CN107188157A - 制造复合产物的系统及方法 - Google Patents

制造复合产物的系统及方法 Download PDF

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CN107188157A
CN107188157A CN201710151455.7A CN201710151455A CN107188157A CN 107188157 A CN107188157 A CN 107188157A CN 201710151455 A CN201710151455 A CN 201710151455A CN 107188157 A CN107188157 A CN 107188157A
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carbon
bed reactor
catalyst
based particles
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A·哈鲁特尤亚恩
E·M·皮格思
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Nanometer Plus Co Ltd
Honda Motor Co Ltd
Nanosynthesis Plus Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种制造复合产物的方法。该方法包括:在流化床反应器中提供碳基颗粒的流化床,在流化床反应器中提供催化剂或催化剂前体,在流化床反应器中提供碳源以生长碳纳米管,在流化床反应器的碳纳米管生长区中生长碳纳米管,以及收集包含碳基颗粒和碳纳米管的复合产物。本发明还涉及一种用于制造复合产物的系统。

Description

制造复合产物的系统及方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求在2016年3月15日提交的、序号为62/308,496的美国临时专利申请的权益,在此通过引用将其全部内容并入本文。
技术领域
本发明的领域主要涉及碳纳米管,更具体地,涉及制造包括碳纳米管的复合产物的系统和方法。
背景技术
碳纳米管是基本上具有管状形式的石墨片构造的小的管状结构。碳纳米管的特征是直径小于100纳米,并且具有大的纵横比,其中长度远大于直径。例如,CNT的长度可以大于直径的1000倍。单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)由于其独特的电子结构而日益成为纳米技术中的各种应用的关注,这赋予它们优异的热、机械和电的性能。例如,SWNT可用于电子设备、能量装置、医药和复合材料中,以获得所需的物理和化学性质。这些用途需要用于制造大量SWNT的方法。
制造SWNT的工艺包括但不限于物理方法(例如电弧、激光烧蚀)和化学方法(例如热解、化学气相沉积)。一旦形成,SWNT有时被分配在基质材料中,这改变了基质材料的热、机械和电的性能。然而,通过纳米管添加剂增强基质材料的电或机械的性能需要非常均匀的分散、没有凝聚和对纳米管/基质比率的精细控制。在合成纳米管之后已经进行了尝试将纳米管分散在各种溶剂中(例如经由表面功能化),然后将纳米管与基质混合(例如通过球磨、超声处理等)。然而,这样的尝试未能提供纳米管在基质中的令人满意的分散。
发明内容
在一个方案中,提供了一种制造复合产物的方法。该方法包括在流化床反应器内流化一定量的碳基颗粒,在流化床反应器中提供催化剂或催化剂前体,向流化床反应器的碳纳米管生长区提供碳源,在碳纳米管生长区中生长碳纳米管,以及向流化床反应器提供载气流并且运载包括碳纳米管和碳基颗粒的复合产物通过流化床反应器。
在一个方案中,提供了一种用于制造复合产物的系统。该系统包括流化床反应器、出口、与流化床反应器流体连通以在流化床反应器中提供催化剂或催化剂前体流的催化剂或催化剂前体源、和与流化床反应器流体连通的载气源,以运载包括碳基颗粒和在流化床反应器中生长的碳纳米管的复合产物,该流化床反应器包括包含在其中的一定量的碳基颗粒。
在一个方案中,提供了一种制造复合产物的方法。该方法包括:在流化床反应器中提供碳基颗粒的流化床,在流化床反应器中提供催化剂或催化剂前体,在流化床反应器中提供碳源以生长碳纳米管,在流化床反应器的碳纳米管生长区中生长碳纳米管,以及收集包括碳基颗粒和碳纳米管的复合产物。
附图说明
图1是在本发明的一个方案中可用于制造复合产物的示例性系统的示意图。
图2是说明在本发明的一个方案中可用于制造复合产物的一系列示例性工艺步骤的流程图。
具体实施方式
本文所述的实施方案涉及复合产物,以及用于制造该复合产物的系统和方法。通常,系统和方法提供在反应器中碳纳米管生长过程中碳纳米管到碳基基质材料中的原位分散。反应器可以是能够使碳基基质材料雾化或流化的流化床反应器,其中流化气体从反应器底部从气体分配器(例如多孔玻璃料)流出。可以在反应器的中间提供一个或多个喷射器以供应用于碳纳米管生长的催化剂和碳前体。因此,碳纳米管可以在大量流化碳基质材料中生长以提供原位混合,并因此改进所得的含有碳纳米管和碳基基质材料的复合产物的均质性。
图1是可用于制造包括碳纳米管和碳基基质材料的复合产物102的示例性的系统100的示意图。在示例性实施例中,系统100包括其中包含一定量的碳基基质材料的流化床反应器104。基质材料可以是任何能够悬浮在流化床中的固体、碳基颗粒。示例性的碳基颗粒包括但不限于石墨颗粒、石墨薄片及其组合。例如,碳基颗粒可以具有限定在约1纳米和约100微米之间的范围内的粒径。
在说明性的示例中,流化床反应器104包括反应室108和气体分配器,该气体分配器可包括联接到反应室108的多孔玻璃料110和联接到多孔玻璃料110的气体增压室112。多孔玻璃料110包括限定在其中的多个流动孔114,使得气体增压室112与反应室108流体连通地联接。气体增压室112接收来自第一气体源118的流化气体流。流化气体流被引导通过增压室112和多孔玻璃料110以使反应室108中的碳基颗粒流化。流化气体可以是能够使碳基颗粒流化以形成碳基颗粒的流化床109的任何气体。示例性流化气体包括但不限于氩气、氦气、氮气、氢气、二氧化碳和氨气。
如图1所示,流化床反应器104可以包括用于将反应室108加热至期望的反应温度的一个或多个热源119。例如,取决于催化剂或催化剂前体和所需的纳米管类型,反应室108可以用热源119加热至约450℃至约1100℃范围内的温度。通常,单壁纳米管(SWNT)需要更高的温度(>750℃),而多壁纳米管(MWNT)可以低至约450℃生长。
流化床反应器104还可以包括用于引入碳基颗粒、催化剂或催化剂前体、载气和用于碳纳米管的碳前体的一个或多个入口。如图1所示,提供入口120用于将碳基颗粒从碳基颗粒源106引入反应室108。应当理解,可以使用任何方法或装置来将碳基颗粒经由入口120引入反应室108。在非限制性示例中,可以使用螺旋进料器、带式进料器、振动进料器或旋转(散装固体)进料器将碳基颗粒供给到反应室108中。另外或可选地,碳基颗粒可以气动地输送到反应室108中。非限制性示例包括压力容器输送机、加压螺旋输送机、空气提升器、吹漏进料器和喷射进料器。输送气体可以与流化气体相同或不同。示例性气体包括但不限于氩气、氮气、氦气、氢气、二氧化碳和氨气。应当理解,碳基颗粒可以连续地供给到反应室108中使得系统在反应室108的连续操作中操作,对于反应室108的分批操作可以在单次装料中引入碳基颗粒,或者对于反应室108的半分批操作可以间歇地添加碳基颗粒。
碳纳米管可以使用碳前体,例如一种或多种含碳气体、一种或多种烃溶剂、及其混合物来合成。含碳前体的示例包括一氧化碳,饱和及不饱和的脂族烃,例如甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷、己烷、乙烯、乙炔和丙烯;例如丙酮和甲醇的氧化烃;例如苯、甲苯和萘的芳香烃;以及上述物质的混合物,例如一氧化碳和甲烷。通常,乙炔的使用促进多壁碳纳米管的形成,而CO和甲烷是用于形成单壁碳纳米管的优选供给气体。具体地,烃溶剂可以包括但不限于醇,例如甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇。碳前体可可选地与例如氢气、氦气、氩气、氖气、氪气和氙气或其混合物的稀释气体混合。如图1所示,碳前体可以包括在载气(载气源126)中,并且经由入口128引入到反应室108。
催化剂或催化剂前体可包括任何可用于制造碳纳米管的催化剂或催化剂前体。催化剂或催化剂前体可以是乙酰丙酮化物、金属茂合物、醋酸盐、硝酸盐、氮化物、硫酸盐、硫化物、氧化物、卤化物、氯化物等中的一种或多种。用作催化剂的示例性金属包括但不限于铁、镍、钴、钼或其混合物。催化剂前体的非限制性示例包括乙酰丙酮铁(III)、二茂铁、乙酸铁、硝酸铁、硫酸铁和氯化铁。应当理解,催化剂或催化剂前体源可以是固体粉末、分散在液体中或溶解在溶剂中的固体。如图1所示,催化剂或催化剂前体源130可以通过入口132与反应室108连通地设置,以将催化剂或催化剂前体引至反应室108的碳纳米管生长区150。泵、固体进料器、注射器、或本领域普通技术人员已知的任何其他装置或方法可以用于将催化剂或催化剂前体引入碳纳米管生长区150。应当理解,碳前体可以与催化剂或催化剂前体混合并通过入口132与催化剂或催化剂前体一起引入。
在非限制性示例中,碳基颗粒可以在将碳基颗粒引入反应室108之前具有沉积在其上的催化剂或催化剂前体。
在操作中,碳纳米管的生长速率和碳纳米管相对于复合产物中的碳基颗粒的重量百分比通过碳基颗粒、催化剂或催化剂前体、和碳前体进入反应室108的供给速率来控制。这些供给速率可以被调节以产生复合产物中碳纳米管与碳基颗粒的所需比例,以满足所需应用的需要。
在如图2所示的说明性示例中,制造复合产物的方法包括:提供碳基颗粒的流化床(步骤200),在流化床中提供催化剂或催化剂前体(步骤300),在流化床中引入碳源(步骤400),在流化床中生长碳纳米管(步骤500),以及收集包括碳基颗粒和碳纳米管的复合产物(步骤600)。在非限制性的示例中,至少一些催化剂或催化剂前体沉积在碳基颗粒的表面上,并且碳纳米管在碳基颗粒的表面上生长。
实施例:复合产物的制造
为了说明制造包括碳纳米管和碳基固体的复合产物的方法,进行以下实验。
提供具有2英寸直径的石英管作为用于流化床反应器104的反应室108,并且使用管式炉作为热源119。石英管竖直排列,下端用多孔玻璃料114封闭。在多孔玻璃料114的中心处提供两个管用于载气入口128和催化剂/催化剂前体入口132。两个入口128/132都位于反应室108的由热源119加热的部分的下方。使用石墨颗粒作为碳基颗粒,并将其倒在多孔玻璃料114上至约10毫米的高度。然后通过位于石英管下端的多孔玻璃料114以约350sccm(标准立方厘米每分钟)的速率提供流化气体、氩气,以使石墨颗粒流化。将反应室108加热至约1020℃的温度。载气包括氩气(约850sccm)和氢气(约300sccm)的混合物,并通过入口128提供给反应室108。催化剂前体是二茂铁(0.4重量%)和噻吩(0.2重量%)在乙醇中的溶液。乙醇用作二茂铁的溶剂和用于生长纳米管的碳源的溶剂。将催化剂前体溶液以6ml/hr的速率通过入口132注射到碳纳米管生长区150中,在此处二茂铁分解成直径为约1纳米的铁催化剂颗粒,并且乙醇被转化为用于在铁催化剂颗粒上的单壁纳米管的生长的碳源。载气将复合产物102从纳米管生长区150通过反应器出口175输送到收集容器170。复合产物包括SWCNT和石墨颗粒并且包含约0.7重量%的SWCNT。
本书面描述使用实施例来公开各种实施方式,包括最佳模式,并且还使得本领域技术人员能够实践各种实施方式,包括制造和使用任何装置或系统以及执行任何结合的方法。本发明的可专利范围由权利要求书限定,并且可以包括本领域技术人员想到的其他示例。如果这样的其他示例具有与权利要求的字面语言并无区别的结构要素,或者如果它们包括与权利要求的字面语言无实质差异的等同结构要素,则这些其他示例包括在权利要求书的范围内。

Claims (24)

1.一种制造复合产物的方法,所述方法包括:
在流化床反应器内流化一定量的碳基颗粒;
在所述流化床反应器中提供催化剂或催化剂前体;
将碳源提供到所述流化床反应器的碳纳米管生长区;
在所述碳纳米管生长区中生长碳纳米管;以及
提供载气流到所述流化床反应器并运载包括所述碳纳米管和所述碳基颗粒的复合产物通过所述流化床反应器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中运载所述复合产物通过所述流化床反应器包括将所述复合产物朝向限定在所述流化床反应器的顶部附近的出口输送。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括在收集容器中接收从所述流化床反应器的出口排出的复合产物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括在所述流化床反应器中连续地和/或周期性地补充所述碳基颗粒。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括将所述碳纳米管生长区加热至大于约1000℃的温度。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中提供所述催化剂或催化剂前体包括从所述流化床反应器的底部注射所述催化剂或催化剂前体并注射到所述纳米管生长区中。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中提供所述载气包括将所述载气流排放到所述纳米管生长区中,并将所述催化剂通过所述纳米管生长区朝向所述流化床反应器出口输送。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流化床反应器包括位于所述纳米管生长区下方的气体分配器,并且在所述流化床反应器内流化所述碳基颗粒包括以足以使所述流化床反应器内的碳基颗粒流化的速率供给流化气体通过所述气体分配器。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述碳基颗粒是石墨颗粒,并且所述碳纳米管是单壁碳纳米管。
10.一种用于制造复合产物的系统,所述系统包括:
流化床反应器,其包括包含在其中的一定量的碳基颗粒,所述流化床包括出口;
催化剂或催化剂前体源,其与所述流化床反应器流体连通以在所述流化床反应器中提供催化剂或催化剂前体流;以及
载气源,其与所述流化床流体连通以运载包括碳基颗粒和在所述流化床中生长的碳纳米管的复合产物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统,还包括第一喷射器,该第一喷射器与所述催化剂或催化剂前体源流体连通地联接,并且延伸使得所述催化剂或催化剂前体流被排放到在所述流化床反应器中的纳米管生长区中。
12.根据权利要求10所述的系统,还包括与所述载气源流体连通地联接的第二喷射器,并且所述第二喷射器延伸使得从其排出的载气流将在所述纳米管生长区中生长的碳纳米管向所述出口输送。
13.根据权利要求10所述的系统,还包括与所述流化床反应器的入口能操作连通地联接的碳基颗粒源,所述碳基颗粒源构造成选择性地补充所述流化床反应器中的碳基颗粒。
14.根据权利要求10所述的系统,还包括与所述流化床反应器的出口流体连通地联接的收集容器,所述收集容器构造成接收从所述出口排出的所述复合产物。
15.一种制造复合产物的方法,包括:
在流化床反应器中提供碳基颗粒的流化床;
在流化床反应器中提供催化剂或催化剂前体;
在所述流化床反应器中提供用于生长碳纳米管的碳源;
在所述流化床反应器的碳纳米管生长区中生长碳纳米管;以及
收集包括碳基颗粒和碳纳米管的复合产物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述流化床反应器包括顶部和底部,气体分配器位于所述纳米管生长区下方靠近所述流化床反应器的底部,并且通过以足以使所述流化床反应器内的碳基颗粒流化的速率供给流化气体通过所述气体分配器,所述碳基颗粒在所述流化床反应器中流化。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述催化剂或催化剂前体包括二茂铁。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述催化剂前体包括二茂铁和醇,并且其中所述醇是用于生长碳纳米管的碳源。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中提供所述催化剂或催化剂前体包括经由入口将所述催化剂或催化剂前体注射到所述流化床反应器中,其中所述入口位于所述纳米管生长区下方和所述气体分配器上方。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法,还包括将载气提供到所述纳米管生长区中,用于将所述碳纳米管通过所述纳米管生长区朝向所述流化床的出口输送。
21.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述载气包括用于生长碳纳米管的碳源。
22.根据权利要求15所述的方法,还包括在收集容器中接收从所述流化床反应器的出口排出的所述复合产物。
23.根据权利要求15所述的方法,还包括将所述碳纳米管生长区加热至大于约1000℃的温度。
24.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述碳基颗粒是石墨颗粒,并且所述碳纳米管是单壁碳纳米管。
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