WO2014106954A1 - リチウム二次電池用電極およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用電極およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014106954A1 WO2014106954A1 PCT/JP2014/050057 JP2014050057W WO2014106954A1 WO 2014106954 A1 WO2014106954 A1 WO 2014106954A1 JP 2014050057 W JP2014050057 W JP 2014050057W WO 2014106954 A1 WO2014106954 A1 WO 2014106954A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode for a lithium secondary battery having excellent safety, high capacity and good charge / discharge cycle characteristics, and a method for producing the same.
- the electrical insulation of the separator in contact with the electrode may be destroyed due to scratches or irregularities on the electrode surface. As a result, an electrical internal short circuit may occur.
- the porous film serving as the protective layer is formed of a water-soluble polymer (cellulose derivative, polyacrylic acid derivative, polyvinyl alcohol derivative, etc.), fluorine-based resin, rubber-based resin, etc., and alumina, silicon dioxide, etc.
- porous membranes in which pores are formed by blending a large amount of fine particles such as zirconia have been proposed (Patent Documents 1 to 4).
- Patent Documents 5 and 6 As another method for forming a protective layer, after a coating film for forming a protective layer is formed on the electrode surface, it is immersed in a coagulation bath containing a poor solvent before drying to cause phase separation of the coating film. A method of obtaining a porous protective layer has also been proposed (Patent Documents 5 and 6).
- a wound electrode body in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound in a spiral shape via a separator is used as a rectangular (square tube) outer can.
- the battery is configured by being loaded inside a laminate film outer package. In that case, the capacity may decrease with repeated charging and discharging, or the thickness may increase greatly due to battery swelling.
- an imide polymer such as polyimide having pores formed by mixing a large amount of fine particles such as silicon dioxide and alumina on the outer surface of the active material layer of the electrode (negative electrode).
- Patent Document 7 A method has been proposed in which a porous layer is provided to mitigate electrode volume changes and deformation.
- Patent Document 1 International Publication No. 1997/008763
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent No. 5071056
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent No. 5262323
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent No. 5370356
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent No. 3371839
- Patent Document 6 Japanese Patent No. 3593345
- Patent Document 7 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-233349
- An electrode having a porous layer on the surface as described above has a low adhesiveness between the active material layer and the porous layer, so the effect of preventing short circuit is not always sufficient, and ensuring the safety of the battery. There is a point to be improved from the viewpoint.
- the ion permeability of the porous protective layer is not sufficient.
- Such an electrode does not sufficiently relax the stress associated with the volume change of the active material, and therefore the cycle characteristics of the electrode are not necessarily improved sufficiently.
- the electrode obtained by the method of causing phase separation using a coagulation bath containing a poor solvent such as water or alcohol is in contact with the coagulation bath, the poor solvent is the original characteristic of the active material layer. May be damaged. Further, this method has a problem as a manufacturing method from the viewpoint of environmental compatibility because a waste liquid containing a poor solvent is generated from the coagulation bath.
- the present invention solves the above-described problems, and improves the adhesion between the porous layer and the active material layer, thereby improving the safety of the lithium secondary battery having high discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics. It aims at providing the electrode for secondary batteries, and its manufacturing method.
- the present inventors have solved the above problem by using, as an electrode, a laminate in which an ion-permeable porous layer formed of an imide-based polymer having a specific porosity is provided on the outer surface of the electrode active material layer. As a result, the present invention has been completed.
- the present invention has the following purpose.
- An ion-permeable porous layer formed of an imide polymer and having a porosity of 30 to 90% by volume (hereinafter referred to as a porous material formed of an imide polymer) on the outer surface of the electrode active material layer
- a porous material formed of an imide polymer an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, wherein the layer is sometimes abbreviated as “imide porous layer”).
- a method for producing an electrode for a lithium secondary battery according to 1) or 2) above wherein a dispersion containing a binder, active material fine particles, and a solvent is applied to the surface of a metal foil as a current collector. And dried to form an electrode active material layer on the metal foil, and then a coating liquid containing an imide polymer and a solvent is applied to the surface of the electrode active material layer to form a coating film. Removing the solvent in the coating film to cause phase separation in the coating film to form an ion-permeable porous layer, and laminating the electrode active material layer and the ion-permeable porous layer together
- a method for producing an electrode for a lithium secondary battery characterized by comprising:
- the electrode for the lithium secondary battery of the present invention does not require a large amount of fine particles such as alumina and silicon dioxide particles to form pores of the ion permeable porous membrane.
- the cushioning property can be improved, and good adhesion between the porous layer and the active material layer can be ensured. Accordingly, it can be suitably used as an electrode for a lithium secondary battery that is excellent in safety and has a high discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics.
- the electrode of the present invention can be easily manufactured by a simple process.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion where a positive electrode active material layer in FIG. 3 is almost peeled off.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion where a positive electrode active material layer in FIG. 3 remains.
- the electrode for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is formed by laminating and integrating an ion-permeable porous layer formed of an imide polymer and having a porosity of 30 to 90% by volume on the outer surface of the electrode active material layer. It is formed.
- An electrode for a lithium secondary battery is an electrode constituting a lithium ion secondary battery, and a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material layer is bonded to a positive electrode current collector, or a negative electrode active material layer is bonded to a negative electrode current collector. Said negative electrode.
- An electrode active material layer is a general term for a positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode active material layer.
- a metal foil such as a copper foil, a stainless steel foil, a nickel foil, or an aluminum foil can be used.
- Aluminum foil is preferably used for the positive electrode, and copper foil is used for the negative electrode.
- the thickness of these metal foils is preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 9 to 18 ⁇ m.
- the surface of these metal foils may be subjected to a roughening treatment or an antirust treatment for improving the adhesiveness with the active material layer.
- the positive electrode active material layer is a layer obtained by binding positive electrode active material particles with a resin binder.
- the material used as the positive electrode active material particles is preferably a material capable of occluding and storing lithium ions, and examples thereof include materials generally used as a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries.
- oxide type LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 etc.
- complex oxide type LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , Li (LiaNixMnyCoz) O 2 etc.
- phosphoric acid Active material particles such as iron-based (LiFePO 4 , Li 2 FePO 4 F, etc.) and polymer compound-based (polyaniline, polythiophene, etc.) can be mentioned.
- LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , and LiFePO 4 are preferable.
- the positive electrode active material layer is mixed with about 1 to 30% by mass of conductive particles such as carbon (graphite, carbon black, etc.) particles and metal (silver, copper, nickel, etc.) particles in order to reduce the internal resistance. It may be.
- the negative electrode active material layer is a layer obtained by binding negative electrode active material particles with a resin binder.
- the material used as the negative electrode active material particles is preferably a material capable of occluding and storing lithium ions, and examples thereof include materials generally used as a negative electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries. Examples thereof include active material particles such as graphite, amorphous carbon, silicon-based, and tin-based materials. Among these, graphite particles and silicon-based particles are preferable.
- the silicon-based particles include particles of silicon alone, a silicon alloy, a silicon / silicon dioxide composite, and the like. Among these silicon-based particles, particles of silicon alone (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “silicon particles”) are preferable.
- Silicon simple substance means crystalline or amorphous silicon having a purity of 95% by mass or more.
- the negative electrode active material layer is mixed with about 1 to 30% by mass of conductive particles such as carbon (graphite, carbon black, etc.) particles and metal (silver, copper, nickel, etc.) particles in order to reduce the internal resistance. It may be.
- the particle diameter of the active material particles and the conductive particles is preferably 50 ⁇ m or less for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less. On the contrary, if the particle diameter is too small, it becomes difficult to bind with the resin binder.
- the porosity of the electrode active material layer is preferably 5 to 50% by volume for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and more preferably 10 to 40% by volume.
- the thickness of the electrode active material layer is usually about 20 to 200 ⁇ m.
- Examples of the resin binder for binding the active material particles described above include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and styrene / butadiene copolymer.
- Examples thereof include rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, and an imide polymer.
- polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene / butadiene copolymer rubber, and imide polymer are preferable.
- an ion-permeable imide porous layer is laminated and integrated on the outer surface of the electrode active material layer.
- the imide polymer forming the imide porous layer is a polymer having an imide bond in the main chain or a precursor thereof.
- Typical examples of the polymer having an imide bond in the main chain include polyimide, polyamideimide, and polyesterimide. However, it is not limited to these.
- polyimide and polyamideimide can be preferably used.
- the polyimide a polyamic acid type polyimide using a polyamic acid as a precursor (applied to a polyimide that is insoluble in a solvent when used as a polyimide) or a soluble polyimide (soluble in a solvent as a polyimide) can be used.
- aromatic polyimides and aromatic polyamideimides that are excellent in mechanical properties and heat resistance are preferable from the viewpoint of securing excellent safety and good cycle characteristics of the electrode for the lithium secondary battery.
- the aromatic polyimide or aromatic polyamideimide may be thermoplastic or non-thermoplastic. Of these, aromatic polyimide or aromatic polyamideimide having a glass transition temperature of 200 ° C. or higher can be preferably used.
- the porosity of the imide porous layer in the present invention is essential to be 30 to 90% by volume. It is preferably 40 to 80% by volume, more preferably 45 to 80% by volume. By setting the porosity in this way, good mechanical properties and good cushioning properties for stress relaxation accompanying the volume change of the active material can be ensured at the same time. For this reason, it is possible to obtain an electrode having excellent safety and good cycle characteristics.
- the porosity of the imide porous layer is a value calculated from the apparent density of the imide porous layer and the true density (specific gravity) of the imide polymer constituting the imide porous layer.
- the imide porous layer in the present invention is preferably firmly bonded to the active material layer. That is, from the viewpoint of improving the safety of the battery, the adhesive strength between the electrode active material layer and the imide porous layer is preferably higher than the strength of the electrode active material layer. Whether the adhesive strength is higher than the strength of the electrode active material layer is determined by whether cohesive failure or interface debonding occurs at the interface when the electrode active material layer is peeled from the porous imide layer. Can do. When cohesive failure occurs, it is determined that the strength of the adhesive interface is higher than the strength of the electrode active material layer.
- the average pore diameter of the imide porous layer is preferably 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the quality of the ion permeability can be determined from the permeation time of the solvent when the solvent for the electrolyte solution constituting the battery is dropped on the electrode surface. Details of the determination method will be described later.
- the permeation time is preferably 300 seconds or shorter, and more preferably 150 seconds or shorter.
- the thickness of the imide porous layer is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the imide porous layer in the present invention may be either insulating or conductive.
- the imide porous layer is insulative, it is advantageous because this layer also functions as a separator that prevents electrical contact between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the lithium secondary battery.
- conductive particles such as carbon (graphite, carbon black, etc.) particles and metal (silver, copper, nickel, etc.) particles are used in an amount of about 5 to 50% by weight of imide porous layer. What is necessary is just to mix
- the lithium secondary battery electrode of the present invention can be manufactured by the following process.
- a dispersion containing the above-mentioned binder, active material particles, and solvent (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “active material dispersion”) is applied to the surface of a metal foil that is a current collector, and dried. An electrode active material layer is formed on the metal foil.
- a coating liquid containing an imide polymer and a solvent that forms an imide porous layer by phase separation on the surface of the electrode active material layer (hereinafter abbreviated as “imide coating liquid”). Apply).
- the residual solvent content in the active material layer is preferably 0.5 to 50% by mass.
- a poor solvent-induced phase separation method In order to form an imide porous layer by phase separation using an imide-based polymer, for example, a poor solvent-induced phase separation method can be preferably used.
- the poor solvent-induced phase separation method refers to a method of inducing a phase separation to develop a porous structure by utilizing the action of a solvent that is a poor solvent for a solute in a coating liquid.
- the dry phase separation method is preferable from the viewpoint of simplicity of the production process and environmental compatibility.
- the dry phase separation method utilizes the action of the poor solvent remaining in the coating film when the coating film of the imide-based coating liquid composed of a mixed solvent of a good solvent and a poor solvent having different boiling points is dried and solidified. A method for causing phase separation.
- the imide-based coating liquid used in the dry phase separation method is a good solvent that dissolves the imide-based polymer that is a solute when the above-described polyamic acid, soluble polyimide, polyamideimide and the like are produced by solution polymerization in a solvent, It can be easily obtained by using a mixed solvent having a higher boiling point than this good solvent and a solute mixed with a solvent that becomes a poor solvent.
- a good solvent refers to a solvent having a solubility in an imide polymer of 1% by mass or more at 25 ° C.
- a poor solvent refers to a solvent having a solubility in an imide polymer of less than 1% by mass at 25 ° C.
- the difference in boiling point between the good solvent and the poor solvent is preferably 5 ° C. or higher, more preferably 20 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 50 ° C. or higher.
- an amide solvent is preferably used.
- the amide solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP boiling point: 202 ° C.), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF boiling point: 153 ° C.), N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc boiling point: 166 ° C.). Is mentioned. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- an ether solvent is preferably used as the poor solvent.
- ether solvents include diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (boiling point: 162 ° C), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (boiling point: 216 ° C), tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (boiling point: 275 ° C), diethylene glycol (boiling point: 244 ° C), triethylene glycol.
- a solvent such as (boiling point: 287 ° C.). These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the blending amount of the poor solvent is preferably 40 to 90% by mass, and more preferably 60 to 80% by mass with respect to the total amount of the solvent. By setting it as such a solvent composition, the firm adhesion
- imide-based coating liquids examples include the product name “Uimide varnish BP” (polyamic acid type polyimide varnish), a product name “Uimide varnish SP” (soluble polyimide varnish), and products sold by Unitika Ltd. for porous formation.
- Uimide varnish IP polyamideimide varnish
- the imide-based coating solution composed of a polyamic acid solution, a soluble polyimide solution, etc. used in the dry phase separation method may use the above-mentioned commercially available products, but contains tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine as raw materials in approximately equimolar amounts.
- a polyamic acid solution or a soluble polyimide solution obtained by polymerization reaction in the mixed solvent described above is also preferably used.
- a method of adding a poor solvent thereto, or after a polymerization reaction only in a poor solvent to obtain a suspension a method of adding a good solvent thereto.
- an imide-based coating liquid can also be obtained after a polymerization reaction only in a good solvent to obtain a solution.
- tetracarboxylic dianhydride examples include pyromellitic acid, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ′, 4,4'-diphenylsulfone tetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ', 4,4'-diphenyl ether tetracarboxylic acid, 2,3,3', 4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, 2,3,6,7-naphthalene Tetracarboxylic acid, 1,4,5,7-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 1,2,5,6-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ', 4,4'-diphenylmethanetetracarboxylic acid, 2,2-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) propane, 2,2-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)
- diamine examples include p-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine, 3,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, and 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4.
- the solid content concentration of the polyamic acid in the polyimide precursor solution is preferably 1 to 50% by mass, and more preferably 5 to 25% by mass.
- the polyamic acid contained in the polyimide precursor solution may be partially imidized.
- the viscosity of the polyimide precursor solution at 30 ° C. is preferably 1 to 150 Pa ⁇ s, and more preferably 5 to 100 Pa ⁇ s.
- the imide-based coating liquid composed of the polyamide-imide solution used in the dry phase separation method may be a commercially available product as described above, but the raw material trimellitic anhydride and diisocyanate are blended in approximately equimolar amounts, A solution obtained by polymerization reaction in the mixed solvent is also preferably used.
- a method of adding a poor solvent thereto, or after a polymerization reaction only in a poor solvent to obtain a suspension a method of adding a good solvent thereto.
- an imide-based coating liquid composed of a polyamideimide solution can also be obtained.
- trimellitic acid anhydride a part of which is substituted with pyromellitic acid anhydride, benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid anhydride, or biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid anhydride may be used.
- diisocyanate examples include m-phenylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenyl ether diisocyanate, diphenylsulfone-4,4′-diisocyanate, diphenyl-4,4′-diisocyanate, o-Tolidine diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, naphthalene diisocyanate are used. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate is preferable.
- the solid content concentration of the polyamideimide in the polyamideimide solution is preferably 1 to 50% by mass, and more preferably 10 to 30% by mass.
- the viscosity of the polyamideimide solution at 30 ° C. is preferably 1 to 150 Pa ⁇ s, more preferably 5 to 100 Pa ⁇ s.
- known additives such as various surfactants and organic silane coupling agents may be added to the imide-based coating liquid as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- you may add other polymers other than an imide type polymer to the imide-type coating liquid in the range which does not impair the effect of this invention as needed.
- An imide-based coating solution is applied to the surface of the electrode active material layer, dried at 100 to 150 ° C., and then subjected to heat treatment at 250 to 350 ° C. as necessary, whereby the porosity of the imide is 30 to 90% by volume.
- the formation of the porous layer and the integration of the electrode active material layer and the imide porous layer can be performed simultaneously.
- the porosity can be adjusted to 30 to 90% by volume by selecting the type and blending amount of the solvent (good solvent and poor solvent) in the imide-based coating liquid.
- the porosity can also be adjusted by selecting the drying conditions.
- the surface of the obtained imide porous layer is preferably subjected to a physical polishing process such as a sand blast process or a scratch blast process, or a chemical etching process.
- a physical polishing process such as a sand blast process or a scratch blast process, or a chemical etching process.
- a method of continuous application by roll-to-roll or a method of coating by sheet can be adopted, and any method may be used.
- a coating device a die coater, a multilayer die coater, a gravure coater, a comma coater, a reverse roll coater, a doctor blade coater, or the like can be used.
- the electrode of the present invention can be easily manufactured by a simple process.
- the electrode active material layers for positive electrode and negative electrode formed on the current collector used in the following Examples and Comparative Examples were obtained as follows.
- LiFePO 4 particles average particle size 0.5 ⁇ m
- carbon black acetylene black
- polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder resin
- This dispersion was applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m as a positive electrode current collector, and the obtained coating film was dried at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes and then hot pressed to obtain a positive electrode active material layer having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- Silicon particles as the negative electrode active material (average particle size 0.7 ⁇ m), graphite particles as the conductive additive (average particle size 0.7 ⁇ m), and polyamic acid solution as the binder resin (trade name “Uimide varnish, manufactured by Unitika Ltd.”) CR ”and a solid content concentration of 18% by mass were uniformly dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) to obtain a negative electrode active material dispersion having a solid content concentration of 25% by mass.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- This dispersion was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m as a negative electrode current collector, and the obtained coating film was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a negative electrode active material layer having a thickness of 40 ⁇ m.
- this active material layer 22% by mass of NMP remained.
- Ion permeability 5 ⁇ L of a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (volume ratio 1: 1: 1) set at 30 ° C. was dropped on the electrode surface, and it was visually observed that this completely penetrated. The penetration time was measured, and the ion permeability was evaluated based on the penetration time.
- Adhesiveness The electrode active material layer was forcibly peeled by hand in the opposite direction by 180 degrees from the laminated integrated product of the electrode active material layer and the imide porous layer. At that time, whether or not the adhesiveness was good was determined based on whether or not a fragment of the electrode active material layer was attached to a part of the surface of the imide porous layer after peeling (the adhesive surface with the electrode active material). That is, when the fragments are attached, peeling is unlikely to occur at the interface between the electrode active material layer and the imide porous layer, and the cohesive failure is caused. Therefore, the adhesion between the electrode active material layer and the imide porous layer is “ It was determined as “good”. In addition, when the fragments were not attached, peeling at the interface occurred, so the adhesiveness was determined as “poor”.
- Example 1 About equimolar trimellitic anhydride (TMA) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (DMI), 30 parts by mass of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a good solvent and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether 70 as a poor solvent
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- P-1 tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether
- FIG. 1 shows three layers on the top and bottom.
- the lowermost layer is a positive electrode current collector
- the intermediate layer is a positive electrode active material layer
- the uppermost layer is an imide porous layer.
- FIG. 2 shows the interface between the positive electrode active material layer and the imide porous layer and the vicinity thereof. From these figures, it can be seen that the average pore diameter of the imide porous layer is about 3 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 3 to 5 show SEM images of the surface of the imide porous layer on the side in contact with the active material layer when the active material layer of the positive electrode “C-1” was forcibly peeled by 180 ° in the opposite direction by hand. . From FIG. 3, it can be seen that after peeling, the portion where the active material layer is almost peeled off and the portion where the fragments of the active material layer remain coexist.
- FIG. 4 shows an enlarged SEM image of a portion indicated by the numeral “1” in FIG. 3 (a portion where the active material layer is almost peeled off). From this SEM image, it can be seen that many pores exist on the surface of the imide porous layer at the interface.
- FIG. 5 shows an enlarged SEM image of the portion “2” in FIG.
- Example 2 An approximately equimolar trimellitic anhydride and 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate are reacted in a mixed solvent of 25 parts by mass of NMP and 75 parts by mass of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and the solid content concentration is 10% by mass.
- a uniform polyamideimide solution (P-2) was obtained. This solution is applied to the outer surface of the positive electrode active material layer described above, dried at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, and then the surface is polished so that an imide porous layer having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m is formed on the outer surface of the positive electrode active material layer.
- a laminated and integrated electrode (positive electrode) “C-2” was obtained. The evaluation results of the obtained electrode are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 An approximately equimolar trimellitic anhydride and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate are reacted in a mixed solvent of 35 parts by mass of NMP and 65 parts by mass of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and the solid content concentration is 17% by mass.
- a uniform polyamideimide solution (P-3) was obtained. This solution is applied to the outer surface of the positive electrode active material layer described above, dried at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, and then the surface is polished to form an imide porous layer having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m on the outer surface of the positive electrode active material layer.
- a laminated integrated electrode (positive electrode) “C-3” was obtained. The evaluation results of the obtained electrode are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 Substantially equimolar 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA) were used as a good solvent for N, N-dimethylacetamide ( DMAc)
- BPDA 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride
- ODA 4,4′-oxydianiline
- DMAc 4,4′-oxydianiline
- P-7 uniform polyamic acid solution having a solid concentration of 15% by mass. This solution is applied to the outer surface of the negative electrode active material layer, dried at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, heat treated at 300 ° C.
- this negative electrode “A-1” was evaluated. Specifically, this negative electrode is punched into a circle having a diameter of 14 mm, and a separator made of a polypropylene porous film and a lithium foil are sequentially laminated on the porous surface of the imide, and this is laminated in a stainless steel coin-type outer container. Stowed.
- An electrolytic solution (solvent: a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate are mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1: 1, electrolyte: 1 M LiPF 6 ) is poured into the outer container, and the outer container is filled with the electrolyte.
- a 0.2 mm-thick stainless steel cap is placed and fixed through a polypropylene packing, and the battery can is sealed, and a cell for evaluating discharge capacity and cycle characteristics having a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of about 3.2 mm is obtained. Obtained.
- a charge / discharge cycle was performed at 30 ° C. with a constant current of 0.05 C to 2 V and a discharge with a constant current of 0.05 C to 0.02 V.
- the initial discharge capacity of the negative electrode “A-1” was 2200 [mAh / g-active material layer]
- the discharge capacity after 10 cycles was 2050 [mAh / g-active material layer]. Cycle characteristics were confirmed.
- Example 5 About equimolar 3,3 ′, 4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and 4,4′-oxydianiline were mixed in a mixed solvent of 30 parts by mass of DMAc and 70 parts by mass of triethylene glycol dimethyl ether. To obtain a uniform polyamic acid solution (P-8) having a solid concentration of 15% by mass. This solution is applied to the outer surface of the negative electrode active material layer, dried at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, heat treated at 300 ° C. for 120 minutes to convert the polyamic acid to polyimide, and then the surface is polished to obtain a thickness. An electrode (negative electrode) “A-2” in which an imide porous layer having a thickness of 23 ⁇ m was laminated and integrated on the outer surface of the negative electrode active material layer was obtained. The evaluation results of the obtained electrode are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 A commercially available polyimide precursor varnish for forming a porous film containing polyamic acid obtained by reacting pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4'-oxydianiline ("Uimide varnish BP" manufactured by Unitika Ltd .: P ⁇ 9) is applied to the outer surface of the negative electrode active material layer, dried at 130 ° C. for 10 minutes, heat treated at 300 ° C. for 120 minutes to convert the polyamic acid to polyimide, and then the surface is polished.
- An electrode (negative electrode) “A-3” was obtained in which an imide porous layer having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was laminated and integrated on the outer surface of the negative electrode active material layer. The evaluation results of the obtained electrode are shown in Table 1.
- the electrode for the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is an amide solvent as a good solvent for the imide polymer, and an ether solvent having a higher boiling point than the amide solvent as a poor solvent. Since the dry phase separation method using is used, good ion permeability can be ensured. In addition, since the electrode for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention does not need to contain a large amount of fine particles such as alumina and silicon dioxide particles in order to form pores of the ion permeable porous membrane, the ion permeable porous Good adhesion between the layer and the active material layer can be ensured.
- an electrode for a lithium secondary battery that is excellent in safety and has a high discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics.
- an electrode can be easily manufactured by a simple process with high environmental compatibility.
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Abstract
Description
特許文献1:国際公開1997/008763号
特許文献2:特許第5071056号公報
特許文献3:特許第5262323号公報
特許文献4:特許第5370356号公報
特許文献5:特許第3371839号公報
特許文献6:特許第3593345号公報
特許文献7:特開2011-233349号公報
気孔率(体積%) = 100-A*(100/B)
良溶媒と貧溶媒の沸点差は、5℃以上が好ましく、20℃以上がより好ましく、50℃以上が更に好ましい。
正極活物質であるLiFePO4粒子(平均粒径0.5μm)86質量部と、導電助剤のカーボンブラック(アセチレンブラック)8質量部と、バインダ樹脂であるポリフッ化ビニリデン6質量部とを、溶媒としてのN-メチルピロリドン中に均一に分散して、正極用活物質分散体を得た。この分散体を正極集電体である厚み15μmのアルミ箔に塗布し、得られた塗膜を130℃で10分乾燥後、熱プレスして、厚みが50μmの正極活物質層を得た。
負極活物質であるシリコン粒子(平均粒径0.7μm)と、導電助剤の黒鉛粒子(平均粒径0.7μm)と、バインダ樹脂であるポリアミック酸溶液(ユニチカ社製、商品名「UイミドワニスCR」、固形分濃度18質量%)とを、N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)中に均一に分散して、固形分濃度25質量%の負極活物質分散体を得た。シリコン粒子、黒鉛粒子、ポリアミック酸溶液の質量比率は、70:10:20であった。この分散体を負極集電体である厚み18μmの銅箔に塗布し、得られた塗膜を120℃で10分乾燥して、厚みが40μmの負極活物質層を得た。この活物質層中にはNMPが22質量%残存していた。
電極表面にエチレンカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネートおよびジメチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(体積比1:1:1)であって30℃に設定されたもの5μLを滴下し、これが完全に浸透することを目視で観測してその浸透時間を測定し、この浸透時間によってイオン透過性を評価した。
電極活物質層とイミド多孔質層との積層一体化品から、電極活物質層を180度反対方向に手で強制的に剥がした。その際に、剥離後のイミド多孔質層の表面(電極活物質との接着面)の一部に電極活物質層の断片が付着しているかどうかで、接着性の良否を判定した。即ち、断片が付着している場合は、電極活物質層とイミド多孔質層との界面で剥離は起こりにくく、凝集破壊されているので、電極活物質層とイミド多孔質層の接着性は「良好」と判定した。また、断片が付着していない場合は、界面での剥離が起こっているので、接着性は「不良」と判定した。
略等モルのトリメリット酸無水物(TMA)と4,4′-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(DMI)とを、良溶媒としてのN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)30質量部と貧溶媒としてのテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル70質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が15質量%である均一なポリアミドイミド溶液(P-1)を得た。この溶液を、前述の正極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが23μmのイミド多孔質層が正極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(正極)「C-1」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルのトリメリット酸無水物と4,4′-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネートとを、NMP25質量部とテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル75質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が10質量%である均一なポリアミドイミド溶液(P-2)を得た。この溶液を、前述の正極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが20μmのイミド多孔質層が正極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(正極)「C-2」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルのトリメリット酸無水物と4,4′-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネートとを、NMP35質量部とテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル65質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が17質量%である均一なポリアミドイミド溶液(P-3)を得た。この溶液を、前述の正極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが25μmのイミド多孔質層が正極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(正極)「C-3」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルのトリメリット酸無水物と4,4′-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネートとを、NMP65質量部とテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル35質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が17質量%である均一なポリアミドイミド溶液(P-4)を得た。この溶液を、前述の正極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが25μmのイミド多孔質層が正極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(正極)「C-4」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルのトリメリット酸無水物と4,4′-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネートとを、NMP中で反応させて、固形分濃度が19質量%である均一なポリアミドイミド溶液(P-5)を得た。この溶液を、前述の正極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが25μmのイミド多孔質層が正極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(正極)「C-5」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
比較例2で得たポリアミドイミド溶液(P-5)中に平均粒径0.5μmのアルミナ粒子を均一に混合分散し、固形分濃度25質量%のアルミナフィラー分散体(P-6)を得た。ポリアミドイミドとアルミナ粒子との質量比率は5:95(ポリアミドイミド:アルミナ粒子)とした。この分散体を、前述の正極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥することにより、厚みが25μmのイミド多孔質層が正極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(正極)「C-6」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルの3,3′,4,4′-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物(BPDA)と4,4′-オキシジアニリン(ODA)とを、良溶媒としてのN,N-ジメチルアセトアミド(DMAc)20質量部と貧溶媒としてのテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル80質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が15質量%である均一なポリアミック酸溶液(P-7)を得た。この溶液を、前述の負極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥し、300℃で120分熱処理してポリアミック酸をポリイミドに転換後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが23μmのイミド多孔質層が負極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(負極)「A-1」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルの3,3′,4,4′-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物と、4,4′-オキシジアニリンとを、DMAc30質量部とトリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル70質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が15質量%である均一なポリアミック酸溶液(P-8)を得た。この溶液を、前述の負極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥し、300℃で120分熱処理してポリアミック酸をポリイミドに転換後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが23μmのイミド多孔質層が負極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(負極)「A-2」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
ピロメリット酸二無水物と4,4′-オキシジアニリンとを反応させて得られるポリアミック酸を含有した、市販の多孔質膜形成用ポリイミド前駆体ワニス(ユニチカ社製「UイミドワニスBP」:P-9)を、前述の負極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥し、300℃で120分熱処理してポリアミック酸をポリイミドに転換後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが25μmのイミド多孔質層が負極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(負極)「A-3」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルの3,3′,4,4′-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物と、4,4′-オキシジアニリンとを、DMAc70質量部とテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル30質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が15質量%である均一なポリアミック酸溶液(P-10)を得た。この溶液を、前述の負極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥し、300℃で120分熱処理してポリアミック酸をポリイミドに転換後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが20μmのイミド多孔質層が負極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(負極)「A-4」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルの3,3′,4,4′-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物と、4,4′-オキシジアニリンとを、DMAc中で反応させて、固形分濃度が15質量%である均一なポリアミック酸溶液(P-11)を得た。この溶液を、前述の負極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥し、300℃で120分熱処理してポリアミック酸をポリイミドに転換後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが18μmのイミド多孔質層が負極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(負極)「A-5」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
比較例4で得られたポリアミック酸溶液(P-10)中に平均粒径0.5μmのアルミナ粒子を均一に混合分散して、固形分濃度25質量%のアルミナフィラー分散体(P-12)を得た。ポリアミドイミドとアルミナ粒子の質量比率は5:95(ポリアミドイミド:アルミナ粒子)とした。この分散体を、前述の負極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥し、300℃で120分熱処理してポリアミック酸をポリイミドに転換して、厚みが25μmのイミド多孔質層が負極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(負極)「A-6」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルの3,3′,4,4′-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物と、4,4′-オキシジアニリンとを、NMP30質量部とγ―ブチロラクトン70質量部との混合溶媒中で反応させて、固形分濃度が15質量%である均一なポリアミック酸溶液(P-13)を得た。この溶液を、前述の負極活物質層の外表面に塗布し、130℃で10分乾燥後、300℃で120分熱処理してポリアミック酸をポリイミドに転換後、表面を研磨処理することにより、厚みが20μmのイミド多孔質層が負極活物質層の外表面に積層一体化された電極(負極)「A-7」を得た。得られた電極の評価結果を表1に示す。
略等モルの3,3′,4,4′-ビフェニルテトラカルボン酸二無水物と、4,4′-オキシジアニリンとを、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル中で反応させて、固形分濃度が15質量%である均一なポリアミック酸溶液(P-14)を得ようとした。しかし、均一な溶液を得ることは出来なかった。
Claims (6)
- 電極活物質層の外表面に、イミド系高分子にて形成されかつ気孔率が30~90体積%であるイオン透過性多孔質層が積層一体化されていることを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用電極。
- 電極活物質層とイオン透過性多孔質層の接着強度が、電極活物質層の強度よりも高いことを特徴とする請求項1記載のリチウム二次電池用電極。
- 請求項1もしくは2に記載のリチウム二次電池用電極を製造するための方法であって、集電体である金属箔の表面に、バインダと活物質微粒子と溶媒とを含む分散体を塗布し乾燥して金属箔上に電極活物質層を形成させ、その後に、この電極活物質層の表面にイミド系高分子と溶媒とを含む塗液を塗布して塗膜を形成し、しかる後、前記塗膜中の溶媒を除去することにより、塗膜内で相分離を起こさせてイオン透過性多孔質層を形成せしめるとともに、前記電極活物質層と前記イオン透過性多孔質層を積層一体化することを特徴とするリチウム二次電池用電極の製造方法。
- 塗膜内で相分離を起こさせる方法が貧溶媒誘起相分離法であることを特徴とする請求項3記載のリチウム二次電池用電極の製造方法。
- 貧溶媒誘起相分離法が乾式相分離法であることを特徴とする請求項4記載のリチウム二次電池用電極の製造方法。
- 乾式相分離法に用いられる良溶媒がアミド系溶媒であり、貧溶媒がエーテル系溶媒であることを特徴とする請求項5記載のリチウム二次電池用電極の製造方法。
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KR20150104082A (ko) | 2015-09-14 |
JP6403576B2 (ja) | 2018-10-10 |
TW201444166A (zh) | 2014-11-16 |
CN104823307A (zh) | 2015-08-05 |
JP2020181829A (ja) | 2020-11-05 |
JPWO2014106954A1 (ja) | 2017-01-19 |
JP6741641B2 (ja) | 2020-08-19 |
JP2018046018A (ja) | 2018-03-22 |
TWI620373B (zh) | 2018-04-01 |
CN104823307B (zh) | 2018-05-04 |
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