence of an inducer, in a suitable non-human animal, in a suitable medium supplemented with suitable salts, growth factors, antibiotics, nutritional supplements, etc. ) Is maintained, thereby producing the encoded polypeptide.
  • the heavy chain is produced in one cell and the light chain is produced in another cell.
  • Mammalian cell lines that can be used as expression hosts are known in the art and include many immortalized cell lines available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.), including but not limited to Chinese Hamster Ovary (Chinese hamster ovary, CHO) cells, HEK 293 cells, NSO cells, HeLa cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, monkey kidney cells (COS), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (such as Hep G2) and many others Other cell lines.
  • Non-mammalian cells including but not limited to bacteria, yeast, insects, and plants
  • antibodies can be produced in transgenic animals (e.g., cows or chickens).
  • the antibodies of the present invention can be used in a variety of applications, including the diagnosis and treatment of CD38-related diseases.
  • CD38 related disorders including the diagnosis and treatment of CD38-related diseases.
  • the present invention provides methods for diagnosing and treating disorders related to inflammation and immune diseases, particularly diseases related to activated lymphocytes.
  • CD38 is expressed in immature hematopoietic cells, down-regulated in mature cells, and re-expressed at high levels in activated lymphocytes and plasma cells.
  • high CD38 expression is found in activated B cells, plasma cells, activated CD4 + T cells, activated CD8 + T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, mature dendritic cells (DC), and activated monocytes.
  • the therapeutic anti-CD38 antibody of the present invention binds to CD38-positive cells (such as activated lymphocytes), and causes the depletion of these cells through a variety of mechanisms of action (including CDC, ADCC, and ADCP pathways).
  • CD38-positive cells such as activated lymphocytes
  • the antibodies of the present invention can be used to treat any autoimmune disease that has an increased expression of CD38 or an increased number of cells expressing CD38 as a sign of a disease.
  • diseases include but are not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colon Inflammation, rejection of allogeneic islet transplantation, alopecia areata, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune Addison’s disease, antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA), adrenal autoimmune disease , Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune myocarditis, autoimmune neutropenia, autoimmune oophoritis and orchitis, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune urticaria , Behcet's disease, bullous pemphigoid
  • the antibodies of the present invention are used to diagnose and/or treat various diseases, including but not limited to autoimmune diseases, including but not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Diabetes, Graft Host Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis.
  • autoimmune diseases including but not limited to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Diabetes, Graft Host Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis.
  • patients with high plasma cell content can be selected, such as SLE patients exhibiting high plasma cells, and RA patients exhibiting non-response to CD20-based therapy.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a disorder related to the proliferation of CD38-expressing cells, the method comprising administering to a patient a pharmaceutically effective amount of the antibody.
  • the condition is cancer, and in certain embodiments, the cancer is a hematological cancer. In some other specific embodiments, the condition is multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, plasma cell leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, or primary Kitt lymphoma.
  • CD38 certain disorders are related to cells expressing CD38, and certain disorders are related to overexpression, high-density expression or up-regulation of CD38 expression on the cell surface. It can be determined by methods known in the art whether a cell population expresses CD38, for example, flow cytometry is used to determine the percentage of cells in a given population that are labeled with antibodies that specifically bind CD38 or immunohistochemical assays, such as the following in diagnostic applications Usually stated. For example, a cell population in which CD38 expression is detected in about 10% to 30% of cells can be considered as weakly positive for CD38; and a cell population in which CD38 expression is detected in more than about 30% of cells can be considered To have a clear positive for CD38 (eg Jackson et al.
  • compositions and methods of the present invention are applied to cancer, such as blood system cancer.
  • Hematological cancers refer to malignant tumors of blood-forming tissues, including leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
  • Disorders related to CD38 expression include, but are not limited to, multiple myeloma (Jackson et al. (1988), Clin.Exp.Immunol.72:351-356), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) (Dürig et al. (2002), Leukemia 16:30-5; Morabito et al. (2001), Leukemia Research 25:927-32; Marinov et al.
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • CML chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia
  • AML acute myeloid leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia Leukemia
  • HCL hairy cell leukemia
  • MDS myelodysplastic syndrome
  • Tumor or “neoplastic disorder” refers to a disease associated with cell proliferation, characterized by the loss of normal control of cells leading to one or more symptoms, including uncontrolled growth, lack of differentiation, local tissue infiltration and metastasis.
  • the blood system cancer is selected from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • CML chronic myeloid leukemia
  • AML acute myeloid leukemia
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • CD38 expression is, for example, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Dürig et al. (2002), Leukemia 16:30-5; and Morabito et al. (2001), Leukemia Research 25:927-32) And acute myeloid leukemia (Keyhani et al. (1999), Leukemia Research 24:153-9) prognostic indicators.
  • CLL is the most common leukemia among western adults. CLL involves the clonal expansion of mature lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, accompanied by gradual infiltration of bone marrow and appearance in peripheral blood. Type B CLL (B-CLL) represents almost all situations.
  • B-CLL is an incurable disease characterized by a prolonged increase in non-reactive monoclonal B lineage cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.
  • the expression of CD38 is considered to be an independent factor for the poor prognosis of B-CLL. Hamblin et al., Blood 99: 1023-9 (2002).
  • the standard treatment for B-CLL is palliative care, and it is mainly performed with the cytostatic drugs chlorambucil or fludarabine.
  • a combination therapy of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (a monoclonal antibody against CD20) or campath (a monoclonal antibody against CD52) is usually used. Therefore, there is a serious unmet medical need for the treatment of B-CLL.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of using anti-CD38 antibodies to treat B-CLL (and as described below, this can be accomplished using a combination therapy that optionally and independently includes any of the drugs described above).
  • B-CLL has two subtypes: inert and aggressive. These clinical phenotypes are related to the presence or absence of somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgVH) gene.
  • Inert B-CLL as used herein refers to a disease in a subject that has a mutated IgVH gene and/or exhibits one or more clinical phenotypes associated with inert B-CLL.
  • Aggressive B-CLL refers to a disease in a subject who has unmutated IgVH and/or exhibits one or more clinical phenotypes associated with aggressive B-CLL.
  • Multiple myeloma is a malignant disease of the B-cell lineage, which is characterized by tumorous proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow.
  • the current treatment regimen shows a moderate response rate.
  • only small changes in overall survival were observed, and the median survival was approximately 3 years. Therefore, there is a serious unmet medical need for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
  • methods of using the antibodies disclosed in the present invention to treat multiple myeloma are provided.
  • CD38 is highly expressed on plasma cells, which are terminally differentiated B cells.
  • myeloma cells can have a variety of effects, including lytic lesions (holes) in the bones, a decrease in the number of red blood cells, the production of abnormal proteins (with damage to the kidneys, nerves, and other organs), a decrease in immune system function, and blood Elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia).
  • methods of using the antibodies of the present disclosure to treat monoclonal gammopathy are provided. In other embodiments, methods of using the antibodies of the present disclosure to treat smoldering multiple myeloma are provided.
  • MGUS Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
  • SMM smoldering multiple myeloma
  • Smoldering multiple myeloma is an asymptomatic plasma cell proliferative disease with a high risk of developing symptomatic or active multiple myeloma (N.Engl.J.Med.356(25):2582- 2590 (2007)).
  • SMM is similar to monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (N. Engl. J. Med. 356(25): 2582-2590 (2007)). However, clinically, SMM is likely to develop into active multiple myeloma or amyloidosis in 20 years (SMM probability is 78% and MGUS is 21%) (N.Engl.J.Med.356(25) :2582-2590 (2007)).
  • the anti-CD38 antibody of the present invention through the combination of PD1/PDL1 or other immune checkpoint targeted therapy, has diagnostic and therapeutic applications not only in myeloma but also in all other types of cancer.
  • Antibody composition for in vivo administration for in vivo administration
  • the antibody used in the present invention can be prepared by mixing the antibody with the required purity and optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers to prepare a lyophilized formulation or an aqueous solution form formulation for storage (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. [1980]).
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers are non-toxic to the recipient at the dose and concentration used, and include: buffers, such as phosphate, citrate and other organic acids; antioxidants, including ascorbic acid and formazan Thionine; preservatives (e.g.
  • polypeptides such as serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulin; hydrophilic polymers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine or lysine Acid; monosaccharides, disaccharides and other sugars, including glucose, mannose or dextrin; chelating agents, such as EDTA; sugars, such as suc
  • the formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound required for the specific indication being treated, preferably compounds with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
  • the composition may comprise a cytotoxic agent, cytokine, growth inhibitory agent, and/or small molecule antagonist. Such molecules are present in the combination in an amount effective for the intended purpose.
  • the active ingredient can also be embedded in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation technology or by interfacial polymerization, for example, respectively in colloidal drug delivery systems (such as liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, and nanocapsules). Or hydroxymethyl cellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules in large emulsions.
  • colloidal drug delivery systems such as liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, and nanocapsules.
  • hydroxymethyl cellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules in large emulsions.
  • the formulations for in vivo administration should be sterile or nearly sterile. This can be easily achieved by filtration through a sterile filter membrane.
  • sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, such as films or microcapsules.
  • sustained-release bases include polyester; hydrogels (e.g., poly(methpropylene-2-hydroxyethyl) or poly(vinyl alcohol)); polylactide (US Patent No.
  • L-glutamine Copolymer of acid and ⁇ L-ethyl glutamate L-glutamine Copolymer of acid and ⁇ L-ethyl glutamate
  • non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, such as LUPRON DEPOT TM (comprised of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate Constitute injectable microspheres)
  • poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid Certain polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid can release molecules continuously for more than 100 days, but certain hydrogels release proteins in a shorter period of time.
  • the encapsulated antibodies When the encapsulated antibodies stay in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate due to exposure to a humid environment at 37°C, leading to loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. According to the mechanism involved, a reasonable strategy can be designed for stability. For example, if it is found that the aggregation mechanism is the formation of intermolecular SS bonds through thio-disulfide bond exchange, the sulfhydryl residues can be modified, freeze-dried from acidic solutions, control moisture content, use appropriate additives, and develop specific polymers. Matrix composition to achieve stability.
  • intravenous administration by bolus injection or continuous infusion over a certain period of time by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerebrospinal (intracerobrospinal), subcutaneous, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical or inhalation routes
  • intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerebrospinal (intracerobrospinal) subcutaneous, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical or inhalation routes
  • the antibody or chemotherapeutic agent of the present invention is administered intravenously or subcutaneously.
  • treatment is to provide a positive therapeutic response to the disease or condition.
  • “Positive therapeutic response” means improvement of a disease or condition and/or improvement of symptoms associated with the disease or condition.
  • a positive therapeutic response refers to one or more of the following improvements in the disease: (1) decrease in the number of tumor cells; (2) increase in tumor cell death; (3) inhibition of tumor cell survival; (5) tumor growth (I.e., to some extent slowed down, preferably stopped); (6) improvement of patient survival rate; (7) relief of one or more symptoms related to the disease or condition.
  • the positive treatment response in any given disease or condition can be determined by standardized response criteria for a particular disease or condition.
  • Tumor response can be assessed by changes in tumor morphology (ie, overall tumor burden, tumor size, etc.), using, for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, X-ray imaging imaging, computer tomography (CT) scans, bone scan imaging, internal Speculum examination and tumor biopsy sampling (including bone marrow aspiration (BMA) and circulating tumor cell count) are performed.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • CT computer tomography
  • BMA bone marrow aspiration
  • subjects undergoing treatment may benefit from improvement in disease-related symptoms.
  • B-cell tumors subjects may experience a reduction in so-called B symptoms (ie, night sweats, fever, weight loss, and/or urticaria).
  • B symptoms ie, night sweats, fever, weight loss, and/or urticaria.
  • treatment with anti-CD38 therapeutics can block and/or prolong the time before the development of related malignant conditions, for example, the development of multiple myeloma in subjects with undetermined monoclonal gammopathy (MGUS) .
  • MGUS monoclonal gammopathy
  • the improvement of the disease can be characterized as a complete response.
  • “Complete response” means the absence of clinically detectable disease in which any previous abnormal radiographic studies, bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or abnormal monoclonal proteins are normalized in the case of myeloma.
  • Such a response can last for at least 4 to 8 weeks, or sometimes 6 to 8 weeks.
  • the improvement of the disease can be classified as a partial response.
  • "Partial response" means that in the absence of new lesions, all measurable tumor burden (ie, the number of malignant cells present in the subject, or the volume of the tumor mass or the number of abnormal monoclonal proteins measured) is at least A reduction of about 50%, which can last for 4 to 8 weeks or 6 to 8 weeks.
  • the treatment according to the present invention comprises a "therapeutically effective amount" of the drug used.
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective to achieve the desired therapeutic result within the required dose and time period.
  • the therapeutically effective amount can vary depending on factors such as the individual's disease state, age, sex, and weight, and the ability of the drug to elicit a desired response in the individual.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is also an amount at which any toxic or harmful effects of the antibody or antibody portion are offset by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
  • the "therapeutically effective amount” for tumor treatment can also be measured by its ability to stabilize disease progression.
  • the ability of compounds to inhibit cancer can be evaluated in animal model systems to predict their efficacy on human tumors.
  • this property of the composition can be evaluated by examining the compound's ability to inhibit cell growth or induce apoptosis by in vitro assays known to those skilled in the art.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic compound can reduce tumor size or otherwise improve the subject's symptoms. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine the therapeutically effective amount based on factors such as the size of the subject, the severity of the subject's symptoms, and the particular composition or route of administration selected.
  • the dosage regimen can be adjusted to provide the best desired response (e.g., therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus can be administered, several divided doses can be administered over time, or the dose can be reduced or increased proportionally according to the urgency of the treatment situation.
  • Parenteral compositions can be formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suitable for a unit dose of a subject to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined amount of active compound calculated in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier to produce the desired therapeutic effect.
  • the specifications of the dosage unit form of the present invention are defined by or directly depend on the following: (a) the unique characteristics of the active compound and the specific therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the techniques used in formulating such compounds to treat individual sensitivity Inherent limitations.
  • the effective dose and dosage regimen of the anti-CD38 antibody used in the present invention depend on the disease or condition to be treated and can be determined by those skilled in the art.
  • An exemplary, non-limiting range of a therapeutically effective amount of anti-CD38 antibody used in the present invention is about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg, for example, about 0, 1 to 50 mg/kg; for example, about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg, for example, about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, such as about 0.5, about such as 0.3, about 1, or about 3 mg/kg.
  • the antibody is administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg or more, such as a dose of 1 to 20 mg/kg, such as a dose of 5 to 20 mg/kg, such as a dose of 8 mg/kg.
  • Medical professionals with ordinary skills in the art can easily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the required pharmaceutical composition. For example, the physician or veterinarian can start the dosage of the drug at a level lower than the level of the pharmaceutical composition required to obtain the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
  • the anti-CD38 antibody is administered by infusion at a weekly dose of 10 to 500 mg/kg (e.g., 200 to 400 mg/kg). Such administration may be repeated, for example, 1 to 8 times (for example, 3 to 5 times). Administration can be carried out by continuous infusion for a period of 2 to 24 hours (e.g., 2 to 12 hours).
  • the anti-CD38 antibody is administered by slow continuous infusion over a long period of time (e.g., more than 24 hours).
  • the anti-CD38 antibody is administered up to 8 times (e.g., 4 to 6 times) in a weekly dose of 250 mg to 2000 mg (e.g., 300 mg, 500 mg, 700 mg, 1000 mg, 1500 mg, or 2000 mg). Administration can be carried out by continuous infusion for a period of 2 to 24 hours (e.g., 2 to 12 hours). Such a scheme can be repeated one or more times as needed, for example after 6 months or 12 months.
  • the dosage can be determined or adjusted by measuring the amount of the compound of the invention in the blood after administration, for example by taking a biological sample and using an anti-idiotypic antibody targeting the antigen binding region of an anti-CD38 antibody.
  • the anti-CD38 antibody is administered once a week for 2 to 12 weeks, such as 3 to 10 weeks, such as 4 to 8 weeks.
  • the anti-CD38 antibody is administered by maintenance therapy, for example, once a week for 6 months or longer.
  • the anti-CD38 antibody is administered by a regimen that includes a single infusion of the anti-CD38 antibody followed by an infusion of the anti-CD38 antibody conjugated to a radioisotope.
  • the protocol can be repeated, for example, after 7 to 9 days.
  • the treatment according to the present invention can provide a daily dose of antibody in an amount of about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg, such as 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 45, 50 , 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 mg/kg, in a single or divided dose every 24, 12, 8, 6, 4, or 2 hours, or any combination thereof; 1, 2, after the start of treatment 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 days at least once, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, after starting treatment 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 weeks at least once, or any combination thereof,
  • the anti-CD38 antibody molecule is used in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents).
  • DNA damage chemotherapeutics include topoisomerase I inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin and its analogs or metabolites, and doxorubicin); topoisomerase II inhibitors (e.g., etoposide, teniposide, and daunorubicin); alkylating agents (e.g., melphalan, chlorambucil, busulfan, thiotepa, ifosfamide , Carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozotocin, dacarbazine, methotrexate, mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide); DNA intercalators (e.g., cisplatin, Oxaliplatin and carboplatin); DNA intercalators and free radical generator
  • Chemotherapeutics that disrupt cell replication include: paclitaxel, docetaxel, and related analogs; vincristine, vinblastine, and related analogs; thalidomide, lenalidomide, and related analogs (such as CC- 5013 and CC-4047); protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors (such as imatinib mesylate and gefitinib); proteasome inhibitors (such as bortezomib); NF- ⁇ B inhibitors, including I ⁇ B kinase Inhibitors; antibodies that bind to proteins overexpressed in cancer and thereby down-regulate cell replication (for example, trastuzumab, rituximab, cetuximab, and bevacizumab); and other known Inhibitors of proteins or enzymes that are up-regulated, over-expressed, or activated in cancer, their inhibitory effect down-regulates cell replication.
  • the (Bortezomib) The antibody of the present invention is used before, at the same time or after treatment.
  • the anti-CD38 antibodies provided in the present disclosure can also be used for in vitro or in vivo imaging of CD38-related tumors or autoimmune disease states.
  • the antibodies described herein are used for diagnosis and treatment, or alone for diagnosis.
  • the diagnostic antibody is labeled.
  • Labeled as used herein means that the antibodies disclosed herein have one or more elements, isotopes, or chemical compounds attached to enable detection in screening or diagnostic procedures.
  • Common labels include the following types: a) immunolabels, which can be epitopes integrated into the fusion partner recognized by the antibody; b) isotope labels, which can be radioactive or heavy isotopes; c) small molecule labels, which can include Fluorescent dyes and colorimetric dyes, or molecules such as biotin that enable other labeling methods; and d) labels such as particles (including bubbles for ultrasound labeling) or paramagnetic labels that allow human imaging.
  • the label can be incorporated into the antibody at any location, and can be incorporated in vitro or in vivo during protein expression.
  • Diagnosis can be performed in vivo by administering diagnostic antibodies that allow whole-body imaging as described below, or in vitro on a sample taken from a patient.
  • sample includes substances in various forms, including but not limited to body fluids (including but not limited to blood, urine, serum, lymph, saliva, anal and vaginal secretions, sweat and semen) and, for example, from related tissues A tissue sample from the biopsy result.
  • in vivo imaging is performed, including but not limited to ultrasound, CT scan, X-ray, MRI, and PET scan, as well as optical techniques such as those that use optical markings for tumors near the surface of the body.
  • In vivo imaging of CD38-related diseases can be performed by any suitable technique.
  • 99 Tc labeling or labeling the anti-CD38 antibody with another ⁇ -ray-emitting isotope label may include the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve the imaging of gamma camera technology.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • Similar immunoscintigraphic scanning methods and principles are described in, for example, Srivastava (ed.), Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies For Imaging And Therapy (Plenum Press 1988), Chase, "Medical applications of radioisotopes" are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Gennaro et al. al., (eds.), pp.
  • the present invention provides an in vivo imaging method in which an anti-CD38 antibody is conjugated to a detection promoter, the conjugated antibody is administered to the host, for example by injection into the bloodstream, and the labeled antibody in the host is determined Presence and location.
  • the present invention provides methods for screening for the presence of disease-related cells in human patients or biological samples taken from human patients.
  • the radioisotope can be directly or indirectly linked to the anti-CD38 antibody through the use of intermediate functional groups.
  • Useful intermediate functional groups include chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,057,313).
  • chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,057,313).
  • the dose of conjugated anti-CD38 antibodies delivered to the patient is usually maintained at the lowest possible level. In the case of detectable and accurate measurement, it can be selected to have the smallest The best combination of half-life, minimum in vivo retention and minimum isotope quantity is performed by isotopes.
  • conjugates with dyes such as biotin-streptavidin complexes
  • contrast agents such as fluorescent compounds or molecules and enhancers (such as paramagnetic ions)
  • enhancers such as paramagnetic ions
  • Anti-CD38 antibodies are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (see, for example, US Patent No. 6,331,175, which describes MRI technology and the preparation of antibodies conjugated with MRI enhancers) for diagnostic methods.
  • diagnostic/detection agents can be selected from reagents used for magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescent compounds.
  • Such chains can be polymers (e.g., polylysine, polysaccharides), or other derived or derivatizable chains with side groups that can be combined with chelating groups such as porphyrins, polyamines, Crown ethers, bisthiosemicarbazones, polyoximes and similar groups known to be useful for this purpose.
  • Standard chemical methods can be used to couple the chelate to the anti-CD38 antibody.
  • the chelate is usually linked to the anti-CD38 antibody through a group capable of forming a bond with the molecule with minimal loss of immunoreactivity, minimal aggregation and/or internal cross-linking.
  • Examples of potentially useful metal chelate compositions include 2-benzyl DTPA and its monomethyl and cyclohexyl analogs, which are used with diagnostic isotopes in the general energy range of 60 keV to 4,000 keV, for example for radiography Of 125 I, 123 I, 124 I, 62 Cu, 64 Cu, 18 F, 111 In, 67 Ga, 99 Tc, 94 Tc, 11 C, 13 N, 5 O and 76 Br.
  • Labels include radionuclides, radiological contrast agents, paramagnetic ions, metals, fluorescent labels, chemiluminescent labels, ultrasound contrast agents, and photosensitizers.
  • diagnostic agents are well known, and any such known diagnostic agents can be used.
  • Non-limiting examples of diagnostic agents may include radionuclides such as 110 In, 111 In, 177 Lu, 18 F, 52 Fe, 62 Cu, 64 Cu, 67 Cu, 67 Ga, 68 Ga, 86 Y, 90 Y, 89 Zr, 94 mTc, 94 Tc, 99 mTc, 120 I, 123 I, 124 I, 125 I, 131 I, 154-158 Gd, 32 P, 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 186 Re, 188 Re, 51 Mn, 52 mMn, 55 Co, 72 As, 75 Br, 76 Br, 82 mRb, 83 Sr or other ⁇ -, ⁇ - or positron emitters.
  • radionuclides such as 110 In, 111 In, 177 Lu, 18 F, 52 Fe, 62 Cu, 64 Cu, 67 Cu, 67 Ga, 68 Ga, 86 Y, 90 Y, 89 Zr, 94 mTc, 94 Tc, 99 m
  • the paramagnetic ions used can include chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (III), copper (III), neodymium (III), samarium (III) ), Ytterbium (III), Gadolinium (III), Vanadium (II), Terbium (III), Dysprosium (III), Holmium (III) or Erbium (III).
  • the metallic contrast agent may include lanthanum (III), gold (III), lead (II), or bismuth (III).
  • the ultrasound contrast agent may comprise liposomes, such as gas-filled liposomes.
  • the radiopaque diagnostic agent may be selected from compounds such as barium compounds, gallium compounds, and thallium compounds.
  • Macrocyclic chelates can be used with a variety of metals and radioactive metals, most particularly with the radionuclides of gallium, yttrium, and copper, respectively. By adapting the size of the ring to the metal of interest, such a metal chelate complex can be made very stable.
  • Other cyclic chelates such as macrocyclic polyethers that stably bind to nuclides (such as 223 Ra) are also suitable for diagnostic methods.
  • the present invention provides a diagnostic anti-CD38 antibody conjugate, wherein the anti-CD38 antibody conjugate is combined with a contrast agent (for example, for magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography, or ultrasound contrast enhancer) or a radionuclide ( It may be, for example, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, Auger electron or positron-emitting isotope) conjugation.
  • a contrast agent for example, for magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography, or ultrasound contrast enhancer
  • a radionuclide It may be, for example, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, Auger electron or positron-emitting isotope
  • Anti-CD38 antibodies can also be used, for example, to detect the expression of an antigen of interest in specific cells, tissues or serum.
  • antibodies are usually labeled with a detectable moiety for in vitro assays.
  • suitable labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescent lanthanide complexes (including those of europium and terbium), fluorescein, rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine, eosin, red Moss red, coumarin, methyl coumarin, quantum dots (also called nanocrystals); see U.S.
  • the radioactivity of the stained tissue can be evaluated as an indicator of the content of CD38-related peptides in the tumor.
  • the images obtained by using such techniques can be used to assess the biodistribution of CD38 in patients, mammals or tissues, for example using CD38 as a biomarker for the presence of invasive cancer cells.
  • an article comprising materials useful for the treatment of the aforementioned diseases, the article comprising a container and a label.
  • Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes.
  • the container can be formed of a variety of materials, such as glass or plastic.
  • the container contains a composition effective to treat the condition and may have a sterile access port (for example, the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial with a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
  • the active agent in the composition is an antibody.
  • the label on or associated with the container indicates that the composition is used to treat the condition of choice.
  • the article of manufacture may also include a second container that contains a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as phosphate buffered saline, Ringer's solution, and dextrose solution. From a commercial and user perspective, it can also contain other required materials, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer such as phosphate buffered saline, Ringer's solution, and dextrose solution. From a commercial and user perspective, it can also contain other required materials, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • Example 1 Screening of yeast display human scFv library
  • a 1 ⁇ 10 11 yeast display initial human scFv library was constructed, and the extracellular domain of human CD38 was purchased from ACRO biosystems.
  • the method of library screening has been described in the literature (Zhao et al., J Immunol Methods. 2011;363(2):221-32.).
  • the recombinant biotinylated CD38-avi protein was incubated with the induced yeast display scFv library.
  • SA streptavidin
  • FACS flow cytometry activated cell sorting
  • the yeast display scFv library was thawed from -80°C and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the yeast cells in 12L SD-CAA medium (1L SD-CAA medium contains 5g casamino acids, 1.7g yeast nitrogen base without ammonium sulfate and amino acids, 5.3g ammonium sulfide, 10.2g Na 2 HPO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, 8.6 g NaH 2 PO 4 ⁇ H 2 O and 20 g dextrose). The cells were cultured overnight at 30°C with shaking at 200 rpm.
  • the induced yeast cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes, and washed twice with 2L PBE buffer (PBE buffer is a PBS buffer containing 2mM EDTA and 0.5% BSA), and finally resuspended in 200ml PBE.
  • PBE buffer is a PBS buffer containing 2mM EDTA and 0.5% BSA
  • the cells were incubated with 40 ⁇ g of biotinylated CD38 protein at room temperature (RT) for 1.5 hours, and then at 4°C for 0.5 hours. The following steps are done at 4°C or on ice.
  • the cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes, washed twice with 2L PBE, and resuspended in 200 ml PBE.
  • streptavidin microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec) were added to the cells and incubated with slow shaking for 1 hour. Add 1 liter of PBE to the cells, shake to ensure that the cells are dispersed into individual cells, and filter with a 70 ⁇ m filter. The yeast cells that bind CD38 were separated by AUTOMACS instrument. The harvested cells were plated on SD-CAA plates and cultured at 30°C for 2 days. A total of 2.5 ⁇ 10 7 clones were obtained from the first round of magnetic bead sorting. Scrape the cells and induce the second round of magnetic bead sorting. The retained part was placed in SD-CAA containing 10% glycerol and stored at -80°C.
  • the yeast cells obtained from the magnetic bead sorting are further subjected to flow sorting. If not otherwise stated, all centrifugation is performed at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes, and all steps are performed at 4°C or on ice.
  • the 2 ⁇ 10 9 cells separated from the magnetic bead sorting were induced in 100 ml S-CAA-GRD medium at 20° C. overnight, and 1 ⁇ 10 8 cells were taken out for flow sorting.
  • the cells were pelleted and washed twice with 15ml PBE, then resuspended in 1ml PBE, incubated with 0.2mg biotinylated CD38 protein at room temperature for 1.5 hours, and then incubated at 4°C for half an hour.
  • the cells were washed 3 times with PBE, and then incubated with 50 ⁇ l avidin-PE (Invitrogen) in 1 ml PBE at 4° C. in the dark for 1 hour. After staining, the cells were washed 3 times with 15ml PBE and resuspended in 1ml PBE.
  • the yeast cells that bind CD38 were sorted by flow cytometry. The sorted cells were grown on SD-CAA plates at 30°C for 2 days.
  • a single clone was selected and grown in a 96 deep well plate, and the expression of scFv was induced.
  • a single clone that specifically binds to CD38 was identified by flow cytometry.
  • the germline of scFv418 heavy and light chains was identified, and signal peptides and constant regions were added to the variable regions to form genes encoding full-length heavy and light chain peptides.
  • the heavy chain and light chain genes were cloned into the self-built complete antibody expression vector Lh1, and expressed by 293F cells, and purified by protein A (Protein A) affinity chromatography.
  • the affinity of IgG418 and Darzalex to CD38 recombinant protein was measured by capture ELISA.
  • the anti-human Fc antibody was coated on an ELISA plate at a concentration of 10 ⁇ g/ml at 4° C. overnight.
  • the plate was washed twice with PBST, blocked with PBSTM at room temperature for 2 hours, and incubated with triplicate IgG418 from 50 nM 4-fold serial dilution to 0.012 nM.
  • the plate was washed 6 times with PBST, and then incubated with 0.5 ⁇ g/ml biotinylated CD38-avi recombinant protein in PBSTM at room temperature for 1 hour.
  • Example 5 Using competitive ELISA to identify whether IgG418 is the same as the binding epitope of Darzalex
  • the ELISA plate was coated with 2 ⁇ g/ml Darzalex at 50 ⁇ l/well (in PBS), overnight at 4°C. The plate was then blocked with PBSTM for 2 hours at room temperature. Then, the ELISA wells are incubated with CD38 or antibody-CD38 complex, which is obtained by pre-incubating antibody (15 ⁇ g/ml) and CD38 (0.2 ⁇ g/ml) at room temperature for 1 hour. After incubating for 30 minutes at 4°C, the plate was washed with PBST and incubated with streptavidin-HRP for 30 minutes at room temperature. Wash the plate again 6 times and incubate with TMB for 20 minutes at room temperature. Stop the colorimetric reaction with stop buffer and read the absorbance at OD450 ( Figure 3). Competitive ELISA showed that IgG418 and Darzalex do not compete for the binding site on CD38, so their epitopes are different.
  • Complement-dependent cytotoxicity is one of the main mechanisms by which antibodies kill antigen-positive cells (such as tumor cells or pathogenic plasma cells).
  • the CDC activity analysis of IgG418 and Darzalex is as follows: the antibody is serially diluted 2-fold from 20 nM in complete medium in a 96-well plate to about 0.078 nM, 100 ⁇ l/well. The surrounding wells are filled with 250 ⁇ l/well of water to prevent evaporation. Place the plate in the incubator to preheat to reduce aggregation after adding human serum. Thaw and centrifuge the human serum at 6000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove aggregates.
  • FIG. 5 shows the statistical analysis of CDC data.
  • the IC 50 of IgG418, Darzalex and IgG207 are 9.8 nM, 29.8 nM and 30459 nM, respectively.
  • IgG207 is a negative control antibody.
  • ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • the ADCC activity of Darzalex and wild-type (WT) and defucosylated (AF) IgG418 was measured using the Jurkat cell line developed by Antagen Pharmaceuticals and modified to use luciferase signal as an indicator of ADCC activity as effector cells. ADCC measurement was performed on Daudi cells. Table 4 shows the antibody dilution concentrations and the corresponding luciferase readings. The results showed that the maximum ADCC activity of wild-type IgG418 (WT) was 1.4 times higher than that of Darzalex, the maximum ADCC activity of defucosylated IgG418 (AF) was 1.6 times higher than that of Darzalex, and the IC 50 was reduced by about 10 times (Table 4 and Image 6)
  • Example 9 Inhibitory effect of IgG418 on the growth of human B-cell lymphoma Daudi SCID mouse xenograft tumor
  • CB-17SCID mice SPF grade, 16.6-21.5g, male, purchased from Beijing Weitong Lihua Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. Daudi cells (Nanjing Kebai, article number: CBP60262) were cultured on 1640 complete medium (Hyclone, article number: SH30809.01), 10% FBS (Hyclone, article number: SH30087.03), 100U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomyces Hyclone (Cat. No.: SV30010) is maintained in an incubator with 5% CO2 and a saturated humidity of 37°C.
  • Group 1 Isotype control antibody (10mg/kg)
  • Group 3 IgG418-WT (10mg/kg)
  • Group 4 IgG418-AF (10mg/kg)
  • the experiment period was 31 days. During the experiment, the animal body weight and tumor volume were measured twice a week, and the data was recorded. Observe and record the clinical symptoms of the animals once a day. After all the administration is finished, observe until the required time, the mice are killed, and the tumors are taken out.
  • the tumor volume (TV) calculation formula is: 1/2 ⁇ a ⁇ b2, where a and b are the measured length and width of the tumor, respectively.
  • the relative tumor volume (RTV) calculation formula is: Vt/V 0 , where V 0 is the tumor volume at the time of grouping, and Vt is the tumor volume at each measurement.
  • the calculation formula of tumor inhibition rate (TGI%) is: (TWC-TWT)/TWC ⁇ 100%, where TWC is the average tumor weight of the negative control group, and TWT is the average tumor weight of the treatment group.
  • TGI Tumor inhibition rate
  • mice showed that compared with the negative control Isotype, the humanized antibodies IgG418-AF and IgG418-WT of the present disclosure have a significant inhibitory effect on the human lymphoma Daudi SCID mouse xenograft tumor model.
  • IgG418-AF (10mg/kg) group and IgG418-WT (10mg/kg) group administered D21 tumor inhibition rates reached 96% and 88%, respectively, and their tumor inhibition rates were both Significantly higher than the positive control Darzalex (10mg/kg) group (TGI: 79%), the anti-tumor effect is better than Darzalex.
  • TGI positive control Darzalex
  • Example 10 Dose-dependent effect of IgG418 on the growth inhibition of human B-cell lymphoma Daudi SCID mouse xenograft tumor
  • Group 1 Isotype control antibody (Isotype) (1mg/kg)
  • Group 3 IgG418-WT (1mg/kg)
  • Group 4 IgG418-AF (0.1mg/kg)
  • Group 5 IgG418-AF (0.3mg/kg)
  • Group 5 IgG418-AF (1mg/kg)
  • TGI Tumor inhibition rate
  • mice showed that compared with the negative control Isotype, the humanized antibodies IgG418-AF and IgG418-WT of the present disclosure have a significant inhibitory effect on the human lymphoma Daudi SCID mouse xenograft tumor model.
  • the IgG418-AF (1mg/kg) group and the IgG418-WT (1mg/kg) group administered D21 tumor inhibition rates reached 76% and 84%, respectively, and their tumor inhibition rates were both Significantly higher than the positive control Darzalex (1mg/kg) group (TGI: 61%), the anti-tumor effect is better than Darzalex, and the anti-tumor effect of each administration group of IgG418-AF has a significant dose-dependent effect in each group of animals during the experimental administration There is no obvious influence on body weight, suggesting that the antibody of the present disclosure has no obvious toxic and side effects.
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 scFv418VH framework region 1 (FR1) nucleic acid sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 10 scFv418VH framework region 2 (FR2) nucleic acid sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 14 scFv418VH framework region 3 (FR3) nucleic acid sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 22 scFv418VL framework region (FR1) nucleic acid sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 26 scFv418VL framework region 2 (FR2) nucleic acid sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 30 scFv418VL framework region 3 (FR3) nucleic acid sequence
  • SEQ ID NO: 34 scFv418VL framework region 4 (FR4) nucleic acid sequence

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Abstract

提供了一种包含CD38抗体或其片段的组合物，及其在与CD38表达相关的疾病中的用途。

Description

抗CD38抗体及其用途
本申请要求于2020年06月23日提交美国专利局的美国临时申请US63042773的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
背景技术
CD38，也称为环ADP核糖水解酶，是具有长的C端胞外结构域和短的N端胞质结构域的II型跨膜糖蛋白。CD38是一组相关的膜结合酶或可溶性酶的成员，该组包含CD 157和Aplysia ADPR环化酶。该酶家族具有将NAD转化为环ADP核糖或烟碱酸-腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸的独特能力。
此外，据报道，CD38参与Ca 2+的动员以及通过酪氨酸磷酸化参与许多信号分子(包含磷脂酶Cγ、ZAP-70、syk和c-cbl)的信号转导。基于这些观察，CD38被认为是淋巴样细胞在正常发育期间成熟和活化的重要信号分子。
在造血细胞中，多种功能作用已归因于CD38介导的信号传导，包括淋巴细胞增殖、细胞因子释放、B细胞和骨髓细胞发育与存活的调节以及树突细胞成熟的诱导。
然而，由于大多数信号转导研究使用异位过表达的CD38的细胞系和抗CD38单克隆抗体(为非生理性配体)，因此CD38在信号转导和造血中的确切作用仍不清楚。
CD31(PECAM-1；血小板内皮细胞黏附分子1)被认为是CD38的天然配体。CD31是免疫球蛋白超家族的130kD成员，其在循环血小板、嗜中性粒细胞、单核细胞和初始B淋巴细胞的表面表达。在功能上，CD31被认为作为黏附分子起作用。已表明CD38与CD31的相互作用可起到促进白血病细胞存活的作用。
在许多情况下，缺乏单个分子的动物模型已成为用于了解该分子在动物中的生物学作用的基本工具。基本假设是，如果蛋白质发挥非冗余功能，则其完全缺乏将导致该功能完全丧失。
已经建成了CD38基因敲除小鼠模型。这些动物显示出与组织相关的NAD酶活性几乎完全丧失。然而，这些动物是可存活的，从而得出结论，CD38及其活性不是生命所必需的。然而，这些小鼠在其先天免疫中的确 存在缺陷，并且T细胞依赖的体液应答降低。
与小鼠的结果相反，在人中，有很强的间接证据显示，CD38是生命不可或缺的。对来自超过5000个新生儿血液样本进行的分析未能识别出单个CD38 -个体，表明与小鼠不同，CD38是存活所必需的。因此，尚不清楚在小鼠中有关CD38功能做出的观察是否可推及人。
CD38在许多造血系统恶性肿瘤和来源于多种造血系统恶性肿瘤的细胞系中上调，所述造血系统恶性肿瘤包括非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma，NHL)、伯基特淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma，BL)、多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma，MM)、B慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(B chronic lymphocytic leukemia，B-CLL)、B和T急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、T细胞淋巴瘤(T cell lymphoma，TCL)、急性髓性白血病(acute myeloid leukemia，AML)、毛细胞白血病(hairy cell leukemia，HCL)、霍奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkin’s Lymphoma，HL)和慢性髓性白血病(chronic myeloid leukemia，CML)。另一方面，造血系统的大多数原始多能干细胞是CD38 -(图1)。
尽管最近在抗癌剂的发现和开发方面取得了进展，但许多形式的涉及CD38表达肿瘤的癌症仍然预后差。因此，需要治疗此形式癌症的改善方法。
发明内容
本文中提供了用于与CD38结合的试剂和方法，以及用于治疗CD38相关疾病的方法，和使用CD38特异性结合剂(包括CD38特异性抗体或抗体片段)检测CD38的方法。
在一些实施方案中，描述了针对人CD38(SEQ ID NO:1)具有特异性的分离的抗体或抗体片段。该抗体或抗体片段由重链可变区和轻链可变区构成，其中重链可变区由三个互补决定区(complementary determining region，CDR)构成：HCDR1、HCDR2和HCDR3，并且其中轻链可变区也由三个CDR构成：LCDR1、LCDR2和LCDR3。CDR的序列表示为：HCDR1(SEQ ID NO:9)、HCDR2(SEQ ID NO:13)、HCDR3(SEQ ID NO:17)、LCDR1(SEQ ID NO:25)、LCDR2(SEQ ID NO:29)和LCDR3(SEQ ID NO:33)。
在一些实施方案中，分离的抗体或抗体片段由重链可变区构成，所述 重链可变区的序列包含于SEQ ID NO:5。
在一些实施方案中，分离的抗体或抗体片段由轻链可变区构成，所述轻链可变区的序列包含于SEQ ID NO:21。
在一些实施方案中，分离的抗体或抗体片段由重链可变区构成，其中重链可变区的序列包含于SEQ ID NO:5。在其他实施方案中，分离的抗体由轻链可变区构成，其中轻链可变区的序列包含于SEQ ID NO:21。重链可变区和轻链可变区的这种组合称为scFv418。
在一些实施方案中，分离的抗体包含Fc结构域。在其他实施方案中，Fc结构域是人Fc结构域。在其他实施方案中，Fc结构域是变体Fc结构域。
在一些实施方案中，提供了编码SEQ ID NO:37所示的重链的分离的核酸。在其他实施方案中，提供了编码SEQ ID NO:41所示的轻链的分离的核酸。
在一些实施方案中，提供了宿主细胞，所述宿主细胞包含编码SEQ ID NO:5所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:21所示的轻链的分离的核酸。
在一些实施方案中，提供了宿主细胞，所述宿主细胞包含编码SEQ ID NO:37所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:41所示的轻链的分离的核酸。
在一些实施方案中，提供了产生本发明的抗体的方法。所述方法包括在表达分离的核酸并产生抗体的条件下培养包含编码SEQ ID NO:5所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:21所示的轻链的分离的核酸的宿主细胞。
在一些实施方案中，提供了产生本发明的抗体的方法。所述方法包括在表达分离的核酸并产生抗体的条件下培养包含编码SEQ ID NO:37所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:41所示的轻链的分离的核酸的宿主细胞。
在一些实施方案中，描述了对人CD38(SEQ ID NO:1)具有特异性的分离的抗体。该抗体由六个CDR构成，其中该抗体的每个CDR可通过0、1或2个氨基酸替换而不同于SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQ ID NO:25、SEQ ID NO:29和SEQ ID NO:33。
在其他实施方案中，分离的抗体由重链可变区构成，其中重链可变区的序列包含于SEQ ID NO:5。
在另一些实施方案中，分离的抗体由轻链可变区构成，其中轻链可变区的序列包含于SEQ NO:21。重链可变区和轻链可变区的这种组合称为scFv418。
在一些实施方案中，提供了编码SEQ ID NO:37所示的重链的分离的核酸。在其他实施方案中，提供了编码SEQ ID NO:22所示的轻链的分离的核酸。重链和轻链的这种组合称为IgG418完整抗体。
在一些实施方案中，提供了宿主细胞，所述宿主细胞包含编码SEQ ID NO:5所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:21所示的轻链的分离的核酸。
在一些实施方案中，提供了宿主细胞，所述宿主细胞包含编码SEQ ID NO:37所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:41所示的轻链的分离的核酸。
在一些实施方案中，提供了产生本发明的抗体的方法。所述方法包括在表达分离的核酸并产生抗体的条件下培养包含编码SEQ ID NO:5所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:21所示的轻链的分离的核酸的宿主细胞。
在一些实施方案中，提供了产生本发明的抗体的方法。所述方法包括在表达分离的核酸并产生抗体的条件下培养包含编码SEQ ID NO:37所示的重链的分离的核酸以及编码SEQ ID NO:41所示的轻链的分离的核酸的宿主细胞。
在另一些实施方案中，描述了对人CD38(SEQ ID NO:1)具有特异性的分离的抗体。该抗体由六个CDR构成，其中该抗体的每个CDR可通过0、1或2个氨基酸替换而不同于SEQ ID NO:9、SEQ ID NO:13、SEQ ID NO:17、SEQ ID NO:25、SEQ ID NO:29和SEQ ID NO:33。
在一些实施方案中，提供了分离的抗CD38抗体，其特异性结合人CD38(SEQ ID NO:1)，其中所述抗体以约10 -6、10 -7、10 -8、10 -9或更高的KD结合人CD38。
在一些实施方案中，提供了与IgG418竞争结合人CD38的抗体。
在一些实施方案中，提供了包含所述CD38抗体或抗体片段的组合物。
在一些实施方案中，提供了治疗患有与CD38表达相关疾病的对象的方法，所述方法包括向所述对象施用有效量的本发明所述CD38抗体或抗体片段，或施用包含所述CD38抗体或抗体片段的组合物。
在一些实施方案中，提供了本发明所述CD38抗体或抗体片段或其组合物在制备用于治疗与CD38表达相关疾病的药物中的用途。
在一些实施方案中，提供了用于治疗与CD38表达相关疾病的药物组合物，所述药物组合物包含本发明所述CD38抗体或抗体片段。
参考以下描述和附图，以上内容和其他实施方案、特征和潜在优点将变得清楚。
附图说明
当结合附图时，本发明优选实施方案的以下详细描述将更好地被理解。出于说明本发明的目的，在附图中示出了目前优选的实施方案。然而，应该理解，本发明不限于附图中所示实施方案的确切方式和手段。
图1示使用捕获ELISA检测IgG418与CD38重组蛋白的亲和力，以Darzalex作为对照。
图2示使用流式细胞术检测IgG418与在Daudi细胞上表达的CD38的亲和力，以Darzalex作为对照。
图3示竞争ELISA检测结果，显示IgG418结合的CD38表位不同于Darzalex结合的表位。
图4示不同浓度IgG418对Daudi细胞的CDC活性的统计分析，以Darzalex作为对照。
图5示CDC数据的统计学分析结果。
图6示野生型和去岩藻糖基化的IgG418对Daudi细胞的ADCC活性，以Darzalex作为对照。
图7示抗人CD38单克隆抗体对人B细胞淋巴瘤Daudi SCID小鼠异种移植瘤生长的抑制作用，施用剂量1mg/kg。
图8示抗人CD38单克隆抗体对人B细胞淋巴瘤Daudi SCID小鼠异种移植瘤生长的抑制作用，施用剂量10mg/kg。
具体实施方式
概述
已显示CD38的胞外结构域具有双功能酶活性：ADP-核糖基环化酶和ADP-核糖基水解酶活性。因此，CD38可催化NAD向cADPR的转化(环化酶)，并且可将其进一步水解为ADP-核糖(水解酶)。cADPR参与来自胞内储存的钙的动员，钙具有对于细胞增殖、分化和凋亡很重要的第二信使活性。
升高的CD38表达已在多种造血来源疾病中被证实，并已被认为是慢性淋巴细胞性白血病的负面预后标志物(negative prognostic marker)。这样的疾病包括但不限于多发性骨髓瘤(Jackson et al.(1988))、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(Moribito et al.(2001)、Jelinek et(2001)、Chevalier et al.(2002)、Dürig et al.(2002))、B细胞慢性淋巴细胞白血病、急性淋巴细胞白血病(Keyhani et al(2000))、包括B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病、Waldenstrom巨球蛋白血症、原发性系统性淀粉样变性、套细胞淋巴瘤、前淋巴细胞/粒细胞白血病、急性髓性白血病(Keyhani et al.(1993))、慢性髓性白血病(Marinov et al.,(1993))、滤泡性淋巴瘤、NK细胞白血病和浆细胞白血病。因此，CD38为造血系统疾病的治疗提供了有用的靶标。
数种抗CD38抗体正在用于治疗CD38相关癌症的临床试验中。因此，具有治疗效果和/或诊断应用的针对CD38的抗体是有用的。本发明提供了与CD38不同表位结合的不同的抗CD38的CDR组，以及包含这些CDR的抗体。
自2015年以来，用于骨髓瘤的CD38抗体治疗已被批准。此外，最近的数项其他研究表明CD38抗体治疗可消除肿瘤细胞对PD1/PDL1治疗的抗性。因此，本发明的抗CD38抗体的诊断和治疗应用不仅限于骨髓瘤，还包括所有其他种类的癌症。
另外，本发明显示抗CD38抗体可用于诊断和/或治疗与活化的淋巴细胞相关的炎症和/或免疫学疾病，包括特别是自身免疫病。如本文中所示，CD38在未成熟的造血细胞中表达，在成熟细胞中下调，并在活化的淋巴细胞和浆细胞中以高水平重新表达。例如，高CD38表达见于活化的B细胞、浆细胞、活化的CD4 +细胞、活化的CD8 +细胞、NK细胞、NKT细胞、成熟的树突细胞(DC)和活化的单核细胞中。
令人惊讶的是，针对CD38的自身抗体的存在与糖尿病、慢性自身免 疫性甲状腺炎和格雷夫斯病相关(参见Antonelli et al,Clin.Exp.Immunol.2001 126:426-431；Mallone et al.,Diabetes 50:752(2001)和Antonelli et al.,J.Endocrinol.Invest.27:695-707(2004)，所有这些都通过引用并入本发明。
因此，本发明的抗体可用于诊断和/或治疗多种疾病，包括但不限于如下所述的自身免疫病，包括但不限于系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus，SLE)、类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis，RA)、系统性硬化症(Systemic Sclerosis，SSc)、多发性硬化症(Multiple Sclerosis，MS)、炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease，IBD)、糖尿病和溃疡性结肠炎。
因此，例如，具有高的浆细胞含量的患者，例如表现出高浆细胞的SLE患者以及显示出对基于CD20的治疗无应答的RA患者，可选择作为对象。
本发明的治疗性抗CD38抗体与CD38阳性细胞结合，通过多种作用机制导致这些细胞(例如活化的淋巴细胞)的耗竭，导致自身免疫病的治疗和/或改善。所述作用机制包括但不限于如本文中所述的CDC、ADCC、ADCP和凋亡途径。
抗体
本发明提供了抗CD38抗体，通常是指本文中所述的治疗性和/或诊断性抗体。在本发明中所用抗体可采取本文中所述的多种形式，包括如下所述的传统抗体以及保留其抗原结合能力的抗体变体、衍生物、片段和类似物。基本上，本发明提供了包含如本文中所限定的一组6个CDR(包含如下所述的少量氨基酸变化)的抗体结构。
传统的抗体结构单元通常包含四聚体。每个四聚体通常由两对相同的多肽链构成，每对具有一条“轻”链(通常具有约25kDa的分子量)和一条“重”链(通常具有约50至70kDa的分子量)。人轻链分为κ轻链和λ轻链。重链分为μ、δ、γ、α或ε，并将抗体的同种型分别定义为IgM、IgD、IgG和IgE。IgG具有数个亚类，包括但不限于IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4。IgM具有亚类，包括但不限于IgM1和IgM2。因此，本文中使用的“同种型”意指由其恒定区的化学和抗原特性所定义的免疫球蛋白的任何亚类。已知的人免疫球蛋白同种型是IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1、IgA2、IgM1、IgM2、IgD和IgE。应理解，治疗性抗体也可包含同种型和/或亚类的杂交体。
每条链的氨基端部分包含主要负责抗原识别的约100至110个或更多个氨基酸的可变区，。在可变区中，对于重链和轻链的每个V结构域，聚集了三个环以形成抗原结合位点。每个环被称为互补决定区(以下称为“CDR”)，其中氨基酸序列的变化最为显著。“可变的”是指可变区的某些片段在抗体之间的序列差异很大的事实。可变区内的可变性不是均匀分布的。相反，V区由15至30个氨基酸的相对不变的片段(称为框架区(FR))组成，这些片段由极度变异性的较短区域(称为“高变区”)隔开，每个区域的长度均为9至15个氨基酸或更长。
每个VH和VL由三个高变区(“互补决定区”、“CDR”)和四个FR构成，从氨基端到羧基端按以下顺序排列：FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4。
轻链可变区的高变区通常包含位于约24至34位(LCDR1；“L”表示轻链)、50至56位(LCDR2)和89至97位的氨基酸残基(LCDR3)；重链可变区的高变区通常包含位于约31至35位(HCDR1；“H”表示重链)、50至65位(HCDR2)和95至102位的氨基酸残基(HCDR3)(Kabat et al.,SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST,5 th Ed.Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,Bethesda,Md.(1991))，以及/或者形成高变环的那些残基，例如，轻链可变区的26至32位(LCDR1)、50至52位(LCDR2)和91至96位(LCDR3)的残基，以及重链可变区的26至32位(HCDR1)、53至55位(HCDR2)和96至101位(HCDR3)残基(Chothia and Lesk(1987)J.Mol.Biol.196:901-917)。本发明的特定CDR如下所述。
在本说明书通篇，当提及可变结构域(约轻链可变区的1至107位残基和重链可变区的1至113位残基)中的残基时，通常使用Kabat编号系统(例如，Kabat et al.,supra(1991))，其中EU编号系统用于Fc区。
CDR有助于抗体的抗原结合的形成，或更具体地，表位结合位点的形成。“表位”是指与抗体分子的可变区中的特定抗原结合位点(称为对位)相互作用的决定簇。表位是一组例如氨基酸或糖侧链分子，并且通常具有特定的结构特征以及特定的电荷特征。单个抗原可具有多于一个表位。例如，如本文中所示，本文中称为“IgG418”和Darzalex的两种不同抗体与CD38分子上的不同表位结合。
表位可包含直接参与结合的氨基酸残基(也称为表位的免疫显性成分)和不直接参与结合的其它氨基酸残基，例如被抗原参与特异性结合的肽有 效封闭的氨基酸残基，换句话说，这些氨基酸残基在抗原参与特异性结合的肽的占用空间内。
表位可以是构象的或线性的。构象表位是由线性多肽链不同片段在空间上并列的氨基酸产生的。线性表位是由多肽链中相邻氨基酸残基产生的表位。构象和非构象表位的区别可在于，在存在变性溶剂的情况下，与前者的结合丧失而与后者的结合不丧失。
在独特的空间构象中，表位通常包含至少3个，更通常至少5个或8至10个氨基酸。识别相同表位的抗体可通过一种抗体阻断另一种抗体与靶抗原结合的能力的简单免疫测定来验证。
在本发明中，IgG418与Darzalex的结合表位不同，因为它们在竞争性ELISA测定中不竞争相同的表位。
因此，在一些实施方案中，通过与scFv418或IgG418两者之一的表位竞争结合的抗体可用于治疗癌症和自身免疫性病。应注意，本发明发现与scFv418或IgG418竞争的抗体的用途。
每条链的羧基末端部分限定主要负责效应子功能的恒定区。Kabat等人收集了重链和轻链可变区的许多一级序列。基于序列的保守程度，他们将单个一级序列分为CDR和框架，并制成列表(参见SEQUENCES OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST,5 th edition,NIH publication,No.91-3242,E.A.Kabat et al.，通过引用完全并入)。
在免疫球蛋白的IgG亚类中，重链中有数个免疫球蛋白结构域。本文中的“免疫球蛋白(Ig)结构域”意指具有不同三级结构的免疫球蛋白区域。本发明中感兴趣的是重链结构域，包含恒定重链(CH)结构域和铰链结构域。对于IgG抗体，IgG同种型各自具有三个CH区。因此，对于IgG，“CH”结构域如下所示：“CH1”是指根据如Kabat中的EU索引的第118至220位，“CH2”是指根据如Kabat中的EU索引的第237至340位，并且“CH3”是指根据如Kabat中的EU索引的第341至447位。
重链的另一种Ig结构域是铰链区。本文中的“铰链”或“铰链区”或“抗体铰链区”或“免疫球蛋白铰链区”意指包含抗体的第一和第二恒定结构域之间氨基酸的柔性多肽。在结构上，IgG CH1结构域在EU第220位处终止，而IgG CH2结构域在EU第237位残基处开始。因此，对于IgG，本文中的抗体铰链定义为包含第221(IgG1中的221)至236位(IgG1中的G236)，其中编号是根据如Kabat中的EU索引进行的。在一些实施方 案中，例如在Fc区的情况下，包含下部铰链，其中“下部铰链”通常是指第226位或第230位。
在本发明中特别感兴趣的是Fc区。本文中使用的“Fc”或“Fc区”或“Fc结构域”意指包含抗体的恒定区的多肽，但不包含第一恒定区免疫球蛋白结构域，在某些情况下还包含部分铰链。因此，Fc是指IgA、IgD和IgG的最后两个恒定区免疫球蛋白结构域，以及IgE和IgM的最后三个恒定区免疫球蛋白结构域，以及这些结构域N末端的柔性铰链。对于IgA和IgM，Fc可包含J链。对于IgG，Fc结构域包含免疫球蛋白结构域Cγ2和Cγ3(Cγ2和Cγ3)以及Cγ1(Cγ1)和Cγ2(Cγ2)之间的下部铰链区。尽管Fc区的边界可变化，但是人IgG重链Fc区通常被定义为在其羧基端包含C226或P230残基，其中编号是根据如Kabat中的EU索引进行的。在一些实施方案中，如下文所述，在Fc区进行氨基酸修饰，例如以改变与一种或更多种FcγR受体或FeRn受体的结合。
在一些实施方案中，抗体是全长的。本文中的“全长抗体”意指构成抗体的天然生物学形式的结构，包含可变区和恒定区，包含如本文中所述的一种或更多种修饰。
或者，抗体可以是多种结构，包括但不限于抗体片段、单克隆抗体、双特异性抗体、小抗体、结构域抗体、合成抗体(在本文中有时称为“抗体类似物”)、嵌合抗体、人源化抗体、抗体融合物(有时称为“抗体缀合物”)和各自的片段。
在一个实施方案中，抗体是抗体片段。特异性抗体片段包括但不限于(i)由VL、VH、CL和CH1结构域组成的Fab片段；(ii)由VH和CH1结构域组成的Fd片段；(iii)由单个抗体的VL和VH结构域组成的Fv片段；(iv)由单个可变区组成的dAb片段(Ward et al.,1989,Nature341:544-546，通过引用完全并入)；(v)分离的CDR区；(vi)包含两个连接的Fab片段的二价F(ab’)2片段；(vii)单链Fv分子(scFv)，其中VH结构域和VL结构域通过肽接头连接，该肽接头允许两个结构域缔合形成抗原结合位点(Bird et al.,1988,Science 242:423-426、Huston et al.,1988,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.85:5879-5883，通过引用整体并入)；(viii)双特异性单链Fv(WO 03/11161，在此通过引用并入)以及(ix)通过基因融合构建的“双抗体”或“三抗体”、多价或多特异性片段(Tomlinson et.al.,2000,Methods Enzymol.326:461-479；WO94/13804；Holliger et al.,1993,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci,U.S.A.90:6444-6448，其全部通过引用整体并 入)。
嵌合抗体和人源化抗体
在一些实施方案中，抗体可以是来自不同物种的混合物，例如嵌合抗体和/或人源化抗体。即，在本发明中，CDR组可与本文中序列具体描述之外的框架区和恒定区一起使用。
通常，“嵌合抗体”和“人源化抗体”二者均是指来自多于一个物种的区域组合的抗体。例如，“嵌合抗体”传统上包含来自小鼠(或在某些情况下为大鼠)的可变区和来自人的恒定区。“人源化抗体”通常是指将非人源抗体的可变结构域框架区替换为在人抗体中发现的序列的抗体。通常，在人源化抗体中，除CDR外的整个抗体由人来源的多核苷酸编码或除其CDR外与人来源的抗体相同。将起源于非人类生物体的核酸编码的一部分或全部的CDR移植到人抗体可变区的β片层框架中以产生抗体，该抗体的特异性由移植的CDR确定。这样的抗体的产生描述于例如WO 92/11018,Jones,1986,Nature 321:522-525,Verhoeyen et al.,1988,Science 239:1534-1536中，其全部通过引用并入本文。通常需要将选择的接纳体框架残基“回复突变”为相应的供体残基以恢复在初始移植的构建体中丧失的亲和力(美国专利No.5,530,101；美国专利No.5,585,089；美国专利No.5,693,761；美国专利No.5,693,762；美国专利No.6,180,370；美国专利No.5,859,205；美国专利No.5,821,337；美国专利No.6,054,297；美国专利No.6,407,213，全部通过引用整体并入。理想地，人源化抗体还包含至少一部分免疫球蛋白恒定区，通常是人免疫球蛋白的一部分，典型地，包含人Fc区。也可以使用具有遗传改造免疫系统的小鼠产生人源化抗体(Roque et al.,2004,Biotechnol.Prog.20:639-654，通过引用整体并入)。用于使非人抗体人源化和重塑的多种技术和方法是本领域公知的(参见Tsurushita&Vasquez,2004,Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies,Molecular Biology of B Cells,533-545,Elsevier Science(USA)以及其中引用的参考文献，全部通过引用整体并入)。人源化方法包括但不限于在Jones et al.,1986,Nature 321:522-525；Riechmann et al.,1988,Nature 332:323-329；Verhoeyen et al.,1988,Science,239:1534-1536；Queen et al.,1989,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 86:10029-33；He et al.,1998,J.Immunol.160:1029-1035；Carter et al.,1992,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4285-9；Presta et al.,1997,Cancer Res.57(20):4593-9；Gorman et al.,1991,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88:4181-4185；O'Connor et al.,1998,Protein Eng 11:321-8(全部 通过引用整体并入)中描述的方法。人源化或降低非人抗体可变区免疫原性的其他方法可包括表面重铺方法(resurfacing method)，例如在Roguska et al.,1994,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 91:969-973中所述，其通过引用整体并入。在一个实施方案中，如本领域已知，亲本抗体已经是亲和力成熟的抗体。基于结构的方法可用于人源化和亲和力成熟，例如在美国系列No.11/004,590中所述。基于选择的方法可用于使抗体可变区人源化和/或亲和力成熟，包括但不限于在Wu et al.,1999,J.Mol.Biol.294:151-162；Baca et al.,1997,J.Biol.Chem.272(16):10678-10684；Rosok et al.,1996,J.Biol.Chem.271(37):22611-22618；Rader et al.,1998,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 95:8910-8915；Krauss et al.,2003,Protein Engineering 16(10):753-759(全部通过引用整体并入)中描述的方法。其他人源化方法可包括仅部分CDR的移植，包括但不限于美国系列No.09/810,510；Tan et al.,2002,J.Immunol.169:1119-1125；De Pascalis et al.,2002,J.Immunol.169:3076-3084(全部通过引用整体并入)中所述的方法。
在一个实施方案中，本发明的抗体可以是多特异性抗体，尤其是双特异性抗体，有时也称为“双抗体”。这些抗体与两个(或更多个)不同抗原或同一抗原上不同表位结合。双抗体可以以本领域已知的多种方式制备(Holliger and Winter,1993,Current Opinion Biotechnol.4:446-449，通过引用整体并入)，例如，化学制备或由杂交瘤制备。
在一个实施方案中，抗体是微抗体。微抗体是包含连接至CH3结构域的scFv的最小化抗体样蛋白。Hu et al.,1996,Cancer Res.56:3055-3061，通过引用整体并入。在一些情况下，scFv可连接至Fc区，并且可包含部分或整个铰链区。
本发明的抗体通常是分离的或重组的。当用于描述本文中公开的多种多肽时，“分离的”意指已从表达其的细胞或细胞培养物中鉴定和分离和/或回收的多肽。通常，分离的多肽将通过至少一个纯化步骤来制备。“分离的抗体”是指基本上不含具有不同抗原特异性的其他抗体的抗体。例如，特异性结合CD38的分离的抗体基本上不含与CD38之外的抗原特异性结合的抗体。
然而，与人CD38或食蟹猴CD38的表位、同种型或变体特异性结合的分离的抗体可与例如来自其他物种的其他相关抗原，例如CD38的物种同源物，具有交叉反应性。此外，分离的抗体可基本上不含其他细胞物质和/或化学物质。
具有不同特异性的分离的单克隆抗体可组合在明确的组合物中。因此，如果需要，可将IgG418组合在单一制剂中。
本发明的抗CD38抗体特异性结合其配体CD38(例如SEQ ID NO:1的人CD38蛋白)。“特异性结合”或对特定抗原或表位的“特异性”意指与非特异性相互作用显著不同的结合。特异性结合可被测量，例如，通过对比抗体与相应分子和对照分子的结合来测定，对照分子通常是不具有结合活性的类似结构的分子。例如，可通过与类似于靶标的对照分子的竞争确定特异性结合。
对特定抗原或表位的特异性结合可通过KD值来体现，例如针对某一抗原或表位的抗体的KD为至少约10 -4M、至少约10 -5M、至少约10 -6M、至少约10 -7M、至少约10 -8M、至少约10 -9M、至少约10 -10M、至少约10 -11M、至少约10 -12M或更高，其中KD指特定抗体-抗原相互作用的解离速率。通常，特异性结合抗原的抗体与抗原或表位的KD是其与对照分子的20倍、50倍、100倍、500倍、1000倍、5,000倍、10,000倍或更多倍。
此外，对特定抗原或表位的特异性结合可通过KA或Ka来体现，例如针对抗原或表位的抗体具有的KA或Ka是对照表位的20倍、50倍、100倍、500倍、1000倍、5,000倍、10,000倍或更多倍的抗体，其中KA或Ka是指特定抗体-抗原相互作用的结合速率。
抗体修饰
本发明还提供了抗体的变体。即，可对本发明的抗体进行许多修饰，包括但不限于：CDR中的氨基酸修饰(亲和力成熟)、Fc区中的氨基酸修饰、糖基化变体、其他类型的共价修饰等。
本文中的“变体”意指由于至少一个(一个或更多个)氨基酸修饰而不同于亲本多肽的多肽序列。氨基酸修饰可包括替换、插入和缺失，在许多情况下前者是优选的。
通常，如本文中所述，只要蛋白的功能仍然存在，变体可包含任何数量的修饰。也就是说，例如，在用IgG418的CDR产生氨基酸变体的情况下，抗体应特异性结合人CD38。类似地，如果用Fc区产生氨基酸变体，则抗体变体应维持抗体的特定应用或适应症所需的受体结合功能。
通常，利用1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个氨基酸的替换是比较常见的，因为通常目的是用最少数量的修饰来改变功能。在一些情况下，存在1至5个修饰，其中1至2个、1至3个和1至4个修饰也发现用于 许多实施方案中。
应注意，氨基酸修饰的数目可在功能结构域内：例如，期望在野生型或经改造蛋白的Fc区中具有1至5个修饰，或在Fv区中具有1至5个修饰。变体多肽序列优选与亲本序列(例如，IgG418的可变区、恒定区以及/或重链和轻链序列)具有至少约80％、85％、90％、95％或高至98％或99％的同一性。应注意，根据序列的大小，同一性百分比将取决于氨基酸的数目。
本文中的“氨基酸替换”或“替换”意指亲本多肽序列中特定位置的氨基酸被另一氨基酸替换。例如，S100A替换是指其中第100位的丝氨酸被丙氨酸替换的变体多肽。本文中使用的“氨基酸插入”或“插入”意指在亲本多肽序列中特定位置的氨基酸的添加。本文中使用的“氨基酸缺失”或“缺失”意指在亲本多肽序列中特定位置的氨基酸的去除。
本文中使用的“亲本多肽”、“亲本蛋白”、“前体多肽”或“前体蛋白”意指未经修饰的多肽，其随后被修饰以产生变体。通常，本文的亲本多肽是scFv418和IgG418。亲本多肽可指多肽本身，包含亲本多肽的组合物或编码其的氨基酸序列。因此，本文中使用的“亲本Fc多肽”意指用于修饰以产生变体的Fc多肽，并且本文中使用的“亲本抗体”意指用于修饰以产生变体抗体的抗体。
本文中的“野生型”或“WT”或“天然”意指在自然界中发现的氨基酸序列或核苷酸序列，包含等位基因变异。WT蛋白、多肽、抗体、免疫球蛋白、IgG等具有未经故意修饰的氨基酸序列或核苷酸序列。
本文中的“Fc区变体”意指由于至少一个氨基酸修饰而不同于野生型Fc序列的Fc序列。Fc变体可指包含Fc变体多肽或氨基酸序列的Fc多肽组合物。
在一些实施方案中，抗体IgG418的一个或更多个CDR的一个或更多个氨基酸被修饰。通常，在任一CDR中仅有1或2或3个氨基酸被替换，通常在一组CDR中不超过4、5、6、7、8、9或10个氨基酸改变。然而，应了解，在任何CDR中无替换、1、2或3个替换的任何组合可独立且任选地与任何其他替换组合。
在一些情况下，CDR中的氨基酸修饰称为“亲和力成熟”。一个“亲和力成熟”抗体是在一个或更多个CDR具有一个或多个改变的抗体，与不具有那些改变的亲本抗体相比，亲和力成熟抗体对抗原的亲和力得到改 善。在一些情况下，尽管很少见，期望降低抗体对其抗原的亲和力，但这通常不是优选的。
可进行亲和力成熟以使抗体对抗原的结合亲和力与“亲本”抗体相比提高至少约10％至50-100-150％或更多，或者1至5倍。优选的亲和力成熟的抗体将对靶抗原具有纳摩或甚至皮摩的亲和力。亲和力成熟抗体可通过已知操作产生，参见例如，Marks et al.,1992,Biotechnology 10:779-783描述了通过可变重链(VH)和可变轻链(VL)结构域混编的亲和力成熟。CDR和/或构架残基的随机诱变描述于：例如，Barbas,et al.1994,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci,USA 91:3809-3813；Shier et al.,1995,Gene 169:147-155；Yelton et al,1995,J.Immunol.155:1994-2004；Jackson et al.,1995,J.Immunol.154(7):3310-9；和Hawkins et al,1992,J.Mol.Biol.226:889-896。
或者，可在本发明抗体的一个或更多个CDR中进行“沉默的”氨基酸修饰，例如不显著改变抗体对抗原的亲和力。可出于多种原因进行这些修饰，包括优化表达(如可通过编码本发明抗体的核酸进行)。
因此，CDR变体和抗体变体包括在本发明的CDR和抗体的定义内。即，本发明的抗体可在IgG418的一个或更多个CDR中包含氨基酸修饰。另外，如下所述，氨基酸修饰也可独立地并且任选地在CDR之外的任何区域中进行，包括框架区和恒定区。
在一些实施方案中，本发明的抗CD38抗体由Fc结构域变体构成。如本领域已知，抗体的Fc区与许多Fc受体和配体相互作用，赋予其一系列重要的功能能力，称为效应子功能。这些Fc受体包括但不限于：(人的)FcγRI(CD64)，包括同种型FcγRIa、FcγRIb和FcγRIc；FcγRII(CD32)，包括同种型(包括同种异型H131和R131)，FcγRIIb(包括FcγRIIb-1和FcγRIIb-2)和FcγRIIc；以及FcγRIII(CD1.6)，包括同种型FcγRIIIa(包括同种异型V158和F158，与抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)相关)和FcγRIIIb(包括同种异型FcγRIIIb-NA1和FcγRIIIb-NA2)、FcRn(新生受体)、C1q(参与补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)的补体蛋白)和FcRn(参与血清半衰期的新生受体)。可在一个或更多个位置上进行合适的修饰，例如在系列美国专利申请No.11/841,654及其中引用的参考文献，美国2004/013210、美国2005/0054832、美国2006/0024298、美国2006/0121032、美国2006/0235208、美国2007/0148170、美国系列No.12/341,769、美国专利No.6,737,056、美国专利No.7,670,600、美国专利No.6,086,875，其全部内容通过引用整体明确地并入，特别是能提高与Fc受体结合的特定 氨基酸替换。
除上述修饰之外，还可进行其他修饰。例如，可通过加入连接VH和VL结构域的二硫键来稳定分子(Reiter et al.,1996,Nature Biotech.14:1239-1245，通过引用整体并入)。另外，可以进行如下所述的抗体的多种共价修饰。
抗体的共价修饰包括在本发明的范围内，这些修饰通常但并非总是在翻译后进行。例如，通过使抗体的特定氨基酸残基与能够和选择的侧链或N或C端残基反应的有机衍生剂反应，来将数种类型的共价修饰引入抗体分子中。
半胱氨酸残基最常见的是与α-卤代乙酸酯(和对应的胺)反应，例如与氯乙酸或氯乙酰胺反应得到羧甲基或羧酰胺甲基衍生物。半胱氨酸残基也可通过与溴三氟丙酮、α-溴-β-(5-亚咪唑酰基)丙酸、氯乙酰基磷酸酯、N-烷基马来酰亚胺、3-硝基-2-吡啶基二硫化物、2-吡啶基二硫化甲基、对氯汞苯甲酸酯、2-氯汞基-4-硝基苯酚或氯-7-硝基苯并-2-氧杂-1,3-二唑等反应而衍生化。
组氨酸残基通过与焦碳酸二乙酯在pH为5.5至7.0下反应而衍生化，因为该试剂对组氨酸侧链相对特异。也可使用对溴苯甲酰基溴。反应优选在pH 6.0的0.1M二甲胂酸钠中进行。
赖氨酰和氨基末端残基与琥珀酸或其他羧酸酐反应。用这些试剂衍生化具有逆转赖氨酰残基的电荷的作用。用于衍生化含α-氨基的残基的其他合适的试剂包括：亚氨基酯，例如甲基吡啶亚氨酸甲基酯；磷酸吡哆醛；吡哆醛；氯硼氢化物；三硝基苯磺酸；O-甲基异脲；2,4-戊二酮；和转氨酶催化的乙醛酸反应。
通过与一种或数种常规试剂反应来修饰精氨酸残基，其中包括苯乙二醛、2,3-丁二酮、1,2-环己二酮和茚三酮。由于胍官能团的高pKa，精氨酸残基的衍生化要求反应在碱性条件下进行。此外，这些试剂可与赖氨酸基团以及精氨酸ε-氨基基团反应。
可对酪氨酰基残基进行特定修饰，其中特别感兴趣的是通过与芳族重氮化合物或四硝基甲烷反应将光谱标记引入酪氨酰基残基中。最常见地，使用N-乙酰基咪唑和四硝基甲烷分别形成O-乙酰基酪氨酰基物质和3-硝基衍生物，使用125I或131I碘化酪氨酰基残基，以制备用于放射免疫测定的标记蛋白，上述氯胺T方法是合适的。
通过与碳二亚胺(R’—N═C═N—R’)反应选择性地修饰羧基侧基(天冬氨酰或谷氨酰基)，其中R和R’任选地为不同的烷基，例如1-环己基-3-(2-吗啉基-4-乙基)碳二亚胺或1-乙基-3-(4-氮阳离子-4,4-二甲基戊基)碳二亚胺。此外，天冬氨酰和谷氨酰基残基通过与铵离子反应而转化为天冬酰胺基和谷氨酰胺基残基。
双官能剂衍生化可用于将抗体交联至水不溶性支持基质或表面，以用于包括以下所述方法的多种方法。常用的交联剂包括例如1,1-双(重氮乙酰基)-2-苯基乙烷；戊二醛；N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯，例如，4-叠氮基水杨酸酯；同双功能酰亚胺酯，包括二琥珀酰亚胺基酯，例如3,3’-二硫代双(琥珀酰亚胺基丙酸酯)；和双官能马来酰亚胺，例如双-N-马来酰亚胺-1,8-辛烷。衍生剂，例如3-[(对叠氮基苯基)二硫]丙亚氨酸甲酯产生能够在光的存在下形成交联的可光活化的中间体。或者，将例如食蟹猴生成溴(cynomolgusogen bromide)活化的碳水化合物的反应性水不溶性基质和在美国专利No.3,969,287、No.3,691,016、No.4,195,128、No.4,247,642、No.4,229,537和No.4,330,440中描述的反应性底物(全部通过引用并入本文)用于蛋白质固定。
谷氨酰胺基和天冬酰胺基残基经常分别被脱酰胺基化为相应的谷氨酰基和天冬氨酰残基。或者，这些残基在弱酸性条件下脱酰胺。这些残基的任一种形式均落入本发明的范围内。
其他修饰包括脯氨酸和赖氨酸的羟基化，丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基的羟基的磷酸化，赖氨酸、精氨酸和组氨酸侧链的α-氨基的甲基化(T.E.Creighton,Proteins:Structure and Molecular Properties,W.H.Freeman&Co.,San Francisco,pp.79-86[1983]，通过引用整体并入)，N端胺的乙酰化，和任何C端羧基的酰胺化。
另外，如本领域技术人员将认识到的，标记物(包括荧光、酶、磁性、放射性等)均可被添加至抗体以及本发明的其他组合物。
糖基化
共价修饰的另一种类型是糖基化的改变。在另一个实施方案中，本文中公开的抗体可被修饰以包括一种或更多种经改造的糖型。本文中使用的“经改造的糖型”意指共价连接至抗体的糖链组合物，其中所述糖链组合物在化学上不同于亲本抗体。经改造的糖型可用于多种目的，包括但不限于增强或降低效应子功能。经改造的糖型的优选形式是去岩藻糖基化，已 表明其与ADCC功能的提高相关，据推测是通过与FcγRIIIa受体的更紧密结合来实现。在该背景下，“去岩藻糖基化”意指在宿主细胞中产生的大多数抗体基本上不含岩藻糖，例如，产生的抗体中90-95-98％不含有显著的岩藻糖作为抗体糖链部分的组分(通常连接在Fc区的N297)。从功能上来说，去岩藻糖基化抗体通常对FcγRIIIa受体表现出至少50％或更高的亲和力。
可通过本领域已知的多种方法来产生经改造的糖型(
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000001
et al.,1999,Nat Biotechnol 17:176-180；Davies et al.,2001,Biotechnol Bioeng74:288-294；Shields et al.,2002,J Biol Chem 277:26733-26740；Shinkawa et al.,2003,J Biol Chem 278:3466-3473；美国专利No.6,602,684；美国系列No.10/277,370；美国系列No.10/113,929；PCT WO 00/61739A1；PCT WO 01/29246A1；PCT WO 02/31140A1；PCT WO 02/30954A1；其全部通过引用并入；(
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000002
technology[Biowa,Inc.,Princeton,N.J.]；
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000003
glycosylation engineering technology[Glycart Biotechnology AG,Zürich,Switzerland])。许多技术基于控制与Fc区共价连接的岩藻糖基化和/或二等分寡糖的水平，例如通过在多种生物体或细胞系中、经改造的或以其他方式表达IgG(例如Lec-13CHO细胞或大鼠杂交瘤YB2/0细胞)，通过调节参与糖基化途径的酶(例如，FUT8[α1,6-岩藻糖基转移酶]和/或β1-4N-乙酰氨基葡糖基转移酶III[GnTITT])，或者在已表达IgG之后修饰糖链。例如，Seattle Genetics的“糖链改造的抗体”或“SEA技术”通过添加在生产过程中抑制岩藻糖基化的经修饰的糖来发挥作用，参见例如20090317869，其通过引用整体并入本文。经改造的糖型通常是指不同的糖链或寡糖，抗体可以包括经改造的糖型。
或者，经改造的糖型可指包含不同糖链或寡糖的IgG变体。如本领域中已知，糖基化模式可取决于蛋白质的序列(例如，下文讨论的特定的糖基化氨基酸残基的存在与否)，或产生蛋白的宿主细胞或生物体。特定的表达系统在下面讨论。
多肽的糖基化通常是N-连接或O-连接的。N-连接是指糖链部分与天冬酰胺残基的侧链连接。三肽序列天冬酰胺-X-丝氨酸和天冬酰胺-X-苏氨酸(其中X是除脯氨酸之外的任何氨基酸)是糖链部分连接到天冬酰胺侧链上的酶促连接的识别序列。因此，多肽中这些三肽序列中任一个的存在都会产生潜在的糖基化位点。O-连接糖基化是指将N-乙酰半乳糖胺、半乳糖或木糖中的一种与羟基氨基酸连接，尽管可使用5-羟脯氨酸或5-羟赖 氨酸，但最常见的是丝氨酸或苏氨酸。
通过改变氨基酸序列以使其包含一个或更多个上述三肽序列可方便地实现将糖基化位点添加至抗体(对于N-连接的糖基化位点)。改变也可通过在起始序列上添加或替换一个或更多个丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基来进行(对于O-连接的糖基化位点)。为简便起见，抗体氨基酸序列优选通过DNA水平的改变来进行，特别是突变编码靶多肽的DNA处的预定碱基，得到可翻译成期望氨基酸的密码子。
提高抗体上糖链数目的另一种方法是通过化学或酶促偶联将糖苷与蛋白质相连。这些方法的优点在于它们不需要在具有N-和O-糖基化能力的宿主细胞中产生蛋白质。根据所使用的偶联方式，糖可连接于(a)精氨酸和组氨酸；(b)游离羧基；(c)游离巯基，例如半胱氨酸的巯基；(d)游离羟基，例如丝氨酸、苏氨酸或羟脯氨酸的羟基；(e)芳族残基，例如苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸或色氨酸的芳族残基，或者(I)谷氨酰胺的酰胺基。这些方法在WO 87/05330和Aplin and Wriston,1981,CRC Crit.Rev,Biochem.,pp.259-306中所述，二者均通过引用整体并入。
可通过化学或酶促方法去除存在于起始抗体(例如翻译后抗体)上的糖链部分。化学去糖基化需要使蛋白质暴露于化合物三氟甲磺酸或等同的化合物。该处理导致除连接糖(N-乙酰基葡糖胺或N-乙酰基半乳糖胺)之外的大多数或所有糖的裂解，而同时保持多肽完整。Hakimuddin et al.,1987,Arch.Biochem.Biophys.259:52和Edge et al.,1981,Anal.Biochem.118:131描述了化学去糖基化，二者均通过引用整体并入。多肽上糖链部分的酶促切割可通过多种内切和外切糖苷酶来实现，如Thotakura et al.,1987,Meth.Enzymol.138:350所述，其通过引用整体并入。潜在的糖基化位点的糖基化可通过使用化合物衣霉素来避免，如Duskin et al.,1982,0.1Biol.Chem.257:3105所述，其通过引用整体并入。衣霉素阻断蛋白质-N-糖苷键的形成。
抗体的另一种共价修饰类型包含以例如2005-2006PEG Catalog from Nektar Therapeutics(可在Nektar网站上获得)、美国专利No.4,640,835、No.4,496,689、No.4,301,144、No.4,670,417、No.4,791,192或No.4,179,337
(其全部通过引用整体并入)中所述的方式将抗体连接至多种非蛋白聚合物，包括但不限于各种多元醇，例如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇或聚氧化烯。另外，如本领域中已知，可在抗体内的多个位置进行氨基酸替换，以促进例如PEG聚合物的添加。参见例如美国公开No.2005/0114037A1，其通过 引用整体并入。
具体的CDR和可变区实施方案
本发明提供了多种抗体，每个抗体具有一组特定的CDR(包括，如上所述，一些氨基酸替换的CDR)。如上所述，抗体可通过一组6个CDR、可变区或重链和轻链全长(包括恒定区)来定义。另外，如上所述，还可进行氨基酸替换。通常，在CDR内的变化，由于CDR的长度较短，氨基酸的修饰通常根据氨基酸修饰的数目来描述。这也适用于讨论在可变序列、恒定序列或全长序列中引入的氨基酸修饰的数目。除氨基酸改变的数目之外，就“％同一性”来定义这些改变也是适合的。因此，如本文中所述，与本文中列出的SEQ ID NO具有80％、85％、90％、95％、98％或99％同一性的抗体包括在本发明内。在定义氨基酸序列相似性百分比时，本文中使用的术语“同源性”与“同一性”有相同含义。
对于IgG418抗体，其CDR组如下：重链的三个CDR包含SEQ ID NO:9(HCDR1)、SEQ ID NO:13(HCDR2)和SEQ ID NO:17(HCDR3)以及轻链的三个CDR包含SEQ ID NO:25(LCDR1)、SEQ ID NO:29(LCDR2)和SEQ ID NO:33(LCDR3)。
在一些实施方案中，提供了与本发明的抗体竞争结合人CD38的抗体(例如，scFv418或IgG418)。如本领域已知，可通过任何合适的技术来确定两种或更多种抗CD38抗体与CD38或CD38的一部分的竞争结合。
在本发明的上下文中，竞争是指在测试化合物的存在下，本发明的抗体(例如IgG418)结合其特定结合伴侣(例如CD38)的倾向可检测地显著降低。通常，竞争意指通过例如ELISA或
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000004
标准技术所测量的在竞争者存在下本发明的抗体与CD38的结合降低至少约10％至100％。因此，可设置竞争标准，其中，在抗体被认为具有足够的竞争性之前，检测到至少约10％的相对抑制，至少约15％的相对抑制，至少约20％的相对抑制。在竞争性抗体的表位与抗原紧邻的情况下，竞争可通过对CD38结合的大于约40％的相对抑制来确定，例如，至少约45％的抑制、至少约50％的抑制、至少约55％的抑制、至少约60％的抑制、至少约65％的抑制、至少约70％的抑制、至少约75％的抑制、至少约80％的抑制、至少约85％的抑制、至少约90％的抑制、至少约95％的抑制、或更高水平的相对抑制。
在一些情况下，如下文在诊断应用的背景中所讨论的，竞争结合测定的一种或更多种组分被标记。
也有可能是，抗CD38抗体与多于一个CD38表位和/或CD38的一部分之间存在竞争，例如CD38与抗体结合的特异区段位于呈现为片段，例如呈递良好的线性抗原位于不同的测试片段，或大的CD38片段及CD38分子中的构象表位。
评估竞争通常涉及使用本发明的抗体、CD38和测试分子来评价相对的结合抑制。测试分子可包括任何分子，包括其他抗体、小分子、肽等。以足以进行比较以告知关于所讨论的分子相对于其他存在的分子的选择性和/或特异性的信息的量来混合化合物。
测试化合物、CD38和本发明的抗体的量可变化。例如，对于ELISA评估，需要约5至50μg(例如约10至50μg、约20至50μg、约5至20μg、约10至20μg等)的抗CD38抗体和/或CD38靶标来评估是否存在竞争。条件也应适合于结合。通常，生理条件或接近生理的条件(例如，约20至40℃的温度，约7至8的pH等)适合于抗CD38与CD38的结合。
竞争通常以ELISA和/或FACS分析中显著大于约5％的相对抑制来确定。可设置较高的相对抑制阈值作为在特定背景下合适的竞争水平的标准/决定因素(例如，在竞争分析用于选择或筛选设计有预期阻断另一种肽或分子(例如CD38的天然结合伴侣，例如CD31，也称为CD31抗原、EndoCAM、GPIIA、PECAM-1、血小板/内皮细胞黏附分子或天然存在的抗CD38抗体)与CD38结合功能的新抗体的情况下)。
在一些实施方案中，本发明的抗CD38抗体特异性结合CD38中的一个或更多个残基或区域，但不与和CD38具有同源性的其他蛋白质(例如BST-1(骨髓基质细胞抗原-1)和Mo5(也称为CD157))交叉反应。
通常，缺乏交叉反应性意味着当在合适的测定条件下使用足够量的分子通过ELISA和/或FACS分析评估时，分子之间的相对竞争抑制小于约5％。
CD38活性的抑制
本文公开的抗体可用于阻断配体-受体相互作用或抑制受体组分相互作用。本发明的抗CD38抗体可以是“阻断的”或“中和的”。“中和抗体”是指与CD38结合而导致CD38的生物学活性被抑制的抗体，例如其与配体相互作用的能力、酶活性、信号传导能力，并且特别是其活化淋巴细胞的能力。可通过本领域已知的数种体外或体内测定标准来评估CD38的生 物学活性的抑制。
“抑制结合”或“阻断结合”(例如，当提及抑制/阻断CD38结合伴侣与CD38的结合时)包含部分和完全抑制/阻断二者。抑制/阻断CD38结合伴侣与CD38的结合可降低或改变CD38结合伴侣与CD38结合(没有抑制或阻断)时发生的细胞信号传导的正常水平或类型。与未与抗CD38抗体接触的配体相比，抑制和阻断也旨在包含当与抗CD38抗体接触时，CD38结合伴侣与CD38的结合亲和力的任何可测量的降低。例如，CD38结合伴侣与CD38的结合被阻断至少约10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％、70％、80％、90％、99％或100％。
本文公开的抗CD38抗体也可以抑制细胞生长。与未与抗CD38抗体接触的细胞的生长相比，“抑制生长”包括当与抗CD38抗体接触时，可测量到相同细胞生长的降低，例如细胞培养物的生长被抑制至少约10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％、70％、80％、90％、99％或100％。
在一些实施方案中，本文公开的抗CD38抗体能够耗尽活化的淋巴细胞和浆细胞。在本文中，“耗竭”意指与未经处理的动物相比，可测量到活化的淋巴细胞和/或浆细胞的血清水平(例如，如在食蟹猴中所测试的)降低。通常，可见耗竭至少约10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％、70％、80％、90％、99％或100％。另外，如以下实施例中所示，本发明的抗体表现出的一个特别的优点是给药之后这些细胞的可恢复性。也就是说，如一些治疗(例如用抗CD20抗体)所知，细胞耗竭可持续长的时间段，而导致不希望的副作用。如本文中所示，本文公开的抗体对活化淋巴细胞和/或浆细胞的作用是可恢复的。
本发明抗体的制备方法
本发明还提供了用于产生所公开的抗CD38抗体的方法。这些方法包括培养包含编码本发明抗体的分离的核酸的宿主细胞。如本领域技术人员将理解的，这可根据抗体的性质以多种方式来完成。在一些实施方案中，本发明的抗体是全长传统抗体，例如重链可变区和轻链可变区是在产生的抗体并可被分离的条件下。
通常，本公开提供了编码本发明抗体的核酸。这样的多核苷酸编码每条重链和轻链的可变区和恒定区，根据本文中所述的组合物，本发明也包括其他组合。本发明还包括来源于上述公开的多核苷酸的寡核苷酸片段和与这些多核苷酸互补的核酸序列。
多核苷酸可以是RNA或DNA的形式。DNA、cDNA、基因组DNA、核酸类似物和合成DNA形式的多核苷酸在本发明的范围内。DNA可以是双链或单链，如果是单链，则可以是编码(有义)链或非编码(反义)链。编码多肽的编码序列可与本文中提供的编码序列相同，或者可以是不同的编码序列，由于遗传密码的冗余或简并性，该序列编码与本文中提供的DNA相同的多肽。
在一些实施方案中，将编码本发明抗体的核酸插入表达载体中，所述表达载体可以是染色体外的或被设计成整合入宿主细胞的基因组中。表达载体可包含任何数量的适当调控序列(包括但不限于转录和翻译调控序列、启动子、核糖体结合位点、增强子、复制起点等)或其他组分(选择基因等)，如本领域所公知的，所有这些都可操作地连接。在一些情况下，使用两种核酸并将其分别置于不同的表达载体中(例如，第一表达载体中的重链，第二表达载体中的轻链)，或者替代地可将它们置于同一表达载体中。本领域技术人员将理解，包括调节序列的选择的表达载体的设计可取决于例如宿主细胞的选择、所需蛋白质的表达水平等因素。
通常，可使用适合于所选宿主细胞的任何方法(例如，转化、转染、电穿孔、感染)将核酸和/或表达载体引入合适的宿主细胞中以产生重组宿主细胞，使得核酸分子可操作地连接至一个或更多个表达控制元件(例如，在载体中，在通过细胞中的过程产生的构建体中，整合到宿主细胞基因组中)。所得重组宿主细胞可在适合表达的条件下(例如，在诱导剂的存在下，在合适的非人动物中，在补充有合适的盐、生长因子、抗生素、营养补充剂等的合适培养基中)维持，由此产生编码的多肽。在一些情况下，重链在一个细胞中产生，轻链在另一个细胞中产生。
可用作表达宿主的哺乳动物细胞系是本领域已知的，包括可从美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)(Manassas,Va.)获得的许多永生化细胞系，包括但不限于中国仓鼠卵巢(Chinese hamster ovary，CHO)细胞、HEK 293细胞、NSO细胞、HeLa细胞、幼仓鼠肾(baby hamster kidney，BHK)细胞、猴肾细胞(COS)、人肝细胞癌细胞(例如Hep G2)和许多其他细胞系。非哺乳动物细胞(包括但不限于细菌、酵母、昆虫和植物)也可用于表达重组抗体。在一些实施方案中，抗体可在转基因动物(例如牛或鸡)中产生。
抗体分子生物学、表达、纯化和筛选的一般方法可参见：例如，Kontermann&Dubel抗体编辑的Antibody Engineering,Springer,Heidelberg, 2001和2010；Hayhurst&Georgiou,2001,Curr Opin Chem Biol 5:683-689；Maynard&Georgiou,2000,Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2:339-76；以及Morrison,S.(1985)Science 229:1202。
应用和适应症
本发明的抗体可用于多种应用中，包括CD38相关疾病的诊断和治疗。CD38相关病症
在一个方面中，本发明提供了诊断和治疗与炎症和免疫疾病相关的病症的方法，特别是与活化淋巴细胞相关的疾病。如本文中所示，CD38在未成熟的造血细胞中表达，在成熟细胞中下调，并在活化的淋巴细胞和浆细胞中以高水平重新表达。例如，高CD38表达见于活化的B细胞、浆细胞、活化的CD4 +T细胞、活化的CD8 +T细胞、NK细胞、NKT细胞、成熟的树突细胞(DC)和活化的单核细胞。
本发明的治疗性抗CD38抗体与CD38阳性细胞(例如活化的淋巴细胞)结合，通过多种作用机制(包括CDC、ADCC和ADCP途径)导致这些细胞的耗竭。
因此，可使用本发明的抗体来治疗具有CD38表达提高或表达CD38的细胞数量提高作为疾病的表征的任何自身免疫病。这些疾病包括但不限于系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、类风湿性关节炎(RA)、系统性硬化症(SSc)、多发性硬化症(MS)、炎症性肠病(IBD)、溃疡性结肠炎、同种异体胰岛移植排斥、斑秃、强直性脊柱炎、抗磷脂综合征、自身免疫性艾迪生病、抗嗜中性粒细胞胞质自身抗体(antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody，ANCA)、肾上腺自身免疫病、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、自身免疫性肝炎、自身免疫性心肌炎、自身免疫性嗜中性粒细胞减少症、自身免疫性卵巢炎和睾丸炎、自身免疫性血小板减少症、自身免疫性荨麻疹、白塞病、大疱性类天疱疮、心肌病、卡斯尔曼综合征、腹型斯泼卢腹泻-皮炎、慢性疲劳免疫功能障碍综合征、慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病、丘-斯综合征、疤痕性类天疱疮、CREST综合征、冷凝集素病、克罗恩病、皮肌炎、盘状狼疮、特发性混合型冷球蛋白血症、因子VIII缺乏、纤维肌痛-纤维肌炎、肾小球性肾炎、格雷夫斯病、格林-巴利、古德帕斯丘综合征、移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease，GVHD)、桥本甲状腺炎、血友病A、特发性肺纤维化、特发性血小板减少性紫癜(idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura，ITP)、IgA神经病、IgM多神经病、免疫介导 的血小板减少、幼年型关节炎、川畸病、扁平苔藓、红斑狼疮、梅尼埃病、混合性结缔组织病、多发性硬化、1型糖尿病、重症肌无力、寻常性天疱疮、恶性贫血、结节性多动脉炎、多软骨炎、多腺性综合征、风湿性多肌痛、多肌炎和皮肌炎、原发性无丙种球蛋白血症、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、银屑病、银屑病关节炎、雷诺现象、赖特尔综合征、类风湿性关节炎、结节病、硬皮病、舍格伦综合征、实体器官移植排斥、僵人综合征、系统性红斑狼疮、高安动脉炎、颞动脉炎/巨细胞动脉炎、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜、溃疡性结肠炎、葡萄膜炎、例如疱疹样皮炎血管炎的血管炎、白斑和韦格纳肉芽肿病。
特别地，在一些实施方案中，本发明抗体用于诊断和/或治疗多种疾病，所述疾病包括但不限于自身免疫疾病，包括但不限于系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、类风湿关节炎(RA)、系统性硬化症(SSc)、多发性硬化症(MS)、炎症性肠病(IBD)、糖尿病、移植物宿主疾病和溃疡性结肠炎。
例如，可选择具有高浆细胞含量的患者，例如表现出高浆细胞的SLE患者，以及表现出对基于CD20治疗无应答的RA患者。
在一个方面中，本发明提供了治疗与表达CD38的细胞的增殖相关的病症的方法，所述方法包括向患者施用药学有效量的所述抗体。在某些实施方案中，所述病症是癌症，并且在一些特定实施方案中，所述癌症是血液学癌症。在其他一些特定的实施方案中，所述病症是多发性骨髓瘤、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、浆细胞白血病、急性髓性白血病、慢性髓性白血病、B细胞淋巴瘤或伯基特淋巴瘤。
在本领域中已知某些病症与表达CD38的细胞相关，某些病症与细胞表面上CD38的过表达、高密度表达或上调表达相关。可通过本领域已知的方法来确定细胞群是否表达CD38，例如利用流式细胞术确定给定群中被特异性结合CD38的抗体标记的细胞百分比或免疫组化测定，如下面在诊断应用中通常所述。例如，在其中约10％至30％的细胞中检测到CD38表达的细胞群可被视为对CD38具有弱阳性；而在其中超过约30％的细胞中检测到CD38表达的细胞群可被视为对CD38具有明确阳性(如Jackson et al.(1988),Clin.Exp.Immunol.72:351-356)。其他标准也可用来确定细胞群是否表达CD38。可使用本领域已知的方法确定细胞表面表达的密度，例如流式细胞仪测量使用特异性结合CD38的抗体进行荧光标记的细胞的平均荧光强度。
在一些实施方案中，本发明的组合物和方法应用于癌症，例如血液系 统癌症。血液系统癌症是指形成血液的组织的恶性肿瘤，包含白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤。与CD38表达相关的病症包括但不限于多发性骨髓瘤(Jackson et al.(1988),Clin.Exp.Immunol.72:351-356)、B细胞慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(B-CLL)(Dürig et al.(2002),Leukemia 16:30-5；Morabito et al.(2001),Leukemia Research 25:927-32；Marinov et al.(1993),Neoplasma 40(6):355-8；and Jelinek et al.(2001),Br.J.Haematol.115:854-61)、急性淋巴细胞性白血病(Keyhani et al.(1999),Leukemia Research 24:153-9；and Marinov et al.(1993),Neoplasma 40(6):355-8)、慢性粒细胞白血病(Marinov et al.(1993),Neoplasma 40(6):355-8)、急性髓细胞性白血病(Keyhani et al.(1999),Leukemia Research 24:153-9)、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)、慢性髓细胞性白血病或慢性髓性白血病(CML)、急性髓细胞性白血病或急性髓性白血病(AML)、急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)、毛细胞白血病(HCL)、骨髓增生异常综合症(MDS)或母细胞性慢性髓细胞性白血病以及通过本领域技术人员公知的形态学、组织化学和免疫学技术定义的这些白血病的所有亚型。
“肿瘤”或“肿瘤性病症”是指与细胞增殖相关的疾病，其特征在于细胞丧失正常控制导致一种或更多种症状，包括生长失控、分化缺乏、局部组织浸润和转移。
在本发明的一些实施方案中，血液系统癌症选自慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(CLL)、慢性髓细胞性白血病(CML)、急性髓细胞性白血病(AML)和急性淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)。
此外，本领域已知CD38表达是例如B细胞慢性淋巴细胞性白血病(Dürig et al.(2002),Leukemia 16:30-5；and Morabito et al.(2001),Leukemia Research 25:927-32)和急性髓细胞性白血病(Keyhani et al.(1999),Leukemia Research 24:153-9)患者的预后指标。
CLL是西方成年人中最常见的白血病。CLL涉及淋巴结和其他淋巴样组织的成熟淋巴细胞的克隆扩增，并伴有骨髓的逐渐浸润和出现在外周血中。B型CLL(B-CLL)代表了几乎所有情况。
B-CLL
B-CLL是一种无法治愈的疾病，其特征是积累在骨髓和外周血中的无反应性单克隆B谱系细胞的长期持续增多。CD38的表达被认为是B-CLL预后不良的独立因素。Hamblin et al.,Blood 99:1023-9(2002).
如今，B-CLL的标准治疗是姑息治疗，并且主要是通过细胞抑制药苯丁酸氮芥或氟达拉滨进行。当发生复发时，通常使用氟达拉滨、环磷酰胺联合利妥昔单抗(针对CD20的单克隆抗体)或campath(针对CD52的单克隆抗体)的组合治疗。因此，对B-CLL的治疗存在严重的未满足的医学需求。在一些实施方案中，本公开提供了使用抗CD38抗体治疗B-CLL的方法(并且如下文所述，这可使用任选和独立地包含上述任何药物的组合治疗来完成)。
B-CLL具有惰性和侵袭性两种亚型。这些临床表型与免疫球蛋白重链可变区(IgVH)基因中体细胞突变的存在与否相关。本文中所述惰性B-CLL是指在具有突变的IgVH基因和/或表现出与惰性B-CLL相关的一种或更多种临床表型的对象中的疾病。本文中所述侵略性B-CLL是指具有未突变的IgVH和/或表现出一种或更多种与侵略性B-CLL相关的临床表型的对象中的疾病。
多发性骨髓瘤
多发性骨髓瘤是B细胞谱系的恶性疾病，其特征在于骨髓中浆细胞的肿瘤性增生。当前的治疗方案显示出中等的应答率。然而，仅观察到总体存活率的微小变化，并且中位存活约为3年。因此，对于多发性骨髓瘤的治疗存在严重的未满足的医学需求。在一些实施方案中，提供了使用本发明公开的抗体治疗多发性骨髓瘤的方法。
CD38在作为终末分化B细胞的浆细胞上高表达。
骨髓瘤细胞的增殖会产生多种影响，包括骨骼中的溶解性病变(孔)、红血细胞数量降低、异常蛋白质的产生(伴随肾脏、神经和其他器官的损害)、免疫系统功能降低、以及血钙水平升高(高钙血症)。
当前的治疗选择包括化学疗法，优选在可能的情况下与自体干细胞移植(autologous stem cell transplantation，ASCT)结合进行。
意义未定的单克隆丙种球蛋白病和郁积性多发性骨髓瘤
在一些实施方案中，提供了使用本公开的抗体治疗单克隆丙种球蛋白病的方法。在其他实施方案中，提供了使用本公开的抗体治疗郁积性多发性骨髓瘤的方法。
意义未定的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance，MGUS)和郁积性多发性骨髓瘤(smoldering multiple myeloma，SMM)是无症状的恶性前疾病，其特征是骨髓中的单 克隆浆细胞增生，没有终末器官损害。
郁积性多发性骨髓瘤(SMM)是无症状的浆细胞增生性疾病，具有发展为有症状或活动性多发性骨髓瘤的高风险(N.Engl.J.Med.356(25):2582-2590(2007))。
关于SMM的国际共识标准于2003年被采用，其中要求患者的M蛋白水平>30g/L和/或骨髓克隆浆细胞>10％(Br.J.Haematol.121:749-57(2003))。患者必须没有器官或相关组织损伤，包括骨病变或症状(Br.J.Haematol.121:749-57(2003))。
最近的研究已确定了SMM的两个亚组，i)患有逐渐发展的疾病的患者和ii)患有非逐渐发展的疾病的患者(Br.J.Haematol.121:631-636(2003))。国际共识标准定义的MGUS要求患者的M蛋白水平<30g/L、骨髓浆细胞<10％，并且没有器官或相关组织损伤，包括骨病变或症状(Br.J.Haematol.121:749-57(2003))。
由于不存在终末器官损伤，SMM类似于意义未定的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)(N.Engl.J.Med.356(25):2582-2590(2007))。然而，在临床上，SMM在20年中很可能发展为活动性多发性骨髓瘤或淀粉样变性(SMM概率为78％而MGUS为21％)(N.Engl.J.Med.356(25):2582-2590(2007))。
另外，最近的其他数项研究表明，CD38抗体治疗可消除肿瘤细胞对PD1/PDL1治疗的抗性。因此，本发明的抗CD38抗体通过与PD1/PDL1或其他免疫检查点靶向治疗的组合，不仅在骨髓瘤而且在所有其他种类的癌症中都有诊断和治疗应用。
用于体内施用的抗体组合物
本发明使用的抗体可通过将具有所需纯度的抗体与任选的药学上可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂混合来制备冻干制剂或水溶液形式的制剂用于储存(Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition,Osol,A.Ed.[1980])。可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂在使用的剂量和浓度下对接受者是无毒的，包括：缓冲剂，例如磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐和其他有机酸；抗氧化剂，包括抗坏血酸和甲硫氨酸；防腐剂(例如十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵；六甲基氯化铵；苯扎氯铵、苄索氯铵；苯酚、丁醇或苄醇；对羟基苯甲酸烷基酯，例如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯；儿茶酚；间苯二酚；环己醇；3-戊醇和间甲酚)；低分子量(少于约10个残基)多肽；蛋白质， 例如血清白蛋白、明胶或免疫球蛋白；亲水性聚合物，例如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮；氨基酸，例如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、组氨酸、精氨酸或赖氨酸；单糖、二糖和其他糖，包括葡萄糖、甘露糖或糊精；螯合剂，例如EDTA；糖，例如蔗糖、甘露醇、海藻糖或山梨糖醇；成盐反离子，例如钠；金属络合物(例如锌蛋白络合物)；和/或非离子表面活性剂，例如TWEEN TM、PLURONICS TM或聚乙二醇(PEG)。
本文中的制剂还可包含对于所治疗的特定适应症所需的多于一种的活性化合物，优选彼此不造成不利影响的具有互补活性的化合物。例如，可提供具有其他特异性的抗体。替代地或另外，组合物可包含细胞毒性剂、细胞因子、生长抑制剂和/或小分子拮抗剂。这样的分子以对预期目有效的量存在于组合中。
活性成分也可被包埋在例如通过凝聚技术或通过界面聚合制备的微胶囊中，例如，分别在胶体药物递送系统(例如脂质体、白蛋白微球、微乳剂、纳米颗粒和纳米胶囊)或大乳剂中的羟甲基纤维素或明胶-微胶囊和聚-(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)微胶囊。这样的技术公开于Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition,Osol,A.Ed.(1980)。
用于体内施用的制剂应该是无菌的或接近无菌的。通过无菌过滤膜的过滤可容易地实现这一点。
可制备成缓释制剂。缓释制剂的合适实例包括含有抗体的固体疏水性聚合物的半透性基质，所述基质呈定型制品的形式，例如膜或微胶囊。缓释基质的实例包括聚酯；水凝胶(例如，聚(甲基丙烯-2-羟基乙酯)或聚(乙烯醇))；聚交酯(美国专利No.3,773,919)；L-谷氨酸和γL-谷氨酸乙酯的共聚物；不可降解的乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯；可降解的乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物，例如LUPRON DEPOT TM(由乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物和醋酸亮丙瑞林构成的可注射微球)；和聚-D-(-)-3-羟基丁酸。某些聚合物例如乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯和乳酸-乙醇酸能够持续释放分子超过100天，但某些水凝胶会在较短时间内释放蛋白。
当包封的抗体在体内长时间滞留时，由于暴露于37℃的潮湿环境，它们可能会变性或聚集，从而导致生物学活性丧失和免疫原性可能发生变化。根据所涉及的机制，可针对稳定性设计合理策略。例如，如果发现聚集机制是通过硫代-二硫键交换形成分子间S-S键，则可通过修饰巯基残基、从酸性溶液中冻干、控制水分含量、使用适当的添加剂以及开发特定的聚合物基质组合物来实现稳定。
施用方式
根据例如通过推注静脉内施用或者通过肌肉内、腹膜内、脑脊髓内(intracerobrospinal)、皮下、关节内、滑膜内、鞘内、经口、局部或吸入途径在一定时间段内连续输注的已知方法向对象施用本发明的抗体或化学治疗剂。优选静脉内或皮下施用抗体。
治疗方式
在本发明的方法中，治疗是针对疾病或病症提供积极的治疗应答。“积极的治疗应答”意指疾病或病症的改善和/或与疾病或病症相关症状的改善。例如，积极的治疗应答是指疾病的以下一种或更多种改善：(1)肿瘤细胞数量减少；(2)肿瘤细胞死亡的增加；(3)肿瘤细胞存活的抑制；(5)肿瘤生长的抑制(即，在某种程度上减慢，优选停止)；(6)患者存活率的提高；(7)与疾病或病症相关的一种或更多种症状的缓解。
可通过对特定疾病或病症的标准化应答标准来确定任何给定疾病或病症中的积极的治疗应答。肿瘤应答可通过肿瘤形态的变化(即，总体肿瘤负荷、肿瘤尺寸等)来评估，使用例如磁共振成像(MRI)扫描、X射线摄影成像、计算机断层摄影(CT)扫描、骨扫描成像、内窥镜检查和肿瘤活检采样(包括骨髓穿刺(BMA)和循环中肿瘤细胞计数)来进行的。
除这些积极的治疗应答之外，经受治疗的对象可在与疾病相关的症状改善方面获益。
因此，对于B细胞肿瘤，对象可经历所谓的B症状(即盗汗、发烧、体重减轻和/或荨麻疹)减轻。对于恶性前病症，用抗CD38治疗剂进行治疗可阻断和/或延长相关恶性病症发展之前的时间，例如，在意义未定的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS)对象中多发性骨髓瘤的发展。
疾病的改善可表征为完全应答。“完全应答”意指不存在临床可检测到的疾病，其中在骨髓瘤的情况下任何先前异常的射线摄影研究、骨髓和脑脊液(CSF)或异常单克隆蛋白均正常化。
在根据本发明的方法治疗之后，这样的应答可持续至少4至8周，或有时6至8周。或者，疾病的改善可归类为部分应答。“部分应答”意指在不存在新病变的情况下，所有可测量的肿瘤负荷(即，对象中存在的恶性细胞的数量，或测得的肿瘤块的体积或异常单克隆蛋白的数量)至少降低约50％，其可持续4至8周或6至8周。
根据本发明的治疗包含“治疗有效量”的所用药物。“治疗有效量”是指在需要的剂量和时间段内有效达到期望的治疗结果的量。
治疗有效量可根据例如个体的疾病状态、年龄、性别和体重以及药物在个体中引起期望应答的能力的因素而变化。治疗有效量也是抗体或抗体部分的任何毒性或有害作用均被治疗有益作用所抵消的量。
用于肿瘤治疗的“治疗有效量”也可通过其稳定疾病进展的能力来测量。可在动物模型系统中评价化合物抑制癌症的能力以预测其对人肿瘤的功效。
或者，可通过本领域技术人员已知的体外测定检查化合物抑制细胞生长或诱导细胞凋亡的能力来评价组合物的这种特性。治疗有效量的治疗化合物可降低肿瘤尺寸，或以其他方式改善对象的症状。本领域普通技术人员将能够基于例如对象的体型、对象的症状的严重程度以及所选择的特定组合物或施用途径等因素来确定治疗有效量。
可通过调整剂量方案来提供最佳的期望应答(例如治疗应答)。例如，可施用单次推注，可随时间施用数个分开的剂量，或者可按照治疗情况的紧急程度按比例降低或提高剂量。肠胃外组合物可配制成剂量单位形式，以便于给药和剂量的均匀性。本文中使用的剂量单位形式是指适合用于待治疗对象的单位剂量的物理上离散的单位；每个单元包含预定量的经计算与所需的药物载体相关联产生期望治疗效果的活性化合物。
本发明的剂量单位形式的规范由以下规定或直接取决于以下：(a)活性化合物的独特特征和要实现的特定治疗作用，以及(b)在配制这样的化合物用于治疗个体敏感性的技术中固有的局限。
用于本发明的抗CD38抗体的有效剂量和剂量方案取决于待治疗的疾病或病症，可由本领域技术人员确定。
本发明中使用的治疗有效量的抗CD38抗体的示例性、非限制性范围为约0.1至100mg/kg，例如约0、1至50mg/kg；例如约0.1至20mg/kg，例如约0.1至10mg/kg、例如约0.5、约例如0.3、约1或约3mg/kg。在另一个实施方案中，以1mg/kg或更多的剂量施用抗体，例如1至20mg/kg的剂量，例如5至20mg/kg的剂量，例如8mg/kg的剂量。
具有本领域普通技术的专业医务人员可容易地确定所需药物组合物的有效量并开具处方。例如，医师或兽医可以以低于获得期望治疗效果所需药物组合物的水平开始使用药物剂量，并逐渐提高剂量直至获得期望效 果。
在一个实施方案中，通过以10至500mg/kg(例如200至400mg/kg)的周剂量输注来施用抗CD38抗体。这样的施用可重复例如1至8次(例如3至5次)。可通过持续输注2至24小时(例如2至12小时)的时间来进行施用。
在一个实施方案中，如果需要降低包括毒性在内的副作用，则通过长时间(例如超过24小时)的缓慢连续输注来施用抗CD38抗体。
在一个实施方案中，以250mg至2000mg(例如300mg、500mg、700mg、1000mg、1500mg或2000mg)的周剂量施用多至8次(例如4至6次)的抗CD38抗体。可通过连续输注2至24小时(例如2至12小时)的时间来进行施用。这样的方案可根据需要重复一次或更多次，例如在6个月或12个月之后。可通过在施用之后在血液中测量本发明化合物的量来确定或调节剂量，例如通过取出生物样品并使用靶向抗CD38抗体抗原结合区的抗独特型抗体来确定或调节剂量。
在另一个实施方案中，每周施用一次抗CD38抗体，持续2至12周，例如3至10周，例如4至8周。
在一个实施方案中，通过维持治疗施用抗CD38抗体，例如，每周一次，持续6个月或更长的时间。
在一个实施方案中，通过包括一次输注抗CD38抗体，随后输注与放射性同位素缀合的抗CD38抗体的方案来施用抗CD38抗体。方案可例如在7至9天之后重复。
作为非限制性实例，根据本发明的治疗可以约0.1至100mg/kg的量提供抗体的日剂量，例如0.5、0.9、1.0、1.1、1.5、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、40、45、50、60、70、80、90或100mg/kg，在每24、12、8、6、4或2小时、或其任意组合使用单次或分次剂量进行；在开始治疗之后的1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24、25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39或40天至少一次，或者，在开始治疗之后的1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、16、17、18、19或20周至少一次，或者其任意组合，
在一些实施方案中，抗CD38抗体分子与一种或更多种其他治疗剂(例 如化学治疗剂)联合使用。DNA损伤化学治疗剂的非限制性实例包括拓扑异构酶I抑制剂(例如，伊立替康、拓扑替康、喜树碱及其类似物或代谢物、和阿霉素)；拓扑异构酶II抑制剂(例如，依托泊苷、替尼泊苷和柔红霉素)；烷基化剂(例如，美法仑、苯丁酸氮芥、白消安、噻替哌、异环磷酰胺、卡莫司汀、洛莫斯汀、司莫斯汀、链脲菌素、达卡巴嗪、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素C和环磷酰胺)；DNA嵌入剂(例如，顺铂、奥沙利铂和卡铂)；DNA嵌入剂和自由基产生剂，例如博来霉素；以及核苷类似物(例如，5-氟尿嘧啶、卡培他滨、吉西他滨、氟达拉滨、阿糖胞苷、巯嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤、喷司他丁和羟基脲)。
破坏细胞复制的化学治疗剂包括：紫杉醇、多烯紫杉醇、及相关类似物；长春新碱、长春碱、及相关类似物；沙利度胺、来那度胺、及相关类似物(例如CC-5013和CC-4047)；蛋白酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(例如甲磺酸伊马替尼和吉非替尼)；蛋白酶体抑制剂(例如硼替佐米)；NF-κB抑制剂，包括IκB激酶抑制剂；与癌症中过表达的蛋白质结合并从而下调细胞复制的抗体(例如，曲妥珠单抗、利妥昔单抗、西妥昔单抗和贝伐单抗)；以及其他已知在癌症中被上调、过表达或激活的蛋白质或酶的抑制剂，其抑制作用下调细胞复制。
在一些实施方案中，可在
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000005
(硼替佐米)治疗之前、同时或之后使用本发明的抗体。
诊断用途
本公开所提供的抗CD38抗体也可用于与CD38相关的肿瘤或自身免疫病状态的体外或体内成像。在一些实施方案中，本文中所述的抗体用于诊断和治疗，或单独用于诊断。
在许多实施方案中，诊断抗体被标记。本文中的“标记的”意指本文中公开的抗体具有一种或更多种附接的元素、同位素或化学化合物，以使筛选或诊断程序中的检测得以进行。常见的标记有以下几类：a)免疫标记，其可以是整合入被抗体识别的融合伴侣的表位；b)同位素标记，其可以是放射性或重同位素；c)小分子标记，其可包含荧光染料和比色染料，或是例如能够实现其他标记方法的生物素的分子；以及d)例如颗粒(包括用于超声标记的气泡)的标记或允许人体成像的顺磁性标记。如本领域已知的，可将标记在任何位置并入抗体中，并且可在蛋白质表达期间在体外或体内并入。
诊断可通过施用如下所述允许进行全身成像的诊断抗体在体内进行，或者对从患者取出的样品在体外进行。在本文中，“样品”包含多种形式的物质，包括但不限于体液(包括但不限于血液、尿、血清、淋巴液、唾液、肛门和阴道分泌物、汗液和精液)以及例如来自相关组织的活检结果的组织样本。
在一些实施方案中，进行了体内成像，包括但不限于超声、CT扫描、X射线、MRI和PET扫描，以及光学技术，例如使用光学标记用于身体表面附近的肿瘤的那些。
与CD38相关疾病的体内成像可通过任何合适的技术进行。例如， 99Tc标记或用另一种发射β射线的同位素标记标记抗CD38抗体。该技术的多种变化可包括使用磁共振成像(MRI)来改善γ相机技术的成像。类似的免疫闪烁扫描方法和原理描述于例如Srivastava(ed.),Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies For Imaging And Therapy(Plenum Press 1988),Chase，“放射性同位素的医学应用”描述于Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences,18th Edition,Gennaro et al.,(eds.),pp.624-652(Mack Publishing Co.,1990)，和Brown的“单克隆抗体的临床使用”描述于Biotechnology And Pharmacy 227-49,Pezzuto et al.,(eds.)(Chapman&Hall 1993)。
在一个实施方案中，本发明提供了体内成像方法，其中将抗CD38抗体缀合到检测促进剂上，将缀合的抗体施用于宿主，例如通过注射进入血流中，并测定宿主中标记抗体的存在和位置。通过该技术和本文中提供的任何其他诊断方法，本发明提供了用于筛选与疾病相关的细胞在人患者或取自人患者的生物样品中的存在的方法。
对于诊断成像，可将放射性同位素直接或通过使用中间官能团间接与抗CD38抗体相连。可用的中间官能团包括螯合剂，例如乙二胺四乙酸和二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(参见例如美国专利No.5,057,313)。在涉及放射性同位素缀合的抗CD38抗体的诊断测定中，递送至患者的缀合抗CD38抗体的剂量通常维持在尽可能低的水平，在可检测和准确测量的情况下，可通过选择具有最小半衰期、最小体内保留和最小同位素量的最佳组合的同位素来进行。
除放射性同位素和不透射线剂之外，还可使用与染料(例如与生物素-链霉亲和素复合物)、造影剂、荧光化合物或分子和增强剂(例如顺磁性离子)缀合的抗CD38抗体以用于磁共振成像(MRI)(参见例如美国专利No.6,331,175，其描述了MRI技术和与MRI增强剂缀合的抗体的制备) 进行诊断的方法。这样的诊断/检测剂可选自用于磁共振成像的试剂和荧光化合物。
为了给抗CD38抗体加载放射性金属或顺磁性离子，可能需要使其与具有长链的试剂反应，在其上有多个用于结合离子的螯合基团。这样的链可以是聚合物(例如聚赖氨酸、多糖)，或具有可与螯合基团结合的侧基的其他衍生或可衍生链，所述螯合基团例如卟啉、多胺、冠醚，双鼠脲卡巴腙(bisthiosemicarbazones)、聚肟和已知可用于该目的的类似基团。
可使用标准化学方法将螯合物与抗CD38抗体偶联。螯合物通常通过能够使与分子的键形成且具有最小免疫反应性损失、最小聚集和/或内部交联的基团与抗CD38抗体连接。
潜在有用的金属螯合物组合物的实例包括2-苄基DTPA及其单甲基和环己基类似物，其与60keV至4,000keV的一般能量范围内的诊断同位素一起使用，例如用于放射成像的 125I、 123I、 124I、 62Cu、 64Cu、 18F、 111In、 67Ga、 99Tc、 94Tc、 11C、 13N、 5O和 76Br。
标记包括放射性核素、放射学造影剂、顺磁性离子、金属、荧光标记、化学发光标记、超声造影剂和光敏剂。这样的诊断剂是公知的，并且可使用任何这样的已知诊断剂。诊断剂的非限制性实例可包括放射性核素，例如 110In、 111In、 177Lu、 18F、 52Fe、 62Cu、 64Cu、 67Cu、 67Ga、 68Ga、 86Y、 90Y、 89Zr、 94mTc、 94Tc、 99mTc、 120I、 123I、 124I、 125I、 131I、 154-158Gd、 32P、 11C、 13N、 15O、 186Re、 188Re、 51Mn、 52mMn、 55Co、 72As、 75Br、 76Br、 82mRb、 83Sr或者其他γ-、β-或正电子发射体。
使用的顺磁性离子可包括铬(III)、锰(II)、铁(III)、铁(II)、钴(II)、镍(III)、铜(III)、钕(III)、钐(III)、镱(III)、钆(III)、钒(II)、铽(III)、镝(III)、钬(III)或铒(III)。金属造影剂可包括镧(III)、金(III)、铅(II)或铋(III)。
超声造影剂可包含脂质体，例如充气脂质体。不透射线的诊断剂可选自化合物，例如钡化合物、镓化合物和铊化合物。
当与非放射性金属(如锰、铁和钆)配合时，这些和类似的螯合物可用于与抗CD38抗体相关的MRI诊断方法。大环螯合物(例如NOTA、DOTA和TETA)可与多种金属和放射性金属一起使用，最特别地，分别与镓、钇和铜的放射性核素一起使用。通过使环的尺寸适合感兴趣的金属，可使这样的金属螯合物络合物非常稳定。对于稳定结合核素(例如 223Ra)的其他环型螯合物(例如大环聚醚)也可适用于诊断方法。
因此，本发明提供了诊断性抗CD38抗体缀合物，其中所述抗CD38抗体缀合物与造影剂(例如用于磁共振成像、计算机断层摄影，或超声造影增强剂)或放射性核素(可以是例如发射γ-、β-、α-、俄歇电子或正电子的同位素)缀合。
抗CD38抗体还可用于例如检测特定细胞、组织或血清中感兴趣的抗原的表达。对于诊断应用，通常用可检测部分标记抗体以进行体外测定。如本领域技术人员将认识到的，有多种合适的标记可用于体外测试。用于本发明这一方面中的合适的染料包括但不限于荧光镧系元素络合物(包括铕和铽的那些)、荧光素、若丹明、四甲基若丹明、伊红、赤藓红、香豆素、甲基香豆素、量子点(也称为纳米晶体)；参见美国系列No.09/315,584，在此通过引用并入)、芘、孔雀石绿、二苯乙烯、萤虫黄、Cascade Blue TM、德克萨斯红、Cy染料(Cy3、Cy5等)、alexa染料(包括Alexa、藻红蛋白、bodipy以及其他由Richard P.Haugland撰写的《分子探针手册》第6版(在此通过引用明确并入)中所述的染料。
可通过评估被染色组织的放射性作为肿瘤中CD38相关肽含量的指标。通过使用这样的技术获得的图像可用于评估患者、哺乳动物或组织中CD38的生物分布，例如使用CD38作为侵入性癌细胞存在的生物标志物。制品
在其他实施方案中，提供了包含可用于治疗上述疾病的材料的制品，所述制品包含容器和标签。合适的容器包括例如瓶、小瓶、注射器和试管。容器可由多种材料形成，例如玻璃或塑料。容器装有有效治疗病症的组合物，并且可具有无菌进入口(例如，容器可以是静脉注射溶液袋或带有可被皮下注射针穿透的塞子的小瓶)。组合物中的活性剂是抗体。容器上或与容器相关的标签表明组合物用于治疗所选病症。制品还可包含第二容器，其包含药学上可接受的缓冲剂，例如磷酸盐缓冲盐水、林格液和右旋糖溶液。从商业和用户的角度来看，其还可包含其他所需材料，包括其他缓冲液、稀释剂、过滤器、针头、注射器和带有使用说明的包装插页。
实施例
通过参考以下实验实施例进一步详细描述本发明。提供这些实施例仅用于举例说明的目的，除非另有指明，否则不具有限制性。因此，本发明决不应解释为限于以下实施例，而是应解释为涵盖由于本文中提供的教导而变得明显的任何和所有变化。
无需进一步描述，认为本领域普通技术人员可使用前述说明和以下举例说明性实施例制备并利用本发明并实施所要求保护的方法。因此，以下工作实施例特别指出了本发明的一些优选实施方案，并且不应解释为以任何方式限制本公开内容的其余部分。
实施例1：酵母展示人scFv文库的筛选
构建了1×10 11酵母展示初始人scFv文库，并从ACRO biosystems购买了人CD38的胞外结构域。文库筛选的方法文献已有描述(Zhao et al.,J Immunol Methods.2011；363(2):221-32.)。简而言之，将重组生物素化的CD38-avi蛋白与诱导的酵母展示scFv文库一起孵育。使用链霉亲和素(SA)缀合的微珠然后使用流式细胞仪激活细胞分选(FACS)来分离结合CD38的酵母细胞。鉴定出的scFv被改造为完整抗体，并由293F细胞表达。
使用磁珠的酵母展示scFv文库筛选
将酵母展示scFv文库从-80℃解冻，并以3000rpm离心5分钟。丢弃上清液，并将酵母细胞重悬于12L SD-CAA培养基(1升SD-CAA培养基包含5g酪蛋白氨基酸、1.7g不含硫酸铵和氨基酸的酵母氮碱、5.3g硫化铵、10.2g Na 2HPO 4·7H 2O、8.6g NaH 2PO 4·H 2O和20g右旋糖)。将细胞在30℃以200rpm摇动培养过夜。第二天，3000rpm离心5分钟收获酵母细胞，并取适量重悬于12L S-CAA-GRD诱导培养基(1升S-CAA-GRD培养基含有5g酪蛋白氨基酸、1.7g不含硫酸铵和氨基酸的酵母氮碱、5.3g硫化铵、10.2g Na 2HPO 4·7H 2O、8.6g NaH 2PO 4·H 2O、1g右旋糖、20g半乳糖和20g棉子糖)，使得培养物最终浓度为OD600＝0.5，并在20℃下诱导过夜。3000rpm离心5分钟收获诱导的酵母细胞，并用2L PBE缓冲液(PBE缓冲液是含有2mM EDTA和0.5％BSA的PBS缓冲液)清洗两次，最后重悬于200ml PBE中。将细胞与40μg生物素化的CD38蛋白在室温(RT)下孵育1.5小时，然后4℃孵育0.5小时。以下步骤在4℃或在冰上完成。以3000rpm离心5分钟收获细胞，用2L PBE清洗两次，重悬于200ml PBE中。然后，将2ml链霉亲和素微珠(Miltenyi Biotec)添加至细胞，并缓慢摇动孵育1小时。将1升PBE添加至细胞，震荡以确保细胞分散为单个细胞，并使用70μm滤网过滤。通过AUTOMACS仪器分离结合CD38的酵母细胞。将收获的细胞铺在SD-CAA板上，并在30℃培养2天。从第一轮磁珠分选中获得了总共2.5×10 7个克隆。刮取细胞并诱导进行第二轮磁珠分选。留取部分于置于含有10％甘油 的SD-CAA中，-80℃储存。
使用流式分选的酵母展示scFv文库筛选
将从磁珠分选中获得的酵母细胞进一步进行流式分选。如果没有另外说明，所有离心均为3000rpm离心5分钟，并且所有步骤均在4℃或冰上进行。将从磁珠分选中分离出的2×10 9个细胞在100ml S-CAA-GRD培养基中20℃诱导过夜，从其中取出1×10 8个细胞用于流式分选。沉淀细胞并用15ml PBE清洗两次，然后重悬于1ml PBE中，与0.2mg生物素化的CD38蛋白在室温下孵育1.5小时，然后4℃孵育半小时。将细胞用PBE清洗3次，然后与50μl抗生物素素-PE(Invitrogen)在1ml PBE中4℃在黑暗中孵育1小时。染色之后，将细胞用15ml PBE清洗3次并重悬于1ml PBE中。通过流式细胞术分选结合CD38的酵母细胞。使分选的细胞于30℃在SD-CAA板上生长2天。
挑选单个克隆并使其在96深孔板中生长，并诱导表达scFv。通过流式细胞术鉴定与CD38特异性结合的单个克隆。
实施例2：将scFv418改造成IgG418
基于V-base和IMGT数据库，鉴定scFv418重链和轻链的种系，并将信号肽和恒定区添加到可变区，以组成编码重链和轻链全长肽的基因。将重链和轻链基因克隆到自建的完整抗体表达载体Lh1中，并由293F细胞表达，使用蛋白A(Protein A)亲和层析进行纯化。
实施例3：通过捕获ELISA测定IgG418的亲和力
用捕获ELISA测量IgG418和Darzalex对CD38重组蛋白的亲和力。简而言之，将抗人Fc抗体以10μg/ml的浓度包被在ELISA板上，4℃过夜。将板用PBST清洗两次，在室温下用PBSTM封闭2小时，并与从50nM 4倍连续稀释降至0.012nM的一式三份的IgG418一起孵育。将板用PBST清洗6次，然后与0.5μg/ml生物素化的CD38-avi重组蛋白在PBSTM中在室温下孵育1小时。清洗6次之后，将板与1:1000稀释的链霉亲和素-HRP(BD Bioscience)在PBSTM中在室温下孵育30分钟。再次清洗板6次，并在室温下用TMB孵育20分钟，用终止缓冲液终止比色反应，并在OD450读取吸光度。使用GraphPad Prism软件计算亲和力，其中Darzalex的Kd＝1.64nM，IgG418的Kd＝0.082nM(图1)。表1示ELISA 的读数。
表1：捕获ELISA的读数(OD450)
抗体浓度 IgG418 Darzalex
50nM 2.549 0.171
12.5nM 2.599 0.164
3.125nM 2.605 0.172
0.781nM 2.551 0.145
0.195nM 2.067 0.135
0.049nM 0.959 0.147
0.012nM 0.373 0.135
0nM 0.143 0.143
实施例4：通过流式细胞术测定IgG418的亲和力
以Darzalex作为对照，通过流式细胞术测量IgG418对Daudi细胞表面天然构象CD38的亲和力。如表2所示，将Daudi细胞用PBS清洗两次，并在冰上与连续稀释的抗体在FACS缓冲液(含2％FBS的PBS)中孵育1小时。将细胞用PBS清洗3次，并与1:200稀释的抗人IgG-Alexa647在FACS缓冲液中避光4℃孵育30分钟。用PBS清洗3次之后，使用流式细胞仪分析细胞。表2示出了每个样品的抗体浓度和平均荧光读数。使用GraphPad Prism软件计算亲和力，其中Darzalex的Kd＝3.256nM，并且IgG418的Kd＝3.1nM(图2)。
表2：流式细胞仪测定结果
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000006
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000007
实施例5：使用竞争性ELISA鉴定IgG418是否与Darzalex的结合表位相同
将ELISA板用2μg/ml Darzalex以50μl/孔包被(在PBS中)，4℃过夜。然后将板在室温下用PBSTM封闭2小时。然后将ELISA孔分别与CD38或抗体-CD38复合物一起孵育，所述抗体-CD38复合物是将抗体(15μg/ml)和CD38(0.2μg/ml)在室温下预孵育1小时而得。在4℃孵育30分钟后，将板用PBST清洗，并在室温下与链霉亲和素-HRP孵育30分钟。再次清洗板6次，并在室温下与TMB孵育20分钟。用终止缓冲液终止比色反应，在OD450处读取吸光度(图3)。竞争性ELISA显示，IgG418和Darzalex不竞争CD38上的结合位点，因此，它们的表位是不同的。
实施例6：IgG418的CDC活性
补体依赖性细胞毒性(CDC)是抗体杀伤抗原阳性细胞(例如肿瘤细胞或致病性浆细胞)的主要机制之一。IgG418和Darzalex的CDC活性分析如下：在96孔板中用完全培养基从20nM 2倍连续稀释抗体直至约0.078nM，100μl/孔。周围孔中填充有250μl/孔的水以防止蒸发。将板放入培养箱中预热以降低当添加人血清之后的凝聚。解冻并以6000rpm离心人血清5分钟以去除凝聚物。用9倍体积的完全培养基(含10％血清，相当于2x)稀释1体积的人血清，并用1:9稀释后的人血清重悬Daudi细胞，密度为4×10 4/100μl。然后将100μl细胞添加到每个含有抗体的孔中(已有100μl培养基中，总体积为200μl)，并在37℃孵育2小时。用完全培养基将7AAD稀释10倍，向每个孔中添加50μl稀释的7AAD，避光孵育5至10分钟。将细胞转移到1.5ml试管中，并在Accuri C6流式细胞仪上运行样品。图4示通过流式细胞术检测的CDC数据。只有P1是活细胞(7AAD阴性)，P2是完全释放了所有细胞质的死细胞，因此7AAD也是阴性(7AAD与DNA结合)；P3是释放了部分细胞质的刚死亡的细胞，因此7AAD是阳性的。因此，分析P1的比例以评价CDC活性。图5示CDC数据的统计分析。IgG418、Darzalex和IgG207的IC 50分别为9.8nM、 29.8nM和30459nM。IgG207是阴性对照抗体。
表3：CDC检测结果
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000008
实施例7：去岩藻糖基化IgG418的制备
抗体依赖性细胞毒性(ADCC)是抗体杀伤抗原阳性细胞的另一重要机制。在本领域已公认297N上糖基化的抗体会影响ADCC的功效。去岩藻糖基化的抗体通常具有10至100倍增强的ADCC活性。为了进一步提高ADCC活性，利用Antagen Pharmaceuticals Inc.的FUT8基因敲除的CHO-K1细胞系制备去岩藻糖基化的IgG-418，命名为IgG418AF。
实施例8：IgG418的ADCC活性
使用由Antagen Pharmaceuticals开发的经改造以萤光素酶信号作为ADCC活性指标的Jurkat细胞系作为效应细胞测量Darzalex和野生型(WT)以及去岩藻糖基化(AF)IgG418的ADCC活性。在Daudi细胞上进行ADCC测量。表4示抗体稀释浓度和相应的萤光素酶读数。结果表明，野生型IgG418(WT)的最大ADCC活性比Darzalex高1.4倍，去岩藻糖基化IgG418(AF)的最大ADCC活性比Darzalex高1.6倍，并且IC 50降低约10倍(表4和图6)
表4：ADCC检测结果
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000009
实施例9：IgG418对人B细胞淋巴瘤Daudi SCID小鼠异种移植瘤生长的抑制作用
CB-17SCID小鼠，SPF级，16.6-21.5g，雄性，购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。Daudi细胞(南京科佰，货号：CBP60262)培养于1640完全培养基(Hyclone，货号：SH30809.01)，10％FBS(Hyclone，货号：SH30087.03)，100U/mL青霉素,100μg/mL链霉素(Hyclone，货号：SV30010)中，维持在5％CO2的37℃饱和湿度培养箱中。收集对数生长期Daudi细胞，重悬于1640完全培养基中，1:1加入基质胶，调整细胞浓度至2×10 7/ml。在无菌条件下，接种0.1ml细胞悬液至SCID小鼠右侧背部皮下，接种浓度为2×10 6/0.1mL/只。接种14天后，挑选肿瘤体积达到100-200mm 3左右时，将动物按肿瘤体积随机分组，每组9只，使各组肿瘤体积差异小于均值的10％，分组当日记为Day 0，共4组，分别为：
组1：同型对照抗体(Isotype)(10mg/kg)
组2：Darzalex(10mg/kg)(JBS2Y20西安杨森制药有限公司)
组3：IgG418-WT(10mg/kg)
组4：IgG418-AF(10mg/kg)
实验周期为31天，实验期间每周2次测定动物体重和肿瘤体积，记录数据。每日1次观察记录动物临床症状，给药全部结束观察至要求的时间，处死小鼠，取瘤。
肿瘤体积(tumor volume，TV)计算公式为：1/2×a×b2，其中a、b分别为肿瘤测量的长和宽。相对肿瘤体积(relative tumor volume，RTV)计算公式为：Vt/V 0，其中V 0为分组时的肿瘤体积，Vt为每一次测量时的肿瘤体积。抑瘤率(TGI％)计算公式为：(TWC-TWT)/TWC×100％，其中TWC为阴性对照组平均肿瘤重量，TWT为治疗组平均肿瘤重量。使用Prism GraphPad作图软件进行作图分析(平均值±SEM)，组间P值使用T检验进行统计分析。p<0.05，认为组间有显著差异；p<0.01，认为组间有极显著差异。结果如表5和图7所示。
表5 抗CD38单克隆抗体体内抑瘤结果(剂量：10mg/kg)
组别与剂量 肿瘤体积(mm 3) 抑瘤率(TGI)(％)
Isotype(10mpk) 1136.11±229.12 /
Darzalex(10mpk) 233.73±26.54** 79
IgG418-WT(10mpk) 141.24±14.46** 88
IgG418-AF(10mpk) 49.16±6.44** 96
备注：mpk表示mg/kg；与Isotype比较，**表示P＜0.01。
小鼠体内药效实验结果显示，与阴性对照Isotype相比，本公开人源化抗体IgG418-AF、IgG418-WT对人淋巴瘤Daudi SCID小鼠异种移植瘤模型均有显著的抑制作用。相比阴性对照Isotype(10mg/kg)组，IgG418-AF(10mg/kg)组和IgG418-WT(10mg/kg)组给药D21抑瘤率分别达到96％、88％，其抑瘤率均显著高于阳性对照Darzalex(10mg/kg)组(TGI：79％)，抑瘤效果优于Darzalex。实验给药期间各组动物体重均无明显影响，提示本公开的抗体无明显毒副作用。
实施例10：IgG418对人B细胞淋巴瘤Daudi SCID小鼠异种移植瘤生长抑制作用的剂量依赖效应
实验操作与肿瘤测量同实施例9。
组1：同型对照抗体(Isotype)(1mg/kg)
组2：Darzalex(1mg/kg)(JBS2Y20西安杨森制药有限公司)、
组3：IgG418-WT(1mg/kg)
组4：IgG418-AF(0.1mg/kg)
组5：IgG418-AF(0.3mg/kg)
组5：IgG418-AF(1mg/kg)
结果如表6和图8所示。
表6 抗CD38单克隆抗体体内抑瘤结果
组别与剂量 肿瘤体积(mm 3) 抑瘤率(TGI)(％)
Isotype(1mpk) 1178.9±109.5 /
Darzalex(1mpk) 544.8±91.9** 61
IgG418-WT(1mpk) 379.6±46.2** 76
IgG418-AF(0.1mpk) 1120.2±76.3 6
IgG418-AF(0.3mpk) 874.1±102.2 29
IgG418-AF(1mpk) 306.2±89.8** 84
备注：mpk表示mg/kg；与Isotype比较，**表示P＜0.001。
小鼠体内药效实验结果显示，与阴性对照Isotype相比，本公开人源化抗体IgG418-AF、IgG418-WT对人淋巴瘤Daudi SCID小鼠异种移植瘤模型均有显著的抑制作用。相比阴性对照Isotype(1mg/kg)组，IgG418-AF(1mg/kg)组和IgG418-WT(1mg/kg)组给药D21抑瘤率分别达到76％、84％，其抑瘤率均显著高于阳性对照Darzalex(1mg/kg)组(TGI：61％)，抑瘤效果优于Darzalex，且IgG418-AF各给药组抑瘤作用具有明显的剂量依赖效应实验给药期间各组动物体重均无明显影响，提示本公开的抗体无明显毒副作用。
本文中引用的每个专利、专利申请和出版物的公开内容均在此通过引用整体并入本文。虽然已经参考一些具体实施方案公开了本发明，但显然，在不脱离本发明的真实精神和范围的情况下，本领域的其他技术人员可设 计出本发明的另一些实施方案和变体。所附权利要求书旨在被解释为包括所有这样的实施方案和等同变体。
本申请中列举的序列如下：
SEQ ID NO:1 人CD38
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000010
SEQ ID NO:2 scFv418核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000011
SEQ ID NO:3 scFv418氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000012
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000013
SEQ ID NO:4 scFv418VH核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000014
SEQ ID NO:5 scFv418VH氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000015
SEQ ID NO:6 scFv418VH框架区1(FR1)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000016
SEQ ID NO:7 scFv418VH框架区1(FR1)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000017
SEQ ID NO:8 scFv418VH CDR1核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000018
SEQ ID NO:9 scFv418VH CDR1氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000019
SEQ ID NO:10 scFv418VH框架区2(FR2)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000020
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000021
SEQ ID NO:11 scFv418VH框架区2(FR2)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000022
SEQ ID NO:12 scFv418VH CDR2区核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000023
SEQ ID NO:13 scFv418VH CDR2区氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000024
SEQ ID NO:14 scFv418VH框架区3(FR3)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000025
SEQ ID NO:15 scFv418VH框架区3(FR3)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000026
SEQ ID NO:16 scFv418VH CDR3区核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000027
SEQ ID NO:17 scFv418VH CDR3区氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000028
SEQ ID NO:18 scFv418VH框架区4(FR4)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000029
SEQ ID NO:19 scFv418VH框架区4(FR4)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000030
SEQ ID NO:20 scFv418VL核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000031
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000032
SEQ ID NO:21 scFv418VL氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000033
SEQ ID NO:22 scFv418VL框架区(FR1)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000034
SEQ ID NO:23 scFv418VL框架区(FR1)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000035
SEQ ID NO:24 scFv418VL CDR1核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000036
SEQ ID NO:25 scFv418VL CDR1氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000037
SEQ ID NO:26 scFv418VL框架区2(FR2)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000038
SEQ ID NO:27 scFv418VL框架区2(FR2)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000039
SEQ ID NO:28 scFv418VL CDR2核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000040
SEQ ID NO:29 scFv418VL CDR2氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000041
SEQ ID NO:30 scFv418VL框架区3(FR3)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000042
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000043
SEQ ID NO:31 scFv418VL框架区3(FR3)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000044
SEQ ID NO:32 scFv418VL CDR3区核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000045
SEQ ID NO:33 scFv418VL CDR3区氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000046
SEQ ID NO:34 scFv418VL框架区4(FR4)核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000047
SEQ ID NO:35 scFv418VL框架区4(FR4)氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000048
SEQ ID NO:36 IgG418重链核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000049
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000050
SEQ ID NO:37 IgG418重链氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000051
SEQ ID NO:38 IgG418重链信号肽核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000052
SEQ ID NO:39 IgG418重链信号肽氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000053
SEQ ID NO:40 IgG418轻链核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000054
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000055
SEQ ID NO:41 IgG418轻链氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000056
SEQ ID NO:42 IgG418轻链信号肽核酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000057
SEQ ID NO:43 IgG418轻链信号肽氨基酸序列
Figure PCTCN2021101408-appb-000058

Claims (32)

  1. 包含抗体或抗体片段的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段包含以下一个或更多个成分：
    a.)轻链可变区的第一框架区(FR1)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:23和与SEQ ID NO:23有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    b.)轻链可变区的互补决定区1(CDR1)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:25和与SEQ ID NO:25有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    c.)轻链可变区的第二框架区(FR2)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:27和与SEQ ID NO:27有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    d.)轻链可变区的互补决定区2(CDR2)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:29和与SEQ ID NO:29有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    e.)轻链可变区的第三框架区(FR3)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:31和与SEQ ID NO:31有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    f.)轻链可变区的互补决定区3(CDR3)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:33和与SEQ ID NO:33有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    g.)轻链可变区的第四框架区(FR4)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:35和与SEQ ID NO:35有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    h.)重链可变区的第一个框架区(FR1)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:7和与SEQ ID NO:7有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    i.)重链可变区的互补决定区1(CDR1)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:9和与SEQ ID NO:9有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    j.)重链可变区的第二个框架区(FR2)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:11和与SEQ ID NO:11有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    k.)重链可变区的互补决定区2(CDR2)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:13和与SEQ ID NO:13有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    l.)重链可变区的第三个框架区(FR3)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:15和与SEQ ID NO:15有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    m.)重链可变区的互补决定区3(CDR3)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:17和与SEQ ID NO:17有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    n.)重链可变区的第四个框架区(FR4)，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:19 和与SEQ ID NO:19有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列。
  2. 权利要求1所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段包含重链可变区和轻链可变区，
    所述重链可变区包含重链可变区的互补决定区1(CDR1)、重链可变区的互补决定区2(CDR2)和重链可变区的互补决定区3(CDR3)，所述重链可变区的CDR1、CDR2和CDR3包含选自SEQ ID NO:9、13和17所示的氨基酸序列以及与SEQ ID NO:9、13和17有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    所述轻链可变区包含轻链可变区的互补决定区1(CDR1)、轻链可变区的互补决定区2(CDR2)和轻链可变区的互补决定区3(CDR3)，所述轻链可变区的CDR1、CDR2和CDR3包含选自SEQ ID NO:25、29和33所示的氨基酸序列以及与SEQ ID NO:25、29和33有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列。
  3. 权利要求2所述的组合物，其中
    所述重链可变区的CDR1包含选自SEQ ID NO:9和与SEQ ID NO:9有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列，所述重链可变区的CDR2包含选自SEQ ID NO:13和与SEQ ID NO:13有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列，和所述重链可变区的CDR3包含选自SEQ ID NO:17和与SEQ ID NO:17有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列，以及
    所述轻链可变区的CDR1包含选自SEQ ID NO:25和与SEQ ID NO:25有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列，所述轻链可变区的CDR2包含选自SEQ ID NO:29和与SEQ ID NO:29有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列，和所述轻链可变区的CDR3包含选自SEQ ID NO:33和与SEQ ID NO:33有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列。
  4. 权利要求1所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段包含含有SEQ ID NO:21所示氨基酸序列的轻链和含有SEQ ID NO:5所示氨基酸序列的重链。
  5. 权利要求1所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段包含SEQ ID NO:3所示的氨基酸序列。
  6. 包含抗体或抗体片段的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段包含以下一个或更多个成分：
    a.)重链信号肽，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:39和与SEQ ID NO:39有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    b).重链可变区，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:5和与SEQ ID NO:5有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    c.)轻链信号肽，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:43和与SEQ ID NO:43有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列；
    d.)轻链可变区，其包含选自SEQ ID NO:21和与SEQ ID NO:21有不低于90％同源性的氨基酸序列。
  7. 权利要求1至6中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段选自IgGl、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgM、IgA1、IgA2、IgAsec、IgD和IgE，或者所述抗体或抗体片段具有IgGl、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgM、IgA1、IgA2、IgAsec、IgA或IgE的免疫球蛋白恒定区和/或可变区。
  8. 权利要求1至6中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段包含λ或κ的轻链恒定区或其变体的部分或全部序列。
  9. 权利要求1至8中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段是重组抗体。
  10. 权利要求1至8中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段是单克隆抗体。
  11. 权利要求1至8中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段是多克隆抗体。
  12. 权利要求1至8中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段是单克隆抗体和/或多克隆抗体的混合物。
  13. 权利要求1至8中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段是人源性抗体。
  14. 权利要求1至8中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段是人源化抗体。
  15. 权利要求1至8中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述抗体或抗体片段是嵌合型抗体。
  16. 包含分离的核酸分子的组合物，其中所述分离的核酸分子编码权利要求1至15任一项所述组合物所包含的抗体或抗体片段。
  17. 权利要求16所述的组合物，其中所述组合物是包含所述分离的核酸分子的载体。
  18. 权利要求17所述的组合物，其中所述载体选自：DNA、RNA、质粒、慢病毒载体、腺病毒载体和逆转录病毒载体。
  19. 权利要求1至15中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述组合物是包含所述抗体或抗体片段的细胞。
  20. 权利要求16所述的组合物，其中所述组合物是包含所述分离的核酸分子的细胞。
  21. 权利要求19至20中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述细胞是噬菌体、大肠杆菌、酵母细胞、昆虫细胞或哺乳动物细胞，例如CHO、HEK293或PER.C6。
  22. 权利要求19至21中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述细胞是体外或体内的表达系统，例如经改造用于蛋白表达的动物。
  23. 治疗患有与CD38表达相关疾病的对象的方法，所述方法包括向所述对象施用有效量的权利要求1至20中任一项所述的组合物。
  24. 权利要求1至15中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述组合物是抗体药物缀合物，其包含共价或非共价地可操作地连接至生物活性剂的所述抗体或抗体片段，其中所述生物活性剂是毒素、同位素、纳米颗粒、酶、生物活性肽或核酸。
  25. 权利要求1至15中任一项所述的组合物，其中所述组合物包含多特异性抗体，所述多特异性抗体结合相同或不同抗原上的两个或更多个不同表位，其中所述表位之一为CD38的表位。
  26. 权利要求25所述的组合物，其中所述多特异性抗体是双特异性抗体。
  27. 治疗患有与CD38表达相关疾病的对象的方法，所述方法包括向所述对象施用有效量的权利要求1至26中任一项所述的组合物。
  28. 诊断哺乳动物中与CD38表达相关疾病的存在的方法，所述方法包括用包含权利要求1至26中任一项所述的组合物的组合物对从所述哺乳动物中分离的组织样品进行检测或分析，所述抗体或抗体片段与所述组织样品的特异性结合提示在所述哺乳动物中存在与CD38表达相关的疾病。
  29. 权利要求1至26中任一项所述的组合物，其还包含药学上可接 受的载体、赋形剂、稳定剂、稀释剂、佐剂、细胞因子、趋化因子、化疗药物、其他治疗性药物、或其组合。
  30. 在对象中对CD38表达相关的疾病成像的方法，所述方法包括施加权利要求1至26中任一项所述的组合物的步骤，其中所述抗体或抗体片段可操作地连接至试剂。
  31. 权利要求30所述的方法，其中所述试剂是光活化剂、荧光染料、同位素、生物发光蛋白、生物发光肽、荧光标签、荧光蛋白、荧光肽、影像增强剂、酶、核磁共振活化剂或纳米颗粒。
  32. 权利要求27至31中任一项所述的方法，其中所述与CD38表达相关的疾病选自：增殖型疾病，例如癌症或恶性肿瘤或癌前病变；自身免疫性疾病，例如类风湿性关节炎(RA)、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、系统性硬化症(SSc)、多发性硬化症(MS)；和非癌症的与CD38表达相关的自身免疫性疾病的相关适应症。
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EP21829466.8A EP4169949A4 (en) 2020-06-23 2021-06-22 ANTI-CD38 ANTIBODY AND ITS USE
CN202180045288.2A CN116670285A (zh) 2020-06-23 2021-06-22 抗cd38抗体及其用途
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CN116670285A (zh) 2023-08-29
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